<p>Your question can not be answered theoretically -- only empirically.</p>

<p>You need to print some trial brackets with materials of interest and measure them.  The question is: under what conditions should you test them?</p>

<p>The problem is that creep involves both compression and tension, and the behavior may be different.  It is also impossible to fully translate material specifications into component behavior without a really good model that includes the details of the infill, adhesion to peripheries, and all the microscopic detail of a real 3D-printed part.</p>

<p>The problem with typical PLA may be the low temperature.  Raising the temperature of a normal PLA printed object to 160°F (70°C) softens it to the point of nearly being limp.  I have used this for force-fitting PLA parts by warming a pot of water and placing parts in it for a few moments.  That temperature is hotter than your room, but a hot summer day in the sunshine could soften the part to the point of failure.</p>

<p>For anything load bearing, I would want a material with a higher plastic temperature.</p>

<p>There are PLA formulations which are annealed after printing.  This is claimed to allow the PLA to slowly recrystalize and become both stronger and usable at higher temperatures.  I don't have experience with this.</p>

<p>Depending on your printer, you can also consider using a higher temperature filament, such as ABS or PC (polycarbonate).  PET-G is a little better than PLA, but it softens at a lower temperature than ABS.</p>

<p>As important as the material itself is the anisotrophy of the printer parts.  Be sure to print the parts so that the major stresses are along the strongest axes, typically X and Y, and not along the weaker Z asis.  Choose your infill to contribute to the strength, and use plenty of it, or design the part so that the infill is not intended to contribute to the strength.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-15T17:46:45.203Z
mind using °C too, as printers are operated using °C usually? °F is not used in most countries worldwide.
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-15T17:51:48.617Z
I know, and usually C is used, but in this case, because it represented the thermometer I used for the purpose, and I was using temperature below the boiling point of water, I thought the F would be appropriate and stick out as being an unusual temperature for 3D printing.  I can edit in the C values.
cmm
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-15T17:57:23.297Z
Thanks! the main benefit Celsius has, it is easily transferred to Kelvin.
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-15T17:59:42.163Z
I had one of those Kelvin thermometers, but it stopped at zero.  I figured it must have been a bad design.  :)
cmm
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-15T17:44:11.820Z
2020-01-15T17:54:51.240Z
2020-01-15T17:54:51.240Z
cmm
<p>I would like to build a standing shelf where the supports which hold each successive plank are 3D printed (to obtain special shapes).</p>

<p>However, I read that <a href="https://toms3d.org/2018/02/02/things-know-pla/" rel="noreferrer">PLA flows under constant stress/pressure</a>. Still, this doesn't stop the author of the article from using PLA for a hanging shelf, which obviously is subjected to constant negative pressure.</p>

<p>Which material suffers the least from plasticity/non elastic deformation under stress?</p>

<p>Answers with data for multiple materials are welcome.</p>

<p>I found that the phenomenon is called "creep" and is related to ISO 899, but I couldn't find any data for the common filament plastics and I don't know the theory behind it, so I'm not sure whether it's unavoidable or it appears after a threshold stress is reached.</p>

<p><strong>Information</strong>: it's a living room shelf which will hold books and other stuff and is supposed to last a decade. I will of course add a safety factor and I could even fix the planks to the wall (in hidden places), but ideally the 3D printed material should have NO creep.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-02T19:07:07.523Z
Would you be willing to spend money on an abrasion-resistant nozzle so that you could use carbon fibre-reinforced filament (which also costs more)?
Andrew Morton
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-02T22:55:31.637Z
I was thinking about non-reinforced filaments, but if you can find creep data and/or how to calculate a threshold to completely avoid creep for reinforced materials, I think the answer would be fine. I don't know how creep works (is there a threshold? is it unavoidable for plastics?), but if a reinforced filament is the only way, or if a pure filament requires twice as much material to avoid creep, a reinforced nozzle is definitely not an issue.
FarO
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-03T13:55:28.203Z
Potentially this question could be moved to the Chemistry section of SE.
FarO
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-03T14:10:08.053Z
I don't think it would be a good fit for Chemistry.SE as it is about the mechanical properties of the material. As I don't have much experience of 3D-printed items under stress, I can't really give an answer. Maybe you could print one support which will take the maximum forces and keep it loaded at three times that for some time. If it fails in a month, you know the material wasn't suitable. Or just print new parts every time the old ones are looking suspicious. Or there's lost-PLA casting for metals.
Andrew Morton
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-03T15:55:25.980Z
@AndrewMorton you are right, Engineering.SE would be better. Related question (unanswered): https://engineering.stackexchange.com/questions/19111/long-term-deflection
FarO
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-01-15T19:18:03.503Z
We're doing 80+ °C high load inter-laminar stress rupture and 4-point-bending tests on fibre reinforced nylon that has been fabricated with tape robots, that seems to be very creep resistant! I'm with @AndrewMorton, various brands sell nylon/CC filaments, the ColorFabb filament prints very well and has a nice matte finish. But as you mention, it also depends on the design, if the stress is low there will be (virtually) no creep.
0scar
<material><print-strength>
Which material "creeps" (plastic deformation) the least (or nothing at all) under pressure after being printed?
FarO
# Which material "creeps" (plastic deformation) the least (or nothing at all) under pressure after being printed?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-01-02)

I would like to build a standing shelf where the supports which hold each successive plank are 3D printed (to obtain special shapes).

However, I read that [PLA flows under constant stress/pressure](https://toms3d.org/2018/02/02/things-know-pla/). Still, this doesn't stop the author of the article from using PLA for a hanging shelf, which obviously is subjected to constant negative pressure.

Which material suffers the least from plasticity/non elastic deformation under stress?

Answers with data for multiple materials are welcome.

I found that the phenomenon is called "creep" and is related to ISO 899, but I couldn't find any data for the common filament plastics and I don't know the theory behind it, so I'm not sure whether it's unavoidable or it appears after a threshold stress is reached.

**Information**: it's a living room shelf which will hold books and other stuff and is supposed to last a decade. I will of course add a safety factor and I could even fix the planks to the wall (in hidden places), but ideally the 3D printed material should have NO creep.

**Tags:** material, print-strength
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Would you be willing to spend money on an abrasion-resistant nozzle so that you could use carbon fibre-reinforced filament (which also costs more)?  
> **username_0**: I was thinking about non-reinforced filaments, but if you can find creep data and/or how to calculate a threshold to completely avoid creep for reinforced materials, I think the answer would be fine. I don't know how creep works (is there a threshold? is it unavoidable for plastics?), but if a reinforced filament is the only way, or if a pure filament requires twice as much material to avoid creep, a reinforced nozzle is definitely not an issue.  
> **username_0**: Potentially this question could be moved to the Chemistry section of SE.  
> **username_1**: I don't think it would be a good fit for Chemistry.SE as it is about the mechanical properties of the material. As I don't have much experience of 3D-printed items under stress, I can't really give an answer. Maybe you could print one support which will take the maximum forces and keep it loaded at three times that for some time. If it fails in a month, you know the material wasn't suitable. Or just print new parts every time the old ones are looking suspicious. Or there's lost-PLA casting for metals.  
> **username_0**: @AndrewMorton you are right, Engineering.SE would be better. Related question (unanswered): https://engineering.stackexchange.com/questions/19111/long-term-deflection  
> **username_2**: We're doing 80+ °C high load inter-laminar stress rupture and 4-point-bending tests on fibre reinforced nylon that has been fabricated with tape robots, that seems to be very creep resistant! I'm with @AndrewMorton, various brands sell nylon/CC filaments, the ColorFabb filament prints very well and has a nice matte finish. But as you mention, it also depends on the design, if the stress is low there will be (virtually) no creep.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2020-01-15. Score: 1 | Accepted answer

Your question can not be answered theoretically -- only empirically.

You need to print some trial brackets with materials of interest and measure them. The question is: under what conditions should you test them?

The problem is that creep involves both compression and tension, and the behavior may be different. It is also impossible to fully translate material specifications into component behavior without a really good model that includes the details of the infill, adhesion to peripheries, and all the microscopic detail of a real 3D-printed part.

The problem with typical PLA may be the low temperature. Raising the temperature of a normal PLA printed object to 160°F (70°C) softens it to the point of nearly being limp. I have used this for force-fitting PLA parts by warming a pot of water and placing parts in it for a few moments. That temperature is hotter than your room, but a hot summer day in the sunshine could soften the part to the point of failure.

For anything load bearing, I would want a material with a higher plastic temperature.

There are PLA formulations which are annealed after printing. This is claimed to allow the PLA to slowly recrystalize and become both stronger and usable at higher temperatures. I don't have experience with this.

Depending on your printer, you can also consider using a higher temperature filament, such as ABS or PC (polycarbonate). PET-G is a little better than PLA, but it softens at a lower temperature than ABS.

As important as the material itself is the anisotrophy of the printer parts. Be sure to print the parts so that the major stresses are along the strongest axes, typically X and Y, and not along the weaker Z asis. Choose your infill to contribute to the strength, and use plenty of it, or design the part so that the infill is not intended to contribute to the strength.

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: mind using °C too, as printers are operated using °C usually? °F is not used in most countries worldwide.  
> **username_3**: I know, and usually C is used, but in this case, because it represented the thermometer I used for the purpose, and I was using temperature below the boiling point of water, I thought the F would be appropriate and stick out as being an unusual temperature for 3D printing.  I can edit in the C values.  
> **username_4**: Thanks! the main benefit Celsius has, it is easily transferred to Kelvin.  
> **username_3**: I had one of those Kelvin thermometers, but it stopped at zero.  I figured it must have been a bad design.  :)  

---

