<p>If it is possible to add a downward pointing thin needle (hair, AWG-40 wire etc.) to the edge of (each) hole, do it. The droplets will smoothly glide along it to its end, where the needle circumference becomes so tiny that surface tension cannot hold the droplet anymore. Surface tension won't have a chance!</p>
<p>With a very thin needle and funnel-like hydrophobic surface of the vessel, you may get rid of virtually any (microliter) amount of water. It can be hard to make it by 3D-printing, though.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T14:28:05.477Z
You can easily make "hairs" with a 3d printer, but a slicer won't do it for you in places you want them, only places you don't. :-)
R.. GitHub STOP HELPING ICE
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T14:25:39.353Z
2020-10-20T14:25:39.353Z
dominecf
<p>What you encounter there is a combination of Adhesion, Cohesion, and Capillary Force.</p>
<p>Cohesion is what holds the water together. Adhesion is the force to retain water against a wall or hanging from a pen's end, it is proportional to the surface wetted. Capillary Force is the resulting effect where water moves up through a thin tube, it is anti-proportional to the diameter and in the opposite direction of the weight (force). Their relation can be shown in this picture, where a droplet hangs on the end of a glass rod, which has a capillary in it:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Q9iYq.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Q9iYq.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>How to reduce the water sticking in the cup then?</p>
<ul>
<li>Make the straight part of the bore as short as possible. This can be done by having a thin cup. The shorter the hole, the less surface there is the water can adhere to vertically, and you might overcome capillary force.</li>
<li>Smooth the hole. Maybe print it 3.5 mm and drill it up to your 4 mm diameter. This reduces adhesion.</li>
<li>Smooth the inside surface. Reducing the adhesion to the inside by having less steps.</li>
<li>Chamfer the inside of the holes. This alters the whole geometry and flow setup in the very low water level case, especially when the surface separates into several areas, above each hole. Then the larger volume belonging to each hole on the inner side means there is a little more pressure and you can get out some more water - and it also shortens the distance the hole has to bridge.</li>
<li>make sure there is some slope everywhere inside so that the water will collect in one of the holes.</li>
</ul>
<p>An example for a (non measured) design which relies heavily on chamfering to guide the water to the already chamfered holes and then keeps the straight section as short as possible could look like this: the central hole has a very wide chamfer, the whole plate directs water to the center and each of the other holes has a chamfer to guide out water.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/wMaIe.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/wMaIe.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>However, there is a lower limit to where just tweaking the design will workd, which is based on cohesion. Cohesion is what results in surface tension and viscosity. You can only shift those limiting factors by altering the properties of the liquid, for example by adding an agent that lowers the surface tension and viscosity (soap).</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-19T21:05:00.510Z
Thank you! I will try those suggestions, the floor is already thin, at 1mm, and at that scale I dont think champfers would be very noticeable. Should I go for thinner floor? or thicker floor and add Chamfer? or just add Chamfer to the 1 mm? And just to be sure, it is the top edge of the hole I should chamfer, right?
Jacob Welin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-19T21:16:30.303Z
@JacobWelin both? and yes, the top. If you can, chamfering the lower would alter the flow pattern but might reduce the kept water even more.
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-19T22:48:11.757Z
I tried printing 3 test prints with just one hole.
1) First print was with 1mm floor and a champher.
2) Secound print was with 0.3mm floor and no Champher (No room for a champher anyways)
3) And third print was with a 3.2mm floor to allow for a bigger Champher - This third one is the one that worked the best, almost all of the water runns out and only the small champher is left with water in it, but that is just a few drops. So thank you, that worked fine!
Jacob Welin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-19T23:04:08.667Z
@JacobWelin the chamfer does aide in sloping the bottom floor and at the same time does reduce the straight part... let me rephrase the first point a little XD
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-19T23:18:23.170Z
I tried making the bottom floor as thin as possible with only 0.3 mm in height (I print in 0.2mm layer height, so it was 0.4mm (2 layers) when printed I guess), and if I made it thinner than that I don't think it would be waterproof anymore, but that didn't make a difference to when it was 1mm in thickness... But making the the floor thicker (3.2mm) and adding a champher allowed for low adhesion and higher pressure from the water above in the champher pushing it down. So that solved it.
Jacob Welin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-19T23:55:55.313Z
Beveling the whole inner floor to feed the chamfers might be the best option even for maximum flow
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T02:50:49.013Z
Another quality Trish answer. @JacobWelin, you can also use a hydrophobic coating on the inside of the cup to reduce the adhesion.
user77232
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T12:38:24.713Z
@user77232 Would that actually promote flow *through* the hole though? It seems to me that the cohesion is the main force causing the water's surface to not deform sufficiently to pass through the hole, as opposed to the adhesive forces of the water clinging to the inside of the hole.
maxathousand
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T12:40:19.693Z
@maxathousand, the water is also clinging to the bottom of the cup and not adding it's weight to force the rest of the water out of the hole. Therefore reducing cohesion on the floor of the cup should allow more of the water to fall out of the hole. Just coat the bottom of the cup, though not the hole!
user77232
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T12:41:42.917Z
@user77232 Ah, of course! I misread your comment as coating around the hole for some reason.
maxathousand
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T13:14:29.147Z
In the idea correct, but a correction of both of you terms: Cohesion is what keeps the water together, it is weakened by soap. **Adhesion** is what keeps the water clinging to the surface, it is reduced by hydrophobic coating and a less coarse surface. I'm adding a picture...
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-19T20:46:56.073Z
2020-10-20T13:44:59.410Z
2020-10-20T13:44:59.410Z
Trish
<p>I have a 3D print where there are 5 holes with a diameter of 4 mm in a cup, and I would like liquid to flow through all 5 holes at once while slowly draining the cup (by slowly I mean: just take a few seconds and not drain instantly). Therefore the holes can not be very large.</p>
<p>When I fill water in the cup it drains fine until there is a small amount of water left, and then it just stops with a small layer of water flowing over the holes.</p>
<p>I'm guessing it is due to surface tension and not enough pressure from water above to push the water through...</p>
<p>Is there a hole design that fixes this problem? I don't know what to Google or if this is the right place to ask the question. It just takes too long to guess my way through and print every attempt at the right size or shape of hole (which I have done so far and still got nothing).</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-19T20:35:45.560Z
This is almost an engineering question, specifically regarding hydrodynamics and as you suggest, surface tension. How thick is the wall (floor?) surrounding the holes?
fred_dot_u
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-19T20:48:50.427Z
less about water resistancy of prints, more about the design and the post processing to solve this problem. While generally an engineering problem, there are solutions for the 3D printed variant.
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-19T21:01:12.160Z
Thank you for correcting that Trish. Fred, the floor is 1 mm in thickness :)
Jacob Welin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T11:06:33.150Z
I think a related question can and should be asked in [Physics SE](https://physics.stackexchange.com) or [Engineering SE](https://engineering.stackexchange.com). If you ask a related *but different* question (so as to avoid cross-posting), like the relationship between hole diameter and back pressure where dripping stops and factors related to the hole that might affect it, and then mention this question for context, it would have some different and useful answers.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T11:07:04.363Z
My hunch is that water being so darn sticky *there isn't much you can do that will make more than a small difference*, but I don't know for sure. Water really, really likes itself!
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T11:11:59.797Z
You can reduce (but probably not eliminate) this by having the inside bottom not be flat, but be a slight cone, so the last of the water is all directed to the center hole.
Davo
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T12:43:24.050Z
You didn't mention the material.  In materials such as PLA, you may want to paint it before drilling the holes, to make it less porous.
Perry Webb
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T15:02:27.493Z
@PerryWebb PLA is rather watertight (I have conducted tests on this by submerging printed cubes, then cracking them open after some time) but Nylons and other hygroscopic materials would suffer a lot in wet conditions. questions about that are [tag:Water-resistance]
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-20T15:37:50.533Z
Do you plan on trying to smooth the surface?
Perry Webb
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-03T04:47:12.260Z
Although it is not a hole design, you can spray it with 'scotchguard' or 'neverwet' or another hydrophobic treatment to make water not stick to it.
John Meacham
<3d-design><post-processing>
Water does not flow through 4 mm hole when there is a small amount, how to let water flow through small hole even when there is low pressure?
Jacob Welin
# Water does not flow through 4 mm hole when there is a small amount, how to let water flow through small hole even when there is low pressure?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-10-19)

I have a 3D print where there are 5 holes with a diameter of 4 mm in a cup, and I would like liquid to flow through all 5 holes at once while slowly draining the cup (by slowly I mean: just take a few seconds and not drain instantly). Therefore the holes can not be very large.

When I fill water in the cup it drains fine until there is a small amount of water left, and then it just stops with a small layer of water flowing over the holes.

I'm guessing it is due to surface tension and not enough pressure from water above to push the water through...

Is there a hole design that fixes this problem? I don't know what to Google or if this is the right place to ask the question. It just takes too long to guess my way through and print every attempt at the right size or shape of hole (which I have done so far and still got nothing).

**Tags:** 3d-design, post-processing
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: This is almost an engineering question, specifically regarding hydrodynamics and as you suggest, surface tension. How thick is the wall (floor?) surrounding the holes?  
> **username_2**: less about water resistancy of prints, more about the design and the post processing to solve this problem. While generally an engineering problem, there are solutions for the 3D printed variant.  
> **username_0**: Thank you for correcting that Trish. Fred, the floor is 1 mm in thickness :)  
> **username_3**: I think a related question can and should be asked in [Physics SE](https://physics.stackexchange.com) or [Engineering SE](https://engineering.stackexchange.com). If you ask a related *but different* question (so as to avoid cross-posting), like the relationship between hole diameter and back pressure where dripping stops and factors related to the hole that might affect it, and then mention this question for context, it would have some different and useful answers.  
> **username_3**: My hunch is that water being so darn sticky *there isn't much you can do that will make more than a small difference*, but I don't know for sure. Water really, really likes itself!  
> **username_4**: You can reduce (but probably not eliminate) this by having the inside bottom not be flat, but be a slight cone, so the last of the water is all directed to the center hole.  
> **username_5**: You didn't mention the material.  In materials such as PLA, you may want to paint it before drilling the holes, to make it less porous.  
> **username_2**: @PerryWebb PLA is rather watertight (I have conducted tests on this by submerging printed cubes, then cracking them open after some time) but Nylons and other hygroscopic materials would suffer a lot in wet conditions. questions about that are [tag:Water-resistance]  
> **username_5**: Do you plan on trying to smooth the surface?  
> **username_6**: Although it is not a hole design, you can spray it with 'scotchguard' or 'neverwet' or another hydrophobic treatment to make water not stick to it.  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2020-10-19. Score: 12 | Accepted answer

What you encounter there is a combination of Adhesion, Cohesion, and Capillary Force.

Cohesion is what holds the water together. Adhesion is the force to retain water against a wall or hanging from a pen's end, it is proportional to the surface wetted. Capillary Force is the resulting effect where water moves up through a thin tube, it is anti-proportional to the diameter and in the opposite direction of the weight (force). Their relation can be shown in this picture, where a droplet hangs on the end of a glass rod, which has a capillary in it:

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/Q9iYq.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/Q9iYq.png)

How to reduce the water sticking in the cup then?

* Make the straight part of the bore as short as possible. This can be done by having a thin cup. The shorter the hole, the less surface there is the water can adhere to vertically, and you might overcome capillary force.
* Smooth the hole. Maybe print it 3.5 mm and drill it up to your 4 mm diameter. This reduces adhesion.
* Smooth the inside surface. Reducing the adhesion to the inside by having less steps.
* Chamfer the inside of the holes. This alters the whole geometry and flow setup in the very low water level case, especially when the surface separates into several areas, above each hole. Then the larger volume belonging to each hole on the inner side means there is a little more pressure and you can get out some more water - and it also shortens the distance the hole has to bridge.
* make sure there is some slope everywhere inside so that the water will collect in one of the holes.

An example for a (non measured) design which relies heavily on chamfering to guide the water to the already chamfered holes and then keeps the straight section as short as possible could look like this: the central hole has a very wide chamfer, the whole plate directs water to the center and each of the other holes has a chamfer to guide out water.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/wMaIe.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/wMaIe.png)

However, there is a lower limit to where just tweaking the design will workd, which is based on cohesion. Cohesion is what results in surface tension and viscosity. You can only shift those limiting factors by altering the properties of the liquid, for example by adding an agent that lowers the surface tension and viscosity (soap).

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thank you! I will try those suggestions, the floor is already thin, at 1mm, and at that scale I dont think champfers would be very noticeable. Should I go for thinner floor? or thicker floor and add Chamfer? or just add Chamfer to the 1 mm? And just to be sure, it is the top edge of the hole I should chamfer, right?  
> **username_2**: @JacobWelin both? and yes, the top. If you can, chamfering the lower would alter the flow pattern but might reduce the kept water even more.  
> **username_0**: I tried printing 3 test prints with just one hole. 1) First print was with 1mm floor and a champher. 2) Secound print was with 0.3mm floor and no Champher (No room for a champher anyways) 3) And third print was with a 3.2mm floor to allow for a bigger Champher - This third one is the one that worked the best, almost all of the water runns out and only the small champher is left with water in it, but that is just a few drops. So thank you, that worked fine!  
> **username_2**: @JacobWelin the chamfer does aide in sloping the bottom floor and at the same time does reduce the straight part... let me rephrase the first point a little XD  
> **username_0**: I tried making the bottom floor as thin as possible with only 0.3 mm in height (I print in 0.2mm layer height, so it was 0.4mm (2 layers) when printed I guess), and if I made it thinner than that I don't think it would be waterproof anymore, but that didn't make a difference to when it was 1mm in thickness... But making the the floor thicker (3.2mm) and adding a champher allowed for low adhesion and higher pressure from the water above in the champher pushing it down. So that solved it.  
> **username_2**: Beveling the whole inner floor to feed the chamfers might be the best option even for maximum flow  
> **username_9**: Another quality Trish answer. @JacobWelin, you can also use a hydrophobic coating on the inside of the cup to reduce the adhesion.  
> **username_10**: @user77232 Would that actually promote flow *through* the hole though? It seems to me that the cohesion is the main force causing the water's surface to not deform sufficiently to pass through the hole, as opposed to the adhesive forces of the water clinging to the inside of the hole.  
> **username_9**: @maxathousand, the water is also clinging to the bottom of the cup and not adding it's weight to force the rest of the water out of the hole. Therefore reducing cohesion on the floor of the cup should allow more of the water to fall out of the hole. Just coat the bottom of the cup, though not the hole!  
> **username_10**: @user77232 Ah, of course! I misread your comment as coating around the hole for some reason.  
> **username_2**: In the idea correct, but a correction of both of you terms: Cohesion is what keeps the water together, it is weakened by soap. **Adhesion** is what keeps the water clinging to the surface, it is reduced by hydrophobic coating and a less coarse surface. I'm adding a picture...  

---

### Answer by username_7 on 2020-10-20. Score: 0

If it is possible to add a downward pointing thin needle (hair, AWG-40 wire etc.) to the edge of (each) hole, do it. The droplets will smoothly glide along it to its end, where the needle circumference becomes so tiny that surface tension cannot hold the droplet anymore. Surface tension won't have a chance!

With a very thin needle and funnel-like hydrophobic surface of the vessel, you may get rid of virtually any (microliter) amount of water. It can be hard to make it by 3D-printing, though.

> **Comments:**
> **username_8**: You can easily make "hairs" with a 3d printer, but a slicer won't do it for you in places you want them, only places you don't. :-)  

---

