<p><a href="https://3dprinting.stackexchange.com/questions/6968/slicer-line-width-vs-extrusion-multiplier-for-layer-adhesion">You are not taking into account die swell</a>.</p>

<p>When printing with a 3D printer hot plastic is forced through a nozzle, which leads to the expansion of the material. The result is, that with 0.4 mm nozzle and 0.4 mm intended line width, the material will actually deposit some fraction of a millimeter wider. In your test case, that is 0.22%. If you'd print a double-sized test piece, I expect 0.11%, and in case of a half-sized 0.44% - in other words, it is a static offset.</p>

<p>Because of this, it is usually better to demand wider lines than the nozzle is, forcing the die swell effect to become negligible in the wider line. I managed this with about 110% of the nozzle width on my machines.</p>

<p>Further Reading: <a href="https://3dprinting.stackexchange.com/questions/6965/why-is-it-conventional-to-set-line-width-nozzle-diameter">Why is it conventional to set line width &gt; nozzle diameter?</a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-18T19:53:14.743Z
Awesome! No I didn't think about die swell, I'll make the experiment to scale the model down a few times and verify. Then play with the line width and come back with results.
rccursach
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-18T09:09:48.137Z
2019-10-18T09:09:48.137Z
Trish
<p>There are several ways to try and adjust for this effect of squashing the material, which is ultimately about having enough space for the material you lay down.</p>

<p>As mentioned:
You can try to pre-scale models (not very effective as a general solution because it is a function of the model and how many adjacent layers your material is forcing)</p>

<p>You can up the line width.</p>

<p>If your software allows, you can input a slightly larger filament diameter to lay a bit less material. (Wanted to stress this one as it's been pretty useful for me)</p>

<p>If you are intentionally undershooting the volume by some percentage via the filament diameter, it may help to play with the layer height to control the end result of the line's cross section.</p>

<p>I've had good results with a combination of the latter three (basically comes down to calibrating the printer to get settings for your desired material spool, and level of detail -> sizes of line and layer for the print)</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-20T02:37:24.430Z
2019-10-20T12:59:11.647Z
2019-10-20T12:59:11.647Z
Abel
<p>Cura has a fixed offset called "horizontal expansion", which can be set negatively. This way you can hardcode a -0.1mm offset for example. It worked for me where holes got too small and pegs got too thick. </p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-23T21:53:06.440Z
Simplify3D has this as well, but I tend to find it troublesome because it will actually adjust your model and not just change the print settings. It's best to get your extrusion width calibrated instead.
Logarr
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-21T08:50:00.950Z
2019-10-21T08:50:00.950Z
Hacky
<p>I was trying to print parts for a small CD-ROM drive based plotter based on this thing <a href="https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3521286" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3521286</a></p>

<p>But as tolerances are very small and need to match the existing parts, I realized that my printed parts are actually a little bigger, I made a test with a part like this:</p>

<pre><code>   _                          _
 /   \                      /   \
 \  .------------------------. ___
    | [O]________________[O] |  ^
    | |                    | |  |
    | |                    | |  |
    | |                    | |  |
    | |  |&lt;--- 62mm ----&gt;| | |  |
    | |                    | | 70mm
    | |                    | |  |
    | |                    | |  |
    | |                    | |  |
    | |                    | |  |
   _| [O]________________[O] | _v_
 /  '------------------------'  \
 \ _ /                      \ _ /

Side View:

      [X]                [X]
 ___[XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX]____

</code></pre>

<p>A squared and mouse-eared frame with two protruding 4mm cubes on each corner with inner distances of 62mm and outer of 70mm between each adjacent cubes.</p>

<p>I discovered that, after measuring many times and averaging distances, my model printed 0.227..% larger.</p>

<p>I've heard of shrinkage factor for ABS or Nylon, and people compensate scaling their models while slicing.</p>

<p>But what about PLA?</p>

<p>Im using:</p>

<ul>
<li>Anet A8</li>
<li>Stock marlin firmware (not the Anet one)</li>
<li>Flashforge natural PLA 1.75mm</li>
<li>0.4mm Nozzle</li>
<li>0.2mm layer height</li>
<li>0.4mm line width</li>
<li>210ºC extrusion temp</li>
<li>60ºC Bed temp</li>
<li>40mm/s print speed</li>
<li>Fusion 360, Cura 2.7 or 4.3 and Octoprint.</li>
</ul>

<p>The printed model is pretty flat, has no curvatures or artifacts either.</p>

<p><strong><em>Would this be an error of constants on my printer a known artifact from PLA?</em></strong></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-17T08:34:04.157Z
What's your line width?
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-17T08:58:00.447Z
The Z direction is usually very close.  X and Y isn't a ratio of the total size, but the increase is a factor of how much the extruder mashes down the outer shell.
Perry Webb
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-17T15:42:10.323Z
If it's repeatable, then just adjust the scale factor by the opposite amount before slicing the model.
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-17T17:19:37.090Z
You mention "averaging". Please provide measured values for inner and outer dimensions. Also, you should measure after removing the two bottom layers, which can be squeezed to the bed and appear larger.
FarO
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-17T18:25:24.143Z
you can calibrate your printer, if you havn't done so already, which _should_ fix it most of the way.
dandavis
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-17T19:51:09.050Z
@Trish, the line width I have is 0.4 mm, same as nozzle. also, the nozzles are new.
rccursach
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-17T19:52:54.490Z
@FarO, what do you mean by removing the two bottom layers? like sanding them?
rccursach
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-17T23:25:06.863Z
@FarO, ohh, you mean because of elephant's foot artifacts? added a side view of the model, I'm measuring the cubes on top and their are straight flat on the sides.

Don't have the numbers right now, but the process was:
Xo = (70+62)/2; Xi=(avg(LongDist)+avg(ShortDist))/2; ratio= Xi/Xo

Took many measurements of each side bc I'm using a 0.02mm manual caliper.
rccursach
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-17T23:30:17.717Z
@CarlWitthoft yeah, for the moment I'm doing that, thats why I calculated the %. I saw some slicers have a config option to add that to compensate for shrinkage, so anytime you drop a model it scales. but didn't find something like that for cura.
rccursach
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-18T07:35:41.960Z
@rccursach I ask the two values separately because if the inner dimension is smaller than expected, and the outer one is larger, the two with an average of 0.whatever% you have a certain issue, but if both inner and outer dimensions are larger than expected, you have another issue.
FarO
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-18T09:01:35.610Z
@rccursach are you aware of this? https://3dprinting.stackexchange.com/questions/6968/slicer-line-width-vs-extrusion-multiplier-for-layer-adhesion the extrusion width is larger than the set one, maybe that explains most of the discrepancy
FarO
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-18T19:42:10.477Z
@0scar lol thanks, yeah, the piece was printed over the weekend, and I'm not around the printer or the computer where i built that. I have the piece with me but as is natural PLA and looks translucent, can't get a good pic of that.
rccursach
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-18T19:55:16.597Z
@FarO, no I wasn't, thanks, I'll try what trish said in her answer, but yeah, must be that.
rccursach
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-10-28T20:24:37.963Z
You need to print something with a hole and see what happens.  On the printer I use, outside dimensions are larger, but inside dimensions of holes are smaller.  What seems to explain this is the extruder tip mashes the 0.4 mm extrusion to 0.2 mm.
Perry Webb
<pla><slicing><anet-a8><scaling>
PLA printings always ~0.22% larger
rccursach
# PLA printings always ~0.22% larger

(Asked by: username_0 on 2019-10-17)

I was trying to print parts for a small CD-ROM drive based plotter based on this thing https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3521286
But as tolerances are very small and need to match the existing parts, I realized that my printed parts are actually a little bigger, I made a test with a part like this:
   _                          _
 /   \                      /   \
 \  .------------------------. ___
    | [O]________________[O] |  ^
    | |                    | |  |
    | |                    | |  |
    | |                    | |  |
    | |  |<--- 62mm ---->| | |  |
    | |                    | | 70mm
    | |                    | |  |
    | |                    | |  |
    | |                    | |  |
    | |                    | |  |
   _| [O]________________[O] | _v_
 /  '------------------------'  \
 \ _ /                      \ _ /

Side View:

      [X]                [X]
 ___[XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX]____


A squared and mouse-eared frame with two protruding 4mm cubes on each corner with inner distances of 62mm and outer of 70mm between each adjacent cubes.
I discovered that, after measuring many times and averaging distances, my model printed 0.227..% larger.
I've heard of shrinkage factor for ABS or Nylon, and people compensate scaling their models while slicing.
But what about PLA?
Im using:

Anet A8
Stock marlin firmware (not the Anet one)
Flashforge natural PLA 1.75mm
0.4mm Nozzle
0.2mm layer height
0.4mm line width
210ºC extrusion temp
60ºC Bed temp
40mm/s print speed
Fusion 360, Cura 2.7 or 4.3 and Octoprint.

The printed model is pretty flat, has no curvatures or artifacts either.
Would this be an error of constants on my printer a known artifact from PLA?

**Tags:** pla, slicing, anet-a8, scaling
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: What's your line width?  
> **username_2**: The Z direction is usually very close.  X and Y isn't a ratio of the total size, but the increase is a factor of how much the extruder mashes down the outer shell.  
> **username_3**: If it's repeatable, then just adjust the scale factor by the opposite amount before slicing the model.  
> **username_4**: You mention "averaging". Please provide measured values for inner and outer dimensions. Also, you should measure after removing the two bottom layers, which can be squeezed to the bed and appear larger.  
> **username_5**: you can calibrate your printer, if you havn't done so already, which _should_ fix it most of the way.  
> **username_0**: @Trish, the line width I have is 0.4 mm, same as nozzle. also, the nozzles are new.  
> **username_0**: @FarO, what do you mean by removing the two bottom layers? like sanding them?  
> **username_0**: @FarO, ohh, you mean because of elephant's foot artifacts? added a side view of the model, I'm measuring the cubes on top and their are straight flat on the sides.  Don't have the numbers right now, but the process was: Xo = (70+62)/2; Xi=(avg(LongDist)+avg(ShortDist))/2; ratio= Xi/Xo  Took many measurements of each side bc I'm using a 0.02mm manual caliper.  
> **username_0**: @CarlWitthoft yeah, for the moment I'm doing that, thats why I calculated the %. I saw some slicers have a config option to add that to compensate for shrinkage, so anytime you drop a model it scales. but didn't find something like that for cura.  
> **username_4**: @rccursach I ask the two values separately because if the inner dimension is smaller than expected, and the outer one is larger, the two with an average of 0.whatever% you have a certain issue, but if both inner and outer dimensions are larger than expected, you have another issue.  
> **username_4**: @rccursach are you aware of this? https://3dprinting.stackexchange.com/questions/6968/slicer-line-width-vs-extrusion-multiplier-for-layer-adhesion the extrusion width is larger than the set one, maybe that explains most of the discrepancy  
> **username_0**: @0scar lol thanks, yeah, the piece was printed over the weekend, and I'm not around the printer or the computer where i built that. I have the piece with me but as is natural PLA and looks translucent, can't get a good pic of that.  
> **username_0**: @FarO, no I wasn't, thanks, I'll try what trish said in her answer, but yeah, must be that.  
> **username_2**: You need to print something with a hole and see what happens.  On the printer I use, outside dimensions are larger, but inside dimensions of holes are smaller.  What seems to explain this is the extruder tip mashes the 0.4 mm extrusion to 0.2 mm.  

---

## 3 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2019-10-18. Score: 2

[You are not taking into account die swell](https://3dprinting.stackexchange.com/questions/6968/slicer-line-width-vs-extrusion-multiplier-for-layer-adhesion).

When printing with a 3D printer hot plastic is forced through a nozzle, which leads to the expansion of the material. The result is, that with 0.4 mm nozzle and 0.4 mm intended line width, the material will actually deposit some fraction of a millimeter wider. In your test case, that is 0.22%. If you'd print a double-sized test piece, I expect 0.11%, and in case of a half-sized 0.44% - in other words, it is a static offset.

Because of this, it is usually better to demand wider lines than the nozzle is, forcing the die swell effect to become negligible in the wider line. I managed this with about 110% of the nozzle width on my machines.

Further Reading: [Why is it conventional to set line width > nozzle diameter?](https://3dprinting.stackexchange.com/questions/6965/why-is-it-conventional-to-set-line-width-nozzle-diameter)

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Awesome! No I didn't think about die swell, I'll make the experiment to scale the model down a few times and verify. Then play with the line width and come back with results.  

---

### Answer by username_6 on 2019-10-20. Score: 1

There are several ways to try and adjust for this effect of squashing the material, which is ultimately about having enough space for the material you lay down.

As mentioned:
You can try to pre-scale models (not very effective as a general solution because it is a function of the model and how many adjacent layers your material is forcing)

You can up the line width.

If your software allows, you can input a slightly larger filament diameter to lay a bit less material. (Wanted to stress this one as it's been pretty useful for me)

If you are intentionally undershooting the volume by some percentage via the filament diameter, it may help to play with the layer height to control the end result of the line's cross section.

I've had good results with a combination of the latter three (basically comes down to calibrating the printer to get settings for your desired material spool, and level of detail -> sizes of line and layer for the print)


---

### Answer by username_7 on 2019-10-21. Score: 1

Cura has a fixed offset called "horizontal expansion", which can be set negatively. This way you can hardcode a -0.1mm offset for example. It worked for me where holes got too small and pegs got too thick.

> **Comments:**
> **username_8**: Simplify3D has this as well, but I tend to find it troublesome because it will actually adjust your model and not just change the print settings. It's best to get your extrusion width calibrated instead.  

---

