<p>Yes, it is possible and it's done all the time. It's more commonly known as welding.</p>
<p>We did TIG welding on our Hyrel printers back in 2017.</p>
<p><div class="youtube-embed"><div>
                <iframe width="640px" height="395px" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/azFY-IqDB_0?start=0"></iframe>
            </div></div></p>
<p>Note: I work for Hyrel.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-20T15:59:11.327Z
There are also (possibly experimental one-off) CNC type wire feed welders, commonly known as MIG welding, that are akin to a 3D printer.
fred_dot_u
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T15:39:14.147Z
@fred_dot_u MIG welding is industry classic, though automation is somewhat in its baby shoes.
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T15:53:16.623Z
Is that really a TIG (with a modification that feeds the filler along the axis next to the tungsten tip) or a MIG that uses the wire as an electrode?
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T15:56:42.273Z
Our chief engineer told me it's a TIG. I wouldn't know one from the other, personally.
Davo
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T16:34:29.387Z
I am not an expert myself, and only know that MIG feeds its electrode as filler, while TIG has a permanent electrode - and might work without an electrode melting the stock on both sides of the stock. The two are very similar in construction and even look similar, so I guess your engineer is right.
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-23T10:02:35.370Z
Robots have been welding for decades, but they don't build objects from scratch with welds as far as I know
Kilisi
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-24T11:55:18.457Z
@Kilisi  https://wonderfulengineering.com/worlds-largest-3d-printed-steel-bridge-made-welding-robots-6-months/
Davo
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-27T11:19:30.277Z
In Polish language, we have this word "napawanie". Literal translation would be "welding on", in contrast to regular welding. And yes, it is sometimes used to build 3d metal shapes from scratch by hand by our artist welders. Don't know if it was ever done in computer controlled manner.
Mołot
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-20T15:52:31.977Z
2022-10-21T15:48:05.100Z
2022-10-21T15:48:05.100Z
Davo
<p>First of all, it is possible in multiple ways:</p>
<h2>Computer-controlled-Welding</h2>
<p>The most akin to FDM is using an automated MIG-welder, building up weld beads upon weld beads using an arc to melt the metal and keeping the puddle in position by carefully low speeds and coordinated movements. With a little ingenuity, even a TIG could be used, if you manage to feed the filler rod.</p>
<p>Converting a MIG is possible even on a hobbyist scale, as this <a href="https://hackaday.com/2021/06/27/turning-a-mig-welder-into-a-metal-3d-printer/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">hackaday 2021</a> article shows. However, research into something like that is in research since <a href="https://3dprint.com/226829/researchers-develop-low-cost-metal-3d-printer/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">at least 2018</a>, and Hyrel experimented with a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azFY-IqDB_0" rel="nofollow noreferrer">TIG setup</a> in 2017.</p>
<p>The items created this way have a rather rough surface, yet they do have upsides: The created metal is easily machineable and can reduce a lot of waste. It might not beat machining from bar stock at the moment, but it can beat steel casting in price, though not in quality. However, automated welding also has the chance to have defects. In some applications, it is used industrially, for example, to manufacture specialized stock for machining with minimal waste or from a special material.</p>
<p>Oh, and it is even rather simple to repurpose 3D welding robots to 3D Weld a gap closed bead to bead, akin to how you'd 3D print in FDM.</p>
<h2><a href="https://all3dp.com/2/3d-printer-metal-filament-for-real-metal-parts/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Metal Filaments</a>: BMD</h2>
<p>There are filaments that contain about <strong>80%</strong> of metal powder. These <strong>highly abrasive</strong> filaments contain a binder that is thermoplastic. You can print on a somewhat modified machine with those. That's called BMD - Bound Metal Deposition. This method is industrial by 2022, and often post-processes the part to remove the binder.</p>
<p>Usually, this post-processing is done in a kiln or sintering oven, melting or cross bonding the metal between layers more than with the plastic binder, and simultaneously at times burning out the binder. This technique exist since at least 2018, as <a href="https://3dprinting.stackexchange.com/a/6623/8884">this answer shows</a>.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T16:10:09.053Z
I concede.  You have a better answer although I will keep mine here.  I think this method could be greatly improved by shaping the electric field for better control of the deposition.  Heliarc, which actually uses argon, could be used when the metal requires.
Perry Webb
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T16:11:57.437Z
@PerryWebb nothing wrong with your answer, and it is a good primer about the idea - and it discusses points I don't mention (by design, because I don't want to discuss MIG/TIG too deep)
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T15:28:27.633Z
2022-10-21T17:23:19.003Z
2022-10-21T17:23:19.003Z
Trish
<p>I have tried some stuff. It depends what problem you're trying to solve.</p>
<p>You can get metal infused filaments, both aluminium and copper infused filaments print fine. But since there's plastic as well you don't get the nice properties like conductivity.</p>
<p>If you just want some of the properties then electrolysis might be the better choice of technology.</p>
<p>If you want robust parts then as far as I know the traditional methods are the best as the metals properties are constant or controlled.</p>
<p>Something like cnc welding layers on layers wouldn't make sense in terms of cost and predictability I would think. You'd need too much heat and it's unlikely to be as strong as traditional metal forming. It has been used for a long time to spot weld, but not build up layers as far as I know.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T15:30:09.893Z
CNC MIG welding and milling is cheaper than casting steel.
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-22T02:23:54.623Z
@Trish how do you work that out? I can cast steel in my backyard if I want with wood that grows on trees... but you'd need a CNC mill, cnc tig welder, software, and other infrastructure.... none of which grow on trees.
Kilisi
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-22T08:28:08.863Z
Casting properly functional steel for structural parts for industrial functions is hard, and requires oxygen as well as skin-cooking temperatures. Steel, not aluminium or even iron. Using weld bead to build up missing material on a broken part (e.g. welding over a hole or filling a gap) is a classic fabrication method. The main problem with casting steel is the mold. If you can cast proper steel in your backyard, I'd like to have your backyard kiln - because the best I manage is liquid iron.
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-22T08:34:07.323Z
@Trish no special kiln need, just a fan to force airflow... steel is just the addition of some carbon... I'm familiar with filling holes and building up welds... lots of post processing. It has it's uses but I wouldn't build anything from scratch with just welds.
Kilisi
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-22T08:40:29.887Z
nothing larger than about 5x5x5 cm I'd say at the current tech
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-22T08:44:12.980Z
@Trish no idea, I wouldn't attempt it, just weld plate steel together or something instead
Kilisi
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T08:59:34.857Z
2022-10-21T09:05:48.770Z
2022-10-21T09:05:48.770Z
Kilisi
<p>For many metals you would need to run the hotend around 1000 °C.  Aluminum melts at a lower temperature but needs to be in an inert atmosphere, such as argon.  Solder melts at the right temperature, but tends to stick to most metal nozzles.  It would start dissolving a brass nozzle thus enlarging the nozzle opening.  Lockheed has a titanium alloy printer that melts powder with a laser.  I would assume they need an inert atmosphere since titanium reacts with nitrogen as well as oxygen.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-20T16:30:31.520Z
I am actually interested if it is possible to melt titanium and slowly push it through 0.1 mm hole to get a constant stream of molten metal. 
Assuming I can get enough temperature to build a small titanium pool.
justanu
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-20T17:31:27.850Z
Pure titanium has a melting point of 1668 °C https://www.webelements.com/titanium/
Perry Webb
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T15:29:18.850Z
nah, you don't run the hotend at all at that temperature, you use an electric arc of that temperature and have no classic nozzle at all. you go the MIG route.
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T15:59:17.980Z
@Trish thus you are still running the hotend at that temperature.  You just changed the geometry and ditched the nozzle.  You are mentioning methods to greatly increase the temperature gradient.  .
Perry Webb
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T16:09:26.303Z
true true. the argon stream in MIG or TIG keeps the actual nose (cup?) cool enough.
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-20T14:40:09.683Z
2022-10-20T14:40:09.683Z
Perry Webb
<p><a href="https://all3dp.com/1/fdm-metal-3d-printing-makerbot/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">It is completely possible,</a> there are 3d FDM printers that could do that with the Ultrafuse 316L. You could print filament that has metal in it, you just need a special nozzle for that. The pure metal-printing printers use an industrial heater/extruder that can reach up to 230 °C.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-27T15:48:01.687Z
Printing with metal clay or, as you suggest, metal-doped polymer is not the same as printing with metal.
Davo
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-20T21:54:47.560Z
2022-10-20T22:20:40.187Z
2022-10-20T22:20:40.187Z
Stanley
<p>Can someone shed some light in why FDM (Fuse Deposition Modelling) is not possible with metals?</p>
<p>Has anyone attempted any experiments with it?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-20T16:14:34.590Z
welding wouldnt have a consistent layer deposition as other posters have tried to joke about. It would be good to hear from more experienced people about the challenges of metal FDM printing, and especially without an arc
Andi Iacob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-21T15:40:18.877Z
I removed some of the superflous tags that have nothing to do with the actual core question here.
Trish
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-28T21:58:00.910Z
Although I did post an answer, did you attempt to research? https://i.sstatic.net/xhrNW.png
Stanley
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-03T19:08:51.170Z
This looks like a posibility: https://phys.org/news/2022-10-scientists-material-plastic-metal.html
Perry Webb
<fdm><metal-printing>
FDM metal printing - is it possible?
justanu
# FDM metal printing - is it possible?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-10-20)

Can someone shed some light in why FDM (Fuse Deposition Modelling) is not possible with metals?

Has anyone attempted any experiments with it?

**Tags:** fdm, metal-printing
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: welding wouldnt have a consistent layer deposition as other posters have tried to joke about. It would be good to hear from more experienced people about the challenges of metal FDM printing, and especially without an arc  
> **username_2**: I removed some of the superflous tags that have nothing to do with the actual core question here.  
> **username_3**: Although I did post an answer, did you attempt to research? https://i.sstatic.net/xhrNW.png  
> **username_4**: This looks like a posibility: https://phys.org/news/2022-10-scientists-material-plastic-metal.html  

---

## 5 answers

### Answer by username_5 on 2022-10-20. Score: 4

Yes, it is possible and it's done all the time. It's more commonly known as welding.

We did TIG welding on our Hyrel printers back in 2017.

Note: I work for Hyrel.

> **Comments:**
> **username_6**: There are also (possibly experimental one-off) CNC type wire feed welders, commonly known as MIG welding, that are akin to a 3D printer.  
> **username_2**: @fred_dot_u MIG welding is industry classic, though automation is somewhat in its baby shoes.  
> **username_2**: Is that really a TIG (with a modification that feeds the filler along the axis next to the tungsten tip) or a MIG that uses the wire as an electrode?  
> **username_5**: Our chief engineer told me it's a TIG. I wouldn't know one from the other, personally.  
> **username_2**: I am not an expert myself, and only know that MIG feeds its electrode as filler, while TIG has a permanent electrode - and might work without an electrode melting the stock on both sides of the stock. The two are very similar in construction and even look similar, so I guess your engineer is right.  
> **username_7**: Robots have been welding for decades, but they don't build objects from scratch with welds as far as I know  
> **username_5**: @Kilisi  https://wonderfulengineering.com/worlds-largest-3d-printed-steel-bridge-made-welding-robots-6-months/  
> **username_8**: In Polish language, we have this word "napawanie". Literal translation would be "welding on", in contrast to regular welding. And yes, it is sometimes used to build 3d metal shapes from scratch by hand by our artist welders. Don't know if it was ever done in computer controlled manner.  

---

### Answer by username_2 on 2022-10-21. Score: 1

First of all, it is possible in multiple ways:

## Computer-controlled-Welding

The most akin to FDM is using an automated MIG-welder, building up weld beads upon weld beads using an arc to melt the metal and keeping the puddle in position by carefully low speeds and coordinated movements. With a little ingenuity, even a TIG could be used, if you manage to feed the filler rod.

Converting a MIG is possible even on a hobbyist scale, as this [hackaday 2021](https://hackaday.com/2021/06/27/turning-a-mig-welder-into-a-metal-3d-printer/) article shows. However, research into something like that is in research since [at least 2018](https://3dprint.com/226829/researchers-develop-low-cost-metal-3d-printer/), and Hyrel experimented with a [TIG setup](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azFY-IqDB_0) in 2017.

The items created this way have a rather rough surface, yet they do have upsides: The created metal is easily machineable and can reduce a lot of waste. It might not beat machining from bar stock at the moment, but it can beat steel casting in price, though not in quality. However, automated welding also has the chance to have defects. In some applications, it is used industrially, for example, to manufacture specialized stock for machining with minimal waste or from a special material.

Oh, and it is even rather simple to repurpose 3D welding robots to 3D Weld a gap closed bead to bead, akin to how you'd 3D print in FDM.

## [Metal Filaments](https://all3dp.com/2/3d-printer-metal-filament-for-real-metal-parts/): BMD

There are filaments that contain about **80%** of metal powder. These **highly abrasive** filaments contain a binder that is thermoplastic. You can print on a somewhat modified machine with those. That's called BMD - Bound Metal Deposition. This method is industrial by 2022, and often post-processes the part to remove the binder.

Usually, this post-processing is done in a kiln or sintering oven, melting or cross bonding the metal between layers more than with the plastic binder, and simultaneously at times burning out the binder. This technique exist since at least 2018, as [this answer shows](https://3dprinting.stackexchange.com/a/6623/8884).

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: I concede.  You have a better answer although I will keep mine here.  I think this method could be greatly improved by shaping the electric field for better control of the deposition.  Heliarc, which actually uses argon, could be used when the metal requires.  
> **username_2**: @PerryWebb nothing wrong with your answer, and it is a good primer about the idea - and it discusses points I don't mention (by design, because I don't want to discuss MIG/TIG too deep)  

---

### Answer by username_7 on 2022-10-21. Score: 0

I have tried some stuff. It depends what problem you're trying to solve.

You can get metal infused filaments, both aluminium and copper infused filaments print fine. But since there's plastic as well you don't get the nice properties like conductivity.

If you just want some of the properties then electrolysis might be the better choice of technology.

If you want robust parts then as far as I know the traditional methods are the best as the metals properties are constant or controlled.

Something like cnc welding layers on layers wouldn't make sense in terms of cost and predictability I would think. You'd need too much heat and it's unlikely to be as strong as traditional metal forming. It has been used for a long time to spot weld, but not build up layers as far as I know.

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: CNC MIG welding and milling is cheaper than casting steel.  
> **username_7**: @Trish how do you work that out? I can cast steel in my backyard if I want with wood that grows on trees... but you'd need a CNC mill, cnc tig welder, software, and other infrastructure.... none of which grow on trees.  
> **username_2**: Casting properly functional steel for structural parts for industrial functions is hard, and requires oxygen as well as skin-cooking temperatures. Steel, not aluminium or even iron. Using weld bead to build up missing material on a broken part (e.g. welding over a hole or filling a gap) is a classic fabrication method. The main problem with casting steel is the mold. If you can cast proper steel in your backyard, I'd like to have your backyard kiln - because the best I manage is liquid iron.  
> **username_7**: @Trish no special kiln need, just a fan to force airflow... steel is just the addition of some carbon... I'm familiar with filling holes and building up welds... lots of post processing. It has it's uses but I wouldn't build anything from scratch with just welds.  
> **username_2**: nothing larger than about 5x5x5 cm I'd say at the current tech  
> **username_7**: @Trish no idea, I wouldn't attempt it, just weld plate steel together or something instead  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2022-10-20. Score: 0

For many metals you would need to run the hotend around 1000 °C. Aluminum melts at a lower temperature but needs to be in an inert atmosphere, such as argon. Solder melts at the right temperature, but tends to stick to most metal nozzles. It would start dissolving a brass nozzle thus enlarging the nozzle opening. Lockheed has a titanium alloy printer that melts powder with a laser. I would assume they need an inert atmosphere since titanium reacts with nitrogen as well as oxygen.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: I am actually interested if it is possible to melt titanium and slowly push it through 0.1 mm hole to get a constant stream of molten metal.  Assuming I can get enough temperature to build a small titanium pool.  
> **username_4**: Pure titanium has a melting point of 1668 °C https://www.webelements.com/titanium/  
> **username_2**: nah, you don't run the hotend at all at that temperature, you use an electric arc of that temperature and have no classic nozzle at all. you go the MIG route.  
> **username_4**: @Trish thus you are still running the hotend at that temperature.  You just changed the geometry and ditched the nozzle.  You are mentioning methods to greatly increase the temperature gradient.  .  
> **username_2**: true true. the argon stream in MIG or TIG keeps the actual nose (cup?) cool enough.  

---

### Answer by username_3 on 2022-10-20. Score: 0

[It is completely possible,](https://all3dp.com/1/fdm-metal-3d-printing-makerbot/) there are 3d FDM printers that could do that with the Ultrafuse 316L. You could print filament that has metal in it, you just need a special nozzle for that. The pure metal-printing printers use an industrial heater/extruder that can reach up to 230 °C.

> **Comments:**
> **username_5**: Printing with metal clay or, as you suggest, metal-doped polymer is not the same as printing with metal.  

---

