<p>Generally, AVR is in fact less powerful than many ARM cores used today. Most printers with AVRs don't have floating-point coprocessors, although a lot of the step and movement control can be done in integer-only math (except for G2/G3). Marlin can interrupt for step handling <a href="http://softsolder.com/2013/06/04/marlin-firmware-stepper-interrupt-timing/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">up to 10000 times per second</a> on AVR, translating to 40000 steps per second. This isn't particularly useful without mechanical components that can move at those speeds and still print meaningful results (or are far more precise and have a far higher step-count-per-mm at a similar speed).</p>

<p>Graphic display isn't a particularly taxing thing to do at <em>low</em> speeds--high speeds or weird interfaces might require a bit more power or a dedicated interrupt.</p>

<p>The times when ARM might be important are for more math-heavy and especially floating-point-heavy setups such as delta, where every move requires many floating-point and trig operations, and navigation in menus on a 16MHz AVR (atmega2560) <a href="https://3dprinting.stackexchange.com/questions/242/marlin-menu-navigation-slow-while-printing#comment294_242">is described as</a> "painfully slow", but Marlin does succeed in printing meaningful results on delta-style printers.</p>

<p>Clearly, an ARM core that is either faster at performing soft floating-point, or supports hardfloat (hardware that does floating point operations very efficiently) will see a benefit for such processes.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-10T00:34:46.600Z
2016-02-10T00:34:46.600Z
2017-04-13T13:00:58.447Z
nanofarad
<p>Generally, microcontrollers such as the AVR are single core / single threaded - so while working in a while loop to run the motor controller, you might be lacking resources to do anything else, like navigate a menu efficiently.</p>

<p>Many ARM processors now a days are multi core / multi threaded, meaning that you can have one thread working your print, while another is free for whatever else the user may want to do.</p>

<p>i.e. Any AVR processor running a local webserver to allow remote access to the printer would be painfully basic, where ARM would generally allow for much more flexibility.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-09-26T09:02:50.027Z
Don't confuse the multi-core high performance applications processors with the real-time optimised M-class processors. Yes, there are dual core Cortex-M with impressive performance, but they're not multi-threaded.
Sean Houlihane
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-10T11:21:55.563Z
Note that if a firmware does not use good multithreaded code, the overhead from inter-thread and inter-process communication may be extremely high.
nanofarad
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-10T04:49:33.170Z
2016-02-10T16:28:51.533Z
2016-02-10T16:28:51.533Z
Matt Clark
<p>AVR processor has sufficient performance for standard printing. But it lacks performance for </p>

<ul>
<li>delta printers (see <a href="https://3dprinting.stackexchange.com/a/545/75">hexafraction answer</a>)</li>
<li>display menu (it's terribly slow on my RepRap printer which uses ATmega2560)</li>
<li>web interface (ethernet)</li>
</ul>

<p>Comparison of technical specs should be self explaining. This particular ARM CPU is at least 10x faster opposite to ATmega2560: </p>

<h2>CPU <a href="http://www.nxp.com/products/microcontrollers-and-processors/arm-processors/lpc-cortex-m-mcus/lpc-cortex-m3/lpc1700-series/512kb-flash-64kb-sram-ethernet-usb-lqfp100-package:LPC1769FBD100" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ARM-Cortex M3 LPC1769</a> (used in <a href="http://smoothieware.org/smoothieboard" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Smoothieboard</a>)</h2>

<ul>
<li>CPU: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M3" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Cortex-M3</a>, 1 core</li>
<li>architecture: ARMv7-M (32-bit)</li>
<li>frequency: 96-120 Mhz</li>
<li>memory

<ul>
<li>Flash: 512 kB</li>
<li>RAM: 64 kB </li>
</ul></li>
</ul>

<h2>Microcontroller <a href="http://www.atmel.com/devices/atmega2560.aspx" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ATmega2560</a></h2>

<ul>
<li>architecture: 8-bit</li>
<li>frequency: 16 MHz</li>
<li>memory

<ul>
<li>flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader</li>
<li>SRAM: 8 KB</li>
<li>EEPROM: 4 KB</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-10T22:05:50.310Z
2016-02-10T22:05:50.310Z
2017-04-13T13:00:58.447Z
amra
<p>AVR processors are 8 bit - thus they can only fetch data from memory 8 bits at a time - while an ARM is 32 bit and can fetch data 32 bits at a time. Position resolution requires a 24 bit value minimum - this means the AVR takes 3 data fetches for the position - whereas the ARM takes 1 data fetch.</p>

<p>Worse still, AVR processors internally divide the clock by 3, so that a 40&nbsp;MHz AVR is running at 13.3 MHz typically, while an ARM is 1 clock cycle per bus transaction and instruction processing - this includes a 32 bit by 32 bit multiple in 1 clock cycle.</p>

<p>The memory map on ARM processors is 32 bit wide or 4&nbsp;GB while 8 bit processors only have an address bus of 16 bits or 64&nbsp;KB - which means that bank switching comes into play on any program over 64&nbsp;KB - this takes instructions and time to be done - while with the ARM this is not an issue. </p>

<p>The cost aspects is about the same as AVRs - it just requires redesigned firmware.</p>

<p>As for FPGAs: </p>

<ul>
<li>They cost the same or more than the processor </li>
<li>They are fast, specialized, devices and can be configured for specialized task </li>
<li>They have additional cost factors:

<ul>
<li>lots more decoupling caps are needed because of the speed of the circuits in the FPGA. </li>
<li>Require additional power supplies, and ground planes and power plans - which tends to mean (and require) a minimum of a 4 layer board, or possibly 6 layers, which adds to the cost of the electronics </li>
</ul></li>
</ul>

<p>The result of adding a FPGA to a AVR will cost a lot more than going to a more powerful ARM processor. </p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-09-25T22:09:07.870Z
Hi and welcome to SE.3DPrinting! Your answer could benefit a lot from correct capitalization, layout improvement and correct use of memory size. Please update the answer.
0scar
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-09-26T04:15:01.117Z
Hi James and many thanks for your very interesting and informative answer. However, I would agree with 0scar... correct capitalisation, consistent use of the correct SI units (i.e. MHz, GB, KB, etc.) would drastically improve the readability of your answer, as would a reduction of the use of multiple dashes (`- -` and `- - - -`) which are rather distracting, tbh.
Greenonline
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-09-25T21:13:44.830Z
2018-09-26T09:59:07.830Z
2018-09-26T09:59:07.830Z
JamesP166
<p>3D printer controllers have to do a lot of stuff very, very fast. Performing kinematics and dynamics calculations while sending many thousands of precisely-synchronized step pulses per second is <em>really, really hard</em>. The 8bit AVR line of microcontrollers used in older 3D printer controllers is basically a late-1990s era Mr Coffee processor. They are completely, utterly maxed out on processor time just executing basic printing functions in simple (eg Cartesian) printers, and adding additional calculation load will bog them down and cause slowdowns, stuttering, pausing, and so on. </p>

<p>"But my 8bit printer works fine," you say. No, it doesn't. Your print performance is limited by it, whether you realize it or not. Slicers now automatically hide a lot of the firmware's performance shortcomings from you. For example, the standard practice of greatly slowing down print speeds on perimeters is largely a result of 8bit processors having inadequate resources for two things:</p>

<ol>
<li>Performing centripetal acceleration calculations for curves
across multiple gcode segments </li>
<li>Keeping up with gcode transmission/processing and motion planning for gcode with lots of very small segments, such as in organic models or smooth arcs</li>
</ol>

<p>When presented with a series of very small segments in a smooth arc or complex curve, the 8bit firmware will likely choke on the required command processing rate and introduce stuttering to the print. These incredibly brief pauses allow residual pressure in the extruder to push out some extra plastic, making a little zit on the print. So most slicers automatically decimate curves and output gcode with reduced resolution to lighten the load on the firmware. Problem solved, right?</p>

<p>But there's another issue -- the GRBL motion control algorithms underlying all the major open source 3D printer controllers were designed with lots of shortcuts and hacks to allow 8bit processors to execute fast enough. For example, the basic algorithm only looks at the speed or velocity change at the corner between two segments, and uses that to decide when to decelerate/accelerate along the direction of motion. It does not calculate or consider centripetal/radial acceleration whatsoever. This is a really effective hack when printing boxy, low-res models, but it fails miserably on smooth curves with lots of little segments. The firmware does not detect any appreciable velocity change at the corner of any two nearly-linear segments within the faceted curve, and thus does not slow down for the curve. So complex geometry is effectively printed at constant velocity, with no acceleration.</p>

<p>Printing complex perimeters unaccelerated means the commanded feedrate must be very low to get good quality. Most printers are limited to about 40mm/s or less on complex perimeters, despite being able to run perhaps 80-120mm/s on low-complexity infill before hitting other speed limits.</p>

<p>Between the command processing rate limits and motion planner shortcomings required by low power processors, print speeds must be much lower in practice than is strictly required by the physics and printer hardware. This all comes from 8bit processors. The workarounds and best practices to deal with this problem are so deeply baked into the toolchains and ecosystem that very few people realize there is even a problem. But it's a real limit that can be overcome: a high-speed processor running a more rigorous motion planner could generate higher average print speeds with <em>better</em> print quality. </p>

<p>That said, the ARM-based firmwares are only slowly moving towards more advanced motion planners. This is a big development area right now that is actually driving an upcoming shift away from low-end ARMs like the Cortex M3 towards even faster processors. It's actually not all that hard to max out an 84 MHz Arduino Due by piling on a bunch of firmware features. </p>

<p>The use of 8bit processors also makes printers LOUDER. The biggest consumer of processor time in a typical 8bit printer is the stepper interrupt that fires the step pulses to make the motors move. It is quite typical for >60% of all clock cycles on an Atmega AVR to go to firing step pulses. Because this occurs as an interrupt, other processing tasks that the printer must perform -- like acceleration calculations and heater control -- get squeezed into the brief spaces between stepper interrupt events. </p>

<p>Without careful firmware design, the step pulses will completely "crowd out" other functionality like LCD display updates and acceleration calculations. In order to allow higher motion rates without using all the processor resources, 8bit firmwares have a mode called "step doubling" that fires two (or four, or eight) step pulses per stepper interrupt so that half (or a quarter, or an eighth) as many stepper interrupts can be used to produce the same motion speed. This practice de-bottlenecks the processor, but it causes rougher and louder motor motion because the step pulses are fired in bursts rather than a constant frequency. In effect, the microstepping level of the motor is functionally dropped to a coarser mode when the stepper interrupt fires double or quad steps. So the motors get louder, less precise, and in extreme cases may have problems with resonance. </p>

<p>An interesting side effect is that if you switch a Marlin-based printer from 1/16 microstepping to 1/32 microstepping, and keep the same print speeds, the firmware will simply start step-doubling, dropping your effective microstepping level right back down to 1/16.</p>

<p>ARM-based firmwares also use step doubling, but the allowable step rates are typically ~8 times higher before double/quad stepping is used. That can mean higher speeds and/or smoother motion. </p>

<p>Another issue with 8bit AVRs is the lack of hardware floating point and need to spend many clock cycles on high-precision calculations or handling very large numbers. Delta kinematics, auto-leveling functions, calculating moves with extremely high step counts for large printers, and other advanced functionality all take a <strong>lot</strong> of clock cycles on an 8bit processor. Poor firmware design or carelessly adding a feature that requires a few extra square roots and trig functions can completely bog down the processor. This kind of feature creep and code bloat has seriously impacted Marlin's performance over time as people ask more and more of the old AVR. </p>

<p>In comparison, a 32bit processor doesn't just have a faster clock and more clock cycles, it is also able to do much more complex math in fewer clock cycles, because it has dedicated hardware functionality that takes care of many of the steps an 8bit processor must do in software. </p>

<p>Do 8bit processors work? Sure, they work surprisingly well for what they are and what we ask of them. But they unquestionably limit the performance and features of modern 3D printers. Even today's current generation of 32bit processors is already being maxed out by high speed printers and math-heavy features. The 8bit processor is already two generations behind what would qualify as a "modern" 3D printer controller. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-10T23:43:00.447Z
If realtime math and computation is an issue, then why are there not many efforts in fully-programmable logic such as FPGA being used to drive stepper control and the like?
nanofarad
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-11T00:23:46.460Z
Aren't FPGAs expensive?
Leo Ervin
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-11T00:40:40.957Z
Extra cost and complexity.  Why coordinate two chips when you can use one faster chip? There ARE actually a number of FPGA-based projects out there, but none of them have hit critical mass for user uptake.
Ryan Carlyle
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-20T22:25:40.590Z
@RyanCarlyle The notion that two chips need to be coordinated isn't correct. An FPGA can handle serial in, parsing, planning, and stepping in one package (with soft-core MCU possible). Cost is a factor though.
nanofarad
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-21T04:00:01.990Z
All the attempts to use FPGAs I've seen to date used two chips, but thanks for pointing this out.
Ryan Carlyle
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-02-15T11:17:19.967Z
http://mobilegeeks.de/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/citizen-kane-clapping-gif.gif
Nicu Surdu
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-02-10T23:18:08.370Z
2016-02-10T23:18:08.370Z
Ryan Carlyle
<p>Most electronics use micro-controllers like an AVR, but I'm seeing ARM chips in new electronics. ARM chips are said to be more powerful, but in what areas related to 3D printing could this help?  What are the features that the AVR struggles with and where an ARM could be better?</p>

<p>High Speed movement? Delta printers? Graphic display?</p>

<p>And is the AVR really the limitation there?</p>

<electronics>
What is the benefit of using an ARM based electronics?
Lars Pötter
# What is the benefit of using an ARM based electronics?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-02-09)

Most electronics use micro-controllers like an AVR, but I'm seeing ARM chips in new electronics. ARM chips are said to be more powerful, but in what areas related to 3D printing could this help? What are the features that the AVR struggles with and where an ARM could be better?

High Speed movement? Delta printers? Graphic display?

And is the AVR really the limitation there?

**Tags:** electronics

---

## 5 answers

### Answer by username_8 on 2016-02-10. Score: 24 | Accepted answer

3D printer controllers have to do a lot of stuff very, very fast. Performing kinematics and dynamics calculations while sending many thousands of precisely-synchronized step pulses per second is *really, really hard*. The 8bit AVR line of microcontrollers used in older 3D printer controllers is basically a late-1990s era Mr Coffee processor. They are completely, utterly maxed out on processor time just executing basic printing functions in simple (eg Cartesian) printers, and adding additional calculation load will bog them down and cause slowdowns, stuttering, pausing, and so on.

"But my 8bit printer works fine," you say. No, it doesn't. Your print performance is limited by it, whether you realize it or not. Slicers now automatically hide a lot of the firmware's performance shortcomings from you. For example, the standard practice of greatly slowing down print speeds on perimeters is largely a result of 8bit processors having inadequate resources for two things:

1. Performing centripetal acceleration calculations for curves
   across multiple gcode segments
2. Keeping up with gcode transmission/processing and motion planning for gcode with lots of very small segments, such as in organic models or smooth arcs

When presented with a series of very small segments in a smooth arc or complex curve, the 8bit firmware will likely choke on the required command processing rate and introduce stuttering to the print. These incredibly brief pauses allow residual pressure in the extruder to push out some extra plastic, making a little zit on the print. So most slicers automatically decimate curves and output gcode with reduced resolution to lighten the load on the firmware. Problem solved, right?

But there's another issue -- the GRBL motion control algorithms underlying all the major open source 3D printer controllers were designed with lots of shortcuts and hacks to allow 8bit processors to execute fast enough. For example, the basic algorithm only looks at the speed or velocity change at the corner between two segments, and uses that to decide when to decelerate/accelerate along the direction of motion. It does not calculate or consider centripetal/radial acceleration whatsoever. This is a really effective hack when printing boxy, low-res models, but it fails miserably on smooth curves with lots of little segments. The firmware does not detect any appreciable velocity change at the corner of any two nearly-linear segments within the faceted curve, and thus does not slow down for the curve. So complex geometry is effectively printed at constant velocity, with no acceleration.

Printing complex perimeters unaccelerated means the commanded feedrate must be very low to get good quality. Most printers are limited to about 40mm/s or less on complex perimeters, despite being able to run perhaps 80-120mm/s on low-complexity infill before hitting other speed limits.

Between the command processing rate limits and motion planner shortcomings required by low power processors, print speeds must be much lower in practice than is strictly required by the physics and printer hardware. This all comes from 8bit processors. The workarounds and best practices to deal with this problem are so deeply baked into the toolchains and ecosystem that very few people realize there is even a problem. But it's a real limit that can be overcome: a high-speed processor running a more rigorous motion planner could generate higher average print speeds with *better* print quality.

That said, the ARM-based firmwares are only slowly moving towards more advanced motion planners. This is a big development area right now that is actually driving an upcoming shift away from low-end ARMs like the Cortex M3 towards even faster processors. It's actually not all that hard to max out an 84 MHz Arduino Due by piling on a bunch of firmware features.

The use of 8bit processors also makes printers LOUDER. The biggest consumer of processor time in a typical 8bit printer is the stepper interrupt that fires the step pulses to make the motors move. It is quite typical for >60% of all clock cycles on an Atmega AVR to go to firing step pulses. Because this occurs as an interrupt, other processing tasks that the printer must perform -- like acceleration calculations and heater control -- get squeezed into the brief spaces between stepper interrupt events.

Without careful firmware design, the step pulses will completely "crowd out" other functionality like LCD display updates and acceleration calculations. In order to allow higher motion rates without using all the processor resources, 8bit firmwares have a mode called "step doubling" that fires two (or four, or eight) step pulses per stepper interrupt so that half (or a quarter, or an eighth) as many stepper interrupts can be used to produce the same motion speed. This practice de-bottlenecks the processor, but it causes rougher and louder motor motion because the step pulses are fired in bursts rather than a constant frequency. In effect, the microstepping level of the motor is functionally dropped to a coarser mode when the stepper interrupt fires double or quad steps. So the motors get louder, less precise, and in extreme cases may have problems with resonance.

An interesting side effect is that if you switch a Marlin-based printer from 1/16 microstepping to 1/32 microstepping, and keep the same print speeds, the firmware will simply start step-doubling, dropping your effective microstepping level right back down to 1/16.

ARM-based firmwares also use step doubling, but the allowable step rates are typically ~8 times higher before double/quad stepping is used. That can mean higher speeds and/or smoother motion.

Another issue with 8bit AVRs is the lack of hardware floating point and need to spend many clock cycles on high-precision calculations or handling very large numbers. Delta kinematics, auto-leveling functions, calculating moves with extremely high step counts for large printers, and other advanced functionality all take a **lot** of clock cycles on an 8bit processor. Poor firmware design or carelessly adding a feature that requires a few extra square roots and trig functions can completely bog down the processor. This kind of feature creep and code bloat has seriously impacted Marlin's performance over time as people ask more and more of the old AVR.

In comparison, a 32bit processor doesn't just have a faster clock and more clock cycles, it is also able to do much more complex math in fewer clock cycles, because it has dedicated hardware functionality that takes care of many of the steps an 8bit processor must do in software.

Do 8bit processors work? Sure, they work surprisingly well for what they are and what we ask of them. But they unquestionably limit the performance and features of modern 3D printers. Even today's current generation of 32bit processors is already being maxed out by high speed printers and math-heavy features. The 8bit processor is already two generations behind what would qualify as a "modern" 3D printer controller.

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: If realtime math and computation is an issue, then why are there not many efforts in fully-programmable logic such as FPGA being used to drive stepper control and the like?  
> **username_9**: Aren't FPGAs expensive?  
> **username_8**: Extra cost and complexity.  Why coordinate two chips when you can use one faster chip? There ARE actually a number of FPGA-based projects out there, but none of them have hit critical mass for user uptake.  
> **username_1**: @RyanCarlyle The notion that two chips need to be coordinated isn't correct. An FPGA can handle serial in, parsing, planning, and stepping in one package (with soft-core MCU possible). Cost is a factor though.  
> **username_8**: All the attempts to use FPGAs I've seen to date used two chips, but thanks for pointing this out.  
> **username_10**: http://mobilegeeks.de/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/citizen-kane-clapping-gif.gif  

---

### Answer by username_1 on 2016-02-10. Score: 11

Generally, AVR is in fact less powerful than many ARM cores used today. Most printers with AVRs don't have floating-point coprocessors, although a lot of the step and movement control can be done in integer-only math (except for G2/G3). Marlin can interrupt for step handling [up to 10000 times per second](http://softsolder.com/2013/06/04/marlin-firmware-stepper-interrupt-timing/) on AVR, translating to 40000 steps per second. This isn't particularly useful without mechanical components that can move at those speeds and still print meaningful results (or are far more precise and have a far higher step-count-per-mm at a similar speed).

Graphic display isn't a particularly taxing thing to do at *low* speeds--high speeds or weird interfaces might require a bit more power or a dedicated interrupt.

The times when ARM might be important are for more math-heavy and especially floating-point-heavy setups such as delta, where every move requires many floating-point and trig operations, and navigation in menus on a 16MHz AVR (atmega2560) [is described as](https://3dprinting.stackexchange.com/questions/242/marlin-menu-navigation-slow-while-printing#comment294_242) "painfully slow", but Marlin does succeed in printing meaningful results on delta-style printers.

Clearly, an ARM core that is either faster at performing soft floating-point, or supports hardfloat (hardware that does floating point operations very efficiently) will see a benefit for such processes.


---

### Answer by username_2 on 2016-02-10. Score: 3

Generally, microcontrollers such as the AVR are single core / single threaded - so while working in a while loop to run the motor controller, you might be lacking resources to do anything else, like navigate a menu efficiently.

Many ARM processors now a days are multi core / multi threaded, meaning that you can have one thread working your print, while another is free for whatever else the user may want to do.

i.e. Any AVR processor running a local webserver to allow remote access to the printer would be painfully basic, where ARM would generally allow for much more flexibility.

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Note that if a firmware does not use good multithreaded code, the overhead from inter-thread and inter-process communication may be extremely high.  
> **username_3**: Don't confuse the multi-core high performance applications processors with the real-time optimised M-class processors. Yes, there are dual core Cortex-M with impressive performance, but they're not multi-threaded.  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2016-02-10. Score: 2

AVR processor has sufficient performance for standard printing. But it lacks performance for

* delta printers (see [hexafraction answer](https://3dprinting.stackexchange.com/a/545/75))
* display menu (it's terribly slow on my RepRap printer which uses ATmega2560)
* web interface (ethernet)

Comparison of technical specs should be self explaining. This particular ARM CPU is at least 10x faster opposite to ATmega2560:

## CPU [ARM-Cortex M3 LPC1769](http://www.nxp.com/products/microcontrollers-and-processors/arm-processors/lpc-cortex-m-mcus/lpc-cortex-m3/lpc1700-series/512kb-flash-64kb-sram-ethernet-usb-lqfp100-package:LPC1769FBD100) (used in [Smoothieboard](http://smoothieware.org/smoothieboard))

* CPU: [Cortex-M3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M3), 1 core
* architecture: ARMv7-M (32-bit)
* frequency: 96-120 Mhz
* memory
  + Flash: 512 kB
  + RAM: 64 kB

## Microcontroller [ATmega2560](http://www.atmel.com/devices/atmega2560.aspx)

* architecture: 8-bit
* frequency: 16 MHz
* memory
  + flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader
  + SRAM: 8 KB
  + EEPROM: 4 KB


---

### Answer by username_5 on 2018-09-25. Score: 1

AVR processors are 8 bit - thus they can only fetch data from memory 8 bits at a time - while an ARM is 32 bit and can fetch data 32 bits at a time. Position resolution requires a 24 bit value minimum - this means the AVR takes 3 data fetches for the position - whereas the ARM takes 1 data fetch.

Worse still, AVR processors internally divide the clock by 3, so that a 40 MHz AVR is running at 13.3 MHz typically, while an ARM is 1 clock cycle per bus transaction and instruction processing - this includes a 32 bit by 32 bit multiple in 1 clock cycle.

The memory map on ARM processors is 32 bit wide or 4 GB while 8 bit processors only have an address bus of 16 bits or 64 KB - which means that bank switching comes into play on any program over 64 KB - this takes instructions and time to be done - while with the ARM this is not an issue.

The cost aspects is about the same as AVRs - it just requires redesigned firmware.

As for FPGAs:

* They cost the same or more than the processor
* They are fast, specialized, devices and can be configured for specialized task
* They have additional cost factors:
  + lots more decoupling caps are needed because of the speed of the circuits in the FPGA.
  + Require additional power supplies, and ground planes and power plans - which tends to mean (and require) a minimum of a 4 layer board, or possibly 6 layers, which adds to the cost of the electronics

The result of adding a FPGA to a AVR will cost a lot more than going to a more powerful ARM processor.

> **Comments:**
> **username_6**: Hi and welcome to SE.3DPrinting! Your answer could benefit a lot from correct capitalization, layout improvement and correct use of memory size. Please update the answer.  
> **username_7**: Hi James and many thanks for your very interesting and informative answer. However, I would agree with 0scar... correct capitalisation, consistent use of the correct SI units (i.e. MHz, GB, KB, etc.) would drastically improve the readability of your answer, as would a reduction of the use of multiple dashes (`- -` and `- - - -`) which are rather distracting, tbh.  

---

