<blockquote>
<p>之: marks preceding phrase as modifier of following phrase; <strong>it</strong>, <strong>him</strong> <strong>her</strong>, <strong>them</strong>; go to</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This function of 之 is different from the one in your quoted text.</p>
<p>之 in [Verb + 之] functions the same as a pronoun</p>
<p>Example: &quot;逆我者，殺(之)&quot;  = &quot;the ones who against me, kill (them)&quot;</p>
<p><em>In this sentence, the verb 殺 precedes 之, therefore, 之 functions as the pronoun of the noun 逆我者</em></p>
<blockquote>
<p>要走好人生之路 = need to properly walk life's road</p>
</blockquote>
<p>之 in [n + 之 + n] functions the same as [n + 的 +n]. It is used between two noun phrases to show possession or relation</p>
<p>Example:人生之路 = 人生的路 = &quot;life's road&quot; or &quot;the road of life&quot;</p>
<p>In this example, 之 is placed between two noun phrases '人生(life)' and '道路(road)' to connect them. Indicates 人生 possess 道路 (similar to [ 's ] in English)</p>
<p>之 in this role is the literary (classical) counterpart of 的.</p>
<p><em>Saying 人生之路 instead of 人生的道路 make it sound more literary (classical) than colloquial. Modern Chinese is the mix of colloquial and literary (classical) terms
and sometimes we want to sound more literary</em></p>
<p><em>Notice: the noun after 之 is usually a single character word</em></p>
<p><strong>Edit</strong>:</p>
<p>Another way to see the function of 之 is <a href="https://cantoneseplus.com/character/331" rel="nofollow noreferrer">之[4]</a> [used as a dummy pronoun for emphasis], which would make functioning like a verb particle</p>
<p>Example: &quot;逆我者，殺(<strong>之</strong>)&quot;  = &quot; kill (<strong>!</strong>), the ones who against me&quot;</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-19T16:38:47.210Z
IMO, 逆我者，殺之 (文言文) = 逆我者，殺了 (白話文)ㄡ.
r13
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-19T19:07:01.427Z
@r13t See my edit at the bottom. "It is dummy pronoun for emphasis"  it is  something between a pronoun and a verb particle
Tang Ho
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-19T20:19:57.193Z
Thanks for the update. On this sentence: Example: "逆我者，殺(之)" = "the ones who against me, kill (them)", I think you were correctly noted later: "Notice: the noun after 之 is usually a single character word", so "them" is questionable in here. Actually, by modern speaking, we will say this way: 任何反對我的人, 殺了.
r13
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-19T20:27:19.420Z
@r13 之 in  [n + 之 + n] is different from 之 in [v+之] (pronoun/ dummy pronoun for emphasis). The 'single character word' comment was for the second noun in  [n + 之 + n] e.g. 人生的道路 is  not normally changed to 人生之道路, but 人生之路 rather
Tang Ho
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-19T20:41:14.327Z
You are losing me. For "them" to stay correct, the modern speaking would be: "所有反對我的人, 都殺了". Now it is plural. This (singular vs plural) is the weakness of the Chinese language.
r13
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-19T20:59:02.657Z
adding '們'  to indicate plural is a relatively new concept in Chinese, 他 can be single or plural. e.g. 殺他一個措手不及 can mean 殺他們一個措手不及
Tang Ho
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-19T21:25:12.197Z
Yes, you can think that way. But you can also interpret 他 in here as referring to the "enemy", which is singular. Agreed, adding 們 eliminates the ambiguity between singular and plural forms. That's part of the reason behind the push for 白話文, which essentially made the sentences much longer than the ancient 文言文, a trade-off for the Chinese language.
r13
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-20T01:30:54.410Z
Tang Ho thanks. could you please explain in this idiom “持之以恒 chízhīyǐhéng to pursue unremittingly” how zhi is used?
user27485
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-20T03:35:51.693Z
@user27485 持(之)以恒 = to maintain (it) with a constant effort. 之 here is either a pronoun for the unmentioned object or a dummy pronoun that emphasizes the verb 持
Tang Ho
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-19T13:48:31.457Z
2021-04-19T19:09:42.417Z
2021-04-19T19:09:42.417Z
Tang Ho
<p>之 was chosen to avoid repeating 的: “每个人都有自己的人生的路，so if you understand 的, you understand 之。</p>
<p>You can often leave out 之 、的：那是人生中(的)一个标记，人生路上的里程碑。</p>
<p>“每个人都有自己的人生之路，<br />
Everyone has their own path in life,<br />
只有把握时间，<br />
you just need to seize the (right) moment,<br />
勤于奋斗，<br />
(and) strive diligently,<br />
不畏艰辛之人才能走好这条路。<br />
only people who are unafraid of hardships can walk this path<br />
要走好人生之路，<br />
If you want to travel well your path in life<br />
首先要懂得珍惜时间。”<br />
first you must know the value (of the right) moment.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-20T03:19:45.117Z
Is there any meaningful difference between 人生之路 & 人生路?
Wayne Cheah
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-20T10:18:30.473Z
Although 人生之路 is literary, we still use it colloquially in day-to-day speech; 人生路 is classical poetic style. You might hear it in poems or song lyrics
Tang Ho
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-10-02T00:59:08.253Z
Can you explain what is literary, please? I am confused with it.
IEatMy Pizza
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-19T22:35:01.140Z
2021-04-19T22:35:01.140Z
Pedroski
<p>Reading through the text as below. The zhi below is used to modify 路 of 人生? (way/road/path of life)? what exactly 之 in the two places?</p>
<p>“每个人都有自己的人生之路，只有把握时间，勤于奋斗，不畏艰辛的人才能走好这条路。要走好人生之路，首先要懂得珍惜时间。”</p>
<p>Dictionary meaning:</p>
<p>之: marks preceding phrase as modifier of following phrase; it, him her, them; go to</p>
<p>Google translation:
Everyone has their own path in life, and only those who grasp the time, work hard, and are not afraid of hardships can take this path well.  To follow the road of life, we must first know how to cherish time.</p>

<grammar><usage><meaning-in-context>
之 grammar and usage
# 之 grammar and usage

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-04-19)

Reading through the text as below. The zhi below is used to modify 路 of 人生? (way/road/path of life)? what exactly 之 in the two places?

“每个人都有自己的人生之路，只有把握时间，勤于奋斗，不畏艰辛的人才能走好这条路。要走好人生之路，首先要懂得珍惜时间。”

Dictionary meaning:

之: marks preceding phrase as modifier of following phrase; it, him her, them; go to

Google translation:
Everyone has their own path in life, and only those who grasp the time, work hard, and are not afraid of hardships can take this path well. To follow the road of life, we must first know how to cherish time.

**Tags:** grammar, usage, meaning-in-context

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2021-04-19. Score: 4 | Accepted answer

> 之: marks preceding phrase as modifier of following phrase; **it**, **him** **her**, **them**; go to

This function of 之 is different from the one in your quoted text.

之 in [Verb + 之] functions the same as a pronoun

Example: "逆我者，殺(之)" = "the ones who against me, kill (them)"

*In this sentence, the verb 殺 precedes 之, therefore, 之 functions as the pronoun of the noun 逆我者*

> 要走好人生之路 = need to properly walk life's road

之 in [n + 之 + n] functions the same as [n + 的 +n]. It is used between two noun phrases to show possession or relation

Example:人生之路 = 人生的路 = "life's road" or "the road of life"

In this example, 之 is placed between two noun phrases '人生(life)' and '道路(road)' to connect them. Indicates 人生 possess 道路 (similar to [ 's ] in English)

之 in this role is the literary (classical) counterpart of 的.

*Saying 人生之路 instead of 人生的道路 make it sound more literary (classical) than colloquial. Modern Chinese is the mix of colloquial and literary (classical) terms
and sometimes we want to sound more literary*

*Notice: the noun after 之 is usually a single character word*

**Edit**:

Another way to see the function of 之 is [之[4]](https://cantoneseplus.com/character/331) [used as a dummy pronoun for emphasis], which would make functioning like a verb particle

Example: "逆我者，殺(**之**)" = " kill (**!**), the ones who against me"

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: IMO, 逆我者，殺之 (文言文) = 逆我者，殺了 (白話文)ㄡ.  
> **username_1**: @r13t See my edit at the bottom. "It is dummy pronoun for emphasis"  it is  something between a pronoun and a verb particle  
> **username_2**: Thanks for the update. On this sentence: Example: "逆我者，殺(之)" = "the ones who against me, kill (them)", I think you were correctly noted later: "Notice: the noun after 之 is usually a single character word", so "them" is questionable in here. Actually, by modern speaking, we will say this way: 任何反對我的人, 殺了.  
> **username_1**: @r13 之 in  [n + 之 + n] is different from 之 in [v+之] (pronoun/ dummy pronoun for emphasis). The 'single character word' comment was for the second noun in  [n + 之 + n] e.g. 人生的道路 is  not normally changed to 人生之道路, but 人生之路 rather  
> **username_2**: You are losing me. For "them" to stay correct, the modern speaking would be: "所有反對我的人, 都殺了". Now it is plural. This (singular vs plural) is the weakness of the Chinese language.  
> **username_1**: adding '們'  to indicate plural is a relatively new concept in Chinese, 他 can be single or plural. e.g. 殺他一個措手不及 can mean 殺他們一個措手不及  
> **username_2**: Yes, you can think that way. But you can also interpret 他 in here as referring to the "enemy", which is singular. Agreed, adding 們 eliminates the ambiguity between singular and plural forms. That's part of the reason behind the push for 白話文, which essentially made the sentences much longer than the ancient 文言文, a trade-off for the Chinese language.  
> **username_0**: Tang Ho thanks. could you please explain in this idiom “持之以恒 chízhīyǐhéng to pursue unremittingly” how zhi is used?  
> **username_1**: @user27485 持(之)以恒 = to maintain (it) with a constant effort. 之 here is either a pronoun for the unmentioned object or a dummy pronoun that emphasizes the verb 持  

---

### Answer by username_3 on 2021-04-19. Score: 3

之 was chosen to avoid repeating 的: “每个人都有自己的人生的路，so if you understand 的, you understand 之。

You can often leave out 之 、的：那是人生中(的)一个标记，人生路上的里程碑。

“每个人都有自己的人生之路，  
Everyone has their own path in life,  
只有把握时间，  
you just need to seize the (right) moment,  
勤于奋斗，  
(and) strive diligently,  
不畏艰辛之人才能走好这条路。  
only people who are unafraid of hardships can walk this path  
要走好人生之路，  
If you want to travel well your path in life  
首先要懂得珍惜时间。”  
first you must know the value (of the right) moment.

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: Is there any meaningful difference between 人生之路 & 人生路?  
> **username_1**: Although 人生之路 is literary, we still use it colloquially in day-to-day speech; 人生路 is classical poetic style. You might hear it in poems or song lyrics  
> **username_5**: Can you explain what is literary, please? I am confused with it.  

---

