<p>Adding to the previous list:</p>

<p>Bowling: <strong>保龄球</strong> bao ling qiu <code>滾木球</code> <br>
Buffet: <strong>蒲飞</strong> pu fei <code>自助餐</code> <br>
Calorie: <strong>卡路里</strong> ka lu li <code>热量单位</code> <br>
Cartoon: <strong>卡通</strong> ka tong <code>漫画</code> <br>
Motor: <strong>摩托</strong> mo tuo <code>电动机</code> <br>
Sundae: <strong>新低</strong> xin di <code>水果奶油,冰淇淋</code> <br>
T-Shirt: <strong>T-血</strong> T-xue <code>短袖汗衫, 短袖圆领衫</code><br>
Toast: <strong>多士,吐司</strong> duo shi, tu si <code>烤面包</code> <br>
Vitamin: <strong>维他命</strong> wei ta ming <code>维生素</code> <br></p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-07-18T17:06:57.907Z
Isn't 漫画 also a Japanese loanword?
Colin
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-01T16:07:38.117Z
2014-07-01T17:18:54.643Z
2014-07-01T17:18:54.643Z
BeetFarmer
<p>During the May Fourth Movement, many terms were "imported" from Japan to enrich the Chinese vocabulary for translation of Western idea.  Not to mention that China, Hong Kong and Taiwan have been different translation for the same English word, for example:</p>

<p>Cheese = 芝士 (HK) / 起司 (Taiwan) / 奶酪 (China)</p>

<p>Toast = 多士 (HK) / 吐司 (Taiwan) / 烤面包 (China)</p>

<p>Hence, it is very difficult to come up with a definite answer to your question.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-02T12:31:41.773Z
2014-07-02T12:31:41.773Z
Henry HO
<p>If I read it right, @user3306356's question is whether there are a lot of  word-sets comprising a word that has long existed in Chinese and another word that is a loanword from another language representing the same concept. </p>

<p>In this sense, I will say there are <strong>not</strong> a lot of these kinds of word-sets. Anyway, if there is already a native Chinese word for a certain concept, why bother borrowing a new one from another language?</p>

<p>To elaborate on this question, I think we need to distinguish between <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword" rel="nofollow">loanword</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque" rel="nofollow">calque</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untranslatability#Adaptation" rel="nofollow">free translation</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" rel="nofollow">phono-semantic matching</a>.</p>

<p>A <em>loanword</em> is a word adopted from one language (the donor language) and incorporated into a different, recipient language <strong>without translation</strong>. That is, only the pronunciation of the word is somewhat reserved, and you can't reason about its meaning from the Chinese characters makeing up the word. <code>Sofa = 沙发</code> is of this kind.</p>

<p>A <em>calque</em> or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word, or root-for-root translation. <code>E-mail = 电子邮件</code> and <code>skyscraper = 摩天楼</code> are of this kind.</p>

<p>Chinese seldom borrow new words from other languages for something already existed in Chinese. There are a few word-sets of this kind, and the loanwords are used just because they sound fancy or have an exotic feeling. <code>Bacon: 培根 = 煙肉, Daddy: 爹地 = 爸爸, Cheese: 芝士 / 起司 / 起士 = 奶酪 / 乳酪</code> are of this kind. The Chinese words before the equals sign are loanwords (phonetic translation).</p>

<p>When new concepts are introduced to China, it's most common for Chinese to use existing Chinese morphemes to coin new words for the concepts. Chinese love <em>free translation</em> and <em>phono-semantic matching</em> much more than <em>phonetic translation</em>. Anyway, a word made up of native Chinese morphemes is much more comprehensible than a word made up of some characters having nothing to do with its meaning. At first, a phonetic translation and a free translation or phono-semantic matching may exist at the same time and compete with each other, and usually the free translation or phono-semantic version will beat the phonetic translation at last.</p>

<p>Many word-sets listed by @Semaphore are just different Chinese translations of the same new concept imported from other languages, not word-sets made up of a loanword and a native Chinese word for a certain concept that has long existed in Chinese.</p>

<p>Take <code>Laser: 雷射 = 激光</code> as an example. Laser is invented in the USA, so it's a new concept from English. Only the concept of laser was borrowed, not the word itself. 雷射 is a <em>phono-semantic matching</em> of laser, 激光 is a <em>free translation</em> of the same word. But neither the word 雷射 nor 激光 existed in Chinese before laser was invented. So this word-set doesn't conform to @user3306356's standard.</p>

<p><code>Taxi: 的士 = 計程車 / 出租車</code> is similar to <code>Laser: 雷射 = 激光</code>. 的士 is a phonetic translation of taxi and is mostly used in Hong Kong. 計程車 is a free translation of taxi and is used in Taiwan. 出租車 is another free translation of taxi and is used in mainland China. The concept of taxi is imported from western world. 的士, 計程車, 出租車 are just different translations of taxi, none of these words existed in Chinese language before the concept of taxi was introduced to China. So this word-set doesn't conform to @user3306356's standard either.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-07-18T16:15:12.597Z
2016-07-18T20:15:22.937Z
2016-07-18T20:15:22.937Z
ltux
<p>Again, I couldn't comment due to not enough reputation so I'm posting an answer here.</p>

<p><del>Romantic: 羅曼蒂克 = 浪漫
is incorrect.</del> they are both translated by sound.
It is said a Japanese (actually a very famous one), Shouseki Natsume (夏目漱石), created the Sino-Japanese word 浪漫(ロマン) from the first moras of romantic（ロマンチック）. While who did it is still debated, it is certain this is a loan word that is translated by its sound then clipped. In Japanese, ロマン is pronounced almost identical to Chinese 罗曼.</p>

<p>I must also comment: This question is asking for an endless list. What's the point? Can I create a question that ask for every Chinese characters ever existed?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-29T10:21:14.870Z
Not true. 浪漫 is a Chinese phrase attested since the Song Dynasty `【宋·蘇軾·與孟震同遊常州僧舍】年來轉覺此生浮 又作三吳浪漫遊`. Though the meaning was different, by the Qing Dynasty one could glimpse its modern usage `【清·生花夢】魏紫姚黃 玉樓金帶 真個錦蔚霞蒸 十分浪漫`. The clipped loanword is actually just 羅曼 (attested [**here**](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A6%E9%A1%9E%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E5%8F%B2) and [**here**](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E6%83%85%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E5%8F%B2)). You could argue it influenced the modern meaning of 浪漫, but that does not make the latter a loan word.
Semaphore
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-02T14:42:03.833Z
I'll use Chinese since it's already off topic and this is easier for me. For all English reading people should know, I acknowledge his statements and take my argument back.我查了一下生花梦的上下文，感觉和现今所用的含义相似，但我不会用**equivalent**一词形容。我视日语汉字为单独的书写系统，同样的汉字，借用的意思在我看来是借词。虽然这个跟“以上主义”之于“民主主义”（另一个我不赞同是源自汉语的例子）相比差别小一些，但既然1673年离明治大正还是有一段距离，我想在找到其他出处之前暂时保留自己的主张。
Zuoanqh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-03T04:05:37.107Z
嗯。我并不是想说生花梦中的`浪漫`，与现代的`浪漫`相同，但看来有其相似之处。四百年间有如此变化应算合理，当然这个变化大概也受romance影响。我想表达的意思，只是`浪漫`乃中文中*既有*的语词，而非从日本引进的和制汉语。反之`民主`一词本非汉语所有，见于古文中的`民主`皆为`民之主`之意。相较之下我想前者不能算是借词。
Semaphore
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-29T03:13:44.750Z
2014-07-02T14:50:43.487Z
2014-07-02T14:50:43.487Z
Zuoanqh
<p>I'm not sure where you could get an accurate count for <em>how many</em> there are. Considering that loanwords have been coming into Chinese for thousands of years, it definitely won't be a trivial task.</p>

<p>There is certainly quite a few, however, <strong>not all of which is current/widespread/universal</strong>. I'll list some here, and edit more in if I think of any later:</p>

<ul>
<li>Angel: <strong>安琪兒</strong> = <code>天使</code></li>
<li>Bacon: <strong>培根</strong> = <code>煙肉</code></li>
<li>Blog: <strong>博客 / 部落格</strong> = <code>網誌</code></li>
<li>Boycott: <strong>杯葛</strong> = <code>抵制</code></li>
<li>Bus: <strong>巴士</strong> = <code>公共汽車</code></li>
<li>Bye-Bye: <strong>掰掰</strong> = <code>再見</code></li>
<li>Camera: <strong>開麥拉</strong> / <strong>卡麥拉</strong> = <code>照相機</code></li>
<li>Cheese: <strong>芝士 / 起司 / 起士</strong> = <code>奶酪 / 乳酪</code></li>
<li>Cream: <strong>克林姆</strong> = <code>奶油</code></li>
<li>Copy: <strong>拷貝</strong> = <code>複製</code></li>
<li>Daddy: <strong>爹地</strong> = <code>爸爸</code></li>
<li>E-mail: <strong>伊媚兒 / 依妹兒</strong> = <code>電子郵件</code></li>
<li>Engine: <strong>引擎</strong> = <code>發動機 / 動力機 / 機</code></li>
<li>Fillet: <strong>菲力</strong> = <code>柳</code></li>
<li>Gas: <strong>瓦斯</strong> = <code>天然氣</code></li>
<li>(House) Party: <strong>轟趴</strong> = <code>聚會</code></li>
<li>Index: <strong>引得</strong> = <code>索引 / 檢目 / 總檢</code></li>
<li>Laser: <strong>雷射</strong> = <code>激光</code></li>
<li>Logic: <strong>邏輯</strong> = <code>理則</code></li>
<li>Mommy: <strong>媽咪</strong> = <code>媽媽</code></li>
<li>Motel: <strong>摩鐵</strong> = <code>汽車旅館</code></li>
<li>Mini: <strong>迷你</strong> = <code>小</code></li>
<li>Party: <strong>派對</strong> = <code>舞會 / 聚會 / 聯歡會</code></li>
<li>Polish: <strong>泡立水</strong> = <code>蟲膠清漆 / 酒精清漆</code></li>
<li>Rifle: <strong>來福槍</strong> = <code>步槍</code></li>
<li>Romantic: <strong>羅曼蒂克</strong> = <code>浪漫</code></li>
<li>Sardine: <strong>沙丁魚</strong> = <code>鰛 / 鰯</code></li>
<li>Sauce: <strong>沙司</strong> = <code>醬</code></li>
<li>Sauna: <strong>桑拿</strong> = <code>蒸氣浴</code></li>
<li>Scooter: <strong>速可達</strong> = <code>輕機車</code></li>
<li>Shampoo: <strong>香波</strong> = <code>洗髮精</code></li>
<li>Shopping: <strong>血拼</strong> = <code>逛街購物</code></li>
<li>Show: <strong>秀</strong> = <code>節目</code></li>
<li>Tank: <strong>坦克</strong> = <code>戰車</code></li>
<li>Taxi:  <strong>的士</strong> = <code>計程車 / 出租車</code></li>
<li>Tobacco: <strong>淡巴菰</strong> = <code>菸草</code></li>
<li>Typhoon: <strong>颱風</strong> = <code>颶風</code></li>
<li>Quduq: <strong>胡同 / 衚衕</strong> = <code>小巷</code></li>
<li>おばさん: <strong>歐巴桑</strong> = <code>老太婆</code></li>
<li>おじさん: <strong>歐吉桑</strong> = <code>老頭子</code></li>
<li>パチンコ: <strong>柏青哥 / 扒金宫</strong> = <code>彈珠機</code></li>
<li>たたみ: <strong>塌塌米</strong> = <code>疊蓆</code></li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-27T18:54:17.633Z
Note some of the loanwords in this list seem exclusively used in Taiwan (such as the Japanese loanwords) while some others are from old Shanghai pidgin English and is widely used across China today.
NS.X.
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-27T19:04:40.220Z
Hmm, I thought 歐巴桑/歐吉桑 has some currency on the mainland (or at least in Hong Kong), and that pachinko and 塌塌米 are fairly standard. Is that not the case?
Semaphore
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-27T20:04:54.187Z
I can't speak for Hong Kong or even Southern China, but in Beijing, 欧巴桑/欧吉桑 are only known to fans of Taiwan TV shows and ACG (Anime, Cartoon, Games) community, even within which very few people know the word 柏青哥. Some loanwords are hardly understood and almost never used such as 開麥拉, 克林姆 and 沙司.
NS.X.
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-28T00:33:58.250Z
You listed typhoon here. Are you claiming 台风 is a transliteration? AFAIK, the origins of both "Typhoon" and "台风" are [disputed](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%B1%E9%A2%A8#.E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0.E7.9A.84.E7.94.B1.E6.9D.A5), but it doesn't seem likely that the Chinese is from the English.
Stumpy Joe Pete
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-28T00:59:32.530Z
@StumpyJoePete 颱風 is generally said to be a loanword. The theories differ, but it is usually taken to be either transcribed from Japanese or Arabic (possibly as 大風, then became English typhoon, and then loaned back again). I suppose it could be entirely native, but AFAIK 颱 is a relatively newly created word.
Semaphore
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2014-06-28T10:23:16.973Z
胡同 is a Mongolian loan too - for I guess what Chinese would call 小巷
Mou某
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-28T10:28:22.777Z
@user3306356 good catch, added.
Semaphore
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-29T22:18:54.667Z
The phonetic translations of the following English words are rarely seen in mainland China: angel, camera, cream, index, laser, motel, polish, sauce, scooter, shampoo, tobacco
user58955
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-29T22:22:48.057Z
@user58955 most of those ones are rarely seen *anywhere* nowadays, with the exception of laser, which remains dominant in Taiwanese vernacular. Cream gets used on both sides for cream bread, though.
Semaphore
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-29T22:38:58.383Z
Oh they just want to sound fancy, the same for filet as well... Some restaurants even follow the Cantonese word 士多啤梨 for 草莓...
user58955
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-02T22:47:36.173Z
@user58955 For 'fish filet' they may want to sound fancy; for 'filet mignon' I would say they simply couldn't find the authentic Chinese word for it.
NS.X.
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-27T18:31:30.273Z
2014-06-28T19:54:48.340Z
2014-06-28T19:54:48.340Z
Semaphore
<p>How many loanwords in Chinese have Chinese equivalents?</p>

<p>Example:
三文鱼 is a loanword, borrowed from English, meaning salmon, but Chinese also has the word 鲑鱼 meaning salmon.</p>

<p>Are there a lot of these kinds of word-sets?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-27T18:10:05.780Z
Yes there are!(But don't expect me to list all of them)
ʇolɐǝz ǝɥʇ qoq
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-28T01:56:00.717Z
Bob, you're *so* zealous.
Mou某
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-28T01:57:33.793Z
Is that a good thing or a bad thing?
ʇolɐǝz ǝɥʇ qoq
<translation><mandarin><transliteration><loanwords>
Loanwords with Chinese Equivalents
# Loanwords with Chinese Equivalents

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-06-27)

How many loanwords in Chinese have Chinese equivalents?

Example:
三文鱼 is a loanword, borrowed from English, meaning salmon, but Chinese also has the word 鲑鱼 meaning salmon.

Are there a lot of these kinds of word-sets?

**Tags:** translation, mandarin, transliteration, loanwords
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Yes there are!(But don't expect me to list all of them)  
> **username_0**: Bob, you're *so* zealous.  
> **username_1**: Is that a good thing or a bad thing?  

---

## 5 answers

### Answer by username_7 on 2014-06-27. Score: 14 | Accepted answer

I'm not sure where you could get an accurate count for *how many* there are. Considering that loanwords have been coming into Chinese for thousands of years, it definitely won't be a trivial task.

There is certainly quite a few, however, **not all of which is current/widespread/universal**. I'll list some here, and edit more in if I think of any later:

* Angel: **安琪兒** = `天使`
* Bacon: **培根** = `煙肉`
* Blog: **博客 / 部落格** = `網誌`
* Boycott: **杯葛** = `抵制`
* Bus: **巴士** = `公共汽車`
* Bye-Bye: **掰掰** = `再見`
* Camera: **開麥拉** / **卡麥拉** = `照相機`
* Cheese: **芝士 / 起司 / 起士** = `奶酪 / 乳酪`
* Cream: **克林姆** = `奶油`
* Copy: **拷貝** = `複製`
* Daddy: **爹地** = `爸爸`
* E-mail: **伊媚兒 / 依妹兒** = `電子郵件`
* Engine: **引擎** = `發動機 / 動力機 / 機`
* Fillet: **菲力** = `柳`
* Gas: **瓦斯** = `天然氣`
* (House) Party: **轟趴** = `聚會`
* Index: **引得** = `索引 / 檢目 / 總檢`
* Laser: **雷射** = `激光`
* Logic: **邏輯** = `理則`
* Mommy: **媽咪** = `媽媽`
* Motel: **摩鐵** = `汽車旅館`
* Mini: **迷你** = `小`
* Party: **派對** = `舞會 / 聚會 / 聯歡會`
* Polish: **泡立水** = `蟲膠清漆 / 酒精清漆`
* Rifle: **來福槍** = `步槍`
* Romantic: **羅曼蒂克** = `浪漫`
* Sardine: **沙丁魚** = `鰛 / 鰯`
* Sauce: **沙司** = `醬`
* Sauna: **桑拿** = `蒸氣浴`
* Scooter: **速可達** = `輕機車`
* Shampoo: **香波** = `洗髮精`
* Shopping: **血拼** = `逛街購物`
* Show: **秀** = `節目`
* Tank: **坦克** = `戰車`
* Taxi: **的士** = `計程車 / 出租車`
* Tobacco: **淡巴菰** = `菸草`
* Typhoon: **颱風** = `颶風`
* Quduq: **胡同 / 衚衕** = `小巷`
* おばさん: **歐巴桑** = `老太婆`
* おじさん: **歐吉桑** = `老頭子`
* パチンコ: **柏青哥 / 扒金宫** = `彈珠機`
* たたみ: **塌塌米** = `疊蓆`

> **Comments:**
> **username_8**: Note some of the loanwords in this list seem exclusively used in Taiwan (such as the Japanese loanwords) while some others are from old Shanghai pidgin English and is widely used across China today.  
> **username_7**: Hmm, I thought 歐巴桑/歐吉桑 has some currency on the mainland (or at least in Hong Kong), and that pachinko and 塌塌米 are fairly standard. Is that not the case?  
> **username_8**: I can't speak for Hong Kong or even Southern China, but in Beijing, 欧巴桑/欧吉桑 are only known to fans of Taiwan TV shows and ACG (Anime, Cartoon, Games) community, even within which very few people know the word 柏青哥. Some loanwords are hardly understood and almost never used such as 開麥拉, 克林姆 and 沙司.  
> **username_9**: You listed typhoon here. Are you claiming 台风 is a transliteration? AFAIK, the origins of both "Typhoon" and "台风" are [disputed](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%B1%E9%A2%A8#.E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0.E7.9A.84.E7.94.B1.E6.9D.A5), but it doesn't seem likely that the Chinese is from the English.  
> **username_7**: @StumpyJoePete 颱風 is generally said to be a loanword. The theories differ, but it is usually taken to be either transcribed from Japanese or Arabic (possibly as 大風, then became English typhoon, and then loaned back again). I suppose it could be entirely native, but AFAIK 颱 is a relatively newly created word.  
> **username_0**: 胡同 is a Mongolian loan too - for I guess what Chinese would call 小巷  
> **username_7**: @user3306356 good catch, added.  
> **username_10**: The phonetic translations of the following English words are rarely seen in mainland China: angel, camera, cream, index, laser, motel, polish, sauce, scooter, shampoo, tobacco  
> **username_7**: @user58955 most of those ones are rarely seen *anywhere* nowadays, with the exception of laser, which remains dominant in Taiwanese vernacular. Cream gets used on both sides for cream bread, though.  
> **username_10**: Oh they just want to sound fancy, the same for filet as well... Some restaurants even follow the Cantonese word 士多啤梨 for 草莓...  
> **username_8**: @user58955 For 'fish filet' they may want to sound fancy; for 'filet mignon' I would say they simply couldn't find the authentic Chinese word for it.  

---

### Answer by username_2 on 2014-07-01. Score: 5

Adding to the previous list:

Bowling: **保龄球** bao ling qiu `滾木球`   
Buffet: **蒲飞** pu fei `自助餐`   
Calorie: **卡路里** ka lu li `热量单位`   
Cartoon: **卡通** ka tong `漫画`   
Motor: **摩托** mo tuo `电动机`   
Sundae: **新低** xin di `水果奶油,冰淇淋`   
T-Shirt: **T-血** T-xue `短袖汗衫, 短袖圆领衫`  
Toast: **多士,吐司** duo shi, tu si `烤面包`   
Vitamin: **维他命** wei ta ming `维生素`

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: Isn't 漫画 also a Japanese loanword?  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2014-07-02. Score: 2

During the May Fourth Movement, many terms were "imported" from Japan to enrich the Chinese vocabulary for translation of Western idea. Not to mention that China, Hong Kong and Taiwan have been different translation for the same English word, for example:

Cheese = 芝士 (HK) / 起司 (Taiwan) / 奶酪 (China)

Toast = 多士 (HK) / 吐司 (Taiwan) / 烤面包 (China)

Hence, it is very difficult to come up with a definite answer to your question.


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### Answer by username_5 on 2016-07-18. Score: 1

If I read it right, @user3306356's question is whether there are a lot of word-sets comprising a word that has long existed in Chinese and another word that is a loanword from another language representing the same concept.

In this sense, I will say there are **not** a lot of these kinds of word-sets. Anyway, if there is already a native Chinese word for a certain concept, why bother borrowing a new one from another language?

To elaborate on this question, I think we need to distinguish between [loanword](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword), [calque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque), [free translation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untranslatability#Adaptation), and [phono-semantic matching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching).

A *loanword* is a word adopted from one language (the donor language) and incorporated into a different, recipient language **without translation**. That is, only the pronunciation of the word is somewhat reserved, and you can't reason about its meaning from the Chinese characters makeing up the word. `Sofa = 沙发` is of this kind.

A *calque* or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word, or root-for-root translation. `E-mail = 电子邮件` and `skyscraper = 摩天楼` are of this kind.

Chinese seldom borrow new words from other languages for something already existed in Chinese. There are a few word-sets of this kind, and the loanwords are used just because they sound fancy or have an exotic feeling. `Bacon: 培根 = 煙肉, Daddy: 爹地 = 爸爸, Cheese: 芝士 / 起司 / 起士 = 奶酪 / 乳酪` are of this kind. The Chinese words before the equals sign are loanwords (phonetic translation).

When new concepts are introduced to China, it's most common for Chinese to use existing Chinese morphemes to coin new words for the concepts. Chinese love *free translation* and *phono-semantic matching* much more than *phonetic translation*. Anyway, a word made up of native Chinese morphemes is much more comprehensible than a word made up of some characters having nothing to do with its meaning. At first, a phonetic translation and a free translation or phono-semantic matching may exist at the same time and compete with each other, and usually the free translation or phono-semantic version will beat the phonetic translation at last.

Many word-sets listed by @Semaphore are just different Chinese translations of the same new concept imported from other languages, not word-sets made up of a loanword and a native Chinese word for a certain concept that has long existed in Chinese.

Take `Laser: 雷射 = 激光` as an example. Laser is invented in the USA, so it's a new concept from English. Only the concept of laser was borrowed, not the word itself. 雷射 is a *phono-semantic matching* of laser, 激光 is a *free translation* of the same word. But neither the word 雷射 nor 激光 existed in Chinese before laser was invented. So this word-set doesn't conform to @user3306356's standard.

`Taxi: 的士 = 計程車 / 出租車` is similar to `Laser: 雷射 = 激光`. 的士 is a phonetic translation of taxi and is mostly used in Hong Kong. 計程車 is a free translation of taxi and is used in Taiwan. 出租車 is another free translation of taxi and is used in mainland China. The concept of taxi is imported from western world. 的士, 計程車, 出租車 are just different translations of taxi, none of these words existed in Chinese language before the concept of taxi was introduced to China. So this word-set doesn't conform to @user3306356's standard either.


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### Answer by username_6 on 2014-06-29. Score: -1

Again, I couldn't comment due to not enough reputation so I'm posting an answer here.

~~Romantic: 羅曼蒂克 = 浪漫
is incorrect.~~ they are both translated by sound.
It is said a Japanese (actually a very famous one), Shouseki Natsume (夏目漱石), created the Sino-Japanese word 浪漫(ロマン) from the first moras of romantic（ロマンチック）. While who did it is still debated, it is certain this is a loan word that is translated by its sound then clipped. In Japanese, ロマン is pronounced almost identical to Chinese 罗曼.

I must also comment: This question is asking for an endless list. What's the point? Can I create a question that ask for every Chinese characters ever existed?

> **Comments:**
> **username_7**: Not true. 浪漫 is a Chinese phrase attested since the Song Dynasty `【宋·蘇軾·與孟震同遊常州僧舍】年來轉覺此生浮 又作三吳浪漫遊`. Though the meaning was different, by the Qing Dynasty one could glimpse its modern usage `【清·生花夢】魏紫姚黃 玉樓金帶 真個錦蔚霞蒸 十分浪漫`. The clipped loanword is actually just 羅曼 (attested [**here**](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A6%E9%A1%9E%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E5%8F%B2) and [**here**](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E6%83%85%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E5%8F%B2)). You could argue it influenced the modern meaning of 浪漫, but that does not make the latter a loan word.  
> **username_6**: I'll use Chinese since it's already off topic and this is easier for me. For all English reading people should know, I acknowledge his statements and take my argument back.我查了一下生花梦的上下文，感觉和现今所用的含义相似，但我不会用**equivalent**一词形容。我视日语汉字为单独的书写系统，同样的汉字，借用的意思在我看来是借词。虽然这个跟“以上主义”之于“民主主义”（另一个我不赞同是源自汉语的例子）相比差别小一些，但既然1673年离明治大正还是有一段距离，我想在找到其他出处之前暂时保留自己的主张。  
> **username_7**: 嗯。我并不是想说生花梦中的`浪漫`，与现代的`浪漫`相同，但看来有其相似之处。四百年间有如此变化应算合理，当然这个变化大概也受romance影响。我想表达的意思，只是`浪漫`乃中文中*既有*的语词，而非从日本引进的和制汉语。反之`民主`一词本非汉语所有，见于古文中的`民主`皆为`民之主`之意。相较之下我想前者不能算是借词。  

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