### Godot version

v4.1.1.stable.official [bd6af8e0e]

### System information

Godot v4.1.1.stable - Debian GNU/Linux trixie/sid trixie - Vulkan (Forward+) - dedicated NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (nvidia) - Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8400 CPU @ 2.80GHz (6 Threads)

### Issue description

`Area2D`s which extend beyond the bounds of the root viewport, eg. when using a `canvas_items` stretch mode, receive mouse input events even in the black bands letterboxing the game:

https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/441188/3beb962f-c1fa-4098-a375-f3d862013577


### Steps to reproduce

1. Set project stretch mode to either `canvas_items` or `viewport`
2. Have an `Area2D` whose `CollisionShape` extends beyond the bounds of the rendered region
3. Connect the `Area2D`'s `mouse_[entered|exited]` signal to something
4. Wave the mouse around in the black areas outside the rendered game

### Minimal reproduction project

Project used for video demo above:

[area2d-oob.zip](https://github.com/godotengine/godot/files/12207031/area2d-oob.zip)

This only demos `mouse_[entered|exited]`, but I first encountered this with the `Area2D.input_event` signal, where it received mouse clicks as well.
int scr = DisplayServer::get_singleton()->get_screen_count();
	for (int i = 0; i < scr; i++) {
		Rect2i r = DisplayServer::get_singleton()->screen_get_usable_rect(i);
		if (r.has_point(position)) {
			current_screen = i;
			break;
		}
	}
	set_transient(true);
	set_visible(true);
	Rect2i parent_rect;
	if (is_embedded()) {
		parent_rect = get_embedder()->get_visible_rect();
	} else {
		int screen_id = DisplayServer::get_singleton()->window_get_current_screen(get_window_id());
		parent_rect = DisplayServer::get_singleton()->screen_get_usable_rect(screen_id);
	}
	if (parent_rect != Rect2i() && !parent_rect.intersects(Rect2i(position, size))) {
		ERR_PRINT(vformat("Window %d spawned at invalid position: %s.", get_window_id(), position));
		set_position((parent_rect.size - size) / 2);
	}
	if (parent_rect != Rect2i() && is_clamped_to_embedder() && is_embedded()) {
		Rect2i new_rect = fit_rect_in_parent(Rect2i(position, size), parent_rect);
		set_position(new_rect.position);
		set_size(new_rect.size);
	}
	_post_popup();
	notification(NOTIFICATION_POST_POPUP);
}
bool Window::_try_parent_dialog(Node *p_from_node) {