### Godot version

v4.1.1.stable.official [bd6af8e0e]

### System information

Godot v4.1.1.stable - Debian GNU/Linux trixie/sid trixie - Vulkan (Forward+) - dedicated NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (nvidia) - Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8400 CPU @ 2.80GHz (6 Threads)

### Issue description

`Area2D`s which extend beyond the bounds of the root viewport, eg. when using a `canvas_items` stretch mode, receive mouse input events even in the black bands letterboxing the game:

https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/441188/3beb962f-c1fa-4098-a375-f3d862013577


### Steps to reproduce

1. Set project stretch mode to either `canvas_items` or `viewport`
2. Have an `Area2D` whose `CollisionShape` extends beyond the bounds of the rendered region
3. Connect the `Area2D`'s `mouse_[entered|exited]` signal to something
4. Wave the mouse around in the black areas outside the rendered game

### Minimal reproduction project

Project used for video demo above:

[area2d-oob.zip](https://github.com/godotengine/godot/files/12207031/area2d-oob.zip)

This only demos `mouse_[entered|exited]`, but I first encountered this with the `Area2D.input_event` signal, where it received mouse clicks as well.
Transform2D get_screen_transform() const;
	virtual Transform2D get_screen_transform_internal(bool p_absolute_position = false) const;
	virtual Transform2D get_popup_base_transform() const { return Transform2D(); }
	virtual bool is_directly_attached_to_screen() const { return false; };
	virtual bool is_attached_in_viewport() const { return false; };
	virtual bool is_sub_viewport() const { return false; };
#ifndef _3D_DISABLED
	bool use_xr = false;
	friend class AudioListener3D;
	AudioListener3D *audio_listener_3d = nullptr;
	HashSet<AudioListener3D *> audio_listener_3d_set;
	bool is_audio_listener_3d_enabled = false;
	RID internal_audio_listener_3d;
	AudioListener3D *get_audio_listener_3d() const;
	void set_as_audio_listener_3d(bool p_enable);
	bool is_audio_listener_3d() const;
	void _update_audio_listener_3d();
	void _listener_transform_3d_changed_notify();
	void _audio_listener_3d_set(AudioListener3D *p_listener);
	bool _audio_listener_3d_add(AudioListener3D *p_listener); 
	void _audio_listener_3d_remove(AudioListener3D *p_listener);
	void _audio_listener_3d_make_next_current(AudioListener3D *p_exclude);
	void _collision_object_3d_input_event(CollisionObject3D *p_object, Camera3D *p_camera, const Ref<InputEvent> &p_input_event, const Vector3 &p_pos, const Vector3 &p_normal, int p_shape);
	struct Camera3DOverrideData {
		Transform3D transform;
		enum Projection {