### Godot version

v4.0.3.stable.mono.official [5222a99f5]

### System information

Windows 11, Forward+, Nvidia 3070 latest driver

### Issue description

When instancing many GPUParticles2D, occasionally the following error will be printed to the debugger console:

```
E 0:15:35:0980   compute_list_dispatch: Uniforms were never supplied for set (3) at the time of drawing, which are required by the pipeline
  <C++ Error>    Method/function failed.
  <C++ Source>   drivers/vulkan/rendering_device_vulkan.cpp:8007 @ compute_list_dispatch()
```

Massive artifacts coincide with this error. See example below:

https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/4622925/07b31c12-5388-4977-9c13-e91c8b6442fb

I am having difficulty recreating the exact conditions for this error. It seems to happen when many GPU particles are added to the tree at around the same time.

### Steps to reproduce

1. Instance many particles at once.

I realize this isn't helpful. I'm going to do more investigation to see if I can get more accurate reproduction steps.

### Minimal reproduction project

N/A yet
image_memory_barrier.pNext = nullptr;
			image_memory_barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			image_memory_barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
			image_memory_barrier.oldLayout = tex->layout;
			image_memory_barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
			image_memory_barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
			image_memory_barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
			image_memory_barrier.image = tex->image;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = tex->barrier_aspect_mask;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = tex->mipmaps;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = p_layer;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &image_memory_barrier);
		}
		uint32_t computed_w = tex->width;
		uint32_t computed_h = tex->height;
		uint32_t computed_d = tex->depth;
		uint32_t prev_size = 0;
		uint32_t offset = 0;
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < tex->mipmaps; i++) {
			VkBufferImageCopy buffer_image_copy;
			uint32_t image_size = get_image_format_required_size(tex->format, tex->width, tex->height, tex->depth, i + 1);
			uint32_t size = image_size - prev_size;
			prev_size = image_size;
			buffer_image_copy.bufferOffset = offset;
			buffer_image_copy.bufferImageHeight = 0;
			buffer_image_copy.bufferRowLength = 0;
			buffer_image_copy.imageSubresource.aspectMask = tex->read_aspect_mask;
			buffer_image_copy.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = p_layer;