### Godot version

v4.0.3.stable.official [5222a99f5]

### System information

Debian 11 | Vulkan API 1.2.175 - Forward+ - Using Vulkan Device #0: NVIDIA - NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 | nvidia-driver 470.182.03-1 from Debian 11 | Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8700K CPU @ 3.70GHz

### Issue description

Re-opening a scene in the editor that contains a `TextureRect` with a `ViewportTexture` and is `preload`ed in an unopened script produces the following error repeatedly and rapidly (about 200 times per second) until either the scene is closed or the script is also opened.

>ERROR: Texture (binding: 0) should provide one ID referencing a texture (IDs provided: 0).
>   at: uniform_set_create (drivers/vulkan/rendering_device_vulkan.cpp:5501)
>ERROR: Condition "!uniform_set" is true.
>   at: draw_list_bind_uniform_set (drivers/vulkan/rendering_device_vulkan.cpp:7191)
>ERROR: Uniforms were never supplied for set (3) at the time of drawing, which are required by the pipeline
>   at: draw_list_draw (drivers/vulkan/rendering_device_vulkan.cpp:7346)

### Steps to reproduce

1. Open the attached reproduction project
2. Open demo.tscn
3. Close demo.tscn
4. Open demo.tscn again

Do **not** open other.gd beforehand. Doing so will stop the problem from occurring.

### Minimal reproduction project

[reproduce_uniform_not_set.zip](https://github.com/godotengine/godot/files/11681977/reproduce_uniform_not_set.zip)

ERR_READ_THREAD_GUARD_V(0);
	return positional_shadow_atlas_size;
}
void Viewport::set_positional_shadow_atlas_16_bits(bool p_16_bits) {
	ERR_MAIN_THREAD_GUARD;
	if (positional_shadow_atlas_16_bits == p_16_bits) {
		return;
	}
	positional_shadow_atlas_16_bits = p_16_bits;
	RS::get_singleton()->viewport_set_positional_shadow_atlas_size(viewport, positional_shadow_atlas_size, positional_shadow_atlas_16_bits);
}
bool Viewport::get_positional_shadow_atlas_16_bits() const {
	ERR_READ_THREAD_GUARD_V(false);
	return positional_shadow_atlas_16_bits;
}
void Viewport::set_positional_shadow_atlas_quadrant_subdiv(int p_quadrant, PositionalShadowAtlasQuadrantSubdiv p_subdiv) {
	ERR_MAIN_THREAD_GUARD;
	ERR_FAIL_INDEX(p_quadrant, 4);
	ERR_FAIL_INDEX(p_subdiv, SHADOW_ATLAS_QUADRANT_SUBDIV_MAX);
	if (positional_shadow_atlas_quadrant_subdiv[p_quadrant] == p_subdiv) {
		return;
	}
	positional_shadow_atlas_quadrant_subdiv[p_quadrant] = p_subdiv;
	static const int subdiv[SHADOW_ATLAS_QUADRANT_SUBDIV_MAX] = { 0, 1, 4, 16, 64, 256, 1024 };
	RS::get_singleton()->viewport_set_positional_shadow_atlas_quadrant_subdivision(viewport, p_quadrant, subdiv[p_subdiv]);
}
Viewport::PositionalShadowAtlasQuadrantSubdiv Viewport::get_positional_shadow_atlas_quadrant_subdiv(int p_quadrant) const {