### Godot version

v4.1.1.stable.official [bd6af8e0e]

### System information

Godot v4.1.1.stable - Debian GNU/Linux trixie/sid trixie - Vulkan (Forward+) - dedicated NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (nvidia) - Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8400 CPU @ 2.80GHz (6 Threads)

### Issue description

`Area2D`s which extend beyond the bounds of the root viewport, eg. when using a `canvas_items` stretch mode, receive mouse input events even in the black bands letterboxing the game:

https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/441188/3beb962f-c1fa-4098-a375-f3d862013577


### Steps to reproduce

1. Set project stretch mode to either `canvas_items` or `viewport`
2. Have an `Area2D` whose `CollisionShape` extends beyond the bounds of the rendered region
3. Connect the `Area2D`'s `mouse_[entered|exited]` signal to something
4. Wave the mouse around in the black areas outside the rendered game

### Minimal reproduction project

Project used for video demo above:

[area2d-oob.zip](https://github.com/godotengine/godot/files/12207031/area2d-oob.zip)

This only demos `mouse_[entered|exited]`, but I first encountered this with the `Area2D.input_event` signal, where it received mouse clicks as well.
List<ObjectID> to_erase;
	for (const KeyValue<ObjectID, uint64_t> &E : physics_2d_mouseover) {
		if (!p_clean_all_frames && E.value == p_frame_reference) {
			continue;
		}
		Object *o = ObjectDB::get_instance(E.key);
		if (o) {
			CollisionObject2D *co = Object::cast_to<CollisionObject2D>(o);
			if (co && co->is_inside_tree()) {
				if (p_clean_all_frames && p_paused_only && co->can_process()) {
					continue;
				}
				co->_mouse_exit();
			}
		}
		to_erase.push_back(E.key);
	}
	while (to_erase.size()) {
		physics_2d_mouseover.erase(to_erase.front()->get());
		to_erase.pop_front();
	}
	
	List<Pair<ObjectID, int>> shapes_to_erase;
	for (KeyValue<Pair<ObjectID, int>, uint64_t> &E : physics_2d_shape_mouseover) {
		if (!p_clean_all_frames && E.value == p_frame_reference) {
			continue;
		}
		Object *o = ObjectDB::get_instance(E.key.first);
		if (o) {
			CollisionObject2D *co = Object::cast_to<CollisionObject2D>(o);