### Godot version

4.1.dev3.official [a67d37f]

### System information

Windows 11 [Vulkan]

### Issue description

The work performed in #77154 drastically changed the visual characteristics of particle turbulence.  I am no longer able to get the same "turbulent" behaviour that existed before these changes - no matter which turbulence settings I change.  Please let me know if there's something I'm missing about the new implementation that would give this result.

![image](https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/8756569/05a338a3-140b-4353-ae11-62ec9714b3d1)


### Steps to reproduce

To reproduce this is fairly simple:

1. Create a GPUParticles2D Node
2. Emit a significant number of particles (I'm emitting 50,000)
3. Set Initial Velocity [Max] to around 250, and Direction Spread to 180.  Enable turbulence
4. Set the turbulence_influence_min property to 0.1 (default) and turbulence_influence_max to 1
5. Observe how the turbulence appears in v4.1.dev3.official with the changes in #77154 versus the previous build without these changes.  The new implementation just results in some minor particle "jitter", but not the actual turbulence that it's supposed to have.


### Minimal reproduction project

No sample project provided, as the reproduction is quite simple to replicate.
sub_emitter_frequency = p_frequency;
	RenderingServer::get_singleton()->material_set_param(_get_material(), shader_names->sub_emitter_frequency, 1.0 / p_frequency); 
}
double ParticleProcessMaterial::get_sub_emitter_frequency() const {
	return sub_emitter_frequency;
}
void ParticleProcessMaterial::set_sub_emitter_amount_at_end(int p_amount) {
	sub_emitter_amount_at_end = p_amount;
	RenderingServer::get_singleton()->material_set_param(_get_material(), shader_names->sub_emitter_amount_at_end, p_amount);
}
int ParticleProcessMaterial::get_sub_emitter_amount_at_end() const {
	return sub_emitter_amount_at_end;
}
void ParticleProcessMaterial::set_sub_emitter_amount_at_collision(int p_amount) {
	sub_emitter_amount_at_collision = p_amount;
	RenderingServer::get_singleton()->material_set_param(_get_material(), shader_names->sub_emitter_amount_at_collision, p_amount);
}
int ParticleProcessMaterial::get_sub_emitter_amount_at_collision() const {
	return sub_emitter_amount_at_collision;
}
void ParticleProcessMaterial::set_sub_emitter_keep_velocity(bool p_enable) {
	sub_emitter_keep_velocity = p_enable;
	RenderingServer::get_singleton()->material_set_param(_get_material(), shader_names->sub_emitter_keep_velocity, p_enable);
}
bool ParticleProcessMaterial::get_sub_emitter_keep_velocity() const {
	return sub_emitter_keep_velocity;
}
void ParticleProcessMaterial::set_attractor_interaction_enabled(bool p_enable) {