### Godot version

v4.1.1.stable.official [bd6af8e0e]

### System information

Godot v4.1.1.stable - Debian GNU/Linux trixie/sid trixie - Vulkan (Forward+) - dedicated NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (nvidia) - Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8400 CPU @ 2.80GHz (6 Threads)

### Issue description

`Area2D`s which extend beyond the bounds of the root viewport, eg. when using a `canvas_items` stretch mode, receive mouse input events even in the black bands letterboxing the game:

https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/441188/3beb962f-c1fa-4098-a375-f3d862013577


### Steps to reproduce

1. Set project stretch mode to either `canvas_items` or `viewport`
2. Have an `Area2D` whose `CollisionShape` extends beyond the bounds of the rendered region
3. Connect the `Area2D`'s `mouse_[entered|exited]` signal to something
4. Wave the mouse around in the black areas outside the rendered game

### Minimal reproduction project

Project used for video demo above:

[area2d-oob.zip](https://github.com/godotengine/godot/files/12207031/area2d-oob.zip)

This only demos `mouse_[entered|exited]`, but I first encountered this with the `Area2D.input_event` signal, where it received mouse clicks as well.
VRS_DISABLED,
		VRS_TEXTURE,
		VRS_XR,
		VRS_MAX
	};
private:
	friend class ViewportTexture;
	Viewport *parent = nullptr;
	Viewport *gui_parent = nullptr; 
	AudioListener2D *audio_listener_2d = nullptr;
	Camera2D *camera_2d = nullptr;
	HashSet<CanvasLayer *> canvas_layers;
	RID viewport;
	RID current_canvas;
	RID subwindow_canvas;
	bool is_audio_listener_2d_enabled = false;
	RID internal_audio_listener_2d;
	bool override_canvas_transform = false;
	Transform2D canvas_transform_override;
	Transform2D canvas_transform;
	Transform2D global_canvas_transform;
	Transform2D stretch_transform;
	Size2i size = Size2i(512, 512);
	Size2i size_2d_override;
	bool size_allocated = false;
	RID contact_2d_debug;
	RID contact_3d_debug_multimesh;
	RID contact_3d_debug_instance;
	Rect2 last_vp_rect;
	bool transparent_bg = false;