### Godot version

v4.1.1.stable.official [bd6af8e0e]

### System information

Godot v4.1.1.stable - Debian GNU/Linux trixie/sid trixie - Vulkan (Forward+) - dedicated NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (nvidia) - Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8400 CPU @ 2.80GHz (6 Threads)

### Issue description

`Area2D`s which extend beyond the bounds of the root viewport, eg. when using a `canvas_items` stretch mode, receive mouse input events even in the black bands letterboxing the game:

https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/441188/3beb962f-c1fa-4098-a375-f3d862013577


### Steps to reproduce

1. Set project stretch mode to either `canvas_items` or `viewport`
2. Have an `Area2D` whose `CollisionShape` extends beyond the bounds of the rendered region
3. Connect the `Area2D`'s `mouse_[entered|exited]` signal to something
4. Wave the mouse around in the black areas outside the rendered game

### Minimal reproduction project

Project used for video demo above:

[area2d-oob.zip](https://github.com/godotengine/godot/files/12207031/area2d-oob.zip)

This only demos `mouse_[entered|exited]`, but I first encountered this with the `Area2D.input_event` signal, where it received mouse clicks as well.
if (control) {
			if (control->data.mouse_filter != Control::MOUSE_FILTER_IGNORE) {
				control->_call_gui_input(ev);
			}
			if (!control->is_inside_tree() || control->is_set_as_top_level()) {
				break;
			}
			if (gui.key_event_accepted) {
				stopped = true;
				break;
			}
			if (control->data.mouse_filter == Control::MOUSE_FILTER_STOP && is_pointer_event && !(is_scroll_event && control->data.force_pass_scroll_events)) {
				
				stopped = true;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (is_input_handled()) {
			
			break;
		}
		if (ci->is_set_as_top_level()) {
			break;
		}
		ev = ev->xformed_by(ci->get_transform()); 
		ci = ci->get_parent_item();
	}
	return stopped;
}
void Viewport::_gui_call_notification(Control *p_control, int p_what) {