### Godot version

4.2 247c354

### System information

Windows 10.0.19045 - Vulkan (Forward+) - dedicated NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (NVIDIA; 30.0.15.1403) - Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-7700HQ CPU @ 2.80GHz (8 Threads)

### Issue description

#75778 exposed `_validate_property()` to scripting. It's implemented in GDScript and C#, but not GDExtension (depends on #78634).
https://github.com/godotengine/godot/blob/247c3548d810136ffe9c1694cd76db3236efaa90/core/object/script_language_extension.h#L685-L687

Relevant discussion: https://github.com/godotengine/godot/pull/75778#discussion_r1307294940

### Steps to reproduce

1. Add GDExtension script
2. Use `_validate_property()`

### Minimal reproduction project

N/A
GDEXTENSION_METHOD_ARGUMENT_METADATA_NONE,
	GDEXTENSION_METHOD_ARGUMENT_METADATA_INT_IS_INT8,
	GDEXTENSION_METHOD_ARGUMENT_METADATA_INT_IS_INT16,
	GDEXTENSION_METHOD_ARGUMENT_METADATA_INT_IS_INT32,
	GDEXTENSION_METHOD_ARGUMENT_METADATA_INT_IS_INT64,
	GDEXTENSION_METHOD_ARGUMENT_METADATA_INT_IS_UINT8,
	GDEXTENSION_METHOD_ARGUMENT_METADATA_INT_IS_UINT16,
	GDEXTENSION_METHOD_ARGUMENT_METADATA_INT_IS_UINT32,
	GDEXTENSION_METHOD_ARGUMENT_METADATA_INT_IS_UINT64,
	GDEXTENSION_METHOD_ARGUMENT_METADATA_REAL_IS_FLOAT,
	GDEXTENSION_METHOD_ARGUMENT_METADATA_REAL_IS_DOUBLE
} GDExtensionClassMethodArgumentMetadata;
typedef void (*GDExtensionClassMethodCall)(void *method_userdata, GDExtensionClassInstancePtr p_instance, const GDExtensionConstVariantPtr *p_args, GDExtensionInt p_argument_count, GDExtensionVariantPtr r_return, GDExtensionCallError *r_error);
typedef void (*GDExtensionClassMethodValidatedCall)(void *method_userdata, GDExtensionClassInstancePtr p_instance, const GDExtensionConstVariantPtr *p_args, GDExtensionVariantPtr r_return);
typedef void (*GDExtensionClassMethodPtrCall)(void *method_userdata, GDExtensionClassInstancePtr p_instance, const GDExtensionConstTypePtr *p_args, GDExtensionTypePtr r_ret);
typedef struct {
	GDExtensionStringNamePtr name;
	void *method_userdata;
	GDExtensionClassMethodCall call_func;
	GDExtensionClassMethodPtrCall ptrcall_func;
	uint32_t method_flags;