### Godot version

v4.1.1.stable.official [bd6af8e0e]

### System information

Godot v4.1.1.stable - Debian GNU/Linux trixie/sid trixie - Vulkan (Forward+) - dedicated NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (nvidia) - Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8400 CPU @ 2.80GHz (6 Threads)

### Issue description

`Area2D`s which extend beyond the bounds of the root viewport, eg. when using a `canvas_items` stretch mode, receive mouse input events even in the black bands letterboxing the game:

https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/441188/3beb962f-c1fa-4098-a375-f3d862013577


### Steps to reproduce

1. Set project stretch mode to either `canvas_items` or `viewport`
2. Have an `Area2D` whose `CollisionShape` extends beyond the bounds of the rendered region
3. Connect the `Area2D`'s `mouse_[entered|exited]` signal to something
4. Wave the mouse around in the black areas outside the rendered game

### Minimal reproduction project

Project used for video demo above:

[area2d-oob.zip](https://github.com/godotengine/godot/files/12207031/area2d-oob.zip)

This only demos `mouse_[entered|exited]`, but I first encountered this with the `Area2D.input_event` signal, where it received mouse clicks as well.
Ref<Theme> theme;
	StringName theme_type_variation;
	bool bulk_theme_override = false;
	Theme::ThemeIconMap theme_icon_override;
	Theme::ThemeStyleMap theme_style_override;
	Theme::ThemeFontMap theme_font_override;
	Theme::ThemeFontSizeMap theme_font_size_override;
	Theme::ThemeColorMap theme_color_override;
	Theme::ThemeConstantMap theme_constant_override;
	mutable HashMap<StringName, Theme::ThemeIconMap> theme_icon_cache;
	mutable HashMap<StringName, Theme::ThemeStyleMap> theme_style_cache;
	mutable HashMap<StringName, Theme::ThemeFontMap> theme_font_cache;
	mutable HashMap<StringName, Theme::ThemeFontSizeMap> theme_font_size_cache;
	mutable HashMap<StringName, Theme::ThemeColorMap> theme_color_cache;
	mutable HashMap<StringName, Theme::ThemeConstantMap> theme_constant_cache;
	void _theme_changed();
	void _notify_theme_override_changed();
	void _invalidate_theme_cache();
	Viewport *embedder = nullptr;
	Transform2D window_transform;
	friend class Viewport; 
	void _window_input(const Ref<InputEvent> &p_ev);
	void _window_input_text(const String &p_text);
	void _window_drop_files(const Vector<String> &p_files);
	void _rect_changed_callback(const Rect2i &p_callback);
	void _event_callback(DisplayServer::WindowEvent p_event);
	virtual bool _can_consume_input_events() const override;
	Ref<Shortcut> debugger_stop_shortcut;
protected:
	virtual Rect2i _popup_adjust_rect() const { return Rect2i(); }