### Godot version

v4.0.3.stable.official [5222a99f5]

### System information

Debian 11 | Vulkan API 1.2.175 - Forward+ - Using Vulkan Device #0: NVIDIA - NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 | nvidia-driver 470.182.03-1 from Debian 11 | Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8700K CPU @ 3.70GHz

### Issue description

Re-opening a scene in the editor that contains a `TextureRect` with a `ViewportTexture` and is `preload`ed in an unopened script produces the following error repeatedly and rapidly (about 200 times per second) until either the scene is closed or the script is also opened.

>ERROR: Texture (binding: 0) should provide one ID referencing a texture (IDs provided: 0).
>   at: uniform_set_create (drivers/vulkan/rendering_device_vulkan.cpp:5501)
>ERROR: Condition "!uniform_set" is true.
>   at: draw_list_bind_uniform_set (drivers/vulkan/rendering_device_vulkan.cpp:7191)
>ERROR: Uniforms were never supplied for set (3) at the time of drawing, which are required by the pipeline
>   at: draw_list_draw (drivers/vulkan/rendering_device_vulkan.cpp:7346)

### Steps to reproduce

1. Open the attached reproduction project
2. Open demo.tscn
3. Close demo.tscn
4. Open demo.tscn again

Do **not** open other.gd beforehand. Doing so will stop the problem from occurring.

### Minimal reproduction project

[reproduce_uniform_not_set.zip](https://github.com/godotengine/godot/files/11681977/reproduce_uniform_not_set.zip)

bool _camera_3d_add(Camera3D *p_camera); 
	void _camera_3d_remove(Camera3D *p_camera);
	void _camera_3d_make_next_current(Camera3D *p_exclude);
	void enable_camera_3d_override(bool p_enable);
	bool is_camera_3d_override_enabled() const;
	void set_camera_3d_override_transform(const Transform3D &p_transform);
	Transform3D get_camera_3d_override_transform() const;
	void set_camera_3d_override_perspective(real_t p_fovy_degrees, real_t p_z_near, real_t p_z_far);
	void set_camera_3d_override_orthogonal(real_t p_size, real_t p_z_near, real_t p_z_far);
	void set_disable_3d(bool p_disable);
	bool is_3d_disabled() const;
	Ref<World3D> world_3d;
	Ref<World3D> own_world_3d;
	void set_world_3d(const Ref<World3D> &p_world_3d);
	Ref<World3D> get_world_3d() const;
	Ref<World3D> find_world_3d() const;
	void _own_world_3d_changed();
	void set_use_own_world_3d(bool p_use_own_world_3d);
	bool is_using_own_world_3d() const;
	void _propagate_enter_world_3d(Node *p_node);
	void _propagate_exit_world_3d(Node *p_node);
	void set_use_xr(bool p_use_xr);
	bool is_using_xr();
#endif 
	void _propagate_world_2d_changed(Node *p_node);
	void _validate_property(PropertyInfo &p_property) const;
	Viewport();
	~Viewport();
};
class SubViewport : public Viewport {