### Godot version

v4.1.1.stable.official [bd6af8e0e]

### System information

Godot v4.1.1.stable - Debian GNU/Linux trixie/sid trixie - Vulkan (Forward+) - dedicated NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (nvidia) - Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8400 CPU @ 2.80GHz (6 Threads)

### Issue description

`Area2D`s which extend beyond the bounds of the root viewport, eg. when using a `canvas_items` stretch mode, receive mouse input events even in the black bands letterboxing the game:

https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/441188/3beb962f-c1fa-4098-a375-f3d862013577


### Steps to reproduce

1. Set project stretch mode to either `canvas_items` or `viewport`
2. Have an `Area2D` whose `CollisionShape` extends beyond the bounds of the rendered region
3. Connect the `Area2D`'s `mouse_[entered|exited]` signal to something
4. Wave the mouse around in the black areas outside the rendered game

### Minimal reproduction project

Project used for video demo above:

[area2d-oob.zip](https://github.com/godotengine/godot/files/12207031/area2d-oob.zip)

This only demos `mouse_[entered|exited]`, but I first encountered this with the `Area2D.input_event` signal, where it received mouse clicks as well.
ERR_READ_THREAD_GUARD_V(Transform2D());
	Transform2D container_transform;
	SubViewportContainer *c = Object::cast_to<SubViewportContainer>(get_parent());
	if (c) {
		if (c->is_stretch_enabled()) {
			container_transform.scale(Vector2(c->get_stretch_shrink(), c->get_stretch_shrink()));
		}
		container_transform = c->get_viewport()->get_screen_transform_internal(p_absolute_position) * c->get_global_transform_with_canvas() * container_transform;
	} else {
		WARN_PRINT_ONCE("SubViewport is not a child of a SubViewportContainer. get_screen_transform doesn't return the actual screen position.");
	}
	return container_transform * get_final_transform();
}
Transform2D SubViewport::get_popup_base_transform() const {
	ERR_READ_THREAD_GUARD_V(Transform2D());
	if (is_embedding_subwindows()) {
		return Transform2D();
	}
	SubViewportContainer *c = Object::cast_to<SubViewportContainer>(get_parent());
	if (!c) {
		return get_final_transform();
	}
	Transform2D container_transform;
	if (c->is_stretch_enabled()) {
		container_transform.scale(Vector2(c->get_stretch_shrink(), c->get_stretch_shrink()));
	}
	return c->get_screen_transform() * container_transform * get_final_transform();
}
bool SubViewport::is_directly_attached_to_screen() const {