### Godot version

v4.0.3.stable.mono.official [5222a99f5]

### System information

Windows 11, Forward+, Nvidia 3070 latest driver

### Issue description

When instancing many GPUParticles2D, occasionally the following error will be printed to the debugger console:

```
E 0:15:35:0980   compute_list_dispatch: Uniforms were never supplied for set (3) at the time of drawing, which are required by the pipeline
  <C++ Error>    Method/function failed.
  <C++ Source>   drivers/vulkan/rendering_device_vulkan.cpp:8007 @ compute_list_dispatch()
```

Massive artifacts coincide with this error. See example below:

https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/4622925/07b31c12-5388-4977-9c13-e91c8b6442fb

I am having difficulty recreating the exact conditions for this error. It seems to happen when many GPU particles are added to the tree at around the same time.

### Steps to reproduce

1. Instance many particles at once.

I realize this isn't helpful. I'm going to do more investigation to see if I can get more accurate reproduction steps.

### Minimal reproduction project

N/A yet
image_memory_barrier.oldLayout = src_tex->layout;
			image_memory_barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
			image_memory_barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
			image_memory_barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
			image_memory_barrier.image = src_tex->image;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = src_tex->barrier_aspect_mask;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = p_src_mipmap;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = p_src_layer;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &image_memory_barrier);
		}
		{ 
			VkImageMemoryBarrier image_memory_barrier;
			image_memory_barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
			image_memory_barrier.pNext = nullptr;
			image_memory_barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			image_memory_barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			image_memory_barrier.oldLayout = dst_tex->layout;
			image_memory_barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
			image_memory_barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
			image_memory_barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
			image_memory_barrier.image = dst_tex->image;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = dst_tex->read_aspect_mask;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = p_dst_mipmap;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = p_dst_layer;
			image_memory_barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(command_buffer, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &image_memory_barrier);
		}