### Godot version

v4.1.1.stable.official [bd6af8e0e]

### System information

Godot v4.1.1.stable - Debian GNU/Linux trixie/sid trixie - Vulkan (Forward+) - dedicated NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (nvidia) - Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8400 CPU @ 2.80GHz (6 Threads)

### Issue description

`Area2D`s which extend beyond the bounds of the root viewport, eg. when using a `canvas_items` stretch mode, receive mouse input events even in the black bands letterboxing the game:

https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/441188/3beb962f-c1fa-4098-a375-f3d862013577


### Steps to reproduce

1. Set project stretch mode to either `canvas_items` or `viewport`
2. Have an `Area2D` whose `CollisionShape` extends beyond the bounds of the rendered region
3. Connect the `Area2D`'s `mouse_[entered|exited]` signal to something
4. Wave the mouse around in the black areas outside the rendered game

### Minimal reproduction project

Project used for video demo above:

[area2d-oob.zip](https://github.com/godotengine/godot/files/12207031/area2d-oob.zip)

This only demos `mouse_[entered|exited]`, but I first encountered this with the `Area2D.input_event` signal, where it received mouse clicks as well.
Window *get_parent_visible_window() const;
	Viewport *get_parent_viewport() const;
	virtual void popup(const Rect2i &p_screen_rect = Rect2i());
	void popup_on_parent(const Rect2i &p_parent_rect);
	void popup_centered(const Size2i &p_minsize = Size2i());
	void popup_centered_ratio(float p_ratio = 0.8);
	void popup_centered_clamped(const Size2i &p_size = Size2i(), float p_fallback_ratio = 0.75);
	void popup_exclusive(Node *p_from_node, const Rect2i &p_screen_rect = Rect2i());
	void popup_exclusive_on_parent(Node *p_from_node, const Rect2i &p_parent_rect);
	void popup_exclusive_centered(Node *p_from_node, const Size2i &p_minsize = Size2i());
	void popup_exclusive_centered_ratio(Node *p_from_node, float p_ratio = 0.8);
	void popup_exclusive_centered_clamped(Node *p_from_node, const Size2i &p_size = Size2i(), float p_fallback_ratio = 0.75);
	Rect2i fit_rect_in_parent(Rect2i p_rect, const Rect2i &p_parent_rect) const;
	Size2 get_contents_minimum_size() const;
	Size2 get_clamped_minimum_size() const;
	void grab_focus();
	bool has_focus() const;
	void set_layout_direction(LayoutDirection p_direction);
	LayoutDirection get_layout_direction() const;
	bool is_layout_rtl() const;
	void set_auto_translate(bool p_enable);
	bool is_auto_translating() const;
	_FORCE_INLINE_ String atr(const String p_string) const { return is_auto_translating() ? tr(p_string) : p_string; };
	Rect2i get_usable_parent_rect() const;
	
	void set_theme_owner_node(Node *p_node);
	Node *get_theme_owner_node() const;
	bool has_theme_owner_node() const;