### Godot version

4.2 247c354

### System information

Windows 10.0.19045 - Vulkan (Forward+) - dedicated NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (NVIDIA; 30.0.15.1403) - Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-7700HQ CPU @ 2.80GHz (8 Threads)

### Issue description

#75778 exposed `_validate_property()` to scripting. It's implemented in GDScript and C#, but not GDExtension (depends on #78634).
https://github.com/godotengine/godot/blob/247c3548d810136ffe9c1694cd76db3236efaa90/core/object/script_language_extension.h#L685-L687

Relevant discussion: https://github.com/godotengine/godot/pull/75778#discussion_r1307294940

### Steps to reproduce

1. Add GDExtension script
2. Use `_validate_property()`

### Minimal reproduction project

N/A
GDEXTENSION_CALL_OK,
	GDEXTENSION_CALL_ERROR_INVALID_METHOD,
	GDEXTENSION_CALL_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT, 
	GDEXTENSION_CALL_ERROR_TOO_MANY_ARGUMENTS, 
	GDEXTENSION_CALL_ERROR_TOO_FEW_ARGUMENTS, 
	GDEXTENSION_CALL_ERROR_INSTANCE_IS_NULL,
	GDEXTENSION_CALL_ERROR_METHOD_NOT_CONST, 
} GDExtensionCallErrorType;
typedef struct {
	GDExtensionCallErrorType error;
	int32_t argument;
	int32_t expected;
} GDExtensionCallError;
typedef void (*GDExtensionVariantFromTypeConstructorFunc)(GDExtensionUninitializedVariantPtr, GDExtensionTypePtr);
typedef void (*GDExtensionTypeFromVariantConstructorFunc)(GDExtensionUninitializedTypePtr, GDExtensionVariantPtr);
typedef void (*GDExtensionPtrOperatorEvaluator)(GDExtensionConstTypePtr p_left, GDExtensionConstTypePtr p_right, GDExtensionTypePtr r_result);
typedef void (*GDExtensionPtrBuiltInMethod)(GDExtensionTypePtr p_base, const GDExtensionConstTypePtr *p_args, GDExtensionTypePtr r_return, int p_argument_count);
typedef void (*GDExtensionPtrConstructor)(GDExtensionUninitializedTypePtr p_base, const GDExtensionConstTypePtr *p_args);
typedef void (*GDExtensionPtrDestructor)(GDExtensionTypePtr p_base);
typedef void (*GDExtensionPtrSetter)(GDExtensionTypePtr p_base, GDExtensionConstTypePtr p_value);
typedef void (*GDExtensionPtrGetter)(GDExtensionConstTypePtr p_base, GDExtensionTypePtr r_value);
typedef void (*GDExtensionPtrIndexedSetter)(GDExtensionTypePtr p_base, GDExtensionInt p_index, GDExtensionConstTypePtr p_value);
typedef void (*GDExtensionPtrIndexedGetter)(GDExtensionConstTypePtr p_base, GDExtensionInt p_index, GDExtensionTypePtr r_value);