### Godot version

v4.0.3.stable.mono.official [5222a99f5]

### System information

Windows 11, Forward+, Nvidia 3070 latest driver

### Issue description

When instancing many GPUParticles2D, occasionally the following error will be printed to the debugger console:

```
E 0:15:35:0980   compute_list_dispatch: Uniforms were never supplied for set (3) at the time of drawing, which are required by the pipeline
  <C++ Error>    Method/function failed.
  <C++ Source>   drivers/vulkan/rendering_device_vulkan.cpp:8007 @ compute_list_dispatch()
```

Massive artifacts coincide with this error. See example below:

https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/4622925/07b31c12-5388-4977-9c13-e91c8b6442fb

I am having difficulty recreating the exact conditions for this error. It seems to happen when many GPU particles are added to the tree at around the same time.

### Steps to reproduce

1. Instance many particles at once.

I realize this isn't helpful. I'm going to do more investigation to see if I can get more accurate reproduction steps.

### Minimal reproduction project

N/A yet
for (int i = 0; i < shader->specialization_constants.size(); i++) {
			
			const Shader::SpecializationConstant &sc = shader->specialization_constants[i];
			data_ptr[i] = sc.constant.int_value; 
			for (int j = 0; j < p_specialization_constants.size(); j++) {
				const PipelineSpecializationConstant &psc = p_specialization_constants[j];
				if (psc.constant_id == sc.constant.constant_id) {
					ERR_FAIL_COND_V_MSG(psc.type != sc.constant.type, RID(), "Specialization constant provided for id (" + itos(sc.constant.constant_id) + ") is of the wrong type.");
					data_ptr[i] = psc.int_value;
					break;
				}
			}
			VkSpecializationMapEntry entry;
			entry.constantID = sc.constant.constant_id;
			entry.offset = i * sizeof(uint32_t);
			entry.size = sizeof(uint32_t);
			for (int j = 0; j < SHADER_STAGE_MAX; j++) {
				if (sc.stage_flags & (1 << j)) {
					VkShaderStageFlagBits stage = shader_stage_masks[j];
					for (int k = 0; k < pipeline_stages.size(); k++) {
						if (pipeline_stages[k].stage == stage) {
							specialization_map_entries.write[k].push_back(entry);
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
		for (int i = 0; i < pipeline_stages.size(); i++) {
			if (specialization_map_entries[i].size()) {
				specialization_info.write[i].dataSize = specialization_constant_data.size() * sizeof(uint32_t);