### Godot version

v4.1.1.stable.official [bd6af8e0e]

### System information

Godot v4.1.1.stable - Debian GNU/Linux trixie/sid trixie - Vulkan (Forward+) - dedicated NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 (nvidia) - Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8400 CPU @ 2.80GHz (6 Threads)

### Issue description

`Area2D`s which extend beyond the bounds of the root viewport, eg. when using a `canvas_items` stretch mode, receive mouse input events even in the black bands letterboxing the game:

https://github.com/godotengine/godot/assets/441188/3beb962f-c1fa-4098-a375-f3d862013577


### Steps to reproduce

1. Set project stretch mode to either `canvas_items` or `viewport`
2. Have an `Area2D` whose `CollisionShape` extends beyond the bounds of the rendered region
3. Connect the `Area2D`'s `mouse_[entered|exited]` signal to something
4. Wave the mouse around in the black areas outside the rendered game

### Minimal reproduction project

Project used for video demo above:

[area2d-oob.zip](https://github.com/godotengine/godot/files/12207031/area2d-oob.zip)

This only demos `mouse_[entered|exited]`, but I first encountered this with the `Area2D.input_event` signal, where it received mouse clicks as well.
ERR_MAIN_THREAD_GUARD;
	if (camera_3d_override) {
		camera_3d_override.transform = p_transform;
		RenderingServer::get_singleton()->camera_set_transform(camera_3d_override.rid, p_transform);
	}
}
Transform3D Viewport::get_camera_3d_override_transform() const {
	ERR_READ_THREAD_GUARD_V(Transform3D());
	if (camera_3d_override) {
		return camera_3d_override.transform;
	}
	return Transform3D();
}
Ref<World3D> Viewport::get_world_3d() const {
	ERR_READ_THREAD_GUARD_V(Ref<World3D>());
	return world_3d;
}
Ref<World3D> Viewport::find_world_3d() const {
	ERR_READ_THREAD_GUARD_V(Ref<World3D>());
	if (own_world_3d.is_valid()) {
		return own_world_3d;
	} else if (world_3d.is_valid()) {
		return world_3d;
	} else if (parent) {
		return parent->find_world_3d();
	} else {
		return Ref<World3D>();
	}
}
void Viewport::set_world_3d(const Ref<World3D> &p_world_3d) {