---
dataset_info:
  features:
  - name: timestamp
    dtype: timestamp[us]
  - name: id
    sequence: string
  - name: past_values
    sequence:
      sequence: float32
  - name: past_observed_mask
    sequence:
      sequence: bool
  - name: static_categorical_values
    sequence: float32
  - name: static_real_values
    sequence: float64
  - name: future_values
    sequence:
      sequence: float32
  - name: future_observed_mask
    sequence:
      sequence: bool
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 61803996485
    num_examples: 8306132
  - name: validation
    num_bytes: 8813372653
    num_examples: 1184471
  - name: test
    num_bytes: 17811677540
    num_examples: 2393795
  download_size: 2106288708
  dataset_size: 88429046678
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: data/train-*
  - split: validation
    path: data/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: data/test-*
license: cc
task_categories:
- time-series-forecasting
pretty_name: ONS Capacity Factor Dataset
---

# Dataset Card for ONS-Capacity-Factor-Dataset-Full

## Dataset Summary

The **ONS-Capacity-Factor-Dataset-Full** provides hourly data for wind and solar power plants in Brazil. These values are published by the **Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico (ONS)** — the Brazilian National Electric System Operator — which is responsible for coordinating and controlling electricity generation and transmission in the National Interconnected System (SIN).

The dataset includes data from **2009 to 2025**, with files provided yearly from 2009 to 2021 and monthly from 2022 onwards. Each entry represents the capacity factor of a plant or group of plants, calculated as the ratio between the actual generation and the installed capacity.

This dataset is useful for research in renewable energy forecasting, time series analysis, energy systems modeling, and applications of artificial intelligence in the power sector.

## Supported Tasks and Benchmarks

- **Time Series Forecasting**: Predict future capacity factor values for wind and solar energy.
- **Renewable Energy Modeling**: Analyze the performance of renewable plants over time.
- **ML for Energy Systems**: Train and evaluate machine learning models for grid optimization and resource planning.

## Languages

The dataset contains metadata and headers in **Portuguese**, as provided by ONS. However, variable names are intuitive and can be easily adapted to English in preprocessing.

## Dataset Structure

### Data Fields

Each file includes the following fields (translated from Portuguese):

- `timestamp`: Start of the time series (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM).
- `id`: Id of the time series.
- `past_values`: The context values of shape `(512, 1)`.
- `past_observed mask`: The mask of context values of shape `(512, 1)`.
- `static_categorical_values`: If it is wind or solar energy `(0 or 1)`.
- `static_real_values`: Latitude and longitude.
- `future_values`: The target sequence.
- `future_observerd_mask`: The mask of target sequence.

Note: Some years or months may lack some of these fields depending on the ONS publication format.

### File Formats

- Parquet (`.parquet`)

## Data Splits

There are no predefined train/test/validation splits. Users are encouraged to split the data according to their application (e.g., temporal split for forecasting).

## Licensing Information

This dataset is licensed under the **Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0)**. You are free to share and adapt the data, provided that appropriate credit is given to **ONS**.

More information: [http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/pt-br](http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/pt-br)

## Source

- Website: [ONS Historical Operation Data](http://www.ons.org.br/Paginas/resultados-da-operacao/historico-da-operacao/fator-capacidade.aspx)
- Maintainer: ONS (Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico)
- Contact: relacionamento.agentes@ons.org.br

## Citation

If you use this dataset in your research, please cite ONS as the data provider:

```bibtex
@misc{
  ons_capacity_factor,
  title = {ONS Capacity Factor Dataset},
  author = {Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico (ONS)},
  year = {2025},
  url = {http://www.ons.org.br}
}
```

## Acknowledgements

This dataset is made available through the ONS Open Data Initiative and the AWS Open Data Sponsorship Program: [https://registry.opendata.aws/ons-opendata-portal/](https://registry.opendata.aws/ons-opendata-portal/)