user
Mbiri ya ulimi ku Malawi
assistant
Nthawi ya Atsamunda
Ngakhale kuti Nyasaland, monga momwe dziko lidadziwikira kale mu 1964, linali ndi migodi, makamaka malasha, izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi ya atsamunda. Popanda chuma chamchere chuma, chuma chachitetezo chimayenera kukhazikika paulimi, koma mu 1907 anthu ake ambiri anali alimi odzidalira. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, m’chigwa cha Shire, mpunga, nyemba ndi mapira zinkalimidwa m’chigwa cha Shire, chimanga, chinangwa, mbatata ndi manyuchi m’mapiri a Shire, chinangwa, mapira ndi mtedza m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Nyasa. tsopano Lake Malawi). Mbewu zimenezi zinapitirizabe kukhala zakudya zofunika kwambiri m’nthawi ya atsamunda, ngakhale kuti mapira anali ochepa komanso chimanga chochuluka. Fodya ndi thonje wamitundu yosiyanasiyana wa m’deralo ankalimidwa mofala. Malowa anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zingapo pambuyo poti gawo linanso lachotsedwa. Poyerekeza ndi dothi la ku Ulaya, kumpoto kwa America ndi ku Asia dothi zambiri za kum'mwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara ku Africa n'zochepa chifukwa cha chonde, zimakhala zosauka muzakudya, zimakhala zochepa komanso zimatha kukokoloka. Njira yabwino yolilira dothi ngati imeneyi ndi zaka 10 mpaka 15 za ulimi pakati pa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu za kulima, njira yolima mosinthana ndi kugwetsa yomwe inali yofala ku Nyasaland bola pali malo okwanira ochitirapo. M'dera lonse lachitetezo, dipatimenti yaulimi yachitsamunda idakhala ndi malingaliro oyipa pazaulimi waku Africa, zomwe zidalephera kulimbikitsa ndikukomera zofuna za obzala ku Europe. Ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, madera aku Europe adatulutsa mbewu zambiri zotumizidwa kumayiko ena mwachindunji, pofika m'ma 1940, gawo lalikulu la mbewu izi (makamaka fodya) zidapangidwa ndi anthu aku Africa, monga olima ang'onoang'ono pamtunda wa Korona kapena Anthu ambiri ku Nyasaland anali alimi ongolima chimanga, mapira ndi mbewu zina kuti azidyerera okha. Chuma chake chotumiza kunja kwa atsamunda chinayenera kutengera kukula kwa mbewu zachuma, koma 1907 isanafike ulimi wamalonda unali usanayambike. Kale utsamunda malonda ankangogulitsa minyanga ya njovu ndi zinthu za m'nkhalango kunja kwa kunja kwa nsalu ndi zitsulo ndipo, kwa zaka zoyamba za chitetezo, minyanga ya njovu ndi labala zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku mpesa wachilengedwe zinali zinthu zazikuluzikulu za malonda ang'onoang'ono kunja kwa dziko. Mbewu yoyamba ya estate inali khofi, yomwe idalimidwa mochuluka kuyambira cha m'ma 1895, koma mpikisano wochokera ku Brazil womwe unasefukira m'misika yapadziko lonse pofika 1905 ndipo chilala chinapangitsa kuti fodya ndi thonje zichepe. Mbewu zonse ziwirizi zidabzalidwapo pang’ono, koma kuchepa kwa khofi kudapangitsa obzala kutembenukira ku fodya ku Shire Highlands ndi thonje ku Shire Valley. Tiyi adayambanso kubzalidwa malonda mu 1905 ku Shire Highlands, koma kukula kwakukulu kwa fodya ndi tiyi kunachitika kokha pambuyo potsegulidwa kwa Shire Highlands Railway mu 1908. mbewu zamalonda zotumizidwa kunja, koma pofika zaka za m’ma 1930, zambiri mwa mbewuzi, makamaka fodya ndi thonje, zidapangidwa ndi anthu a ku Africa, monga olima minda yaing’ono kapena ngati obwereketsa m’minda. Mbewu yoyamba yanyumba inali khofi, yomwe idalimidwa mochuluka kuyambira cha m'ma 1895, koma mpikisano wochokera ku Brazil pambuyo pa 1905 udapangitsa kuti pakhale kutsika kwa fodya ndi thonje. Mbewu zonse ziwirizi zidalimwa kale pang'ono, koma kuchepa kwa khofi kudapangitsa obzala kutembenukira ku fodya ku Shire Highlands ndi thonje ku Shire River Valley. Tiyi adayambanso kubzalidwa malonda mu 1905 ku Shire Highlands, koma chitukuko chachikulu cha kulima fodya ndi tiyi chinachitika kokha pambuyo potsegulidwa kwa Shire Highlands Railway mu 1908. Panthawi ya chitetezo, fodya, tiyi ndi thonje zinali zazikulu. mbewu zotumiza kunja, koma tiyi ndi imodzi yokha yomwe idakhalabe yolima nthawi zonse. Cholepheretsa kuchulukira kwa katundu wogulitsidwa kunja chinali kukwera mtengo kwa zoyendera kuchokera ku Nyasaland kupita ku gombe kusokonekera kwa zokolola zambiri ndipo, kwa alimi a ku Africa, olima amatsutsa kulima thonje kapena fodya mopikisana ndi minda. Fodya wolimidwa ndi olima aku Europe ku Shire Highlands adakwera kuchokera pa mahekitala 1,800 mpaka 5,700 (maekala 4,500 mpaka 14,200) pakati pa 1911 ndi 1920, kutulutsa matani 2,500 a fodya. Isanafike 1920, pafupifupi 5% yokha ya mbewu zomwe zidagulitsidwa zinali fodya wamba wopangidwa ndi alimi aku Africa, koma izi zidakwera kufika 14% pofika 1924. Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse inalimbikitsa kupanga fodya, koma mpikisano wa pambuyo pa nkhondo yochokera ku United States Virginia unakhudza kwambiri alimi a Nyasaland. Fodya wambiri wopangidwa ndi madera aku Europe anali wocheperako, ndipo kutsika kwa fodya wochiritsa kunakula kwambiri m'ma 1920. Azungu adatulutsa 86% ya fodya ku Malawi mu 1924, 57% mu 1927, 28% mu 1933, koma 16% mu 1936. a Native Tobacco Board mu 1926 analimbikitsa kupanga fodya wotenthedwa ndi moto. Pofika mchaka cha 1935, 70% ya mbewu za fodya mdziko muno zidalimidwa ku Central Province komwe Bungweli linali ndi alimi pafupifupi 30,000 olembetsa. Poyamba, malowa ankalima Crown (omwe amatchedwanso Native Trust Land), koma pambuyo pake maderawo adagawana nawo "Visiting Tenants". Chiwerengero cha alimi chinakula pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, kotero pofika 1950 panali alimi oposa 104,500 omwe amabzala mahekitala 53,000 (maekala 132,000) ndikulima matani 10,000 a fodya; 15,000 okha anali m’chigawo cha Kum’mwera. Pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu aliwonse anali ang'onoang'ono, ena onse obwereka nyumba. Ziwerengero zidatsika pambuyo pake, koma zidalipo 70,000 mu 1965, zomwe zidapanga matani 12,000. Thonje waku Egypt adayamba kulimidwa malonda ndi alimi ang'onoang'ono aku Africa kumtunda kwa chigwa cha Shire mu 1903 ndipo adafalikira kumunsi kwa chigwa cha Shire ndi magombe a Nyanja ya Nyasa. Pofika m'chaka cha 1905 thonje la American Upland linali kulimidwa m'madera a Shire Highlands. Thonje lolimidwa mu Africa linagulidwa ndi The British Central Africa Company Ltd ndi African Lakes Corporation mpaka 1912 pamene misika ya boma ya thonje inakhazikitsidwa kumene mtengo wa thonje wocheperako unaperekedwa. Pambuyo pa kubzala mosasamala pa nthaka yosayenera, kugwirizanitsa malo obzalidwa ku mahekitala 4,000 (maekala 10,000) ndi kuwongolera khalidwe kunachulukitsa thonje kunja kwa dziko mpaka kufika pachimake cha 44% cha katundu wogulitsidwa kunja mu 1917 pamene Dziko Loyamba Lidalimbikitsidwa. Kuperewera kwa anthu ogwira ntchito kunachititsa kuti ntchito ya pambuyo pa nkhondo iwonongeke, osachira mpaka 1924, koma kufika matani 2,700 mu 1932 ndi mbiri ya matani 4,000 omwe anatumizidwa kunja mu 1935. Izi makamaka zinali zopanga za ku Africa kumunsi kwa chigwa cha Shire, popeza zotuluka kuchokera kumayiko aku Europe zidakhala zocheperako. Kufunika kwa thonje kumayiko akunja kunatsika kuchoka pa 16% ya thonje yonse mu 1922 kufika pa 5% mu 1932, kenako kunakwera kufika pa 10% mu 1941, kutsika kufika pa 7% mu 1951. Ubwino wa thonje wopangidwa unapita patsogolo kuyambira m'ma 1950 ndikuwongolera mwamphamvu tizilombo. ndipo, ngakhale 80% ya mbewu idapitilira kulimidwa kumunsi kwa chigwa cha Shire, idayambanso kulimidwa kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Malawi. Kukolola kunali kosiyana siyana, ndipo kuchulukirachulukira kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito m’dziko muno, koma pa nthawi yodzilamulira thonje linali mbeu yachinayi yamtengo wapatali kunja kwa dziko. Chigawo. Kutumiza kunja kunakula pang'onopang'ono poyamba, ndipo kufunikira kwa tiyi kunakula kwambiri pambuyo pa 1934, kuchokera ku 6% yokha ya katundu wogulitsidwa mu 1932 kufika pa 20% mu 1935. m’zaka zitatu za 1955, 1957 ndi 1960 mtengo wa tiyi wotumizidwa kunja unaposa wa fodya ndipo mpaka pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1960, Nyasaland inali ndi dera lalikulu kwambiri lolima tiyi mu Africa. Ngakhale kuti mtengo wake pachuma cha chitetezo, vuto lalikulu ndi tiyi wake pamsika wapadziko lonse linali khalidwe lake lochepa. Kutumiza kwa mtedza wa walnut kunali kochepa kwambiri isanafike 1951 pamene inali yokwana matani 316, koma ndondomeko ya boma yolimbikitsa kulima kwawo ndi mitengo yabwino inachititsa kuwonjezeka kwachangu pakati mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950. Paufulu wodzilamulira, katundu wapachaka wogulitsidwa kunja adakwana matani 25,000 ndipo mtedza udakhala wachitatu ku Nyasaland. Amalimidwanso kwambiri kuti azidya. M'zaka za m'ma 1930 ndi 1940, Nyasaland idakhala yotulutsa mafuta ambiri a Tung ndipo mahekitala opitilira 8,000 (maekala 20,000) m'magawo a Shire Highlands adabzalidwa ndi mitengo ya Tung. Komabe, pambuyo pa 1953, mitengo ya padziko lonse inatsika ndipo kupanga mafuta kunatsika pamene mafuta a Tung analoŵedwa m’malo ndi mafuta otsika mtengo. Kufikira njala ya 1949, chimanga sichinagulitsidwe kunja koma ndondomeko ya boma idachikweza ngati mbewu ya ndalama ndipo matani 38,500 adatumizidwa kunja mu 1955. Paufulu wodzilamulira, zofuna zapadziko lonse lapansi zidachepetsa kugulitsa kunja mpaka kulibe. nthawi ya atsamunda inali dongosolo la thangata lomwe, m'nthawi ya atsamunda oyambirira, linkatanthauza kuti Afirika pa minda amayenera kugwira ntchito zaulimi m'malo mwa lendi ya malo omwe amalimapo chakudya. Poyamba, minda nthawi zambiri inkafunika kugwira ntchito kwa miyezi iwiri pachaka kuchokera kwa amuna akuluakulu, mwezi umodzi kubwereka, yachiwiri ya msonkho wa Hut. Komabe, m’madera ena udindo wa obwereka anawonjezedwa. Kufunika kwa anthu ogwira ntchito m'manyumba kudatsika m'zaka za m'ma 1920, ndipo British Central Africa Company inali mwiniwake woyamba kusintha thangata. Kampaniyo idapereka mbewu kwa alendi aku Africa kuti alime thonje kapena fodya moyang’aniridwa, kenako n’kukagulitsa mbewu zawo kukampaniyo pamitengo yotsika. Bungwe la Native on Private Estates Ordinance 1928 linakhazikitsa dongosolo limeneli mwa kulola eni nyumba kulandira lendi ndalama, pamlingo wokhazikika wa mbewu zololeka kapena mwa kugwira ntchito. Mawu akuti thanta ankatanthauza kubwereketsa ndalama, zofala pafodya ndi thonje, ndiponso ku ntchito yakale ya thanthwe, imene inapitirizabe pa minda ya tiyi imene inkafuna anthu ogwira ntchito yachindunji. chifukwa ogwira nawo ntchito adadandaula kuti thangata silingatheke, chifukwa ogwira ntchitowo adanyalanyaza mapangano awo popanda chilango ndipo amakana kulipira lendi. Kuwonjezeka kwa lendi mu 1953 kunayambitsa kukana kwina, ndipo zipolowe mu Ogasiti 1953, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti khumi ndi mmodzi afa ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu awiri kuvulala. Kutsatira zipolowe izi, Bwanamkubwa Colby adalimbikitsa kuti malo akuyenera kugulidwa mwaufulu, ndipo olamulira achitsamunda adagula mahekitala 142,000 pofika 1954. Paufulu mu 1964, mahekitala 171,000 okha adatsala, makamaka minda ya tiyi.

Pambuyo pa ufulu wodzilamulira
Pamene dziko la Malawi linalandira ufulu wodzilamulira, dera lomwe dziko la Malawi linkalimidwa linali ndi mahekitala 3.42 miliyoni (ndalama zonse zotsala), pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya malowa amalimidwa. Malo ambiri ku Malawi oyenera kulima mbewu analipo pa nthawi ya ufulu wa Amalawi popanda udindo wolipira lendi kapena kugwira ntchito. Kuchokera m’chaka cha 1950 mpaka pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1980, dziko la Malawi linagulitsa chimanga chochuluka kunja kwa dziko. Poyamba, izi zinali zotsatira za kusintha kwa ndondomeko yokweza chimanga ngati mbewu ya ndalama pambuyo pa njala ya 1949, koma zidapitirirabe ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake panalibe chiganizo ngati zotsalirazo ziyenera kukwezedwa. Zokolola za alimi ang'onoang'ono kuchokera ku chimanga chapafupi zidakwera kuchoka pa 0.6 tonne hekitala m'zaka za m'ma 1950 kufika pa 0.8 tonne hekitala m'ma 1960, kenaka kufika pa matani 1.2 pa hekitala (matani 1.8 okhala ndi feteleza wapakati) m'ma 1980. Mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980, dziko la Malawi linali logulitsa chimanga kunja; kukula kwake kwa ulimi kunali 6% pachaka pakati pa 1973 ndi 1982. Kuchokera pafupifupi 1950 mpaka 1980 dziko la Malawi lidagwa mvula yokwanira komanso yodalirika. Chitetezo cha chakudya chinkawoneka chotsimikizika ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudaposa kupanga zaka zisanu zokha panthawiyi, palibe chomwe chikuyambitsa kusowa kwakukulu. Izi zidagwirizana ndi mfundo zaulimi zomwe zidapangidwa kuyambira 1961 ndi Hastings Banda, woyamba kukhala nduna ya zaulimi, pambuyo pake Purezidenti, wopeza chakudya chodzidalira polima chimanga komanso kulimbikitsa mbewu zamalonda, makamaka fodya m'minda. Komabe, mfundo zapawiri zowoneka bwinozi zidasokonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970. A Banda adakhalabe ndi ulamuliro pazaulimi monga nduna yayikulu mu 1964 komanso Purezidenti kuyambira 1966 mpaka 1994, kotero kuti kupambana kapena kulephera kwake kunali kwake. Banda adazindikira kuti dziko la Malawi lili ndi chuma chochepa kupatula ulimi. Poyamba ankakonda ulimi wang'onoang'ono, popeza madera ochepa a ku Ulaya adatsalira. Komabe, ndondomeko yolima fodya wa Burley m'minda inakhazikitsidwa kuyambira 1968. Fodya wa Burley ndi mtundu wotchipa kwambiri wochiritsidwa ndi mpweya womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zodzaza ndudu zina zomwe zimasiyana kwambiri ndi zodula kwambiri zomwe zimachiritsidwa ndi flue. M’chaka cha 1966, Pulezidenti Banda ananena kuti minda ya minda inali yosatetezeka ndipo imalepheretsa anthu kuti ayambe kugulitsa malo. Lamulo la Customary Land Development Act, 1967 lidalola kuti pakhale zobwereketsa zaulimi kwa zaka 99 pa Customary Land. Ambiri kuchigawo chapakati ankafuna kulima fodya wa Burley ndikulamuliridwa ndi Banda mwiniwake, kapena akuluakulu akuluakulu ndi ndale. Panali malo 229 ambiri a ku Ulaya omwe ali ndi mahekitala 79,000 mu 1970, koma 14,355 mwa mahekitala 759,000 mu 1989 ndipo malo awo omaliza adadutsa. mahekitala miliyoni. Pafupifupi 25 peresenti ya nthaka idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazaka zinayi zolima fodya. Magawo ambiri adakhala opanda ngongole, ngakhale kuti anali ndi ngongole zosavuta ndipo adalandidwa ndi mabanki a parastatal. Magawo atapangidwa, omwe kale anali okhalamo adataya ufulu wawo wa Customary Land ndipo adasiya kapena kukhala ogwirira ntchito kapena obwereketsa. Panali ogwira ntchito zaulimi 51,000 (makamaka pa tiyi) mu 1968, 181,000 mu 1980 ndi 200,000 mu 1990. Ochita lendi adalowa m'malo mwa antchito pambuyo pake ndipo 675,000 obwereketsa malo adalembetsedwa mu 1990 ndipo 580,000 okhala ndi malo ochepera dziwe. Ndi ochepa okha amene ankalima zakudya zawo zonse koma ankadalira chakudya kapena kugula zinthu. Kugwidwa kwa nthaka ndi minda yafodya yosagwira ntchito bwino kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chakudya chokwanira. Kulima mbewu imodzi mosalekeza kudachitika m'madera ambiri ang'onoang'ono a ku Malawi, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale yolimba kwambiri. zosoŵa zofunika za chakudya cha anthu ake, ngati zikanagaŵidwa mofanana. Pofika m'chaka cha 1992, kulima kunali kutafalikira kumapiri ndi kumapiri otsetsereka a Rift Valley komwe kunali kosakhazikika. Dera la chimanga cha minda yaying'ono lidakwera 20% pakati pa 1968 ndi 2000 pogwiritsa ntchito malo ocheperako. Malo ang'onoang'ono akumidzi ambiri anali osakwana mahekitala awiri m'zaka za m'ma 1960: pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980 malo ambiri anali osaposa hekitala imodzi. M'zaka za m'ma 1900 chakudya chachikulu cha Malawi chinali chimanga ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, 90% ya mbewu zonse za m'zaka za m'ma 1900 zinali zokolola. mbewu yake inali chimanga, chomwe chinapereka 56% ya zopatsa mphamvu zonse zomwe zimadyedwa. Dziko la Malawi linali dziko lodalira chimanga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kupatula Zambia. Zoloŵa m’malo mwamwambozo zinali chinangwa pa Nyanja ya Nyanja ndi mbatata m’chigwa cha Shire. Dera loti kulima chimanga linakwera kuchoka pa mahekitala pafupifupi 1.3 miliyoni mu 1980 kufika pa mahekitala oposa 1.6 miliyoni m’chaka cha 2000. pafupifupi matani 0.6 miliyoni ndipo pafupifupi 1994 ndi 0.8 miliyoni matani mu 1992. Poona kusinthasintha kwa zokolola za chimanga, kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1990 mbewu za mbatata ndi chinangwa zidachulukitsa zotsatira za ntchito za USAID zolimbikitsa zakudya zolimbana ndi chilala. Dera la chinangwa. Zobzalidwa akuti zidakwera kuchokera ku mahekitala 72,000 mchaka cha 1990 mpaka mahekitala opitilira 200,000 mu 2001, pomwe zokolola zidakwera kuchoka pa matani 168,000 mchaka cha 1990 mpaka matani 3.4 miliyoni mu 2001. Mahekitala 192,000 pakati pa 1990 ndi 2001, pomwe chiwongola dzanja chinakwera kuchoka pa matani 177,000 kufika pa matani 3.4 miliyoni panthawi yomweyi. Pali kusagwirizana pa kukula kwa kukweraku, koma iwo akuganiza kuti chimanga sichilinso mbewu yofunika kwambiri potengera matani, ngakhale kuti ndi 60% ya malo omwe amabzalidwa. Banki Yadziko Lonse idaganiza kuti kulima fodya wa Burley ndi anthu ang'onoang'ono kungathetse umphawi polola alimi kugula chimanga chotsika mtengo chogula kuchokera kunja. Kuchokera mu 1987, kumasulidwa kwa msika kunalola olima ang'onoang'ono kulima Burley, ndipo adatha kugulitsa momasuka mu 1996173. Olemera kwambiri 25% a ang'onoang'ono adapeza ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku Burley atamasulidwa. Kukula kwa Burley ku Malawi kudakwera kuchoka pa matani 45,600, onse adakula mchaka cha 1988 kufika matani 142,200 (kuphatikiza matani 98,600 omwe amalimidwa ndi ang'onoang'ono) mchaka cha 2000. Adakula 10% ya Burley padziko lonse lapansi mu 1992, koma mtengo wamsika udayamba kutsika ndipo dola yaku US idayamba kutsika. ya Malawian Burley idachepa pakati pa 1988 ndi 2000; magiredi ake otsika anali osagulitsidwa. Kafukufuku watsatanetsatane akuti mchaka cha 2000 10% ya mabanja akumidzi aku Malawi amalima fodya wa Burley pogwiritsa ntchito 3% ya malo omwe amalima chaka chilichonse. M’zaka zinayi, kuphatikizapo minda yomwe amalima, Burley anamanga malo okwana mahekitala 300,000 omwe akanatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chimanga, pamene madera odzala chimanga anali mahekitala 1.6 mpaka 1.7 miliyoni. Mabanja okhala ndi malo okwanira, antchito, feteleza ndi ngongole zogulira chakudya ndi fodya amapeza phindu lochepa chabe koma anali pachiwopsezo cha kusinthasintha kwamitengo ndi nyengo yoipa. Burley sinali njira yothetsera mavuto a Malawi. Pakali pano dziko la Malawi lili ndi kusiyana kwa chakudya chofanana ndi matani 500,000 mpaka 600,000 a chimanga pachaka. Kuyesera kutseka kusiyana kumeneku ndi zakudya zina, koma njira ziwiri zomwe zingathetsere vutoli ndi kuitanitsa chimanga chochuluka kuchokera kunja kapena kulima chimanga chochuluka. Kulipira chimanga kuchokera kunja kumachepetsa ndalama za Malawi zakunja kukhala zotsika kwambiri ndipo zimabweretsa ngongole zambiri, ndipo kulima chimanga chochuluka kumafuna ndalama zambiri.