[API_EMPTY_RESPONSE] AIDS TO BOTANY. BY ARMAND SEMPEL, R.A., M.B., Cambd., L.S.A., M.R.C.P., Lond., Physician to the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, Hackney, Physician to the Royal Society of Medicine, Late Professor of Botany at the University Hall, Late Medical Clinical Assistant and Surgical Resident at the Academy of Medicine, London. "An Essay on the History of the Vegetable Kingdom," "An Essay to Characterize" (Gardening and Ornamental) and "The Theory of the Vegetable Kingdom." "Elements of Material Medicine," "Aids to Medicine." (DOUBLE PART.) A circular stamp with text "KINGS OF PARIS" around the edge and "SOCIETE DE CHIMIE" below. Third Thousand LONDON: BAILLIERE, TINDALL & COX, Buckingham Palace Road. DUBLIN: FANNIN & CO., Grattan Street. EDINBURGH: MACLELLAN & STEWART, South Bridge. GLASGOW: MACMILLAN & CO., 35 George Street. NEW YORK: PUTNAM & SONS. 1853. 191 157 BODLEIAN LIBRARY 4 CEP 83 OXFORD. P R E F A C E. Is preparing this, the Second Edition of "Aids to Botany," the work has been almost entirely rewritten, and considerably extended by the addition of a large amount of new matter. It will be readily understood that the subject is a difficult one to deal with without the assistance of illustrations, the employment of which, in the limited space allotted to the "Aids Series," has been impossible. The endeavour has been to place before the student all the leading facts of the science in the plainest language possible, the hope throughout having been to render the present volume still more deserving of the favour with which its predecessor has been received. ARMAND SEMPLE 8, TORMINGTON SQUARE, W.C. May, 1883. ---
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
1.-THE SEED.
Firmula Radiola Tigellus Corydorea
II.-THE STEM.
Anual Roots: Pseudostem, Nerve, Wapitum.
Adventitious Roots: Tuberous, Pseudostem, Multiflorm.
Annuar, Nodus, Convolutus, Corallina.
Anual Roots. Aquatic Roots.
III.-THE STEM.
Buds:Terminal, Axillary.
IV.-THE LEAF.
Leaves: Alternate, Opposite, Vernilliciate, Sessile, Fertillate, etc. The Leaf: Vaginal, Fertillate, Stipule, Insertion: Clitocia, Purvium, Midrib. Phylode. Venation. The Stipule: Antillary, Introperticulat, Enteroperticulat. Ochrea; Ligula; Tendix; Thema; Prickle; Retinum; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; Corydorea; A diagram showing the structure of a flower with different parts labeled. VII. THE COROLLA. The Petals: Filiform, Marvicius, Cochleariform, Spurrid, Gibbosa, Recticularis, Unguis, Linnh. Regular: Corolla, Corolla, Corolla, Corolla. Irregular: Papilionaceus, Lilacinaeae, Vexillium, Aln. Tubular, Uroscatea, Campanulate, Infundibuliform, Hypoerisiform. Gamopetalous: Corolla Regular: Corolla Irregular: Labiate, Porensate, Ligulata. IX. THE STAMENS. Stamens: Filament. Anthor. Pullen. Diflorum. Stigmas. Erythrophyta. Monodaphone. Stamens: Filament. Anthor. Pullen. Diflorum. Anthor: Durum, Sutare, Inante, Adans. Vermitia. Dehisence of Anther: Longitudinal, Transverse, Porous, Valvate. X. THE PISTIL. Flacenta: Ovary. Style. Stigma. Gynaeceum: Apocarpous. Symparousa. Ovary: Multilocular. Unilocular. XI. THE OVARY. Simple | Compound. | Stipulate | Gynosperm. Flacenta: Free, Central, Partial. Style: Apical. Lateral. Basilar. Gynaeceum: Capitate. Pedicellate. Lobed. Radiate. Lateral. Stigma: Petiolate vill XII.-THE FRUITS. Pericarp : (Feculent) Epipary, Mesocarp, Endocarp (Futamen). Valvular : Squamosa : Lenticularis (Bifragula) Simple Compound Apocarpous Fruits Superior Indehiscent. Dehiscient. Inferior Indehiscent. Dehiscient. Anthocarpous or Multiple Fruits : XIII.-THE OVULES. Solitariæ : Definitæ. Indefinitæ. Erect. : Fecundæ. Suspensæ. Poliata. Nuculea : Funiculus. Hilum. Micropyle. Endostoma : Eustoma. Embyra. Baeo. Chalas. Orchotropes : Anastropa. Ephra. Cymydropeza. Anthocarpous. XIII.-DEHINCENCE. Squamosa : Lenticularis (Bifragula) Transverse. Porus. Luguma. Lomentum : Urfela, Drope. Compound Follicle. Achna. Heterocarpa : Strawberry, Raspberry, Caryopse, Samara. Cent. : Caroescara, Tryma, Dry. Dichotomous : Capnus, Pyxidium, Hilius, Siliceus. Glanæ Definitæ Dry. Corynocarp Meriscus Indehiscent. Bacca Ferula Pepo Chalas Dehiscient. Diplomega. Cone, Galbulus, Strobilus, Scordus, Oyuncus. XIV.--THE OVULES. Solitariæ : Definitæ. Indefinitæ. Erect. : Fecundæ. Suspensæ. Poliata. Nuculea : Funiculus. Hilum. Micropyle. Endostoma : Eustoma. Embyra. Baeo. Chalas. Orchotropes : Anastropa. Ephra. Cymydropeza. Anthocarpous. Ix XV.--THE SEED. Texta. Tagma. Arilita. Arilisita. Fricisperm. Seed. Ectocytidum. Endocytidum. Ectocytidum. Ecto- nated, etc.). Monocytidum. Dioecyldenum. Polyecyldenum. Anotyldenum. Enneyp. Alpia. Dicentrum. Ascentum. XVI.--DEMINISTRATION. Moisture. Heat. Air (Oxygen). Germination of Dioecyldenum. Germination of Monocytidum. XVII.--FUNDATION. XVIII.--MORPHOLOGY. Phanerogama Endogena Eugeneae Angiospermia Gymnospermia Thalamiiforme. Galgitiforme. Monocytiforme. Monocytidum. Aschyaniforme. Cryptogama Endogena Arrogena Filifera. Equitaceae. Monocytiforme. Hepaticaceae. Lycopodiaceae. Characeae. Thallogena Lichenoides. Alga. Green Algm. Red Alge. Olive Boreweds. XIX.--THE SAP. XX.--CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF PLANTS. Inorganic and Organic Constituents. Solids. XXI.--PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FLORAL ENVELOPE. Heat-Resolution. | Age of Protecting Flowers. Annuals. | Biennials. | Perennials. Colour of Flowers. | Odour of Flowers. NATURAL ORDERS: Bennettiales. Papaveraceae. Thalianales. Eupogon. Corylaceae. Rutaceae. Leguminosae. Baueraeae. Calycifloral Eupogon. Convolvulaceae. Umbelliferae. Gomphraceae. Gentianaceae. Corallifloral Eupogon. Solanaceae (Aristolacae). Scrophulariaceae. Ladane. Liliaceae. Petaloidae Eupogon. Graminaceae = Glumifloral Eupogon. Filicae = Eupogon. **AIDS TO BOTANY.** I.-THE SEED. A seed, when placed in the ground under favourable circumstances, begins to swell and forms a protrusion which each plant afterwards develops into a shoot. 1. The Plumule or Gemmae, which grows upward to the light, and becomes the stem. 2. The Radicle, which sinks into the earth, and grows downwards. The Plumule, or collar, is the point at which these two parts meet together, and possesses one, two, or more lateral organs called the Cotyledons. II.-THE ROOT. "The descending axis of the plant, usually penetrating the ground, fixing the plant and absorbing nourishment already in a fluid state." When roots are developed from the radicle, they are termed Axial or True Roots; but those that are otherwise developed are called Adventitious. Axial roots are only found in the Decapods, or plants having two seed-beds; the adventitious occur in Monopodials, or those with one seed-bed; but since they may be derived from various parts, and even from the leaves, they may be found upon dicotyledonous plants. Axial roots are --: 1. The Tap root, Fusiform, or spindle-shaped root; in which one central part is more prominent than the rest, and appears like a continuation of the stem. Example: the carrot. 2. The Fibrous root; in which the branches of the radicle are numerous and nearly of the same size, as beans, limbs and onions. 3. The Napiform, or turnip-shaped, as the Turnip. Adventitious roots are --: 1. The Tuberos, corresponding to the tap-roots of the carrot; produced by thickening of some of the lateral roots. Example: the potato, Dalia. 2. Fasciculate; a mixture of the tuberos and fibrous. Example, Rhamnus ficaria. 3. Moniliform, like a necklace; with alternate conical swellings or expansions, the swellings being a little apart. 4. Annular; the swellings close together. Example: the onion. 5. The Nodose or Nodeless; the swellings in irregular intervals. Example: the filipendula. 6. Contorted; when a tap-root is twisted instead of being straight. 7. Prominent, or bitten off; when the root ends abruptly. 8. The Double fusiform tap-root, thickest in the middle. Example, the Radish. 9. The Curvate root, like Curly. Example, the orchid Corallicola. Aerial roots are those which are developed in the air from the axis, and since they usually grow upon other plants, although from them, they derive no nourishment, are termed Epiphytites. They are ob- served in the following plants: those that are aerial, and in the ivy, in which they are adventitious. Aquatic roots are seen in the water ranunculus, in which they reach the soil, and in the water weed, in which they are seen. The aquatic root is closely similar to rhizomes, only they do not produce leaves or buds. The extremities of some terminate in Spongiolies, or house cellsular. THE OFFICIAL ROOTS. Acuminatum. Acuminum Napolium. Aconite. Aconitum. Armonaria. Coelusaria Armonaria. Horseradish. Aries. Aries. Balladona. Atrapa Balladona. Calamus. Calamus. Columba. Jatamansi Columbae. Cocculus Palmarum. Gentianella. Gentiana. Glycyrrhiza. Glycyrrhiza Glabra. Liquorice. Granatum. Punicum Granatum. Pomegranate. Hemidesma. Hemidesma Indicum. Ipecacuanha. Ipecacuanha Indica. Ipecacuanha. Jalap. Exagonium Purga. Jalap. Krameria. Krameria Triandra. Rhazan. Parsley. Cineraria. Pyrethrum. Anacyclus Pyrethrum. Pallitory. Rheum. Rheum Officinale. Rhubarb. Sassafras. Sassafras officinale. Sassafras. Sassafras officinale. Somnionum. Convulvis Somnonia. Somnionum. Senega. Polygala Senega. Serpentaria. Serpentina Serpentaria. Sumbul. Eryngium Sumbul. Taraxacum. Taraxacum Dens Leoni. Dandelion. Valeriana. Valeriana officinalis Valerian. 8 III.—THE STEM. "The developed plumule." The Bud which terminates the plumule is called the Terminal bud. Auxiliary buds are those which originate in the axils between the leaves and stem. A Node is the part of the stem at which the leaf originates. An Internode is the space between any two nodes. Branches are modified leaves. Stems are divided into Underground and Aerial; the former being the part of the stem below (appendix) at the lower part of the stem where it is covered by soil (ground); the latter have leaves and bracts. Underground stems comprise the following 3: 1. The Bulb, consisting of leaf-bulbs. (a) Funiculated, when entirely enircled by scales. Examples, Onion and Hyacinth. (b) Squarrose, with a partially sur-rounded. Example, Lily. Official Bulb, Ugniace Scilla. 2. The Corm (a solid body), formed by a thickened stem, which is only slightly de-veloped, and a small bulb surmounting the whole. Example, Crocus. Official Corm, Liliace. 3. The Rhizome or Rootstock; which is capable of producing leaf-buds, and has the internodes like those of a stem. Example, Potato. 4. The Tuber; this may be the base of the stem, or a part of a branch from the axil of a leaf-scale much thickened. It possesses buds in the form of leaf-buds, and produces independent stems. Example, Potato. Official Tuber, Jalap. Aerial stems are Herbaceous and Woody; when they stand upright they are termed Erect; when they assume other positions they receive the name of Prostrate, Tendrilous, or Climbing. Some plants are distinguished as (a) Climbing, either by tendrils (the Pole); by adventitious roots (the Ivy); or by a stem which is supported by a network, by twisting round supports (from Bean and Hop). Woody stems are observed only in plants which are destined for a somewhat prolonged existence. They are divided into Trunks and Sticks, according to their mode of branching. If the stem gives off branches at various elevations, it is termed a Tree; if the branches arise from the leaves and branches are confined to the summit, it is termed Stock or Canard. The latter is shown in the palms, the former in most of the forest trees. The stem of grasses is called a Culmum, and that of most herbaceous plants a Canella. THE OFFICIAL RHIZOMES. Curcumæ. Curcumæ Longæ. Turmeric. Flix. Flix Mas. The Male Fern. Pepohyllum. Pepohyllum Potamum. Zingiber. Zingiber Officinale. Ginger. THE OFFICIAL STEMS, &c., ENVIRE PLANT. Chirista. Ophelia Chirista. Christa. Lactuca. Lactuca Vinae. Lettuce. Lobelia. Lobelia Infinta. THE OFFICIAL BARKS. Canella. Canella Alba. Cascartilla. Croton Eleuteria.
Cinchona flava Yellow.
Cinchona pallida Pale.
Cinchona pubra Rud.
Gammanum Camomile.
Caspia Daphne Caspia.
Mesereum Asparagus Bark-tree.
Nectandra Mesereum.
Nectandra Beech-Tree.
Quercus Oak.
Ulmus Oaks.
Ulmus Campestris Eln.
**OFFICIAL WOODS** Catechu. Accacia Catechu. Dulcamara. Solanum Dulcamara. Guaiaicum. Guaiaicum Officinale. Hematoxylin. Hematoxylin Campehiamum. Log-wood. Pierocarpus. Pierocarpus Santolinus. Red Sandal-wood. Quassia. Pignone Excelsa. **OFFICIAL TOPS** Acacia. Acacia Nigraea. Acacia. Canabae Indicae. Canabae Sativa. Indian Hemp. Conium. Conium Maculatum. Hemlock. Hyoscyamus. Hyoscyamus Niger. Hombana. Kalmia. Kalmia Salviae. Scoparia. Scopoliae Scopariae. Broom. **PECULIAR** Galla Quercus Infectoria Gallia 11 **IV.—THE LEAF.** " The terminal appendage of the stem." Leaves are called simple when one of two them are upon the same level; Opposite when two or more originate upon each node, and Vertebrate or Whorled when more than two originate from each node, the whole combination of leaves being termed a Wheel or Verticillate. In the perfect leaf are these parts— 1. The Vagina or Sheath; the portion of the leaf at its insertion surrounding the stem either partially or wholly. 2. The Petiole or Foot Stalk; the continuation of the sheath. 3. The Blade or Blade; the flattened portion. To these, in some cases, membranous expansions or Stipules are added. The point at which the leaf joins the stem is called its Insertion. This connection being by a joint or direct. A Jointed leaf, when it falls, breaks off at the joint. When the joint is situated the leaf withers, and leaves a jagged scar on the stem, swelling below being termed the Pulvinus or Cushion. A Phylloid is the term used when the petiole be- come enveloped in a leaf-like manner, the lamina being almost or entirely enclosed. A leaf is termed Sessile when its development is ar- rived after the formation of the blade, but before the appearance of the petiole. When the petiole is present the leaf is called Foliolate. A Simple leaf is that in which there is only one joint, situated at the base; Compare where the leaf con- sists of several joints, all of which the petiole bears more than one distinct blade. 2 12 The skeleton of a leaf consists of subdivisions of the petiole, the larger constituting the ribs, the smaller the veins. The plan on which they are arranged is termed Venation. Should the petiole be continued into the blade it is termed Petiolate. In Endogenous plants the small veins cross at right angles; the larger veins are parallel and straight. In Exogenous plants the small veins cross at an angle; and the larger not being straight, a straight or reticulated appearance is presented. A leaf is termed Oblique when the portion on one side of the midrib is more convex than that on the opposite side. When the portions of two blades are carried back- ward like a pair of scissors the term Auriculate is applied. When the stem is embraced by the leaf it is called Amphianal. If the two same pass back and unite upon the other side of the stem, the leaf is said to be Perfoliate, the stem appearing to pass through the leaf; if two leaves are opposite and their bases unite, they are termed Connate. When the ears of petiole leaves are prolonged far enough to unite, the form is called Falcate. When the apex of a leaf is pointed, at this point it is termed Acute; when the point is very sharp, Acuminate; when very sharp and hard, Capitate. A somewhat blunt point is called Concave; a rounded apex is called Macronote. When the apex ends in a blunt extremity it is called Obtuse; when there is a slight hollow, Emarginate; when the hollow is large and shallow, Retuse. A leaf is termed Entire entire when the margin presents no indentations; Crescente when it possesses slight undulated projections terminated with short and sharp projections; Serrate when the sharp points look like... 13 wane the apex; *Retroserrate* when they look towards the base. Other forms of leaves are *Oriental* or round, *Sub-rotund* (roundish), Oval, Oblong, Linear (long and narrow, same width throughout), *Acute* (narrowed at the tip), *Oblique* (slightly curved at the tip), *Rectangular* (like a rectangle), *Reniform* (like a kidney), *Subulate* (like an awl), *Ovate* (egg shape), *Spatulate* (eponymous), *Quasiround* (almost round but with a pointed tip), *Obovate* (severely heart-shaped), *Sagittate* (like an arrow), *Fanformidate* (bent in the middle, somewhat like a sickle), *Hastate* (heart-shaped), *Palmate* (with five lobes resembling a hand). Sometimes a leaf is divided by its indentations into two or more lobes or segments, which may extend to its periphery. A leaf, amongst feather-reised leaves a leaf is Pinnatifid, in which the incisions are superficial, and correspond with the interveinal spaces; *Pinnatifid*, when almost reaching the midrib; *Pinnatipartite*, when they almost reach the midrib. Palmate leaves are similarly called Fanfold, Palmate, and so forth. The number of lobes is that of which there is an unusual amount of ribs, the lower being turned backwards to the petiole. Compound leaves are those that enter into the Pinnate (like a feather), and Palmate or Digitate (like a hand). When the number of leaflets on the side of the rachis are even the leaf is called Pinnate; with a terminal leaflet, it is called Digitate. Leaves are termed membranous, fleshy, leathery, according to their consistency. Deciduous is the name applied when the leaf falls in autumn. Persistent when it lasts beyond the winter. The surface of leaves may be smooth (glabrous), hairy (pilose), rough (scabrous) with stiff hairs (stipule), bristly (setose), with plumular hairs (viscose), etc. 14 THE STIPULE Is a small membranous expansion on either side of the point where the leaf joins the stem. When stipules are absent the leaf is called Exstipulate; when pre- sent, Stipulate. These stipules are considered by some to be leaves, but they are always attached to be portions of the leaf-shade pericarpially developed. In the normal condition are found the Free or Canaliculate stipule; two free lateral expansions at the base of the leaf. Adnate stipules are those which adhere to the petiole. Connate are those which unite one with the other. There are three kinds of stipules: 1. Antilobate, Interfoliolar; two stipules uniting to form a single organ in the leaf axil, and situated between the leaf and stem. 2. Intertubular, Intrafoliar; two stipules on this side of the stem opposite to the leaves. 3. Interpetital, simulating whorled leaves. An Ochrea is the sheath formed by combined stipules which cover the base of a leaf-stalk or petiole. A Ligule is a little membranous organ found in grasses which occur in the axil of every leaf, and is used to keep water out of the base of the leaf. A Phylloide is the name applied to a petiole which becomes flattened and assumes the function of a leaf whose lamina is wanting. A Tendril is a modification of a leaf, and is the thread- like process by which plants attach themselves to other objects. Thorns are formed by some modified portion of a leaf. Frizzles are hardened hairs, and are only attached to the epidermis. Scales are bristles or stiff hairs. 16 **OFFICIAL LEAVES** Aconitum Napellus. Aconite. Aloe Vulgaris. Belladonna. Atropa Belladonna. Buchu. Baroma. Datura. Datura. Echinacea. Echinacea. Fennel. Fennel. Gentian. Gentian. Helleborus. Hellebore. Hyacinthus. Hyacinth. Lavandula. Lavender. Lavatera. Lavatera. Mint. Mint. Melissa. Melissa. Narcissus. Narcissus. Pansies. Pansies. Primrose. Primrose. Rue. Rue. Saffron. Saffron. Squill. Squill. Tulip. Tulip. Conium Maculatum. Hemlock. Digitalis. Digitalis. Hyacinthus. Hyacinth. Lavandula. Lavender. Lavatera. Lavatera. Melissa. Melissa. Narcissus. Narcissus. Primrose. Primrose. Rue. Rue. Senna (Alexandria). Cassia Lanceolata and Obovata. Indigo (Cassia). Cassia Obovata. Stramonium (Datura). Stramonium. Thorn Apple Tabacum. Nicotiana Tabacum. Tobacco. Umbrella Gomphrena. Cassina Gomphrena Uva Ursi. Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi. Bearberry. **V.—BUDS** These are divided into two kinds: (for the repetition of the individual) and rudimentary buds (for the reproduction of the species), both being composed of rudimentary leaves. They are frequently protected by Scale (Bud) Scalae or Tegulae, and sometimes by hairs ; when these are absent the bud is called Naked. Very often the name of a plant is given to the arrangement of the leaves in the leaf-bud; that of the flower-bud is called Activation or Proferation. When a leaf is so folded that the apex is applied to the base, it is called Opposite; when the two edges are in contact, the middle being in the centre, it is called Conuplicate. A leaf may be A diagram showing different types of leaf arrangements: opposite, alternate, whorled, and compound. 16 rolled up from the apex to the base, and is then called Circinata, as in form; or from side to side, Convolute, as in the cherry. If the rolling commences simultaneously at both sides it is called Convolute; if towards one side only, Alternifolia; if towards the back of the leaf, Revolute, as in the lavender. When there is a plaiting of the lateral halves of the leaf the term Plicate is given, as in the currant. Leaves are termed Imbricate which overlap each other, three being partly within and partly without, one entirely without the others, and one entirely within. When the edges of the leaves touch each other, but do not overlap they are called Valvate. If the edges in juxtaposition are turned inward, the variety is known as Inadipulate. VI.—THE INFLORESCENCE. The flower-bud when developed produces flowers which are variously arranged upon their axis. This arrangement is termed the Inflorescence, and is either Terminal or Axillary. The axis which supports the flower is termed the Peduncle or Flower-stalk, and this receives the name of Raceme or Panicle. The stalks of these are called Pedicels, the leaves at their bases being termed Brac- teoles or Bractlets. Some plants with their stems underground send up naked stalks, surmounted by one or more flowers, as in the primrose and cowslip. These stalks are termed Sepals. Bracts are modifications of the flower-bud. These are sometimes almost indistinguishable from true 17 leaves. They are sometimes modified to such an ext- tent as to appear like the flower itself. A whorl of bracts is called an Involucrum, secondary whorl, or involucre. Phyllaries are individual bracts occurring in the order Compositae. A cupule, the cup of the acorn, is composed of bracts, and is called a Calyx. The order Rosaceae there is often an apicaly excentricary of bracts. Little bracts, or Phylloides, are found at the base of each of the small flowers of the Hyacinth. A large coloured bud enclosing the inflorescence, as in the Trumpet Lily, is called a Spathe. The Inflorescence may be Inarticulate or Centri- fugal (flying from the centre), and Inarticulate or Centripetal (seeking the centre), according to the character of the stalks. The former term is employed when a flower-bud ter- minates the axis; the latter term, when a leaf-bud is similarly situated. Amongst Indefinite Inflorescences are —— 1. The Raceme; here, along the axis or axes, situated are several flowers of nearly equal length. Example, Currant. 2. The Panicled; when the racemes give rise to bunches supporting several flowers. Example, Oak. 3. The Thyrse; the flowers shoot out thickly, its whole inflorescence appearing pyramidal. Example, Horse-chestnut. 4. The Conic; all the flowers about the same length through elongation of the lower pedicels of the raceme. Example, Cauliflower as eaten. 5. The Umbel; the origin of all the flowerstalks 18 upon the same level, like the spokes of an umbrella. Example, Hemlock. When the peduncles thus originating branch again to form a second order, the secondary umbels are termed umbellules. 6. The Spike may be termed a raceme with no diversification of the branches into umbels. 7. The Spadix, a spike whose axis is flimsy and surrounded by a spathe. Example, Arum. 8. The Ammonet or Cattin; the axis of unisexual flowers, which is covered by a spathe. Example, Arum. 9. The Cone is a modification of the spike, with woody bracts. Example, Pine. 10. The Lacinia is a spike with woody cones, with membranous bracts. Example, Hop. 11. The Locusta is a form of spike occurring among grasses. 12. A Capitulum is when the axis of the spike presents a flattened plane, as in the Compositae. This floret may be indistinguishable, or they may be separated by a disc and those of the ray. Example, Daisy. The capitulum bears the same relation to the spike as the umbel to the corymb or raceme. The Definite Inflorescence Is characterized by the flower-bud being developed before any other on the same axis. Under this heading is :- (a) The Cyme, which may simulate any of the indefinite inflorescences, such as the corymb, panicle, and raceme, but is subtended by a spathe. (b) The Conanthium; a sessile cyme with a definite capitulum of suppressed inter-nodes. Example, Fig. 19 (6) The Falcadenus; a contracted cyma. Example, Sweet-william. (7) The Gomarulus; a very condensed cyma. When the last two, (b) and (c), are arranged in the same plane, and when they appear as to resemble whorls, they are termed false whorls or Verticillatums. (8) The Umbelliferae; when the flowers arise only upon one side of the axis. Example, Hyoscyamus. (9) Heliothec; when the axis is evidently intermediate. (10) Scorpiolus; when the axis appears con- tinuous. (11) The Bocconia cyme; flowers arising on both sides of the axis. Example, many of the Caryophyllaceae. Anomalous Inflorescence. Some forms of inflorescence are so easily as- signed to any of the foregoing types. In Hucus or the Butcher's broom, and in Tillia, the Lime-tree, the flowers seem to arise from the centre of the blade of the leaf. In the Butcher's broom, the part resembling a leaf is in reality a flattened branch, from which is developed the flower-bud in the axil of a small membranaceous bract. In the Lime, the peduncle is adherent to the petiole of the stem, and this peduncle reaches the centre of the leaf, at which it becomes erect. An Inflorescence when it falls early is termed Cade- nate; when it falls at the ripening of the fruit, Decidu- ous; when it remains attached to the ripe fruit, it is Peristent; when the peduncle becomes enlarged and flabby it is termed Excessant. 20 VII.—THE FLOWER. "Consists of a number of whorls (usually four) modified for the reproduction of the species, and situated at the extremity of the stem, or internodes at that point are but slightly, if at all, developed." The top of the flower-stalk is termed the Receptacle, Thalamus, or Calyx, and consists of the whorl of the calyx or Sepals; the next constitute the Corolla or Petals, and these two form the non-vegetative organs of reproduction; but within these two other whorls of the male, the Stamens (Androecium), the other of the female, the Pistils (Gynaeicum), constituting the essential organs. The Dioscorides' flower has three sepals, five petals, five or six stamens, and five pistils; but sometimes the prevailing number is four. The Monochlamydeous flower represents three sepals, three petals, three or six stamens, and three pistils. A Complete flower is that in which all the whorls are complete. A Symmetrical flower has the same or a multiple number of parts in each whorl. A Regular flower is one when every part of the same whorl is identical in colour, size, and shape. A Dichlamydeous flower has both calyx and corolla ; if one of them is wanting, it is called a Monochlamydeous; in such case, however, the term Periantus is often used. A Monochlamydeous flower possesses only one (the outer) whorl of petals. An Achlamydeous or naked flower has no outer whorl at all. Apetalous is the term given to the flower when the corolla is wanting. A Perfect or Hermaphrodite flower is that in which there are both stamens and pistils. 21 An *Imperfect* or *Diclinous* flower is that in which only one of these essential organs is present. A *Monandrous* flower is one containing only stamens (indicated by symbol $♂$). A *Filialate* or *female* flower contains only pistils (indicated by symbol $♀$). Monandrous is the term which implies that there are male and female flowers respectively upon the same plant. See, Ovate. Diclinous, when these different flowers are upon different plants. Example, Willow. Polygamous, when one plant contains male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers. Nester flowers have no sexual organs at all. Example, outer whorls of capitula of some composite. A flower is said to be monoeccious when its whorls are of the same number, or some multiple of that number. Asymmetrical, when the reverse obtains. The pie- tisheel whorl is not concerned in this symmetry. But if it contains the same number of whorls as the other parts of the flower, the name *Ionomorous* is em- ployed. If not, *Anisomorous*. Binary or Dimerous implies that there are only two organs in a whorl. Ternary or Trimecrous, that there are three. Quaternary or Tetramorous, four. Quinary or Quintamorous, five. The last is common among Dioeciouss; the Ter- nary amongst Monocotyledons. A calyx is said to be Polygamalous when its sepals are dichasial, Monogamous, or Monopetalous, when they are united. Similarly, a corolla is Polygamalous or Monopetalous. Stamens are called Monadiphous when they are 22 united together at their lower parts, forming only a single bundle; *Diadiephalum*, when forming two bundles; and *Polydaphelum*, when forming more than two. *Syngenesious* is the name used when the union of stamens is complete. *Hypogynous* is the term applied to stamens which are inserted below the pistil. *Pedicellate* is a term applied to a tube formed by the union of sepals, petals, and stamens before they reach the receptacle, the stamens surrounding the pistil. *Epigynous* is a term applied to those stamens which adhere to and surround the pistil, so that only the top is visible, the stamens being above the pistil. The flowers possessing hypogynous stamens with the sepals and petals distally are classed under the name of *Thaliamorphi*. Those having their stamens inserted into the calyx are called *Corylophorii*. Those with a gamopetalous corolla, into which the stamens are inserted (epigynous), under *Corelliformi*. When the calyx is adnate to and completely covers the ovary it is said to be superior, the ovary being thus Inferior. The calyx is inferior, the ovary superior, where the sepals are united with the petals. *Gymnandrous* is the term used when the stamens are adherent to the pistil. *Essential* or *Inferior* fertilization implies the folding of the flower-bud. We have here the same forms as in *Vernation*, with the addition of a variety known as *Corrugata* or *Crumena*, in which the pedicel is slightly *Celtisoides*, in some plants of the order *Lagunaria*, in which the flower is so arranged that there are a scutellum or standard and two lateral side or wings, enclosing a corolla or perianth. The external leaf-wood is termed the calyx, but 23 this sometimes has an epicalyx composed of bracts. The sepals are said to be distinct in the typical flower, and are then called Polypetalous when they cohere the name Gamopetalous is given to them. These sepals are sometimes coloured or petaloid, but they are not always so named. They are generally entire, but admit of various modifications. For instance, in the Aconite they are coloured and form a hood (capitulum), and in the Larkspur the sepals whose extremities turn upwards are called Convexi; those whose extremities turn outwards, Divergenti. In a Gamopetalous calyx the coherent part is called the Tube, its upper extremity the Funiculus or Throat, and the free portion the Limbus composed of two or three segments incompletely. The tube is separated by sinuses. Chamomile is the name given to sepals that fall off. Deciduous, when they fall off contemporaneously with the corolla. Perennial, when they remain attached to the ripening fruit. Marocascent, when the calyx remains withered, but loosely attached to the fruit. Accrescent, when increasing in growth, forming a bladder-like covering over the fruit. Sepals are sometimes very small, shrivelled, or modified, so as to form, as in Compositae, a so-called Pappea. Hence the name of Pappea for such flowers, but as the fruit ripens it splits up into a mass of thin filamentary threads. OFFICIAL FLOWERS. Ammonicum. Dorema Ammonicum. Anthemis. Anthemis Nobilis. Chamomilla. * Green is not considered a colour in Botany.* 24 Aurantii Flora Aqua. Citrus Aurantium and Citrus Bigaradia. Orange. Cannabis Indica. Cannabis Sativa. Indian Hemp. Coryphylloides. Corynephorus. Arundo. Clove. Koumou. Brayaurea Anthelmithica. Cusco. Lavandula. Lavandula Vera. Lavender. Lupulina. Lupinus. Lupin. Sambucus Nigra. Elder. Santonica. Artemisia Santonica. VIII.--THE COROLLA. The Corolla is composed of modified leaves called Petals. These usually possess a contracted part termed the Ungleu (claw) and are then called Unguiculate. The spreading parts of the petals are termed lobes, when the petals are cut into fringes they are called Fimbriated. Boashealpate petals are termed Navicular; spoon-shaped, Godalimium. When point-like processes proceed from those that receive the name of Euphor, Saccata, or Gibbous. The term Nectary implies that when there is more than one nectariferous chamber may be reduced in size that they become abortive. When the petals are all distinct the corolla is termed Polypetalous; when they are united the corolla is said to be Gamopetalous. There are four forms of regular Polypetalous Corolla:-- 1. The Ornament or Cruciforous This has four petals, two of which have the form of a St. George's cross (see under Cruciferae). 2. The Caryophyllaceae In this there are five petals, enclosed by the calyx tube, the claw long, and the limbs diverging at about right 25 angles from the claw (order Caryophyl- laceae). 3. The *Rosa*aceae, five petals, claws absent, or obsolete, and spreading irregularly (order Rosaee). 4. The *Liliaceae*. Petals forming a funnel- bore spreading (order Liliaceae). The only Irregular Polypetalous Corolla to which a distinct name is given is the Papilionaceous or Butter- fly-flower (order Leguminosae). It is so formed, so that the vexillum or standard is very large, and situ- ated posteriorly. Two alas or wings are placed at its sides, and the third or keel is composed of two small pieces uniting anteriorly. The forms of the Regular Gamopetalous Corolla are the following: 1. The *Tubular*: consisting of a nearly cylindrical tube through which, as in the central flowers of some of the Campanulaceae. 2. The *Urselloid* (urn-shaped); a modification of the Tubular, with the tube expanded at centre; only slightly constricted at base and apex, as in the Heath, Erica. 3. The *Campanulate* (bell-shaped): the tube di- lating gradually upwards and con- tinuously, as seen in the Hare-bell. 4. The *Infundibuliforme* (funnel-shaped): like the Campanulate, but with the tube dilating upwards from the base, the limb gradually dilating at the top, as in Nicotiana Tabacum (the Tobacco plant). 5. Hypogynous (under-veloped): having a long narrow tube, from which the limb suddenly diverges at a right angle, as in the Primrose. 26 6. The Rutabaga (wheel-shaped); in this the tube is very short, but in other respects is exactly like the Hypocarponferum, as in the Potato. Irregular Gamopetalous Corollae are the three follow- ing: 1. The Labiate, Bilabiate, or Lipped; the limb is divided into two lips, the upper being lower, the former being generally composed of two united petals, the latter of three, and this may be termed a double lip. 2. The Personate or Mask-shaped; in this the throat is partially occluded by the lower lip or palate, which is bent back, as in the Snap- dragon, and the corolla is divided into two. In Cal- ceolaria, where the lips are hollow, we have a slipper, and called Calceolus. 3. The Lipless or Tubular; a tubular corolla, in part split up, so as to form a flattened band, as in the Dandelion. There are in- dividuals with one lip only, and the stem indicating the number of petals composing it. A Nectariferous petal is seen in the Ranunculusus, which possesses a scale-like organ at its base called a Necrocarpus. Like the calyx, a corolla may be deciduous, caducous, or persistent. When the corolla is persistent and withers up it becomes necrotic. OFFICIAL PETALS. Rhuma. Papaver Rhuma. Red Poppy. Rosa Centifolia. Cabbage Rose. Rosa Gallica. Red Rose. 27 IX.—THE STAMEN. A collection of stamens is called an Androecium. The Stamen is a peculiar modified in order to pro- duce the pollen, a powdery substance destined to fecun- date the ovule. It is generally furnished with a thread- like appendage, the filament, upon the summit of which is placed the Anther. This Anther is usually divided into two Lobes, in the interior of which are one or more Loculi or cells containing the pollen. When the filament is absent the anther is termed Sessile. When the anther is absent the stamens are Stipitate. The Filament, when thread-like, is called Filiform; when hair-like, Capillary. It is termed Subulate or whisker-like, when it is long and slender; and Clauate or club-shaped when from apex to base. Moniliform or neck-shaped, as in the nettle, is aptly termed Moniliform. The Anther is usually oblong, and in it are found two parts: the Face and Dursum or back. Where the ripe anther open is placed the Suture. If the face of the stamen is convex, it is said to be Concave; if concave, Incurvate; when the face looks towards the petals it is termed Extrorse. The filament is joined to the anther in one of these three ways: 1. Innate; the filaments passing without inter- ruption into the connective. 2. Adnate; the filaments being directly into base of connective, but running along its back near the base and continued along the connective. 3. Vernacle; the filament joining the connective near its base, while the anther being balanced upon a fine point. The Connective is generally a solid body, by which the two adjacent anthers are united, and neither falls short nor extends beyond their extremities. 3 28 When young the authors usually have four cavities (quadrilateral), but when ripe they generally but two (bilocular); occasionally only one cavity is left (unilocular). Dehiscentum implies the bursting of the author to allow the escape of the pollen. It is of four kinds, viz. --- 1. Longitudinalis, when the author bursts in the line of its axis. 2. Transverse, when the author-leaves are twisted on their axes, presenting their spores or bases towards each other, the opening running across the author. 3. Forous, when there are small openings at the apex of the author, through which the author buries. 4. Valvular, when the wall of the author gives way as to form a hinge, leaving a lateral opening. If the stamens, petals, and sepals are equal in number, the flower is called Isotetramerous; if this is not the case, then it is called Heterotetramerous. The stamens and petals equal the number of stamens. Diphylleonemous Stamen are called Epipetalous when placed upon the inner face of the petals. Occasionally some stamens are longer than the others. If there are two long and two short, they are termed Bidentum; if there are four long and two short, they are termed Quadridentum. If the stamens cohere by their filaments into one bundle, they are Monadelphous; if into two bundles, Bidelphous; if into three bundles, Tridelphous; more than three, Polyadelphous. Should they be united by their anthers, they are termed Syngenesious. When coherent to the pistil, they are called Gynandrus. 29 X.—THE PILSTIL The pistil occupy a position interior to the stamens, each individual component of their whorl being termed a Carpel, which may be regarded as "a conduplicate leaf with the edges turned inwards." In the lower part of the ovary, the style is inserted, and at its termination this name of Ovary is given, and the internal edges of this ovary form the Flesenta. Upon the top of the ovariy is placed the stigma, which is terminated at the termination of which is the Stigma. In the absence of the style the stigma is termed Seema. The carpell, and consequently the pistil, may be solitary, but they may be two or more carpels, and when they are very numerous they are said to be Indefinite. If there are a number of distinct carpels in a flower, they are said to be Compound, and when these together, they are termed Compound or Syacornus. Between the cells of adjacent ovaries are partitions called Diaphragms, which divide them into spaces that project so as to unite in the centre of the ovary, this organ is called Molluscular, and the Placentation is said to be Central. If there be only one short distance between all the cells of the ovary, the fruit is then called Unilocular, and the placentaion is termed Parital. Official Stigma and part of Style:— Circus Salviae Saffon. XL.—THE OVARY. When this consists of one carpel it is called Simple; when of more than one it is Compound. It is usually with-out a stalk, but when this is present it is termed Gynophore, and the ovary receives the name of Stipulate. A diagram showing a flower with stamens and pistils. 50 The *Flacca* is considered to be "the internal and conjunctive edge of the carpelary leaf", and as has been noticed above, may be Free, Central, or Parietal. The Style generally arises from the summit of the ovary, and is termed Central when it arises from the side it is termed Lateral; when from the base, Basilar. The Style may be Simple or Compound, and when the carpels are not united it is Distinct. Terminal is the application when the stigma is at the extremity of the style; Lateral when the appendages of the style are applied at their upper parts. A Stigma is termed Capitate when it forms a disti- nct swelling at the top of the style. The stigmas of Petaloid plants are Terminal, e.g., Lotus, Com- posite; Radiate in Papaveraceae; Lateral in Legu- minosae; and Petaloid in Irisaceae. XII -- THE FRUIT By fissionation by the pollen the ovule is finally converted into a seed, and this, together with its cover- ing, forms the fruit. The case or covering of the fruit is termed the Pericarp, whether by either dry or succulent. When dry no distinct layers are perceptible, but when succulent three parts may be distinguished, viz. -- 1. The Epicarp, corresponding to the epidermis of the leaf. 2. The Mesocarp, corresponding to the paren- chyma of the lower surface of the leaf. 3. The Endocarp or Putamen, corresponding to the epidermis of the upper surface of the leaf, enclosing the seed. 31 XIII. - DEHISCENCE. Fruits are called Infallible in which there is a hard pericarp, and which fall from the plant without allowing the escape of the seed. If the fruit breaks up and allows the ripe seed to escape, it is called Dehiscent. There are three modes of Dehiscence, viz.— 1. Valvular: the fruit opening longitudinally along the lines of its natural sutures, the parts being like the folds of valves. (a) Septal: each carpel is syncarpous, petalil separating, and dividing the septa into component parts. (b) Loculicidal: each carpel opening at its dorsal suture. (c) Sepatlifugal: each dissection broken transversely by a placenta standing in the centre of the ovary and partially separ- ate from the walls. 2. Traverse or Circumserrate: the upper and lower surfaces of the fruit are divided by trans- verse rent, the latter being left unoverlaid by the former falling off like a lid. 3. Poreus: the fruit opening only by small pores. Fruits may be Simple or Compound produced by a single flower and Multiple (by more than one flower). Of the former there are two subdivisions: Apeocarpous and Syncarpous. The Apocarpous may be Simple or Compound; the Syncarpous Inferior or Superior. The Simple Apocarpous Fruits are two in number, viz.— I. The Legume: dehiscing by dorsal and ventral sutures. 89 **2 The Lomentum; differing from the foregoing by its moniliform construction at intervals.** (a) The *Utricle* is a simple apocarpous fruit sometimes delibescing, and is one-celled or many-seeded, with a loose membranous pericarp. (b) The *Drupe* is a simple apocarpous fruit never delibescing and is one-celled and one-seeded, with a flaky sarcopar and a bony endocarp. **Compound Apocarpous Fruits are the following:** 1. The *Follicle;* delibescing only by a single suture. 2. The *Ament;* a compound fruit with only one cell and is tipped by the remnant of the style. 3. The *Heteroc;* examples of which are: (a) The *Caryophyllus,* with a sessile succulent receptacle, upon which are numerous achene. (b) The *Raspberry,* in which the receptacle is deeply concaved, and supports a number of drupes. 4. The *Cynarodorum or Rose-hijs:* an invertable heteroc, consisting of achenes received into a hollow succulent receptacle. **Superior Syneridium Fruits are these:** 1. Inhicient. (a) The *Carpospis,* composed of two carpels usually, and having a dry closely attached pericarp (as in Grossularia, Oats, etc.). (b) The *Samia,* having two free coherent achene, the margins being winged (Ash and Elm). A diagram showing the structure of a follicle. 35 (c) The *Carcinaria*, a collection of coccii or carpi, separated from the base of the carpophore, but connected at the upper part. (d) The *Tryma*, a compound drupe (Walnut), sometimes having a fibrous outer coat (Cocoon). In the above ((c), (d)), (c), (d) is the pericarp. Dry. In the following the pericarp is Succulent: (a) The *Nuculamnus* or *Uva*, a fruit with a pericarp, enclosing numerous seeds en- veloped by a fleshy coat (Grape). (b) The *Hesperidum* or *Orange*: like the grape, but the sepals are permanent, within which is the pulp, and surround- ing which is the rind. 2. Dehiscent (a) The *Caprea*, a fruit one or more called, many times, a berry, and is dehiscent in Colchicum: Porous dehiscence in Poppy; and Transverse dehiscence in Hyoscyamus, in which case it is called a *Furcula*. (b) The *Siluca* consists of two carpi only, with plicate placentation. It contains a region of cells, which is the true dehis- cence is valvular. A siluca is a short and broad siluca (order Cruciferae). Inferior **Sympetalous** Fruits -- 1. Indehiscent, dry and succulent. (a) The *Glaia* or *Nut*, a one-celled, single- seeded fruit, and generally sealed in a hood of bracts or cupule (the *Aurum*). 34 (6) The *Cypsela*, an inferior achene, with a scale in form of a pappus (in Compositae). (c) The *Crucemary*, an inferior caruncula, composed of two carpels called *Mersy* (in order Umbelliferae). The Succulent are :— (a) The *Bacca* or *Berry*, an inferior mucleum (the *Grape-berry*). (b) The *Fruit* of the Apple, like the bacon, but possessed of an endocarp forming a more or less bony core (Apple, Hawthorn). (c) The *Pome* is sessile-celled and pulpy, with a thickened rind. (d) The *Balanta* or *Pomogranate* is remark- able for having its carpels in two stories placed side by side. Dehiscent This fruit is seen only in the Campanula, and is called *Diplactis* ; it is exactly like the *Cypsela*, but the seed is inferior. Multiple or Anthocarpous Fruits— 1. The *Cone*, an elongated fruit composed of hardened scales, each bearing in its axis one or more seeds, which are enclosed in and called *Gymnosperm* (as the Fir-tree and Cypresses). 2. The *Galbium* is more rounded than the Cone, and the extremities of its scales are flattened like a cup (as the Pine). 3. The *Strobilus*, in this the scales are mem- branous, and the axes enclosed in carpels, but otherwise like the Cone (as the Pine). 4. The *Sorosis*, the ripe product of numerous flowers, appearing single on account of their close coherence (Mulberry and Pine-apple). 5. The *Sperma*, a ripe Conesthism (the Fig). 50 **OFFICIAL FRUITS.** Anethum. Anethum Graveolens. Dill. Anisum. Pimpinella Anisum. Anise. Aurantium. Citrus Bigaradia and Citrus Aurantium. Quince. Bela. Egle Marmelos. Basil. Capitulum. Capitulum Fastigiatum. Curcumae officinalis. Curcuma. Cassia. Cassia Fistula. Colocynthis. Citrullus Colocynthis. Coriander. Salviae. Coriander. Corydalis. Medicus. Cudahy. Cubeba officinalis. Cubeba. Elatior. Echalion officinarum. Squirting Cucum- ber. Ficus Carica. Fig. Fenecium Dulce. Fenkel. Jujube officinalis. Jujube. Limon. Citrus Limonum. Lemon. Lupulus. Humulus Lupulus. Hop. Morus Nigra. Mulberry. Glycyrrhiza. Glycyrrhiza Olea Europaea, yielding? Olium Oleum. Papaver Somniferum. White Poppy. Pimento. Eugenia Pimenta. Pimento. Piper Nigrum. Pepper Prunus domestica, officinalis. Plum Rhamnus Cathartica. Buckthorn Rosa Canina. Dog Rose Ruta graveolens. Rue Sabadilla. Asparagus officinalis Tamarindus Indica. Tamarind Vitis Vinifera. Grape 56 XIV. - THE OVULE. The Ovule, in its earliest condition, takes origin from the "internal edge of a carpelary leaf"; and when it has been fecundated, and contains an embryo, is termed a Seed. An ovule is termed Solitary when there is only one in an ovary. When the number can be counted with ease the ovule is termed Monocarpic. When the ovules are very numerous, they are said to be Indefinite. An Erect Ovule is that which appears to rise from the base of the ovary and to stand upright. A Pendulous Ovule is that which hangs from the summit of the ovary. It is often misleading when it apparently rises from the side near the bottom, and is directed upwards. It is Suspended if near the top, and hangs downwards. When it is straight outwards, it is called Peltate or Horizontal. At first the ovule presents a small projection from the placenta, termed the "nucleus," this being the part which is separated from the rest. It is termed the Funiculus or Funiculopodum. Two coverings for the ovule are by degrees developed from its base, where it is joined by the continuous membrane of the placenta. The outer covering is called the Integumentum Externum ; the outer the Integumentum Internum. The ovule may be enclosed in a cavity formed by either of these coats, but a small space is left called the Micropyle or Foramen, the opening in the internal coat being called the Radiculostome, that in the outer the Exostome. Contiguous to this cavity on one side is formed a cavity called the Embryo Sac. The spot where the funiculus actually joins the nucleus is termed the Chalaza. A diagram showing the structure of an ovule. 37 When the base of the ovule turns towards the placenta, and its apex away from it, the ovule is termed **Orthotropus**. If the chalazus turns away from, and the micropyle towards the placenta, the ovule is called **Anatropus**. In the Anatropus, the micropyle is placed close together, and the funiculus forms a cord-like projection on the surface of the ovule termed the *Rapha*. If the chalazus turns towards, and the micropyle away from, the placenta, U, and brings the hilum and chalazus in contact with that the micro- pyle, it is termed **Campylopterus**. When the funiculus grows up so as to push the chalazus up and the micropyle down, thus causing the long axis of the ovule to be horizontal, it is called **Amphitropus**. **XV. THE SEED.** The Seed consists of an outer covering called the **Testa** or Epipariem, and an inner the **Tegmen**. The former is either woody, membranous, soft, or pulpy, Occasionally a third covering is present; this is called an *Arilium* when growing upwards and originating from the funiculus, and an *Arilide* when growing downwards and originating from the micropyle. By the side of these three coverings may be found also the albumen (when present), called Pera or Endo-epiparm. Albminuous seeds are those possessing this endo- parum. Examples of such seeds are: The *Caryopsis* which may be strictly or mainly (in the Wheat), *Alysicarpus*, *Barberry*, *mullicipina* (in the Mallow), hard and leavy (in the Linseed). It is termed *Reminiscens* in the Name, where it is said to resemble a Reminiscence. The Embryo itself consists of a *Funicule* or Radicle and one or more cotyledons. The *Funicule* always turns away from the micropyle, the radicle towards it. 58 Plants containing two seed-leaves receive the name of Dicotyledons; plants containing only one seed-leaf are called Monocotyledons. Plants with many seed-leaves (a rare circumstance) are termed Polycotyledons. Those with no seed-leaves, as in all Cryptogamic Plants, receive the name of Acnycotyledons. If the seed-leaf is divided into two parts at the kernel, it is termed Aerial; if without its centre, Eccentric or Axial. When the seed-leaf is folded over the back of the cotyledon, it is Foliated (the radicle lying along the edge of the cotyledon), or Accumulate (the radicle lying along the edge of the cotyledon). XVI.—GERMINATION. The embryo of a ripe seed, when placed under the proper conditions, enlarges, becomes active, and, rup- turing its surrounding coat, produces a new plant. This process is called Germination. The chief necessary conditions for its production are Moisture, Heat, Air, or Oxygen. Heat is favourable to germination of light. The temperature most favourable to germinating plants is a temperature of 60° to 80° Fahr. Much greater heat is required by some terrestrial plants; and germination takes place only when the cotyledons are very little above the freezing point. So long as a seed is dry, it will not sprout, but di- rectly moistened it begins to grow and to promote its development. Water being absorbed, the cells become dilated, and the integument broken, thus admitting the air of the atmosphere. In this state a film of water is formed (distase), by which the starch of the embryo is converted into dextrine and grape sugar (glucose). These substances nourish the plant. 59 That these changes may take place, air or oxygen is requisite; carbonic anhydride is given off, and heat is evolved. If buried deep in the soil, a seed will not germinate. A seed will not germinate in the dark than in the light, and more in diffused daylight than in direct sunlight. Chemical rays of the solar spectrum are most favourable to germination than light-yielding rays. The most favourable conditions for germination are that the seed be placed at a moderate depth in the soil, which is moistened with water, and kept in the air, and prevent moisture and heat escaping. Larger seed should be planted at a greater depth than smaller ones. The time required for germination varies greatly, being longest in those which have been dried and have a dense coat, and shortest in those which are fresh. The appearance of the embryo is hastened by soaking the seed in water. Germination of Dictyoliedna In Dictyoliedna the nutriential supply of the seeds is either in the form of mycelium in the coryledons especially, or in the form of peristome cells surrounding it. When these seeds commence to sprout, the radicle first appears at the mycelium or peristome, and then the protuberance of the cotyledon. In some cases the cotyledons remain below the ground, and are called Hypogaeal; in others they rise above the ground in the form of leaves, and are termed Epigeal. The plumule appears between the two cotyledons, which at first so cut up that the embryo seems Palycoptedaceous, as is observed in the Fucus or Conifera. 40 No necessary relation is borne by the cotyledonary leaves to the vegetative or true leaves. **Germination of the Monocotyledona.** The embryo in many Monocotyledona presents no distinct parts, and merely resembles a conical mass tapering at one end, nearly truncated at the other, having a short horizontal axis. Through this axis appear the plumule, and from the truncated end are developed adventitious roots; the tapering part is the solitary cotyledon. The radicle is soon cut off, and from it adventitious roots are developed, by which the external covering of the radicle is pierced. The monospermous or monodocious seeds possess albumen, which is usually absorbed entirely. In these seeds the solitary cotyledon is wholly or partially retained in the seed-coat during germination. **XVII. - Fecundation.** The existence of male and female flowers has been recognised from very ancient times. It is supposed that in fecundation or propagation of the individual the pollen of the stamens is thrown upon the stigma of the pistil, so conveyed to the ovary. Some flowers, however, have been observed to produce fruit independently of any pollen agency; but, in general, the pollen has been conveyed from a distant flower (the anther), and deposited on such only pistils as are rule produced), giving rise to stamens. To measure the pollen grains being applied to the stigma, the relative lengths of the style and the stamens vary according to the nature of the flower, whether pendulous or erect, the stamens being shorter than the 41 style in the former and larger in the latter. In some plants (the Nettle) the natters burst forcibly, and the pollen is scattered by the wind. Insects are very important agents in the fecundation of plants. They are attracted by the presence of sugar in the flowers, and they visit them to obtain food, and in their search they rub off the pollen, which they carry to the next flower they sight upon. Contact with water must be avoided by pollenating, since it is easily washed away by rain or dew. During rain, therefore, the flower is inverted or closed, and, in most aquatic plants, the blossom is shaded above. After long keeping the pollen becomes incapable of fecundating the ovule. In some cases (the Date Palm), however, it has been kept for seventy two years, and has produced fruit, which was found to be Tocantinian plant, it is useless after forty-eight hours. In some Pinaceae there are produced very large quantities of pollen, especially during the sulphur showers. The large amount of pollen in these plants is due to the difficulty of carrying pollen sufficient for fertilisation. This difficulty is one of the most me- nacious character of their organ of reproduction. Usually the pollen of a single another suffices to fertilise an ovule. But when there is doubt as to the presence of more than one stamen it is necessary to render certain that enough pollen shall be conveyed to the stigma. The amount of pollen necessary for the fertilisation of a flower entirely varies with the number of the ovules contained by the ovary; and even when the pollen is applied to the stigma, some allowance must be made for some of the grains not coming into contact with the ovule. 42 **XVIII.—MORPHOLOGY.** With regard to their outward form, Plants are divided into: 1. Phanerogamic or Flowering Plants (sexuality apparent); and 2. Cryptogamic or Flowerless Plants (sexuality concealed). The Phanerogamic produce **flowers**, and seeds containing **endosperm**. They are divided into: 1. Exogenae; and 2. Endogenae. THE EXOGENAE OR DICOTYLEDONS At an early period of their history, the Exogenae consist of an Internal Parenchyma, which is regular or irregular. External to this is a circle of Indefinite Fibro-vascular Bundles which Anastomose with each other, forming a network of fibrous strands, which are filled with bands of cellular tissue. These bands connect the central parenchyma or pith with the outer layer of flattened cells, by which eventually the bark is formed. Between the bark and the fibro-vascular bundles is found the Cylindrical Layer. The whole is enveloped by the Epidermis. Thus, at this epoch, the composition of the Exogenae stem is the following: 1. Epidermis 2. Fibro-vascular Bundles 3. Cambium Layer 4. Parenchyma of the Bark 5. Epidermis This is the permanent condition of an herbaceous Dicotyledon. The structure of one which is intended for a longer existence than two years is more complex. In the latter is found a central pith, composed of cells. In plants of one or two years of age the pith relatively is not so large as that of the stem, as in herbaeous or very young plants. In rapidly growing plants, as in the Umbelliferae, sufficiently large cells cannot be produced to fill the space intended for the pith, so that the stem is hollow, except at the root. In the endogenous stems of grasses the same condition is present. In the walnut tree a regular alternation of septa and cavities is observed; this arrangement constitutes the so-called "cavities" of the stem. The internal portion of the fibro-vascular bundles, by which the pith is immediately surrounded, is composed of cells and vessels which are rarely seen in any other part of the stem. This ring is termed the Medullary sheath, and from it vessels are sent out to the leaves. The greater portion of the wood consists of long, narrow, parallel bundles of woody fibres, usually combined with pitted or dotted ducts, and the whole is arranged in concentric circles around the pith. The medullary rays running from the pith to the bark break up these circles into wedge-shaped masses. In the spring new growth appears, which arises from the ducts being more internal than the woody fibres, and from smaller compact cells being produced at the end of the season, and the arrest of growth by cold weather. In tropical countries the stoppage of growth is usually due to drought. In these regions more than one ring may be formed during one year, and again, in some tribes, as the Cycas, a single circle requires several years for its completion. 43 44 Generally speaking, however, by counting the cen- tric rings, and accrediting one to each year, the age of an Exogenous tree can be ascertained with accu- racy. The ducts usually are surrounded by woody fibres, but there are many variations. The wood of the Conifer is almost exclusively com- posed of parenchyma cells. With increas of size of the trees the older parts of the wood increase in density, since secondary deposits are formed within their cells, and at length these become imper- vious. This central portion is termed the Heartwood or Darmatum, and is separated from the rest of the stem, in consequence of the deposition in it of peculiar secretions, as observed in the mahogany and ebony tree. The outer portion, in which the cells are not so thickened, is termed the Alburnum or Sapwood, since through it ascends the fluids destined for the nourish- ment of the leaves. It has been stated that the wood is arranged in wedges, bounded laterally by the medullary rays. These rays are composed of cells placed one over the other (uniformal parenchyma), and belong to the horizontal system of the plant. They connect the cellular walls with pits, such that of the bark. The rays which extend external distance from the bark to the pith are termed Primary. As the original wedge is cut off, it is replaced by a new one by way, it is simultaneously cut up into a new set of rays, and these only stretch to the bark from the ring of the year in which they took origin, and are thus termed Secondary. In all growing plants, and immediately external to the sap-wood and separating it from the bark, is found 45 a layer of cells retaining their primordial utricles. To this layer the term Cambium is given. It is of a green colour. From the cambium layer the wood internally and the bark externally are developed. To the importance of this structure is due the peculiar quality of unlimited growth in the Exocarp. The collective name of bark is applied to the struc- tures outside the cambium, and four sets of these may be recognised: 1. Liber or Endophleum. 2. Green Collar Layer or Mesophleum. 3. Suberous, Corky Layer or Epiphleum. 4. Medullar Layer. The parenchymatous structures are here internal, the cellular being external, whereas in the wood the re- verse is the case. The bark, moreover, grows from the inside, and not from the outside. Upon occasion, an Enigmatic Tree presents the following parts—
1. The Epiphyllum or Outside.
2. The Mesophleum or Center.
3. The Corky Layer or Epiphleum.
4. The Cambium Layer (in growing plants).
5. The Soft Wood or Alburnum.
6. The True Wood or Lignum.
7. The Pith or Medulla.
The Leaves of these plants are net-veined and articu- lated to the stem. The embryo consists of never less than two seed-labia, and sometimes three. The sepals and petals, when they exist, are in fours or fives, seldom in threes. The embryo has rarely more than two seed-labia. 46 The roots are *Exarchal*, i.e., taking origin by de- velopment of the radicle outside the root. The *Exarcha* are divided into --- 1. *Angiospermae*, or those with covered seeds; and 2. *Gymnospermae*, or those with the seeds naked. The *Angiospermae*, again, include the five following varieties --- (a) *Thalamifera*, in which the corolla is polypetalous, and stamens are hypogynous; (b) *Galipifera*: corolla polypetalous; stamens either epigynous or perigynous. (c) *Corollifera*: corolla monopetalous; sta- mens inserted into the petals (epipetalous). (d) *Monochlamyde*: with calyx only. (e) *Achilifera*: wanting both calyx and corolla. THE ENDOGENOUS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS. In those the stems are composed of pachychema not separable into pith and bark, called endogenous in consequence of the peculiarity of the development of the fibro-vascular bundles. There is a general pith in which curved fibro-vascular bundles are arranged peculiarly. The bundles pass bodily into the leaves with which they are connected at their bases, but as they approach the stem, they bend outwards, and, by interlacing, compose a network which separates the central from the cortical parenchyma. Occasionally the cells of the cortical part retain for a time the primordial utricule, and form a kind of cam- eum layer, differing from that of the Dicotyledons in 47 enhancing the bundles, not at the side, but at their extremities only. In the herbaceous Monocotyledons the stem is com- posed of a succulent parenchyma having thorns, stringy bundles diffused through it, and even where woody stems are found, they are covered with a layer of cork upon the hardening of the parenchyma by secondary de- posits than upon the fibre-vascular bundles. The external surface of the stem is bounded by a rind, which consists of sponiform parenchyma, upon which are a few layers of tubular cells, in some cases made up into a true epidermis, but of corky texture when most developed. The fibre-vascular bundles take origin at the organic aspect of the plant or putamen vegetations, and from this they branch out in all directions, upwards towards the root, and upwards towards the leaves; and, if the stem is of great length, they arrive at the rind before getting to the root, or at least before it has been formed by the thorn. The lower part of the bundles is connected internally with the rind, which is inseparable from them. The mesophyll of the vascular bundles is situated in the outer part of the cortex; in this part it is harder than the internal. Endogenous stems are usually cylindrical, since the cortical parts are continuous, and thus the stems are not capable at an early period of increasing their diameter. An exception is observed in the case of the Dracaena or Dragon-tree (Dracaena), where increase does not take place, and which may attain a great size. The leaves are marked by parallel straight veins, often almost parallel to each other. The embryo contains only one cotyledon, and the parts of the flowers are in threes. The roots are Endarchal, i.e., the radicle never di- velops; but below the rind of the stem in the lower 48 past conical projections of cellular tissue arise, which pass through the rind, and carry before them a portion formed like a conical cap (the Peltorizus), part remaining as a collar and clasping the rootlet. The true bark is a layer of cells, in which no concentric rings can be made out; and the wood increases internally. There is no true bark, and the age approximates to that of the tree by annual growth, and dividing the height of the tree by its amount. The Endogena are subdivided into :- (a) *Spadifera* ; flowers upon a spatix ; either naked or enclosed in a sheath or spatula. (b) *Petaloides* ; flowers mostly with corolla and calyx, both green or both coloured, or the calyx only green. (c) *Glumifera* ; flowers in spikes with scaly or bristly perianth ; leaves with sheathing leaf at base or tubular, and generally linear or acuminate. THE CRYPTOGRAMME Differ from the Phanerogamæ, 1. In the structure of their sexual organs, and their absence of flowers. 2. Their reproductive bodies (spores) are deficient of an embryo, and generally consist of simple cells. They are divided into Acrogenea and Thallogenæ. THE ACROGENE. Have a distinct stem and leaves, and possess stomata (breathing pores). Leaves and cells compose the stem, and in the centre are sometimes found wood-cells and fibre-vascular bundles.
49
These are divided into : 1. Filices or Ferns. 2. Hepaticae or Horsetails. 3. Musci or Mosses. 4. Hepaticae or Liverworts. 5. Marchantiae or Pepperworts. 6. Lycopsidae. 7. Characeae. **FILICES OR FERNS.** In these the Fronds or Leaves are greatly developed, the stems only slightly so, usually remaining under- ground at the base, but rising up to a vertical or horizontal direction, the latter giving off their leaves singularly, the former in tufts. The tufted condition is due to the presence of a root-like organ, which may be observed in the Tree Ferns and in the Lady Fern. In the case of the arborescent ferns, however, the stem often attains a great height. The Fronds or leaves present nearly the same struc- ture as in the Phanerogams, but they are frequently much cut up, and their venation is usually circinate, except in some of the Lycopsidae. The Venation is forked, and the fruit is generally seen in the forks of the veins. The Sori are found on the costa or sporangia or spo- rangium; these are little membraneous sacs, found as a rule on the lower surface of the leaf. In the case of the Lycopsidae, the sporangium is partly surrounded by a ring of cells termed an Annulus, which assists in the rupture of the sac when ripens. The sporangia are collected below the leaf into groups called Sori; these are either Naked, or covered by a membrane, the Indusium. 50 The chief varieties of fomes are the following, viz.: Polypodiaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Schizomaceae, Marattiaceae, and Ophioglossaceae. The annulus in the Polypodiaceae is vertical. It is oblique in Hymenophyllaceae ; horizontal in Gleicheniaceae ; cup-shaped in Schizomaceae ; broad and imbedded in the leaf-base; and wanting in Marattiaceae and Ophioglossaceae. The sporangia in Marattiaceae are collected into a kind of cup-like structure at the base of the leaf, or on the scuppe at the edge of the leaf in Hymenophyllaceae, and are elevated on spiky-like processes in Ophioglossaceae. The spores resemble pollen grains, and possess two coats, of which the outer coat is frequently marked by papillae. **EQUITERIAE OR HORSETAILS** These are herbaceous plants, found generally in marshy localities. A solid jointed, subterranean rhizome represents the stem, from the surface of which arise slender leaves, each bearing a single terminal leaf. Whorls of minute scales at each joint represent the leaves. The stems are either simple or compound. In some the compound stems are barren, and the simple ones fertile; in the rest they are all barren. A bulb-shaped mass, which is composed of a short axis having a multitude of sporangia. The sporangia are like a mushroom shape, and have minute pouches under their edges; these, when mature, burst and liberate the spores. Four short filaments called Echidnae are produced from each sporangium. The Fomes and Horsetails are characterised by having only one kind of spore, and by the formation of a prothallium. 51 **MUSCI OR MOSSES.** The Musci have branched or filiform stems, the latter creeping, the former erect. The leaves are green, small, cellular organs, sometimes arranged in two rows, but generally in one row only. They are produced on lateral shoots, as in the creeping forms, or the ex- tremity of the stem, as in those which are erect. The leaves of the Musci and their roots are called *Pericarpial.* The *Theca* or *Sporangium* springs from a portion called the *Architegnum*, and, during growth, carries before it a leafy shoot, which it finally overthrows the theca, and is termed *Calyptra*. The remaining part closely surrounds the Seta or stalk of the sporan- gium (see fig. 30), and is called *Pistillidium.* In addition to the external envelope of *Calyptra*, the sporangium generally possesses a special lid or *Operculum*, which drops off and brings to view the mouth of the sporangium, through which the spores or fringes of teeth. In the centre of the leafy thallus exists a body, commonly called *Architegnum*, a hollow body, the rest being filled up with spores. The female organ is termed the *Pistil- lidium*. The male organ, the *Architegnum*, is a some- what elongated body, consisting of two parts, one, and holding numerous cells or zooteeth, in each of which is contained a *Spermatozoid.* It is ruptured by an opening in the apex. Numerous filiform bodies or *Paraphyses* surround the anthelia; these are in all probability abortive anthelia. The antheridia and pistillidia may be on the same or on different plants. The spores of musci possess two coats, and are simi- lar to pollen grains. 53 **HEPATICACEAE OR LIVERWORTS** There are two varieties of these, the forms of which are widely different. One, the Hepaticace proper, possesses leaves and thalloid stems; the other, the *Jungermanniace*, bears a close resemblance to the *moss*, but differs from it in having a stem, to branching meses; but, since the leaves are in two rows, the stem appears flattened. The Hepaticace proper, in the place of leaves and stema, present a kind of Thallus, which is analogous to the foliaceous stem of the Duckweed. The *Anthocerotaceae* represented by *Antheridia* and *Patellidia* or *Archeogonia* The anthoceridia are seated in the axils of the leaves of the Jungermanniace, in the naked receptacles in Marchantia and *Riccia* in the Ricciace. In structure they are analogous to that of mosses. In the Marchantiaaceae and Jungermanniaceae the archegonia are imbedded in the front. In the Ricciaceae they are imbedded in the front. The Patellidia are flask-shaped and cellular, with an external wall of a thin consistency, through which after formation becomes enlarged, and breaks through its epidermis, leaving this latter enveloping its base in the form of a sheath. Wagner. Associated with them frequently surround the vaginula, and the perigone is itself enveloped by perichinal leaves. With the exception of Anthoceridiae, the sperangia contain no columnella, and claters are mixed with the spores. In the Ricciaceae the sperangia are imbedded in the expansion of the thallus. In the Marchantiae the archegonia, from which spring the sperangia, are situated on the under surface of peculiar pellate receptaculum. 58 **MARIILEACAE OR PEPPERWORTS** These are small of leafy herbaceous plants which grow in marshy situations or in the water. The stem in the former kind consists of a slender, creeping rhizome; in the latter it merely serves as a stem for the leaves, which are alternate and small, ovate or quadratam. The fruit consists of globular, stalked capsules called *sporocarps*, which spring from the base of the leaves. In the former kind they are two or three, in the latter one or two kinds of spores. The these are contained in receptacles produced in the same (*Piliularis*), or in different (*Salvinia*) sporocarps. **LYCOPODIACEAE** In these the fruit is fleshy and not stalked, as in the preceding order. Their stems are creeping and slender, branching in a bifurcating manner, rooting at their bi- fusional points. The leaves are imbricated and small, arranged in two vertical rows in Salvinia, and spirally in Lycoptodium. The fruit is a globular, stalked capsule, the wing contained in cases, situated in the axile of the leaves. In Salvinia the longest sporangium in the cone grows on a large spore, which subsequently germinates; but in Lycoptodium apparently there is only one kind of spore. The leaves of these aquatic plants resemble corms, and produce cylindrical, slender leaves (which contain air) from a subdary bud on the superior surface, and adventitious roots from the inferior surface. These adventitious roots are similar to those of the leaves, and consist of numerous suckers. Some sporangia yield spores resembling pollen, whilst others produce 54 spores similar to the large spores of Selaginella, which alone are capable of germinating. The Lycopsidaceae and Marsileaceae are associated, in consequence of producing two sorts of spores. CHARACTER. The exact position of this order is somewhat doubtful, but they are usually placed under Aegoeae. In these the reproductive organs are of two kinds, and are either united together on one axis, or separate, either upon different plants or upon the same plant. The sexual organs are called Globules and Nucules. The Anemoneum or Globule is globular and red in colour. It is placed at the centre of a body composed of eight valves made up of cells, and which radiate from a centre; each valve fits by teeth into its neighbour's groove. The outermost, or longest- shaped cell, is lateral, uniting with those given off by the other at the centre of the globula. At this point may be seen a central cavity, which expands outwards to wall in order to unite with them. From the central point a large number of conoidif laminae arise, in each of which is opened a fimbriated spermatoid. The latter is fertilised by the spermatozoa by suddenly rupturing the cell-walls. The Spore or nucule is of oval shape, similar in a branched manner to cells compose its wall, and are ar- ranged in a spiral, being terminated by a crown of five or ten small cells. Protoplast fills the interior. Be- tween these cells may be seen a space sufficed access for the spermatoids. When fertilised, the nucule falls off and germinates, somewhat similarly to the seed of a monocotyledon. 55 **THE THALLOGENAE** Have no distinct stem, stolon, leaves, or true buds. Their forms are only fairly regular, and they are purely cellular in structure. They comprise —— 1. Lichens or Lichens. 2. Fungi or Mushrooms. 3. Algae or Sea-weeds. **LICHENS OR LICHENS** In lichens the thallus is foliaceous or in the form of a crust, and is either sessile or is less spread- ing, when crustaceous, it closely adheres to its sup- port. Lichens are never aquatic, and generally grow in exposed situations. In the thallus are usually observed two distinct layers, one firm, dry, and coriocal, of a greyish colour, and a central part which is loose, of which the cells are colourless, but which contains some green cells termed *Genidia*. From the Genidia plant-like buds or layers may be reproduced. The organs of reproduction in lichens are of two kinds. One variety consists of hollows in the frond called *pores*, through which pass the *spores*, and contain *Paraphyses*, having elongated cells called *Anci* or *Thac*, each of these containing four to eight spores. The spores, when mature, make their escape by the perithecial openings. To lichens possessing the above organs the name of *Amoebophyta* or *Amoeboptera* is given. The other variety of fruit is called an *Apothecium*. In this the same thing, with their pores, and para- physes are present; but these are placed upon the 56 superior surface of a kind of cup, either stalked or sessile. The stalk, when present, is termed a Podetium. Lichens are termed Gymnocarpous when they have this kind of cup. The main principle appears to originate in chambers resembling perithecia; but these are smaller, and are called Sporocarps. In the last are contained bodies called *sporomata*, club-shaped bodies which are thought to be the agents in fertilisation. **FUNGI OR MUSHROOMS.** In these the vegetative and sexual organs are mixed up. The Mycellum or Thallus is allose in all, consisting of branched, tubular filaments, containing no colouring material. Its size varies very considerably. Fungi are plants which do not contain chlorophyll on living objects or by decaying organic matters. They are highly nitrogenised, and contain no starch or chlorophyll. The spores in mushrooms are either naked or en- closed in a case, which is called Conidia, and is capable of vegetative production. In midwives and mounds a branching mycelium is found, and produces a large number of spores, which are terminated by tufts of diverse-coloured spores, either free or contained in sacs. To these is given the name of *Hyphoblastus*. From their mycelium or spawn some mushrooms pro- duce a kind of fleshy mass, called *Stroma* or *Recepta- culum*, in which are produced chambers resembling those of the angiospermae lichens, and also called *Perithecia*. In these chambers are contained spores which are supported upon filaments called *Style-spores*, or upon 57 tubular sacs holding spores called *Theca* or *Ascit*. To these fungi the name *Pyrenomycetous* is given. In other fungi, such as the *Trichomycetes*, which gives support to organs resembling the apothecia of lichena, upon which are situated ascid and style-spores. In *Hymenomycetes* (Mushrooms), a distinct organ, the *lamella*, is found on the surface of the mycelium, termed a *Volva*, which becomes ruptured as the mush- room develops. To the broad, flattened part the name of *Pileus* is given; on its under-surface *Lamellae* or *Gills* are arranged. The *Lamella* consist of vertical plates, which radiate from the centre to the circumference of the pileus, and collectively are called the *Hymenium*. This portion of the mushroom is often used as a covering, the *Indusium*, of which a part is attached permanently to the *Stipe* or stalk, and is called the *Amanita*. From the sides of the lamella the spores project, called Basidio-sporus, since they are supported on Basidio or little stalks. In some of these there are no gills, these being replaced by other forms of laminae or processes. In some, as in Pustus, the stigmas give support, not to single basidiospores but to groups of four or eight spores are contained, and thus termed *Theca* spores or *Ascospores*. In the *Fungus* Fungi (Poofballs, etc.), the Peridium, when young, contains a convolute lamina, upon which are developed the basidio-sporus. This lamina soon decays, the spores being set free in the interior of the Peridium. Among the Truffles, the laminae are convoluted irregu- 58 larly, but are not held in a peridium, and give origin to ano-anoa, not basido-spores. Very little is known of the spermatia of fungi. ALGAE OR SEAWEEDS. In this group are included the lowest vegetable ; they are mostly marine; some occur in damp places and in fresh water. There are Three Divisions of Algae, viz.: 1. Chlorophyceae, Coniferoides, or Green Alga. 2. Rhodophyceae, Florida, or Red Alge. 3. Melanophyceae, Fucus, or Olive Sea-weeds. GREEN ALGE. These plants, in their simplest condition, are only simple cells having all the powers of reproduction and nutrition by division. In the Diatoms these are the amount of chlorophyll present. A higher condition occurs in which the cells are arranged in elongated filaments, growing either at their extremities, or by division of the cells nearer to the centre. The Euglena and Chlorella are examples among these. In some, Gonidia or Zoospores are formed; these are simply the cell contents without the coat of cytoplasm. With some there are two varieties of spores, large, Macrosporidia, and small, Microsporidia. The latter, by some authors, are considered sperma- toria. The Ulva are broad and long, and are usually green. THE RED ALGE. Very much as to form; some are filamentous and branched; others alubar-like; and their consistency varies from a membraneous state to the hardness of stone, A microscopic image showing algae cells. 59 as in the Cuculliaceae, being due to the carbolamine of lime combined. They are of various colours, but never green. Their reproduction takes place by antheridia, spores, and tetrasporangia. The shape of the antheridia varies ; they consist of numerous cells, each containing a single nucleus, and a sporomazon. The spores are either naked or covered by special concepctacles or cups, called Coccida, Germatidia, and Fungoidia. The concepctacle is composed of two gelatinous coats, by which a granular substance is retained. The spores originate from the cells of pointed thalli. The tetrasporangia are either isolated and naked, or collected into groups upon the surface of the fronds, or occupy cavities termed Hidicidia or Conceptacella. The Fungoidia are formed by four tetrasporangia, supposed to be analogous to Genidia. No zoospores have been found in the Red Algae. THE OLIVE BRAWDERS. These weeds vary in general appearance from small tufted filaments to immense stalks terminated by a branching thallus. In the higher forms, a shrubby aspect, a kind of root, and an epidermal layer are observed. Their colour is not bright green, but in general olive. The zoospores are produced at the ends or joints of the frond, or in each of the cells of a flamentous body called a Trichosporangium; they resemble those of the Genidia. The zoospores from the Trichosporangium have been mistaken for spermatozoa. The zoospores are also termed Perisporae, having a limiting membrane, the Epispore. The perisopes or sporangia are either scattered or 5 GO are arranged in Sori or groups on the frond's surface, or in cavities, Scaphidia or constricta, communi- cating by a pore with its surface. The laminae are composed of club-shaped masses or receptacles at the edges of the frond. The anthelia are ovate sacs which contain Anthe- riae or Constricta, and are attached to the frond, and appear on slender filaments in the same or other plants, and in the same plant or other constrictae as the spores. On the same plant, they are called Monoceros ; if on different plants, they are called Diceros. The constrictae with the spores, they are Hermaphroditi. Of the slender filaments constitute of anthelia the name of Paraphyses is given. XIX.—THE SAP. After the lethargy of the winter, the roots of plants, in the early spring, resume their full and renewed activity. By the action of this distensible vegetable membrane of the roots, the starch they contain is converted into dextrine, and subsequently into sugar. A process of accumulation takes place in the cells of the roots, which are in- creased in density, through the solubility of the sugar, and thus the soil fluid passes into the interior of the plant. Simultaneously with this increase in density, the plant acquires increased activity; exhalation becomes more energetic, and in consequence of an increase in density of the cells of that part, the sap tends to pass upwards. As is well known, when there is an abundance of sap, the ascent of this fluid may be in some measure induced by capillary straction, since capillary straction is most active within a certain height; and these fluids being constantly renewed by evaporation or other means, an upward current is a necessary consequence. 61 The ascending sap chiefly consists of water, carbonic acid, and oxygen; but contains also various soluble matters derived from the soil. There are two kinds thereof as to the course of the ascending and descending sap. In Acerops the course of the fibre-vacuole bundles seems to be that of the ascending sap; in the cellular, like Fungi, there is no definite route. It has been held that there is no descending current of the sap after the leaves have fallen. It would appear that in Monocotyledons the sap takes the course of the isolated bundles, the chief ascending channel being the elongated cells which surround the terminal bud. It is universally admitted that in Dicotyledons there is an ascending current of crude, and a descending current of elaborated sap. By this means these processes are occasioned there is great difference of opinion. The general idea is that this fluid passes upwards by way of the vessels. In the spring, before the development of the leaves, but after absorption by the roots has commenced, every part of the plant is gorged with fluid, and in some plants, as the Vines, and in some Leguminous plants, the vegetable sap escapes. Upon attaining the level of the leaves, light and air excite their activity, and then begins the descent of the elaborated sap, but in what manner, opinions are divided. It is generally agreed that the bark is the chief agent in conveying this fluid to the leaves; but some think that the intercellular spaces and the vessels are the chief agents engaged, others holding that the principal channels are the labyrinthine vessels. From the bark the medullary rays convey towards the elaborated juices. 62 The actual cause of the descent of the tap is un- known, but in dicotyledons it is certain that it takes place. In fruit trees a process termed "ringing" is adopted. This consists in preserving them of a circular band of bark, which prevents the sap from passing into the sap, and is favourable to the production of fruit on the upper parts. If a plant be made to take up a substance capable of easy recognition by some chemical reaction—such as (1) sulphate of copper, which, when liquor ammoniac is added, forms a blue precipitate; (2) nitrate of silver, or (2) ferrocyanide of potassium, which, with a ferric salt forms a deep Prussian blue, we can estimate the rapidity of the ascent of the sap in each portion of the root from the trunk at different heights, and noting the time at which the first reaction occurs. For this purpose we use plants of plane, hazel, oak, and linden, and measure against them the most powerful auxiliaries. The force of the ascending sap is very great in some plants, and it has been found capable of sustaining a meccan column thirty-eight inches in height. XX.—CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF PLANTS The chemical constituents of plants are (1) Inorganic and (2) Organic. The Inorganic constituents of plants are— 1. Phosphorus, as phosphoric acid in the form of phosphates. 2. Sulphur, as sulphuric acid in sulphates and other acids combined. 3. Potassium, as potash combined with acids. 4. Sodium, as soda combined with acids. 63 5. Silicon, as silica forming silicates. 6. Calcium, as the oxide (Lime) combined with acids. 7. Magnesium, as magnesia combined with acids (pure). 8. Chlorine, in metallic combination, as chlorides. 9. Iodine, in metallic combination, as iodide. 10. Ferrum (Iron), as the pessalt (pure). 11. Magnesia, in metallic combination (very rare). 12. Bromine, combined as bromide. 13. Fluorine, combined as fluoride (very rare). 14. Aluminium, very rare as such. The same chemical elements do not exist in all plants, and the same plant, when grown in different localities, does not yield ashes having the same composition. Silica exists in large quantities in the stems of grasses, whereas it is very scanty in the leguminous plants. The phosphates are present chiefly in seeds, and they may be almost absent in the stem of the same plant. Lime is abundant in leguminous stems, in grasses it is very scanty, and more of this substance is present in the bark than in the wood of trees, in which situation it is replaced by potash and soda, especially the former. Plants which, as a rule, contain seeds when grown by the water method. In most plants lime abounds ; in the cereal seeds it occurs as the phosphate ; in the Chamaeis it is found as carbonate and sulphate, and in some plants it ap- pears as soda under the form of rapeseed. Silica chiefly occurs in grasses, the Diatomeae and Equisetaceae. 64 Iodine is found only in marine plants. The Organic constituents of plants are—- Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and sometimes Nitrogen united in different proportions; and the compounds are divided into Amiased or Nitrogenous, and Non- Amiased or Carbonaceous. Carbon is by far the most common constituent, and is abstracted by plants from the atmosphere, in which it exists in the form of carbonic acid gas (CO₂). When wood burns or decays, the carbon is converted into carbonic anhydride. Fermentation, or the process of the decay of plants; this cannot be absorbed, but provides a medium for extracting from the air substances, which subsequently may be absorbed by the plants. Hydrogen is a very active element, and is chiefly found as water (H₂) and carbonic anhydride (CO₂). Hydrogen occurs chiefly as water, but is also found combined with oxygen in the form of hydrogen peroxide. The Nitrogenous or Amiased substances usually contain, in addition, Sulphur and Phosphorus. Albu- min is one of these. Next to albumin substance is vegetable Shrime (observed in the tissues of wheat) and vegetable casein (in the legumen of pulse). Ammonia (NH₃) is supposed to supply plants with nitrogenous matter; but much of the soil are also con- sidered to yield this element. The nitrogenuous substances abound more in the seed than in the plant itself; they are situated near the central rather than the interior of the seed; thus, less flesh- forming material resides in the pure white bread (chiefly composed of starch) than in the brown bread, or bread which contains the outer part of the grain of wheat. 65 Soils.—The most abundant constituents of soils are Sand or Silica, Clay or Aluminium Silicate, Lime, Potash, and Vegetable Mould. A loamy soil contains the foregoing in varying proportions. If one of these substances is sufficiently grown on a soil, no matter how fertile, it must eventually abstract the whole of the available matter from the soil which is left behind. This is the case with Lime and Potash; for if any other sort of crop be substituted, its growth may be just as strong, and its produce quite as satis- factory, but this fact is founded the so-called **Rotation** of crops. Silica is chiefly abstracted by cereals; lime, by beans and clover; indiably, by the potato plant. To sup- ply the deficiency of soil salts special manures are employed, the most important ingredients of which are ammonia and phosphates. XXI.—PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FLORAL ENVELOPES The green parts of a flower exercise the same func- tion on the leaves, and in addition protect the delicate organs which are internal to them. These parts, after absorbing certain quantities of hydrate, become oxygène; but the coloured ones absorb carbonic acid and become anhydride. In this way the starch, which is frequently pre- sent in the receptacle, becomes oxidised and trans- formed into sugar, which is then assimilated by the essential organs. Heat-formation.—In consequence of this oxidation, heat is given off by flowers, but the process being gradual, and the exposed surface large, it passes un- perceptibly into the atmosphere around. If the heat is confined, as in the spathes of the 66 Araceae, the temperature has been found to rise from 15° to 50° Fahr. higher than that of the air by which the plant is surrounded. If a plant be placed in oxygen gas, the heat is increased. Age of producing Flowers.—Some plants rise from the seed, produce flowers, and die in a single season; dia; they are called Annuals (1). Others increase in size only during the first year, produce flowers, and decaying during the second year, so termed Perennials (2). A third kind continues to produce flowers for several successive years, in which case they are called Perennials (3). Some plants do not produce flowers until after many years, and die immediately after the maturing of the fruit, as if exhausted by the process. Since this is not uniform in different seasons of the year, and expand with tolerable regularity, a sort of "Floral Calendar" is formed. In flowers which open during the night, there are variations with regard to the time of the day when they expand again. Some open in the early morning, some at noon, and others at evening. A remarkable tendency to shut and open is observed in the Composite. Some plants remain closed during the day, and only open at night. It is evident that all these movements are due to heat, and that they are influenced by light only so far as it is generally accompanied by a certain amount of heat. Colour of Flowers.—The corolla is the part most often coloured, but the calyx and bracts are so occasionally coloured that it is exceedingly variable, and as a specific character of its own use, except among lower plants, as Algae and Fungi. 67 Cultivation exerts a powerful effect in the modification of the colours of flowers; but all the changes are controlled within certain definite limits. Two series of colours are recognised: 1. A series of colours, such as Red, Orange or Blau. These imperceptibly merge into one another, but if a plant belongs to one series, as the blue, it can never be made to assume any other colour. 2. A series of colours, such as Green, Yellow or Brown. These imperceptibly merge into one another, but if a plant belongs to one series, as the green, it can never be made to assume any other colour. **Odour of Flowers—Flowers usually owe their smell to some volatile oil or resin; the odour is generally given out by exposure to sunlight, though sometimes only during the night. The odours of flowers are often the most aromatic, and those of a brown or orange tint usually possess a mild odour. **OFFICIAL SEEDS** Amygdalus Communis Almond. Cardamomum. Eristaria Cardamomum. Cardamon. Calotropis procera. Crotalum Meadow Saffron. Croton Tiglium. Croton. Ergota. Secale Cereale. Ergot. Gesneria speciosa. Colza. Hordeum Distichon. Pearl Barley. Linnun Ustiatatum. Linseed or Flax. Myristica fragrans. Nutmeg. Nux Vomica. Strychnos Nux Vomica. Ricinus Communis. Castor Oil Plant. Sinapis Alba et nigra. White and Black Mustard. Streptocarpus. Bulbus Streptocarpus. Thorn Apple. Triticum Vulgare. Wheat. 1 NATURAL ORDERS. Exogen Thalamifera Ranunculaceae. Papaveraceae. Cucurbitaceae. Rutaceae. Calyciform Leguminosae. Rosaceae. Cucurbitaceae. Umbelliferae. Corolliform Compositae. Gramineae. Convolvulaceae. Solanaeae (Atropaceae). Scrophulariaceae. Liliaceae. Endogenum. Fetaloides Liliaceae. Melanthaceae. Glumifera Gramineae. Ftilice. Acrogenum. 70 **1. RANUNCULACEAE—Crowfoot Family.** **Exogenae, Thalamiform, Dicotyledonae.** **Sepals,** five or more, rarely fewer, often petaloid, persistent or seldom persistent, im- bricate or valvate in bud. **Petals,** five, four, two, or none, often undeveloped. **Stamens,** indefinite, hypogynous, adnate. **Pistil,** definite or indefinite. **Fruit,** a caryopsis, consisting of one-seeded schene or many-seeded bilobes. **Seeds,** solitary and albuminous. **Chamaephytes,** perennial or annual, very rarely shrubs, having a leafy axillary joint. No distinct stipules; activation imbricata ; Distribution : a large under, distributed all over the world. **Properties:** aroid, and some highly poisonous. For study : Common Buttercup. **OFFICINAL PLANTS.** **1. Aconitum Napellus. Monkshood. (Fresh leaves and flowering tops, dried root and alkaloid Acutin.)** **2. Podophyllum Peltatum. American May Apple.** (Dried rhizome and resin Podophyllin.) A page from a botanical book with text and illustrations. 71 **2. PAPAVERACEAE—Poppy Family** **Exogenum. Thalamiform. Dicotyledonous.** Sepals, two, rarely three, caducous. Petals, four, equal, free, often crumpled in maturation. Stamens, indefinite and hypogynous. Pistil, solitary. Fruit, syncarpous (capsule). Seeds, indefinite and enveloped in oily albumen. Leaves, alternate, entire, lobed or finely divided, without stipules. Ovary, one-celled, with parietal placenta. **Characters:** Herbs, annual or perennial, with a milky juice. **Distribution:** Principally European. **Properties:** Narcotic. **For Study:** Red Poppy. **OFFICIAL PLANTS** 1. Papaver rhoeas Red Poppy. (Fresh petals.) 2. Papaver somniferum White Garden or Opium Poppy. (Sliced unripe dried capsule, yielding opium.) 72 3. CRUCIFERAE.—Cabbage Family. **Exogenum**, Thaliamifora, Dicotyledonae. Sepals, four, free (of which two are often succulent at the base), imbricate. Petals, four, coriiform, deciduous. Stamens, six, tetradynamous and hypogynous. Fruit, a capsule or silicle. Flowers, in corymbs, often becoming racemes and without bracts. Ovary, two-celled, of two connate carpels, with pericarp and seeds. Seeds, without albumen. Characters: Herbs, rarely shrubby plants; leaves alternate, without stipules. Distribution : temperate climates. Properties : always wholesome, many of the plants affording vegetable food, as cabbage, radishes, turnips, watercress, etc., are used as vegetables; containing a volatile oil, in which sulphur and nitrogen are present. For Study : Garden Wallflower. **OFFICIAL PLANTS.** 1. *Ochrolechia Armoracia*. Horse-radish. (Fresh root.) 2. *Sinapis Alba* and *Nigra*. White and Black Mustard. (Seeds.) 73 **4. RUTACEAE.—Rue Family.** **Exogenum, Thaliamiform, Dicotyledonae.** Sepals, three to five. Stamens, definite and hypogynous. Pistil, one. Ovary, two to five-celled. Leaves, estipulate and dotted with oil glands. Characters : Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Distribution : temperate climates. Properties : various. For Study : Common Rue. **OFFICIAL PLANTS**
1. Barosma Betalinae (Corymbiferae) Bachu (Dried leaves.)
2. Galipea Oxyparica Angustata Bark Tree.
3. Ruta Graveolens Rue. (Oil from fresh leaves and unripe fruit.)
74 **5. LEGUMINOSAE. — Pea Family.** Exogenae, Calyciflorum, Dicotyledones Sepals, five. Petals, five. Stamens, perigynous. Filist, simple. Fruct., a legume. Characters: Herba, shrubs, and trees; leaves alternate, stipulate, frequently compound; seeds without albumen. Three Sub-orders 1. Papilionaceae. Papilionaceous flowers, the odd petal or vexillum external in imbricate meti- vation, stamens ten (nine united and one free). 2. Cuculipsideae. Regular flowers, the odd petal internal in imbricate metivation, stamens ten, free and adherent to calyx. 3. Mimoseae. Regular flowers, corolla valvate in metivation, stamens indefinite. Distribution: universal. Properties: very various, the majority not poisonous. Among the poisonous plants are Laburnum, Physio- sium venenosum, Erythrophylum guineense, Indigo, roots of Phasaceae officinalis and Phasaceae retusa, and seeds of Lathyrus aphaca. For Study : Garden Pea. 75 **OFFICIAL PLANTS**
1. Astragalus varus. Tragacanth.
(Gummy exudation.)
2. Glycyrrhiza glabra. Liquorice.
3. Rhodomyrtus Parietire. Balm of Peru.
(Balsam.) Balsam.
4. Myroxyion Tolueifera Tolu balsam.
5. Phystostigma venenosum. Calabar
(Bean. (Bean.)
6. Penthorum persicatum. Kina.
(Infused juice hardened in the air)
7. Solanum santalinum. Sandal
(Wood).
8. Sarothamnus scoparius. Broom. (Flowering tope).
DescriptionLatin Name
1.Cassia fistula. Purging cassia. (Pulp.)Cassia fistula
2.Mimosa multijuga. Copaiba. (Oleo-cresin.)Mimosa multijuga
3.Hematoxyllum campechianum. Logwood. (Leaves)Hematoxyllum campechianum
4.Senna officinalis indicaSenna officinalis indica
5.Tamarindus indica. Tamarind. (Pulp.)Tamarindus indica
**Mimoseae** Acacia. Gum Arabic. (Gummy exu- date.) 6 70 6. ROBACEAE.--Rose Family. Exogenum, Calyciflorum, Dicotyledones. Sepale, five. Petala, five. Stamens, indefinite, perigynous or epigynous. Pistil, very variable. Ovaries, one or numerous, free or coherent. Ovules, one, two, five, or numerous, without albumen. Characters : Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alter- nate. Flowers regular. Divided by the fruit into Three Sub-orders. 1. Rosaceae. Fruit apocarpous, stipules adnate, style lateral. Fruit an hermaphrodite, or consisting of follicles; seed usually suspended. (Dog Rose.) 2. Pomaceae. Ovary inferior, five-celled; styles ter- minal; stamens numerous ascending. Fruit a pome. (Apple.) 3. Amygdaleae. Trees or shrubs. Ovary superior, stipules free, styles terminal; seed ascending. Fruit a pome. (Cherry.) Distribution : universal. Properties : various, none poisonous, except the bitter almond and cherry laurel. For Study : Dog Rose, Apple and Cherry. 77 OFFICIAL PLANTS. 1. Amygdalus Communis Almond Tree. (Seed.) Amygdala Amara. Amygdala Dulcis. Sweet Almond. 2. Brayer Anthelmintic. Caseus. (Flowers and tops.) 3. Prunus Domestica. Fium. (Dried drupe.) 4. Prunus Laurocerasus Cherry Laurel. (Fresh leaves.) 5. Rosa Canina. Hips. (Ripe fruit.) 6. Rosa Centifolia Cabbage Rose. (Fresh petals.) 7. Rosa Gallica. Red Rose. (Fresh and dried unexpanded petals.) 73 **7. CUCURBITACEAE.—Gourd Family.** **Exogenum, Calyciform, Dicotyledons.** *Flowers*, unisexual; i.e., male and female flowers separate. *Fruit*, a pepo, usually indehiscent, with three carpels and parietal placentae. *Male flowers have*: *Sepals*, five. *Petals*, five. *Stamens*, three, either distinct or coherent. *Female flowers have*: *Sepals*, five. *Petals*, five. *Stamens*, three. *Fertile*, three. *Seeds*, exalbuminous. *Characters*: Trailing hairy plant, herbaceous, usually succulent, spreading or erect at tendril; Calyx-adjacent adnate to ovary, which is inferior. *Ovary*, usually of three to five carpels, coherent, placentae fleshy. *Distribution*: chiefly warm climates. *Properties*: as a rule purgative. For Study : Common Cucumber. **OFFICIAL PLANTS.** 1. *Citrullus colocynthis*. Colocynth (Dried decoction of the seed used in the soda.) 2. *Ecbalium officinale*. Squaring Cucumber. (Naulty ripe fruit.) *Elaterium*, a sediment of the juice of the above. 79 8. UMBELLIFERæ. —Parley Family. Exogenæ Calyfeiform, Dicotyledoneæ. Sepals, five, very small. Petals, five, valvate or subimbinate in bud, inserted outside an epigynous disc, free, caducous, and generally infolded at the base. Stamens, five, alternate with the petals, epigynous. Fruit, a coriaceous, separating when mature into two mescarpes, supported by a gyrophore and marked by vitio. Flowers, in umbels and umbellules. Calyx, two-celled. Calyx, superior. Seeds, solitary, pendulous, and albinous. Characters : Herbs, stems generally hollow, leaves alternate, and showing the stigmata. Distribution : Temperate zones. Properties : Various, some very poisonous. OFFICIAL PLANTS. 1. Anethum Graveolens. Dill. (Fruit and oil.) 2. Carum Carvi. Caraway. (Fruit and oil.) 3. Conium Maculatum. Hemlock. (Leaves and fruit.) 4. Coriandrum Sativum. Coriander. (Fruit and oil.) 5. Datura Stramonium. Jimson weed. (Gum resin.) 6. Euryangium Sumbal. Musk-root. (Root.) 7. Foeniculum Dulce. Sweet Fennel. (Fruit.) 8. Galbanum Officinale. (Gum resin.) 9. Matthues Asarifolia. (Gum resin.) 10. Pimpinella Anisum. Anise. (Oil.) 80 **3. COMPOSITE - Composite Family.** **Kangaroo, Corollifera, Dicotyledonea.** Sepals, reduced to few hairs. Petals, united, monocotyledons; corolla tubular, labiate or ligulate. Stamens, five, epipetalous, inserted on corolla, and synagogously, anthers cohering into a tube which embraces the stigma. Flowers, in heads (capitula) surrounded by an involu- crum of bracts (phylloires), each floret being encircled by a secondary involucre of pales. Ovary, inferior, one-celled, one-seeded. Caryopsis, caryopses. Fruit, dry, indusiateous. Seeds, exalbuminous. Characters: Herbs or shrubs. For Study: Daisy, Dandelion. Three Sub-orders. 1. **Fabuliferae.** Corollis tubular, regularly four- leafed, or with two leaves in the flowers (when the head is dissected), or in central ones only, the marginal flowers presenting a ligulate corolla. 2. **Lathriferae.** Corolla, of the diac-flower, bilateral; middle leaf usually larger than others. 3. **Liguliferae.** Corolla of the flowers (both disc and ray) ligulate (strap-shaped) and perfect. Distribution : universal. Properties : chiefly bitter. For Study : Daisy, Dandelion. 81 OFFICINAL PLANTS 1. Anacyclus Pyrethrum. Pallitory. (Root.) 2. Anthemis Nobilis. Chamomile. (Flowers and oil.) 3. Arnica Montana. (Rhizome and rootlets.) 4. Artemisia Santonicum. (Flower-heads unex- panded.) 5. Lactuca Virosa. Lettuce. (Flowering plant.) 6. Taraxacum Dens Leozia. Dandelion. (Root.) 42 **10. GENTIANACEE.—Gentian Family.** *Exogenae, Corolliformes, Dicotyledones.* Sepals, five. Petals, united, monopetalous ; corolla with five segments. Stamens inserted upon the corolla, equal in number to the segments. Corolla, convolute and withering. Calyx, persistent. Carys, one-celled, with two parietal placentae ; many-seeded and albuminous. Characters : Herbs with a bitter juice ; leaves ex-stipulate, entire. Distribution : general. Properties : tonic and bitter. For Study : Gentianella and other garden gentians. **OFFICINAL PLANTS.** 1. Gentiana lutea. Gentian. (Dried root.) 2. Ophelia chinata. Chireta. (Entire plant.) 83 **11. CONVOLVULACEAE—Bindweed Family.** **Exogenum, Cordiflorum, Dioctyloides.** Sepala, five. Petala, monopetalous; corolla in five segments, campanulate or funnel-shaped, deciduous. Stamens, five, inserted into base of corolla. Ovary, two or four-celled, each cell containing two seeds, albuminous, and ovule erect. Characters: Herb, often climbing, and containing a milky juice; corolla monopetalous, calyx imbricate, corollae foliaceous. Distribution: general. Properties: purgative. For Study: Wild or Garden Convolvulus. **OFFICIAL PLANTS.** 1. Convolvulus scammonia. Scammony. (Root and resin.) 2. Exogenum Fursa. Jalep. (Dried tubercles and resin.) 84 **12 SOLANACEAE ATROPAEAE—Nightshade Family.** **Eugenia, Corollifera, Dicotyledoneae.** **Sepala, five.** **Petals, five, monopetalous; corolla five-partite, usually regular.** **Stamens, five; epipetalous, and equal to the lobes on the corolla.** **Pistil, one.** **Aretation, valvate or induplicate valvate; anthers infertile.** **Pubescence, porose or longitudinal.** **Fruit, a berry or capsule.** **Ovary, superior, usually two-celled.** **Shoots, often glabrous or glaucous.** **Characters:** Herbs or shrubs, with a watery juice, leaves alternate, embryo straight or curved. **Botanical name:** Solanum. **Properties:** sedative and narcotic, acid, divided into the (a) Non-Poissonous or Solanaceus Proper and the (b) Poisonous or Atroposum. The Atroposum is one of the most poisonous plants. **For Study:** The Woody Nightshade and deadly Nightshade. **OFFICIAL PLANTS.** **Solanaceae.** 1. **Capsicum Fastigiatum.** Chillies. (Dried fruit.) 2. **Solanum Dulcamara.** Woody Nightshade. (Other names: Belladonna, Deadly Nightshade.) **1 Atropa Belladonna. Deadly Nightshade.** (Leaves, root, and alkaloid Atropin.) 2. **Datura Stramonium.** Thorn Apple. (Leaves and seeds.) 3. **Hyoscyamus Niger.** Henbane. (Whole plant.) 4. **Nicotiana Tabacum.** Tobacco. (Leaves.) 85 **13. SCORPHULARIACEAE.—Figwort Family.** *Eryngium, Corolliferae. Dicotyledones.* Sepals, four or five, cohering. Petals, monopetalous; corolla five-partite and irregular, usually bilabiate. Stamens, four, didynamous, or two, or rarely five (one sometimes sterile), inserted upon the corolla tube. Filistil, one, carpels two, cohering. Gyrate, superior, two-celled and many-seeded, placenta axial. Seeds, albuminous. Characters : Herbs or shrubby plants, leaves usually exstipulate, and alternate. Flowers, more or less irregular. Inflorescence various. For Study : Foxglove. **OFFICINAL PLANT.** *Digitalis Purpurea.* Purple Foxglove. (Leaves and active principle.) A digital illustration of a purple foxglove plant. 86 **14. LABIAT.E.—Mint Family.** *Exogenum.* Corolliflorum. *Dicotyledonae.* Sepala, five. Petala, united, monopetalous; corolla five-partite, irregular, and lipped. Stamens, four (dilynamous) or two. Pistil, one. Ovary, superior, four-clasped, each carpel containing a single ovule. Fruit, four small nuts. Flowers, irregular, labiate. Seeds, erect, with slight albumen. Characters: aromatic herbs, always having square stems, with opposite leaves; calyx persistent. Distribution: temperate climates. Properties: aromatic, none poisonous, and all con- taining a volatile oil. For Study : White Dead Nettle. **OFFICINAL PLANTS.** 1. Lavandula Vera. Lavender. (Oil.) 2. Mentha Piperita. Peppermint. (Oil.) 3. Mentha Viridis. Spearmint. (Oil.) 4. Boeramariae Officinalis. Rosemary. (Oil.) 87 **15. LILIACEAE.—Lily Family.** Endogenae, Petaloidae, Monocotyledonae. Sepals, three, petaloid, constituting a perianth. Petals, three. Stamens, six. Anthers introrse, i.e., turned inwards. Filist, one. Ovary, superior, three-celled. Flowers, regular and perfect. Truss, usually capitate. Perianth, six-partita. Seeds, albuminosa. Characters : Herba. Distribution : universal. Properties : various, none poisonous. For Study : Tulip. White Lily. **OFFICINAL PLANTS.** 1. *Urginea Scilla.* Squill. (Sliced bulb.) 2. *Aloe Barbadensis* Ecotrina. (Injunctive juice.) 88 **16. MELANTHACEAE—Colchicum Family.** Endogenae, Fetaloides, Monocotyledones. Flowers, regular, three-partita. Perianth, free. Stamens, 3. Anthers extreme, i.e., turned outwards. Pistil, one; styles, three. Fruit, three-celled. Seeds, albuminous. Characters: Herbs with Corms, bulbs or swollen roots. Distribution: general. Properties: very dangerous. For Study : Autumn Crocus. **OFFICINAL PLANTS.** 1. Asparagus officinalis. Sabadilla. (The source of the alkaloid Veratrin.) 2. Colchicum Autumnale. Colchicum (Corm and seed). 3. Veratrum Viride. Green Hellebore. (Root.) A page from a botanical text book, discussing the Melanthaceae family and its members. 89 **17. GRAMINACEAE—Grass Family.** Endogam. Gramiforme. Monocotyledonea. Flowers, composed of a wheel of bracts terminal glumae. Calyx, of scales termed palae. Calyx, two or three scales terminal *squama* or *lindulae*, sometimes entire. Stamens, three, rarely two, hypogynous. Anthera, versatile. Stipe, sterile. Ovary, superior, one-celled. Ovule, solitary. Fruit, a caryopsis. Seeds, albuminous. Characters: usually herbs; stem round, jointed, and generally bulbil; leaves alternate, sheath of the leaves split. Distribution: universal. Properties : various. For Study : Wheat. **OFFICIAL PLANTS** 1. Hordeum Distichon. Pearl Barley. (The husked grain.) 2. Saccharum Officinarum. Refined Sugar. 3. *Sacrae Cereale* (The cereal or wheat-grain.) (The Elymus, the Claviceps purpurea.) 4. *Sacrae Grammum* (Egret.) Uncrystallized residue of the refining of sugar. 5. Triticeum Vulgaris. Wheaten Flour. (Flour of the seed.) Amylum. Starch (from the same.) A page from a botanical text book with text and illustrations. 90 **18. PILICUS FERNA.*** Acorogem. Plants of this order have no flowers, and their reproducive bodies consist of simple cells without an embryo. They are divided into Acorogem and Thaligogem. To the former belong the ferns. These usually have their fronds of leaves (leaves) erect, but they may be slightly so, and usually remain underground (except in the arborescent form), as rhizomes. The Venation of the leaves is usually pinnate, i.e., with several veins. In these are found the Sporangia or little membranous sacs containing the spores. Sometimes these sporangia are united into groups, forming a head, or a cluster, either Naked or covered by an Indusium (a membraneous envelope). The spores are similar to pollen grains. Distribution : universal. Properties : unimportant, except the following **OFFICIAL PLANT.** 1. Aspidium Filix Mas Male Fern. (Dried rhizome with bases of footstalks and portions of root-fibres.) * See also page 49. 01 INDEX. Aethal. See, ah, away: from, extra, a central line Aesop's Fables. See, aesop's fables Assemblum. Lat. ad, ut: cum, to, with Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham, John. See, ascham, john Ascham's Fables. See Aesop's Fables. Astraea. Lat., astraea: a star; a starry night; a starry sky; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starry night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; a starly night; Astraea. Lat., astraea: ASTRAEA










































































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...Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....Aristolochia plant with flowers and leaves....                                                                                                                                                   &nb
Aronia melanocarpa Page 81
Astragalus membranaceus Page 80
Anagreum officinale Page 79
Antirrhinum majus Page 78
Antirrhinum, Gr. akron, a pitcher; sporon, a spore Page 77
Apothecium Page 76
Apothecium, L. ant, unto; a spore Page 75
Aristolochia, Gr. aristos, excellent; lechea, a vine Page 74
Aristolochia, Gr. aristos, excellent; lechea, a vine; a central tree Page 73
Aristolochia, Gr. aristos, excellent; lechea, a vine; a central tree; a root Page 72
Aristolochia, Gr. aristos, excellent; lechea, a vine; a central tree; a root; a plant Page 71
Aristolochia, Gr. aristos, excellent; lechea, a vine; a central tree; a root; a plant; a flower Page 70
Aristolochia, Gr. aristos, excellent; lechea, a vine; a central tree; a root; a plant; a flower; a seed Page 69
Aristolochia, Gr. aristos, excellent; lechea, a vine; a central tree; a root; a plant; a flower; a seed; a fruit Page 68
Aristolochia, Gr. aristos, excellent; lechea, a vine; a central tree; a root; a plant; a flower; a seed; a fruit; an herbaceous plant Page 67
Aristolochia, Gr. aristos, excellent; lechea, a vine; a central tree; a root; a plant; a flower; a seed; a fruit; an herbaceous plant; an insectivorous plant Page 66
Aristolochia, Gr. aristos, excellent; lechea, a vine; a central tree; a root; a plant; a flower; a seed; a fruit; an herbaceous plant; an insectivorous plant;
93
Corylopsis, Gr. korylos, a nut 10
Corylus 11
Calatia 18
Calatilium, Lat. caltillus, a stem 14
Caltha 15
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
Calthus, Gr. kalthos, a stem 17
                                                              <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Cirqueanum (Gr. kropto), I remove ; grace, marriage Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circuloideus Circoloïdeous
94 PAGE
Circlodendron, <fr. circlé d'arbre, a tree with a round crown> 84
Cirrhotus, <fr. krummohne, a worm> 84
Cirrus, <fr. cirrus, a cloud> 85
Cirrus family, the 85
Circumference, n., a line, a ring 85
Circumferential, ad., circ., a ring, a circle 85
Cirque, n., a hollow, a basin 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
Cirqueanum, Gr. kropto, I remove ; grace, marriage 86
                                                                       











































































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95
Rapidinum, get up at once; drowsy, the skin РАЗВ
becomes, dry, on the face, on the hands; 60
on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. 30
Rapunzel, get up at once; drowsy; the skin 20
becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; 10
on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. 5
Rapunzel, get up at once; drowsy; the skin РАЗВ
becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; 60
on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. 30
Rapunzel, get up at once; drowsy; the skin РАЗВ
becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; 20
on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. 10
Rapunzel, get up at once; drowsy; the skin РАЗВ
becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; 60
on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. 30
Rapunzel, get up at once; drowsy; the skin РАЗВ
becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; 20
on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. 10
Rapunzel, get up at once; drowsy; the skin РАЗВ
becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; 60
on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. 30
95 Rapidinum, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. RAPDINUM, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. RAPDINUM, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. RAPDINUM, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. RAPDINUM, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. RAPDINUM, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. RAPDINUM, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. RAPDINUM, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. RAPDINUM, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. RAPDINUM, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. RAPDINUM, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands;
95 RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM RAPDINUM

→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→

Rapidinum, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. Rapidinum, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste. Rapidinum, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste.
Rapidinum, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste.
Rapidinum, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste.
Rapidinum, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste.
Rapidinum, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste.
Rapidinum, get up at once; drowsy; the skin becomes, dry; on the face, on the hands; on the tongue, white, with a bitter taste.
Rapidinum, get up at once; td>drowsy; td>(the)skin becomes, td>(dry); td>(on)the(face), td>(on)the(hands); td>(on)the(tongue), td>(white), td>(with)a(bitter)(taste).

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&&#e_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 _e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_e_
96 FAS
Cumminum of nonnuliflorum 40
Gibbula, lat gibba, bimucronate 41
Gibbula, lat gibba, muncula 42
Gibba 43
Gibbula, lat gibba, a little sphere 84
Lithospermum, lat lithospermum 17
Giumen, lat giuma, chel 17
Chelidonium, grumus, a rass; edulis, renunciatum 18
Grandis fastu, a rass; edulis, renunciatum 76
Gracilis fastu, a rass; edulis, renunciatum 59
Gracilissima fastu, a rass; edulis, renunciatum 59
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; nucula, fructus, fructus, fructus, fructus, fructus, fructus, 86
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; nucula, fructus, fructus, fructus, fructus, 86
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; nucula, fructus, 86
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; nucula, 86
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; 86
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; 86
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; 86
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; 86
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; 86
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; 86
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; 86
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; 86
Gymnospermae, gr. gymnospermae; 86
Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum (Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum)100
Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum (Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum)100
Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum (Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum)100
Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum (Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum)100
Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum (Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum)100
Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum (Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum)100
Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum (Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum)100
Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum (Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum)100
Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum (Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum)100
Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum (Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum)100
Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum (Hemipentaschis Chamaeleonum)100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass; edulis, renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciatum; renunciaturn.100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass; edulis, renunciaturn;100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass;100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass;100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass;100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass;100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass;100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass;100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass;100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass;100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass;100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass;100
Hemipteris fastu, a rass;100
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SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAAA SAA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEESSEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEESEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE SEE See See See 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SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEED SEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEEDEE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DE DDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDEDDDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DDD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDS DDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDDSDS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DS DSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSDSD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII VIII IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IX IXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XI XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIII XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XIV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XV XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI XVI X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xxxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxxx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xy xyxy y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyy yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-yyyy-
Hemipteris fastu, a rass;
97 Para
Baccharis, lat. ex, opus, aditus, fess 17
harcis, hanc, hoc opus, hoc vel 18
harcis, hanc, hoc opus, hoc vel 19
harcis, hanc, hoc opus, hoc vel 20
harcis, hanc, hoc opus, hoc vel 21
harcis, hanc, hoc opus, hoc vel 22
harcis, hanc, hoc opus, hoc vel 23
Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte 24
Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte 25
Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte 26
Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte 27
Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte 28
Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte 29
Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte 30
Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte 31
Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte 32
Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte 33
Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte
Lactate,
lat.
lactum,
a latte,

Lactate,
Lactate,lat.lactum,a latte,Lactate,lat.lactum,a latte,Lactate,lat.lactum,a latte,Lactate,lat.lactum,a latte,Lactate,lat.lactum,a latte,Lactate,lat.lactum,a latte,Lactate,lat.lactum,a latte,Lactate,lat.lactum,a latte,Lactate,lat.lactum,a latte,Lactate,lat.lactum,a latte,
lat. lactum, a latte, Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte, Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte, Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte, Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte, Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte, Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte, Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte, Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte, Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte, Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte, Lactate, lat. lactum, a latte,
98 98
Mammoth, see: mammoth; also: a house PAGE
Hemiplagia, see: meripilia; also: a house; a description 23
Mammoth, see: mammoth; the point of a dagger 23
Manly frame 25
Mansel 60, 61, 62
Nahua 15
Napkin 15
Narcoptera 49
Narcoptera semiradiata 49
Narcoptera semiradiata var. 49
Narcoptera semiradiata var. var. 49
Narcoptera semiradiata var. var. var. 49
Narcoptera semiradiata var. var. var. var. 49
Narcoptera semiradiata var. var. var. var. var. 49
Narcoptera semiradiata var. var. var. var. var. var. 49
Narcoptera semiradiata var. var. var. var. var. var. var. 49
Narcoptera semiradiata var. var. var. var. var. var. var. var. 49
Narcoptera semiradiata var. var. var. var. var. var. var. var. var. 49
Narcoptera semiradiata var. var. var. var. var. var. var. var. var. 49
Narcoptera semiradiata var. var. var. var. var. var. var. var. var. 49
Narcoptera semiradiata var. var. var. var. var. var. var. var.
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99
Pawley family, the 17
Persea, pears, peaches ; pomace, juice 74
Fruite family, the 74
Pistachio, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
Pistachio, fat, pears, a fruit 18
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
99
Nomina Plantarum. (Nomenclature of plants).
Polygalaceae, Gr. polus, many; epalos, a napel                                                                











































































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Polygala 58
Fumigante 58
Pomatum 58
Poppies 58
Poppye family, the 73,
Perforation, fast, perm. (forma; fas. formar) 13,
Perforation, fast, perm. (forma; fas. formar) 13,
Persicaria, Lact. persicaria, Lact. 13,
Persimmon, Lact. persimmon, Lact. 13,
Persimmon, Lact. persimmon, Lact. 13,
Persimmon, Lact. persimmon, Lact. 13,
Persimmon, Lact. persimmon, Lact. 13,
Persimmon, Lact. persimmon, Lact. 13,
Persimmon, Lact. persimmon, Lact. 13,
Persimmon, Lact. persimmon, Lact. 13,
Persimmon, Lact. persimmon, Lact. 13,
Persimmon, Lact. persimmon, Lact. 13,
Persimmon, Lact. persimmon, Lact. 13,
Persimmon, Lact. persimmon, Lact. 13,
101 PAGE
Haywood 86
Hayworth 87
Rusine 13
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 15
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Rusine, fast, amputa, a stickle 16
Secondary rays:
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  • Total number of secondary ray leaves: 80.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with more than one leaflet: 4.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with two leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with three leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with four leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with five leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with six leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with seven leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with eight leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with nine leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with ten leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with eleven leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with twelve leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with thirteen leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with fourteen leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with fifteen leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with sixteen leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with seventeen leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with eighteen leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with nineteen leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with twenty leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with twenty-one leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with twenty-two leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with twenty-three leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with twenty-four leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with twenty-five leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with twenty-six leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with twenty-seven leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with twenty-eight leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with twenty-nine leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with thirty leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with thirty-one leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with thirty-two leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with thirty-three leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with thirty-four leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with thirty-five leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with thirty-six leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with thirty-seven leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with thirty-eight leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with thirty-nine leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with forty leaflets: 3.
  • Number of secondary ray leaves with forty-one leafets:
    • 103 PAGE
    Himawberry 16, 38
    Eleutherococcus Ziz. strobilus, a pine-apple
    Eleutherococcus 20
    Style, or, style, a pillar 20
    Stylophora 20
    Tubulicola, tub. subula, an awl 15, 27
    Tubulicola 20
    Rudbeckia 24
    Ferns, or, ferns, a fr. 24
    Polypodium 24
    Polypodium 38, 39
    Polygala 38, 39
    Polygala 40
    Polygala 41, 42
    Polygala 43, 44
    Polygala 45, 46
    Polygala 47, 48
    Polygala 49, 50
    Polygala 51, 52
    Polygala 53, 54
    Polygala 55, 56
    Polygala 57, 58
    Polygala 59, 60
    Polygala 61, 62
    Polygala 63, 64
    Polygala 65, 66
    Polygala
                                                                        BILLING AND BONN TRUSTEES CULFORD AND LONDON.
    103 Page
    Ery 25
    Erythra, Erythra, a plant 13
    Erwinia, Erwinia, a genus of bacteria 13
    Exoticus, exoticus, a plant 84
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    Vaginata, vaginata, a genus of fungi 81
    A table with two columns: "Ery" and "Page". The table contains information about various scientific terms and their page numbers. A paragraph of text that appears to be instructions or guidelines for the use of the table. It mentions BILLING AND BONN TRUSTEES CULFORD AND LONDON. [API_EMPTY_RESPONSE]