# The angular derivative problem
for petals of one-parameter semigroups in the unit disk

Pavel Gumenyuk  P. Gumenyuk: Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano,
via E. Bonardi 9, 20133 Milan, Italy<EMAIL_ADDRESS>,  Maria
Kourou§ M. Kourou: Department of Mathematics, Julius-Maximilians University of
Würzburg, Emil Fischer Strasse 40, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and  Oliver Roth  O. Roth: Department
of Mathematics, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Emil Fischer
Strasse 40, 97074 Würzburg, Germany<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Dedicated to the memory of Professor Larry Zalcman

###### Abstract.

We study the angular derivative problem for petals of one-parameter semigroups
of holomorphic self-maps of the unit disk. For hyperbolic petals we prove a
necessary and sufficient condition for the conformality of the petal in terms
of the intrinsic hyperbolic geometry of the petal and the backward dynamics of
the semigroup. For parabolic petals we characterize conformality of the petal
in terms of the asymptotic behaviour of the Koenigs function at the Denjoy –
Wolff point.

###### Key words and phrases:

Angular Derivative, One-parameter Semigroup, Petals, Backward orbits,
Repulsive Fixed Points

###### 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification:

Primary 37F44, 30D05, 30D40, 30C35; Secondary 37C10, 37C25, 30C80

§Partially supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

##  1\. Introduction

One-parameter semigroups of holomorphic self-maps of the unit disk
$\mathbb{D}:=\\{z\in\mathbb{C}\,:\,|z|<1\\}$ have been studied for more than a
century, but many key properties regarding their boundary and asymptotic
behaviour have been established only in the last two decades. Apart from being
interesting in their own right, one-parameter semigroups in the unit disk act
as pivotal role models for other complex dynamical systems involving
holomorphic functions of one or several complex variables — in the continuous
as well as the discrete setting. A comprehensive overview of one-parameter
semigroups in the unit disk spanning from the basic theory to the numerous
recent achievements can be found in the monograph [15].

Traditionally, understanding the forward dynamics of the orbits of a dynamical
system has been of particular interest. However, in recent years the study of
the backward dynamics of one-parameter semigroups, see e.g. [14, 26, 33], as
well of discrete complex dynamical systems (in one and several complex
variables), see e.g. [2, 5, 12, 36], has become another focal point of
research.

One of the most striking results about the forward dynamics of one-parameter
semigroups of the unit disk $\mathbb{D}$ is the continuous version of the
celebrated Denjoy – Wolff Theorem. It guarantees that all forward orbits of
the semigroup converge to the same point
$\tau\in\mathbb{D}\cup\partial\mathbb{D}$, the Denjoy – Wolff point of the
semigroup or DW-point, for short. In contrast, the backward flow of a one-
parameter semigroup is defined only on a proper subset $\mathcal{W}$ of
$\mathbb{D}$, the so-called backward invariant set. The connected components
of the interior of $\mathcal{W}$ are simply connected domains and are referred
to as the petals of the semigroup. Each petal $\Delta$ is associated to a
specific boundary point $\sigma\in\partial\mathbb{D}$. This boundary point
$\sigma$ plays a similar role for the backward dynamics of the semigroup as
the DW-point plays for the forward dynamics: $\sigma$ is the common limit of
all backward orbits starting inside the petal $\Delta$. Bearing in mind the
conventional terminology in dynamical systems (see e.g. [4, Chapter IV,
Section 17, p. 225]), we call $\sigma$ the $\alpha$-point of the petal
$\Delta$. We refer to Section 2 for the precise definition of these concepts,
and in particular to the pioneering papers [14, 18, 26].

The goal of this paper is to study the angular derivative problem for the
petals $\Delta$ of one-parameter semigroups at their $\alpha$-points $\sigma$.
The corresponding angular derivative problem related to the forward dynamics
has recently been studied in [8, 10, 22, 31].

The angular derivative problem for general simply connected domains $G$ is
concerned with the existence of a finite non-zero angular derivative of a
Riemann map $f$ from the unit disk $\mathbb{D}$ onto $G$ at a given boundary
point ${\xi\in\partial\mathbb{D}}$. It can be shown that the existence of the
angular derivative of $f$ does not depend on the choice of the conformal map
$f$ but only on the domain $G$ itself. Accordingly, when this angular
derivative condition is satisfied at a boundary point $\xi$, we say that the
domain $G$ is conformal at $f(\xi)$. In his thesis [3], Ahlfors raised the
question of finding necessary and sufficient geometric conditions on $G$ near
the boundary point $\xi$, so that $G$ is conformal at $f(\xi)$111”Welche
geometrischen Eigenschaften sollen das Gebiet $G$ kennzeichnen, um dass die so
bestimmte Funktion im Punkt $\xi$ eine von Null und Unendlich verschiedene
Winkelableitung besitze?” [3, p. 47]. This is the angular derivative problem.
It has attracted much interest, and continues to do so. Seminal contributions
have been given by Rodin and Warschawski [41, 42], Jenkins and Oikawa [30],
followed by many others, e.g. Burdzy [16], Carroll [17], as well as very
recently by Betsakos and Karamanlis [11].

We can now state our main result. It is concerned with hyperbolic petals, i.e.
petals $\Delta$ for which the $\alpha$-point $\sigma$ is different from the
Denjoy – Wolff point. The simpler case of parabolic petals, i.e. petals for
which the $\alpha$-point coincides with the Denjoy – Wolff point, will be
discussed in Section 5. We denote the density of the hyperbolic metric of a
domain $G$ by $\uplambda_{G}$. We adopt the convention from [6, 34], so the
hyperbolic metric of a domain $G$ is the unique complete conformal metric on
$G$ with constant negative curvature $-1$. In particular, the density of the
hyperbolic metric of the unit disk $\mathbb{D}$ is

$\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}(z)=\frac{2}{1-|z|^{2}}.$

######  Theorem 1.1.

Let $\Delta$ be a hyperbolic petal of a non-trivial one-parameter semigroup
$(\phi_{t})$ in the unit disk, and let ${z_{0}\in\Delta}$. Then the petal
$\Delta$ is conformal at its $\alpha$-point $\sigma$ if and only if

$\int\limits_{-\infty}^{0}\log\,\left(\frac{\uplambda_{\Delta}(z_{0})}{\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}(\phi_{t}(z_{0}))\,|\phi_{t}^{\prime}(z_{0})|}\right)\,\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt~{}<~{}+\infty.$ (1.1)

In this case the integral in (1.1) converges for every $z_{0}\in\Delta$, and
in fact locally uniformly in $\Delta$.

We note that the second named author and Zarvalis showed recently [33, Theorem
1.3] that as $t\to-\infty$,

$\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}(\phi_{t}(z))\,|\phi^{\prime}_{t}(z)|\,\nearrow\,\uplambda_{\Delta}(z)\quad\text{locally
uniformly in~{}$\Delta$.}$ (1.2)

Hence, Theorem 1.1 relates the rate of convergence in (1.2) with the
conformality of $\Delta$ at $\sigma$.

######  Remark 1.2.

It is easy to construct examples of hyperbolic petals $\Delta$ such that
$\partial\Delta$ coincides in a neighbourhood of its $\alpha$-point $\sigma$
with $\partial\mathbb{D}$, see e.g. [14, Examples 7.4 and 7.8]; clearly, in
such a case $\Delta$ is conformal at $\sigma$. An example of a non-conformal
hyperbolic petal based on certain subtle properties of the hyperbolic distance
was given in [14, Sect. 8]. In Remark 2.22 we will describe a simple device
which allows a painless construction of numerous examples of conformal as well
as non-conformal hyperbolic petals.

The proof of Theorem 1.1 is long and is therefore divided into several steps.
We shall require various tools from the general theory of one-parameter
semigroups of the unit disk, in particular the Berkson – Porta theory,
holomorphic models and pre-models and basic properties of petals. These tools
are collected and explained in a preliminary Section 2. This section also
thoroughly introduces the angular derivative problem. In Section 3 we state
and prove two technical, but crucial auxiliary results: an integral criterion
for conformality of domains which are starlike at infinity and a lemma on
convergence of conformal mappings on the boundary. The proof of Theorem 1.1 is
given in Section 4 and is divided into several steps. In Subsection 4.1 we
state a conformality criterion for the Koenigs domain $\Omega$ of the
semigroup (Theorem 4.1), and show how it implies Theorem 1.1. In Subsection
4.2 we prove the if-part of Theorem 4.1 by establishing in Theorem 4.2 a
pointwise lower bound, given in euclidean terms, for the quotient of the
hyperbolic densities of a domain $\Omega$ which is starlike at infinity and a
maximal strip contained in $\Omega$. The proof of this lower bound uses a
mixture of tools from geometric function theory such as monotonicity of
hyperbolic densities, Green’s function, harmonic measure and kernel
convergence. The only-if part of Theorem 4.1 is proved in Subsection 4.3 by
comparing the Koenigs domain $\Omega$ of $(\phi_{t})$ with carefully chosen
slit domains and using potential-theoretic tools. The proof of Theorem 4.1 is
finished in Subsection 4.4 where we show that the previously obtained
pointwise estimates in fact hold locally uniformly. In Section 5 we state and
prove a conformality criterion for the case of a parabolic petal, see Theorem
5.1. In the concluding Section 6 we discuss how the results of this paper are
related to several other recent results, in particular the conformality
conditions obtained by Betsakos and Karamanlis [11]. In addition, we indicate
some potential alternative approaches to the conformality problem for petals,
and raise several questions that remain open.

##  2\. Preliminaries

###  2.1. One-parameter semigroups in the unit disk.

Here we briefly recall the main definitions and basic facts concerning one-
parameter semigroups of holomorphic functions. For more details and proofs of
the statements cited in this section we refer interested readers to the
monographs [15, 24, 43], [1, Chapter 4] and to [25, Chapter 4].

For a domain ${D\subset\mathbb{C}}$ and a set ${E\subset\mathbb{C}}$ we denote
by ${\sf Hol}(D,E)$ the set of all holomorphic functions in $D$ with values in
$E$. As usual, we endow ${\sf Hol}(D,E)$ with the topology of locally uniform
convergence. Then ${\sf Hol}(D,D)$ becomes a topological semigroup w.r.t. the
composition operation ${(\phi,\psi)\mapsto\phi\circ\psi}$.

######  Definition 2.1.

A one-parameter semigroup in the unit disk $\mathbb{D}$ is a continuous
semigroup homomorphism ${[0,+\infty)\ni t\mapsto\phi_{t}\in{\sf
Hol}(\mathbb{D},\mathbb{D})}$ from the semigroup
${\big{(}[0,+\infty),+\big{)}}$ with the Euclidean topology to the semigroup
${\sf Hol}(\mathbb{D},\mathbb{D})$.

Equivalently, a family $(\phi_{t})_{t\geqslant 0}\subset{\sf
Hol}(\mathbb{D},\mathbb{D})$ is a one-parameter semigroup if and only if it
satisfies the following three conditions: (i)
$\phi_{0}=\mathop{\mathsf{id}}_{\mathbb{D}}$; (ii)
$\phi_{s}\circ\phi_{t}=\phi_{s+t}$ for any $s,t\geqslant 0$; (iii)
$\phi_{t}\to\mathop{\mathsf{id}}_{\mathbb{D}}$ in ${\sf
Hol}(\mathbb{D},\mathbb{D})$ as $t\to 0^{+}$. Thanks to Montel’s normality
criterion, see e.g. [27, § II.7, Theorem 1], the continuity condition (iii) is
equivalent to the pointwise convergence: $\phi_{t}(z)\to z$ as $t\to 0^{+}$
for each $z\in\mathbb{D}$. At the same time, in the presence of (i) and (ii),
condition (iii) is equivalent to a much stronger property: the map
$(z,t)\mapsto\phi_{t}(z)$ is jointly real-analytic in
${\mathbb{D}\times[0,+\infty)}$. Moreover, every one-parameter semigroup in
$\mathbb{D}$ represents the semiflow of a (uniquely defined) holomorphic
vector field $G:\mathbb{D}\to\mathbb{C}$, known as the infinitesimal generator
of $(\phi_{t})$. This means that for each fixed ${z\in\mathbb{D}}$, the
function $t\mapsto\phi_{t}(z)$ is the unique solution to the initial value
problem

$\frac{\,\mathrm{d}\hskip 0.5382pt}{\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt}\phi_{t}(z)=G\big{(}\phi_{t}(z)\big{)},\quad t\geqslant
0;\quad\phi_{0}(z)=z.$ (2.1)

Using conditions (i) and (ii) one can easily deduce from (2.1) the following
PDE:

$\frac{\partial\phi_{t}}{\partial t}=G(z)\phi^{\prime}_{t}(z),\quad t\geqslant
0,~{}z\in\mathbb{D}.$ (2.2)

######  Remark 2.2.

It follows from the standard uniqueness results for solutions of ODEs that
every element of a one-parameter semigroup is an injective map.

######  Remark 2.3.

The definition of a one-parameter semigroup can be literally extended to an
arbitrary domain ${D\subset\mathbb{C}}$. However, this yields an interesting
class of objects only if $D$ is conformally equivalent to $\mathbb{D}$ or to
${\mathbb{D}^{*}:=\mathbb{D}\setminus\\{0\\}}$, with the latter case easily
reduced to the former one; see e.g. [15, §8.4]. Clearly, given that $D$ admits
a conformal mapping $f$ onto $\mathbb{D}$, a family ${(\phi_{t})_{t\geqslant
0}\subset{\sf Hol}(D,D)}$ is a one-parameter semigroup in $D$ if and only if
the mappings $f\circ\phi_{t}\circ f^{-1}$ form a one-parameter semigroup in
$\mathbb{D}$.

Another way to modify the definition of a one-parameter semigroup is to allow
negative values of the parameter $t$. In such a case, we have
$\phi_{t}\circ\phi_{-t}=\mathop{\mathsf{id}}_{\mathbb{D}}$ for any
$t\in\mathbb{R}$ and hence we end up with a one-parameter group of
automorphisms $(\phi_{t})_{t\in\mathbb{R}}$.

The classical representation formula due to Berkson and Porta [7]
characterizes infinitesimal generators in $\mathbb{D}$ as functions of the
form

$G(z)=(\tau-z)(1-\overline{\tau}z)p(z),\quad z\in\mathbb{D},$ (2.3)

where $p$ is a holomorphic function in $\mathbb{D}$ with
$\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}p\geqslant 0$ and $\tau$ is a point in the closure
of $\mathbb{D}$. The function $p$ is uniquely determined by $G$. The same
concerns $\tau$ unless $G\equiv 0$.

In order to exclude from consideration certain degenerate cases, we accept the
following
Assumption: the one-parameter semigroups $(\phi_{t})$ we consider in this
paper do not extend to one-parameter groups of automorphisms.

This assumption is equivalent to requiring that there exists no ${t>0}$ such
that $\phi_{t}$ is an automorphism.

The distinguished point $\tau$ in the Berkson – Porta representation formula
(2.3) has a very clear dynamic meaning: ${\phi_{t}(z)\to\tau}$ locally
uniformly in $\mathbb{D}$ as ${t\to+\infty}$. If $\tau\in\mathbb{D}$, then

$\phi_{t}(\tau)=\tau\quad\phi^{\prime}_{t}(\tau)=e^{\lambda
t},~{}{}~{}\lambda:=G^{\prime}(\tau),\quad\text{for all~{}$~{}t\geqslant 0$},$
(2.4)

with $\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}\lambda<0$.

If $\tau\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}$, then (2.4) holds in the sense of angular
limits. Here and in what follows, given a holomorphic function
${f:\mathbb{D}\to\mathbb{C}}$ and a point ${\zeta\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}}$, by
$f(\zeta)$ we denote the angular limit
$\angle\lim_{z\to\zeta}f(z)~{}\in~{}\overline{\mathbb{C}}:=\mathbb{C}\cup\\{\infty\\}$.
Similarly, if $f(\zeta)$ does exist finitely, then by $f^{\prime}(\zeta)$ we
denote the angular derivative

$f^{\prime}(\zeta):=\angle\lim_{z\to\zeta}\frac{f(z)-f(\zeta)}{z-\zeta}.$

######  Remark 2.4.

One special important case, in which the existence of the angular derivative
is guaranteed, is when $f\in{\sf Hol}(\mathbb{D},\mathbb{D})$ and $f(\zeta)$
exists and belongs to ${\partial\mathbb{D}}$, see e.g. [38, Proposition 4.13
on p. 82]. In this case, $\zeta$ is called a contact point for the self-map
$f$; the angular derivative $f^{\prime}(\zeta)$ at a contact point does not
vanish, but it can be infinite.

A boundary fixed point of $f\in{\sf Hol}(\mathbb{D},\mathbb{D})$ is a contact
point $\zeta$ such that $f(\zeta)=\zeta$. A boundary fixed point (or more
generally, a contact point) $\zeta$ is said to be regular if
${f^{\prime}(\zeta)\neq\infty}$. Boundary fixed points which are not regular
are also called super-repulsive (or super-repelling) fixed points of $f$. The
angular derivative $f^{\prime}(\zeta)$ at a boundary regular fixed point
$\zeta$ is a positive real number and further two subcases are distinguished:
the boundary fixed point $\zeta$ is repulsive (or repelling) if
${f^{\prime}(\zeta)>1}$, while for $f^{\prime}(\zeta)\in(0,1]$, it is called
attracting.

######  Remark 2.5.

It is worth mentioning that for elements of one-parameter semigroups the
angular limit $\phi_{t}(\zeta)$ exists at _every_ point
${\zeta\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}}$, see [20, 28]. Moreover, the orbit
$t\mapsto\phi_{t}(\zeta)$ is continuous for each
$\zeta\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}$. At the same time, the extensions of the
holomorphic maps $\phi_{t}(\cdot)$ to ${\partial\mathbb{D}}$ by angular limits
are not necessarily continuous on ${\partial\mathbb{D}}$.

According to the Denjoy – Wolff Theorem, a self-map $f\in{\sf
Hol}(\mathbb{D},\mathbb{D})\setminus\\{\mathop{\mathsf{id}}_{\mathbb{D}}\\}$
either has an attracting fixed point ${\tau\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}}$ and no
fixed points in $\mathbb{D}$, or it has a fixed point ${\tau\in\mathbb{D}}$
and no attracting fixed points on ${\partial\mathbb{D}}$. In both cases,
$\tau$ is unique and it is called the Denjoy – Wolff point (or DW-point for
short) of the self-map $f$.

From (2.4) it is clear that $\tau$ in the Berkson – Porta representation
formula (2.3) is the DW-point for each $\phi_{t}$ with ${t>0}$. If
$\tau\in\mathbb{D}$, then $(\phi_{t})$ is said to be elliptic. If
${\tau\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}}$, then $\lambda\leqslant 0$, and depending on
whether $\lambda<0$ or $\lambda=0$, the one-parameter semigroup $(\phi_{t})$
is said to be hyperbolic or parabolic, respectively. By the continuous version
of the Denjoy – Wolff Theorem, $\phi_{t}(z)\to\tau$ locally uniformly in
$\mathbb{D}$ as ${t\to+\infty}$.

Similarly to the DW-point, repulsive (and super-repulsive) fixed points are
common for all elements of a one-parameter semigroup. More precisely,
${\sigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}}$ is a repulsive (or super-repulsive) fixed
point of $\phi_{t}$ for some ${t>0}$ if and only if it is a repulsive (resp.,
super-repulsive) fixed point of $\phi_{t}$ for all ${t>0}$; see e.g. [20].

Fixed points of a one-parameter semigroup can be characterized in terms of the
infinitesimal generator. It is known [19] that
${\sigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}}$ is a boundary regular fixed point of
$(\phi_{t})$ if and only if $G(\sigma)=0$ and $\lambda:=G^{\prime}(\sigma)$
exists finitely; see also [15, Sect. 12.2]. In such a case,
$\lambda\in\mathbb{R}$ and $\phi_{t}^{\prime}(\sigma)=e^{\lambda t}$ for all
${t\geqslant 0}$. Clearly, if $\lambda>0$, then $\sigma$ is a repulsive fixed
point; otherwise, i.e. if $\lambda\leqslant 0$, then $\sigma$ is the DW-point
of $(\phi_{t})$.

The following remark contains a useful construction indicating that every
elliptic one-parameter semigroup, which is not a group, is correlated with a
unique non-elliptic one parameter-semigroup.

######  Remark 2.6.

Suppose that $(\phi_{t})$ is an elliptic semigroup with the DW-point
${\tau\in\mathbb{D}}$. Then $(\phi_{t})$ can be regarded as a one-parameter
semigroup in ${\mathbb{D}\setminus\\{\tau\\}}$. Consider the covering map
${T\circ C:\mathbb{D}\to\mathbb{D}\setminus\\{\tau\\}}$, where
$C(z):=\exp(-\tfrac{1+z}{1-z})$, $T(w):=(w+\tau)/(1+\overline{\tau}w)$. It is
known, see [28, Sect. 2], that there is a (unique) one-parameter semigroup
$(\varphi_{t})$ which is a lifting of $(\phi_{t})$ w.r.t. $C\circ T$, i.e.
such that $\phi_{t}\circ T\circ C=T\circ C\circ\varphi_{t}$ for all
${t\geqslant 0}$. Further details and application of the above construction
follow in the proof of Theorem 1.1.

###  2.2. Holomorphic models and Koenigs function

It is known, see e.g. [15, Sect. 9.2] or [13], that any one-parameter
semigroup admits a holomorphic model $(\Omega_{0},h,L_{t})$. This means that
$\Omega_{0}\subset\mathbb{C}$ is a simply-connected domain, referred to as the
base space, ${h:\mathbb{D}\to\Omega_{0}}$ is a injective holomorphic map, and
$(L_{t})$ is a one-parameter group of holomorphic automorphisms of
$\Omega_{0}$ with the following two properties:

$\displaystyle h\circ\phi_{t}~{}=~{}L_{t}\circ h,\qquad$
$\displaystyle\text{for all $t\geqslant 0$};$ (2.5)
$\displaystyle\bigcup_{t\leqslant 0}\,L_{t}(\Omega)~{}=~{}\Omega_{0},\qquad$
$\displaystyle\text{where $\Omega:=h(\mathbb{D})$}.$ (2.6)

Up to a naturally defined isomorphism, a holomorphic model for a given one-
parameter semigroup is unique.

The theory which shall be presented in the current and the upcoming sections
can also be generalized (with appropriate modifications) to the case of an
elliptic one-parameter semigroup, which is not an elliptic group. Taking
Remark 2.6 into consideration, from this point onward, we can safely consider
only non-elliptic one-parameter semigroups (i.e. hyperbolic or parabolic).

Non-elliptic one-parameter semigroups admit holomorphic models for which
${L_{t}(z):=z+t}$, ${t\in\mathbb{R}}$, and $\Omega_{0}$ is the whole
$\mathbb{C}$ or a half-plane or a strip with $\partial\Omega_{0}$ composed of
one or two lines parallel to $\mathbb{R}$. For such holomorphic models,
equation (2.5) becomes Abel’s functional equation

$h\big{(}\phi_{t}(z)\big{)}=h(z)+t\quad\text{for all~{}$~{}z\in\mathbb{D}~{}$
and all~{}$~{}t\geqslant 0~{}$}.$ (2.7)

The function $h$ is called the Koenigs function of $(\phi_{t})$ and it is
unique up to an additive constant. The set
$\Omega:=h(\mathbb{D})\subset\Omega_{0}$ is called the Koenigs (or sometimes,
planar) domain of $(\phi_{t})$. Abel’s equation implies an important property
of $\Omega$: for every of its points $w$, the Koenigs domain contains the ray
$\\{w+t\colon t\geqslant 0\\}$. Such domains are said to be starlike at
infinity.

Many dynamical properties of $(\phi_{t})$ are encoded in the geometry of the
corresponding Koenigs domain $\Omega$. Moreover, any starlike-at-infinity
domain $\Omega$ different from the whole plane is the Koenigs domain of a non-
elliptic one-parameter semigroup. This is often used to construct examples of
one-parameter semigroups with given behaviour, see e.g. Remark 2.22 below.

######  Definition 2.7.

We denote by ${\mathbb{S}}$ the “standard” horizontal strip
${\\{z:|\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z|<\tfrac{\pi}{2}\\}}$, and more generally
we denote ${{\mathbb{S}}(a,b):=\\{z:a<\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z<b\\}}$ for
$a,b\in\mathbb{R}$ with $a<b$. Let $\Omega$ be the Koenigs domain of a non-
elliptic one-parameter semigroup $(\phi_{t})$. A strip ${\mathbb{S}}(a,b)$
contained in $\Omega$ is said to be a maximal strip for $(\phi_{t})$ if
${\mathbb{S}}(a,b)\subset{\mathbb{S}}(a^{\prime},b^{\prime})\subset\Omega$
holds only for ${(a^{\prime},b^{\prime})=(a,b)}$.

It is easy to see that the maximal strips defined above are connected
components of the interior of ${\bigcap_{t\geqslant 0}\Omega+t}$.

######  Remark 2.8.

It is known [18] that there exists a one-to-one correspondence between the
repulsive fixed points ${\sigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}}$ of $(\phi_{t})$ and
the maximal strips in the Koenigs domain of $(\phi_{t})$. If $S$ is a maximal
strip for $(\phi_{t})$ and ${w\in S}$, then $h^{-1}(w+t)$ tends, as
${t\to-\infty}$, to the corresponding repulsive fixed point $\sigma$.
Moreover, the width $\nu(S)$ of the maximal strip $S$ is related to the
angular derivative at $\sigma$: namely, $\nu(S)G^{\prime}(\sigma)=\pi$.

###  2.3. Backward orbits, invariant petals, and pre-models

In this section we follow the terminology from [14]. For the proofs of
statements quoted below we refer the reader to the same source. Let us denote
by $\mathrm{d}_{D}$ the hyperbolic distance in a hyperbolic domain $D$.

######  Definition 2.9.

([14, Definition 3.1]) A continuous curve $\gamma:[0,+\infty)$ is called a
backward orbit of a one-parameter semigroup $(\phi_{t})$ if for any ${t>0}$
and any $s\in(0,t)$, we have $\phi_{s}(\gamma(t))=\gamma(t-s)$. A backward
orbit $\gamma$ is said to be regular if
$~{}{\limsup_{t\to+\infty}\mathrm{d}_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}\gamma(t),\gamma(t+1)\big{)}<+\infty}$.

######  Remark 2.10.

Let $(\phi_{t})$ be a non-elliptic one-parameter semigroup in $\mathbb{D}$.
Fix $z\in\mathbb{D}$. It is easy to see that the following three conditions
are equivalent:

  * (i)

there exists a backward orbit $\gamma$ with $\gamma(0)=z$;

  * (ii)

$z\in\mathcal{W}:=\bigcap_{t\geqslant 0}\phi_{t}(\mathbb{D})$;

  * (iii)

the line $\\{h(z)+t\colon t\in\mathbb{R}\\}$, where $h$ is the Koenigs
function of $(\phi_{t})$, is contained in the Koenigs domain $\Omega$ of
$(\phi_{t})$.

If the above conditions are satisfied, then the backward orbit $\gamma$ in (i)
is unique and it is given by
$\gamma(t):=\phi_{t}^{-1}(z)=h^{-1}\big{(}h(z)-t\big{)}$ for all $t\geqslant
0$. Moreover, this backward orbit $\gamma$ is regular if and only if
$z\in{\mathcal{W}}^{\circ}$.

######  Remark 2.11.

The negative iterates $\phi_{-t}:=\phi_{t}^{-1}$, ${t>0}$, are well-defined
and holomorphic in ${\mathcal{W}}^{\circ}$. Thus, for
$z\in{\mathcal{W}}^{\circ}$, the differential equations (2.1) and (2.2) are
valid for all $t<0$.

######  Definition 2.12.

The set $\mathcal{W}$ in Remark 2.10 is called the backward invariant set of
$(\phi_{t})$. Each non-empty connected component of ${\mathcal{W}}^{\circ}$ is
called a petal.

Every petal $\Delta$ is a simply connected domain and
$\big{(}\phi_{t}|_{\Delta}\big{)}_{t\in\mathbb{R}}$ is a one-parameter group
of automorphisms of $\Delta$. The boundary of $\Delta$ contains the DW-point
$\tau$ of $(\phi_{t})$. All regular backward orbits that lie in a petal
$\Delta$ converge to the same boundary fixed point of $(\phi_{t})$ which lies
on the boundary of the petal. We call this unique limit point the
$\alpha$-point of the petal $\Delta$. The following dichotomy holds:

  * (P)

either the $\alpha$-point of the petal $\Delta$ coincides with $\tau$ and it
is the only fixed point of $(\phi_{t})$ contained in $\partial\Delta$;

  * (H)

or $\partial\Delta$ contains exactly two fixed points of the semigroup: the
DW-point $\tau$ and a repulsive fixed point $\sigma$, which is the
$\alpha$-point of the petal $\Delta$.

The case (P) arises only if the one-parameter semigroup is parabolic. In this
case, the image $h(\Delta)$ of the petal $\Delta$ w.r.t. the Koenigs function
$h$ is a half-plane bounded by a line parallel to $\mathbb{R}$; it is maximal
in the sense that there exist no half-plane $H\neq h(\Delta)$ such that
${h(\Delta)\subset H\subset\Omega}$.

In case (H), the petal $\Delta$ is said to be hyperbolic and $h(\Delta)$
coincides with the maximal strip corresponding to the repulsive fixed point
$\sigma$ in the sense of Remark 2.8. Moreover, there is a one-to-one
correspondence 222In the case of non-elliptic one-parameter semigroups, this
one-to-one correspondence was discovered by Contreras and Díaz-Madrigal [18].
Similar results for elliptic and hyperbolic one-parameter semigroups were
independently established by Elin, Shoikhet and Zalcman in [26]. A proof
covering all the cases and more details can be found in [14, Sect. 4]. between
the repulsive fixed points and the hyperbolic petals, as the pre-image
$h^{-1}(S)$ of any maximal strip $S$ is a hyperbolic petal. In what follows,
the hyperbolic petal corresponding to a given repulsive fixed point $\sigma$
will be denoted by $\Delta(\sigma)$.

The Koenigs function can be regarded as a global change of variables reducing
the dynamics of $(\phi_{t})$ to the canonical form $w\mapsto w+t$. When
studying dynamics of the one-parameter semigroup in a petal $\Delta$, instead
of the holomorphic model it is more convenient to work with the so-called pre-
model. This notion has been introduced for discrete iteration in [35]. The
definition below is a slight modification of that from [14, Definition 3.8]
combined with [14, Remark 3.9]. We denote by $\mathbb{H}$ the right half-plane
$\\{z\in\mathbb{C}\,:\,\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z>0\\}$.

######  Definition 2.13.

Let $\sigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}$ be a repulsive fixed point of a one-
parameter semigroup $(\phi_{t})$ with associated infinitesimal generator $G$.
The triple $(\mathbb{H},\psi,Q_{t})$ is called a pre-model for $(\phi_{t})$ at
$\sigma$ if the following conditions are met:

  * (i)

for each $t\geqslant 0$, $Q_{t}$ is the automorphism of $\mathbb{H}$ given by
$Q_{t}(z):=e^{\lambda t}z$, where $\lambda:=G^{\prime}(\sigma)$;

  * (ii)

the map $\psi:\mathbb{H}\to\mathbb{D}$ is holomorphic and injective,
$\angle\lim_{w\to 0}\psi(w)=\sigma$, and $\psi$ is isogonal at $0$, i.e.

$\angle\lim_{w\to
0}\mathop{\mathrm{Arg}}\frac{1-\overline{\sigma}\psi(w)}{w}=0;$ (2.8)

  * (iii)

$\psi\circ Q_{t}=\phi_{t}\circ\psi$ for all $t\geqslant 0$.

######  Remark 2.14.

It is known [14, Theorem 3.10] that every one-parameter semigroup, at each
repulsive fixed point $\sigma$, admits a pre-model unique up to the
transformation $\psi(w)\mapsto\psi(cw)$, where $c$ is an arbitrary positive
constant. Moreover, $\psi(\mathbb{H})$ is the hyperbolic petal
$\Delta(\sigma)$ with $\alpha$-point $\sigma$. The map $\psi$ can be expressed
via the Koenigs function $h$ of $(\phi_{t})$. Namely, if the strip
$h(\Delta(\sigma))={\mathbb{S}}(a,b)$, then the map $\psi$ in the pre-model
for $(\phi_{t})$ at $\sigma$ is given by

$\psi(w):=h^{-1}\big{(}\tfrac{b-a}{2\pi}\log w+\tfrac{b+a}{2}i+s\big{)},\quad
w\in\mathbb{H},$

where $s$ is an arbitrary real constant.

######  Remark 2.15.

One important consequence of the facts mentioned in Remark 2.14 is that every
backward orbit $\gamma$ starting from a point $z$ in a hyperbolic petal
$\Delta(\sigma)$ converges to $\sigma$ non-tangentially and with a definite
slope, i.e. there exists the limit

$\theta(z):=\lim_{t\to+\infty}\mathop{\mathrm{Arg}}\big{(}1-\overline{\sigma}\gamma(t)\big{)},$

with $\theta(z)\in(-\pi/2,\pi/2)$.

###  2.4. Conformality of a domain at a boundary point

The geometry of Koenigs domains of non-elliptic one-parameter semigroups is
strongly affiliated to the notion of conformality in the “strip normalization”
studied in detail, e.g. in [42].

######  Definition 2.16.

Let $S:={\mathbb{S}}(a,b)$ be a maximal strip contained in a domain $\Omega$
and let $g$ be a conformal mapping of $\Omega$ onto ${\mathbb{S}}(a,b)$ such
that

$\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}g(t+iy_{0})\to-\infty\quad\text{as~{}$~{}t\to-\infty~{}$}$
(2.9)

for some and hence all $y_{0}\in(a,b)$. The domain $\Omega$ is said to have an
angular derivative or to be conformal at $-\infty$ w.r.t. $S$ if for any
$\varepsilon\in(0,b-a)$ there exists the finite real limit

$\hbox{~{}}\qquad\qquad\lim_{D(\varepsilon)\ni z\to\infty}g(z)-z,\quad
D(\varepsilon):=\\{z\in S\colon\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z\leqslant
0,~{}\mathop{\mathsf{dist}}(z,\partial S)\geqslant\varepsilon/2\\}.$ (2.10)

######  Remark 2.17.

Clearly, the map $g$ above is not uniquely defined. However, it is easy to see
that if condition (2.10) holds for one conformal map $g$ of $\Omega$ onto
${\mathbb{S}}(a,b)$ satisfying (2.9), then (2.10) holds for all such mappings
$g$.

In a different geometric setting, it is natural to consider a similar and
closely related notion of conformality w.r.t. the unit disk $\mathbb{D}$. In
this case, we restrict ourselves to subdomains of $\mathbb{D}$.

######  Definition 2.18.

A simply connected domain $U\subset\mathbb{D}$ is said to be conformal at a
point $\sigma\in\partial U\cap\partial\mathbb{D}$ w.r.t. $\mathbb{D}$ if there
exists a conformal mapping $\varphi$ of $\mathbb{D}$ onto $U$ such that
$\varphi(1)=\sigma$ in the sense of angular limits and the angular derivative
$\varphi^{\prime}(1)$ is finite.

Note that the condition $\varphi(1)=\sigma$ in the above definition means that
${\zeta=1}$ is a contact point of $\varphi$; hence, the angular derivative
$\varphi^{\prime}(1)$ exists and does not vanish, but in general, can be
infinite; see Remark 2.4. To simplify the terminology in the case when $U$ is
a petal, we make the following definition.

######  Definition 2.19.

Let $\Delta(\sigma)$ be a hyperbolic petal of a one-parameter semigroup
$(\phi_{t})$ with $\alpha$-point $\sigma$. We say that $\Delta(\sigma)$ is
conformal, if $\Delta(\sigma)$ is conformal at $\sigma$ w.r.t. $\mathbb{D}$.

######  Remark 2.20.

Note that, in general, there can exist two conformal mappings $\varphi_{k}$,
$k=1,2,$ of $\mathbb{D}$ onto the same domain $U\subset\mathbb{D}$ such that
$\varphi_{k}(1)=\sigma$, $k=1,2$, for some $\sigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}$,
but with ${\varphi_{1}^{\prime}(1)=\infty}$ while $\varphi_{2}^{\prime}(1)$ is
finite. This phenomenon may happen if the geometric point $\sigma$ corresponds
to at least two different accessible boundary points of $U$. However, this is
never the case for petals, see [14, Proposition 4.15]. Therefore, in order to
determine whether a petal $\Delta(\sigma)$ is conformal it is sufficient to
construct _just one_ conformal map $\varphi$ of $\mathbb{D}$ onto
$\Delta(\sigma)$ with $\varphi(1)=\sigma$ in the sense of angular limits and
check whether the angular derivative $\varphi^{\prime}(1)$ is finite.
According to Remark 2.14, every one-parameter semigroup admits a pre-model
$(\mathbb{H},\psi,Q_{t})$ at each repulsive fixed point $\sigma$. A conformal
map of $\mathbb{D}$ onto $\Delta(\sigma)$ taking $1$ to $\sigma$ is given by
$\varphi(z):=\psi\big{(}\tfrac{1-z}{1+z}\big{)}$. Therefore, a hyperbolic
petal $\Delta(\sigma)$ is conformal if and only if the pre-model
$(\mathbb{H},\psi,Q_{t})$ is regular in the sense that the angular derivative
$\psi^{\prime}(0)$ is finite. Note that this condition is stronger than the
isogonality condition (2.8), which is also sometimes called semi-conformality;
see e.g. [38, Sect. 4.3]. Condition (2.8) is satisfied in our context by the
very definition of a pre-model.

For a non-elliptic one-parameter semigroup $(\phi_{t})$, the two versions of
the angular derivative problem introduced above turn out to be equivalent.

######  Proposition 2.21.

In the above notation, a hyperbolic petal $\Delta(\sigma)$ is conformal if and
only if the Koenigs domain $\Omega$ is conformal at $-\infty$ w.r.t. the
maximal strip $~{}{\mathbb{S}}(\sigma):=h(\Delta(\sigma))$.

###### Proof.

Using conformal automorphisms of $\mathbb{D}$, we may assume that
${\sigma=-1}$ and ${\tau=1}$. Denote $S:={\mathbb{S}}(\sigma)$,
$~{}a:=\inf_{z\in S}\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z$, $~{}b:=\sup_{z\in
S}\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z$. Let

$q(z):=\frac{e^{L(z)}-1}{e^{L(z)}+1},\quad\text{where~{}}~{}L(z):=\pi\,\frac{z-(b+a)i/2}{b-a}.$

The function $q$ maps $S$ conformally onto $\mathbb{D}$ in such a way that
$q(z)\to\tau=1$ as ${\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z\to+\infty}$ and
$q(z)\to\sigma=-1$ as ${\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z\to-\infty}$.

Then $g:=(h\circ q)^{-1}$ is a conformal mapping of $\Omega$ onto $S$.
Moreover, by Remarks 2.8 and 2.10, for any $y_{0}\in(a,b)$, the curve
${[0,+\infty)\ni t\mapsto h^{-1}(-t+iy_{0})}$ is a backward orbit in
$\Delta(\sigma)$ and hence it converges to $\sigma$ as ${t\to+\infty}$.
Therefore, $g$ satisfies the normalization (2.9). By the very definition, it
follows that $\Omega$ is conformal at $-\infty$ w.r.t. $S$ if and only if $g$
satisfies condition (2.10).

It is elementary to see that (2.10) is in turn equivalent to the existence of
finite angular derivative at ${\sigma=-1}$ for the holomorphic self-map
$\varphi:\mathbb{D}\to\mathbb{D}$ defined by ${\varphi:=q\circ g\circ
q^{-1}}$. At the same time we have

$\varphi=q\circ(h\circ q)^{-1}\circ q^{-1}=h^{-1}\circ q^{-1}.$

Hence $\varphi$ maps $\mathbb{D}$ conformally onto the hyperbolic petal
$\Delta(\sigma)$. Using again Remark 2.8, we see that the radial limit of
$\varphi$ at $\sigma=-1$ equals $\sigma$. By Lindelöf’s Theorem (see e.g. [15,
Theorem 1.5.7 on p. 27]) the latter means that $\varphi(\sigma)=\sigma$ in the
sense of angular limits. According to Remark 2.20, the existence of the finite
angular derivative of $z\mapsto\varphi(-z)$ at ${z=1}$ implies that
$\Delta(\sigma)=\varphi(\mathbb{D})$ is conformal at $\sigma$ w.r.t.
$\mathbb{D}$ and hence we obtain the desired result. ∎

######  Remark 2.22 (Examples of non-conformal hyperbolic petals).

With some efforts, an example of a non-conformal hyperbolic petal was
constructed in [14, Sect. 8]. We briefly indicate how one can easily obtain
many other examples of conformal and non-conformal hyperbolic petals. Lemma
3.2, which we prove in the next section, allows one to construct starlike-at-
infinity domains $\Omega$ containing a maximal strip $S$ w.r.t. which $\Omega$
is conformal (or non-conformal) at $-\infty$. Let $h$ be a conformal mapping
of $\mathbb{D}$ onto $\Omega$. Then ${\Delta:=h^{-1}(S)}$ is a hyperbolic
petal for the non-elliptic semigroup $(\phi_{t})$ given by
${\phi_{t}:=h^{-1}\circ(h+t)}$, $t\geqslant 0$. By Proposition 2.21, the petal
$\Delta$ is conformal (respectively, non-conformal). Note that, using the
trick described in Remark 2.6, this technique can be extended to elliptic
semigroups as well.

##  3\. Auxiliary results

###  3.1. Strong Markov property for the Green’s function

Let $D\subsetneq\mathbb{C}$ be a simply connected domain. Let $\mathrm{G}_{D}$
and ${\omega\hskip 0.12497pt}_{D}$ denote the (positive) Green’s function and
the harmonic measure for the domain $D$, respectively; see e.g. [40, Chapter
4]. In the course of the proofs, we make use of the following remarkable
property of the Green’s function $\mathrm{G}_{D}$, see [39, p. 111].

######  Lemma 3.1 (Strong Markov Property for the Green’s function).

Let $D_{1}$ and $D_{2}$ be two simply connected domains with $D_{1}\subset
D_{2}\subsetneq\mathbb{C}$. Then for all $z,w\in D_{1}$, $z\neq w$,

$\mathrm{G}_{D_{2}}(z,w)-\mathrm{G}_{D_{1}}(z,w)=\int_{A}\mathrm{G}_{D_{2}}(\alpha,z)~{}{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{D_{1}}(w,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip 0.5382pt\alpha),$ (3.1)

where $A:=D_{2}\cap\partial D_{1}$.

In the proof of the main results, we occasionally replace the hyperbolic
density with the conformal radius; the reader may refer to [23, §2.1]. For
simply connected domains $D\subsetneq\mathbb{C}$ the conformal radius
$\mathcal{R}(z_{0},D)$ of $D$ w.r.t. the point $z_{0}\in D$ is just the
reciprocal of the hyperbolic density $\uplambda_{D}(z_{0})$; namely
$\mathcal{R}(z_{0},D)=2/\uplambda_{D}(z_{0})$.

It is further known that
$\mathrm{G}_{D}(z,w)+\log|w-z|\to\log\mathcal{R}(w,D)$ as ${z\to w\in D}$.
Therefore, (3.1) implies

$\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(w,D_{2})}{\mathcal{R}(w,D_{1})}=\int_{A}\mathrm{G}_{D_{2}}(\alpha,w)~{}{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{D_{1}}(w,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip 0.5382pt\alpha),\quad w\in D_{1}.$
(3.2)

###  3.2. An integral criterion for conformality of domains starlike at
infinity

Let $\Omega$ be a domain which is starlike at infinity and denote by
$S={\mathbb{S}}(a,b)=\\{x+iy\colon a<y<b\\}$ a maximal horizontal strip
contained in $\Omega$.

One of the ingredients of the proof of Theorem 4.1 is a characterization of
conformality of $\Omega$ at the boundary point $-\infty$ w.r.t. to $S$ in
euclidean terms. Such a characterization can easily be deduced from the work
of Rodin & Warschawski [42] and Jenkins & Oikawa [30] as follows.

Fix a point $w_{0}=iy_{0}\in S$, $y_{0}\in(a,b)$, and denote

$\delta_{\Omega,1}(t):=a\,-\,\inf I(t),\quad\delta_{\Omega,2}(t):=\sup
I(t)\,-\,b\,,$

where $I(t)$ is the connected component of $\\{y\colon t+iy\in\Omega\\}$
containing $y_{0}$. It is clear that ${\delta_{\Omega,j}(t)\geqslant 0}$ for
all ${t\in\mathbb{R}}$, ${j=1,2}$, because ${S\subset\Omega}$. We denote

$\delta_{\Omega}(t):=\max\left\\{\delta_{\Omega,1}(t),\delta_{\Omega,2}(t)\right\\}\,.$
(3.3)

Note that $\delta_{\Omega,1}(t)$, $\delta_{\Omega,2}(t)$ and
$\delta_{\Omega}(t)$ do not depend on the choice of the base point $w_{0}$. We
should also note that there might exist $t\in\mathbb{R}$ such that
$\delta_{\Omega}(t)=+\infty$. Due to maximality of the strip $S$ inside
$\Omega$, there always exists a $t_{0}\in\mathbb{R}$ such that
$\delta_{\Omega}(t)<+\infty$ for all $t\leqslant t_{0}$. In fact, starlikeness
of $\Omega$ at infinity assures that $\delta_{\Omega}$ is monotonically non-
decreasing in $(-\infty,t_{0}]$ and that $\delta_{\Omega}(t)\to 0$ as
$t\to-\infty$.

Since the Koenigs function $h$ is defined modulo an additive constant, by
shifting the domain $\Omega$ along the real axis, in our proofs we may assume
without loss of generality that $t_{0}=1$. The following lemma relates the
conformality of the starlike-at-infinity domain $\Omega$ at $-\infty$ w.r.t.
the strip $S$ with the integrability of the euclidean quantity
$\delta_{\Omega}$.

######  Lemma 3.2.

In the above notation, $\Omega$ is conformal at $-\infty$ w.r.t. the strip $S$
if and only if

$\int\limits_{-\infty}^{0}\delta_{\Omega}(t)\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt~{}<~{}+\infty.$ (3.4)

###### Proof.

Suppose that (3.4) holds. Let $(Q_{n})_{n\geqslant 0}$ be a sequence of
pairwise disjoint squares contained in ${(\Omega\setminus
S)\cap\\{z\colon\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z\leqslant 0\\}}$ and such that for
each $Q_{n}$ one of the sides is contained on $\partial S$. From (3.4), it
follows easily that $\sum_{n\geqslant 0}\mathrm{area}(Q_{n})<+\infty$. Hence,
by [42, Theorem 2]$,\Omega$ is conformal at $-\infty$ w.r.t. $S$.

Now suppose that $\Omega$ is conformal at $-\infty$ w.r.t. $S$. Since
$\Omega+x\subset\Omega$ for any $x\geqslant 0$, the functions
$\delta_{j}:=\delta_{\Omega,j}$, $j=1,2$, are monotonically non-decreasing.
Therefore, by the implication (i) $\Rightarrow$ (iii) of [42, Theorem 2],
there is an increasing sequence ${0=u_{0}<u_{1}<\ldots<u_{n}<\ldots}$ tending
to $+\infty$ such that

$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(u_{n+1}-u_{n})^{2}<\infty\quad\text{and}\quad\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\delta_{j}(-u_{n+1})^{2}<+\infty,~{}\text{~{}$j=1,2$.}$

With the help of the Cauchy – Schwarz – Bunyakovsky inequality, it follows
that

$\int\limits_{-\infty}^{0}\delta_{j}(t)\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt~{}=~{}\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\infty}\int\limits_{-u_{n+1}}^{-u_{n}}\delta_{j}(t)\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt~{}\leqslant~{}\sum\limits_{n=0}^{\infty}(u_{n+1}-u_{n})\cdot\delta_{j}(-u_{n+1})~{}<~{}+\infty$

by the monotonicity of $\delta_{j}$. ∎

###  3.3. A lemma on convergence of Riemann mappings on the boundary

Let $(D_{n})$ be a sequence of simply connected domains in $\mathbb{C}$ and
$\mathcal{B}$ an open subarc of ${\partial\mathbb{D}}$ with the following
properties: $\mathbb{D}\subset D_{n}$ and $\mathcal{B}\subset\partial D_{n}$
for each $n\in\mathbb{N}$. Denote by $\sigma_{k}$, $k=1,2$, the end-points of
the arc $\mathcal{B}$.

######  Lemma 3.3.

In the above notation, suppose additionally that each $D_{n}$ is a Jordan
domain. For each $n\in\mathbb{N}$, let $f_{n}$ denote the conformal map of
$\mathbb{D}$ onto $D_{n}$ normalized by $f_{n}(0)=0$, $f_{n}^{\prime}(0)>0$
and extended by continuity to a homeomorphism between the closures. If
$(D_{n})$ converges to $\mathbb{D}$ w.r.t. $0$ in the sense of kernel
convergence, then $f_{n}^{-1}(\sigma_{k})\to\sigma_{k}$, $k=1,2$, as
${n\to+\infty}$.

######  Remark 3.4.

Requiring that each of the domains $D_{n}$ is a Jordan domain is not really
essential in the above lemma, but this condition is satisfied in the setting
for which we will apply Lemma 3.3. For more general domains both the statement
of the lemma and its proof would become more technical. On the other hand, the
assumption that $\mathbb{D}\subset D_{n}$ for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$ seems to
play an important role. Again, in our setting this assumption holds, but
without it the conclusion of Lemma 3.3 may fail as the following example
demonstrates. The sequence of Jordan domains

$D_{n}:=\big{\\{}z\in\mathbb{C}:|z|<1-\tfrac{1}{n}\big{\\}}\cup\big{\\{}z\in\mathbb{D}:|\arg
z|<\tfrac{\pi}{2n}\big{\\}}\cup\big{\\{}z\in\mathbb{D}:\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z>0,~{}|z|>1-\tfrac{1}{2n}\big{\\}}\subset\mathbb{D}$

converges to $\mathbb{D}$ w.r.t. $0$ in the sense of kernel convergence.
Although the arc
$\mathcal{B}:=\\{z\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}:\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z>0\\}$
lies on the boundary of $D_{n}$ for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and although the
functions $f_{n}$ defined as above converge locally uniformly in $\mathbb{D}$
to the identity map, the pre-images $f_{n}^{-1}(\mathcal{B})$ shrink as
${n\to+\infty}$ to the point $\sigma_{0}=1$ rather than converge to
$\mathcal{B}$.

###### Proof of Lemma 3.3.

Denote $g_{n}:=f_{n}^{-1}\big{|}_{\overline{\mathbb{D}}}$, where
$\overline{\mathbb{D}}$ denotes the closure of $\mathbb{D}$. By Carathéodory’s
kernel convergence theorem ([38, Theorem 1.8]), $(f_{n})$ and $(g_{n})$
converge locally uniformly in $\mathbb{D}$ to the identity mapping. Moreover,
the restrictions $g_{n}\big{|}_{\mathbb{D}}$ can be extended by the Schwarz
reflection principle to conformal mappings $g_{n}^{*}$ of
$\mathbb{D}_{\mathcal{B}}:=\\{z\in\mathbb{C}:|z|\neq 1\\}\cup\mathcal{B}$ into
$\mathbb{C}$. Recall that ${g_{n}(0)=0}$ for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$. Moreover,
by the locally uniform convergence of $(g_{n})$ in $\mathbb{D}$, the sequence
$|g^{\prime}_{n}(0)|$ is bounded. It follows that the extended functions
$g^{*}_{n}$ form a normal family in $\mathbb{D}_{\mathcal{B}}$ and hence
$g^{*}_{n}\to\mathop{\mathsf{id}}_{\mathbb{D}_{\mathcal{B}}}$ locally
uniformly in $\mathbb{D}_{\mathcal{B}}$. This fact, however, does not imply on
its own the conclusion of the lemma, because
$\sigma_{k}\not\in\mathbb{D}_{\mathcal{B}}$. On the other hand,
$g_{n}(w)=g_{n}^{*}(w)$ for all ${w\in\mathcal{B}}$ and all ${n\in\mathbb{N}}$
and hence we may conclude that $(g_{n})$ converges uniformly on any closed
subarc of $\mathcal{B}$ to the identity mapping.

Consider the sequence $h_{n}(w):=\sigma_{0}g_{n}(w)/g_{n}(\sigma_{0})$,
$w\in\overline{\mathbb{D}}$, where $\sigma_{0}$ is the midpoint of the arc
$\mathcal{B}$. Note that $h_{n}(\mathbb{D})\subset\mathbb{D}$,
$h_{n}(\mathcal{B})\subset{\partial\mathbb{D}}$, and
$h_{n}(\sigma_{0})=\sigma_{0}$. Therefore, by Loewner’s lemma ([38,
Proposition 4.15]), $\mathcal{B}\subset h_{n}(\mathcal{B})$. Since
$g_{n}(\sigma_{0})\to\sigma_{0}$, it is enough to show that
$h_{n}(\sigma_{k})\to\sigma_{k}$ as ${n\to+\infty}$, $k=1,2$. Suppose this is
not the case. Then, passing if necessary to a subsequence, we may assume that
there exists an open arc $\mathcal{C}$ on ${\partial\mathbb{D}}$ such that
$\mathcal{C}\not\subset\mathcal{B}$, and

$\mathcal{C}\subset h_{n}(\mathcal{B})\quad\text{ for
all~{}$n\in\mathbb{N}$.}$ (3.5)

In particular, $h_{n}^{-1}(\mathcal{C})\subset{\partial\mathbb{D}}$ for any
${n\in\mathbb{N}}$. The functions $h_{n}^{-1}$ are restrictions of the maps
$z\mapsto{f_{n}\big{(}zg_{n}(\sigma_{0})/\sigma_{0}\big{)}}$ to
$\overline{\mathbb{D}}$. Therefore, arguing as above we see that
$h_{n}^{-1}\to\mathop{\mathsf{id}}_{\mathcal{C}}$ on $\mathcal{C}$. Since
$\mathcal{C}\not\subset\mathcal{B}$, it follows that
$h^{-1}_{n}(\mathcal{C})\not\subset\mathcal{B}$ for $n\in\mathbb{N}$ large
enough. To complete the proof it remains to notice that the latter conclusion
contradicts (3.5). ∎

##  4\. Proof of the main result

###  4.1. Reformulation of the problem

In this section we reduce Theorem 1.1 to showing that if a domain $\Omega$ is
starlike at infinity, then its conformality at $-\infty$ w.r.t. a maximal
strip ${\mathbb{S}}(a,b)\subset\Omega$ is equivalent to a certain condition on
how fast $\uplambda_{\Omega}$ approaches $\uplambda_{{\mathbb{S}}(a,b)}$ along
a horizontal ray ${\\{t+iy_{0}\colon t\leqslant 0\\}}\subset{\mathbb{S}}(a,b)$
as $t\to-\infty$. The precise statement of this result is as follows.

######  Theorem 4.1.

Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{C}$, $\Omega\neq\mathbb{C}$, be a domain starlike at
infinity and let $S:={\mathbb{S}}(a,b)$ be a maximal strip contained in
$\Omega$. Fix a point $w_{0}\in S$. Then $\Omega$ is conformal at $-\infty$
w.r.t. $S$ if and only if

$\int\limits_{-\infty}^{0}\log\,\frac{\uplambda_{S}(t+w_{0})}{\uplambda_{\Omega}(t+w_{0})}\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt~{}<~{}+\infty.$ (4.1)

In this case, the integral (4.1) converges for every $w_{0}\in S$, and in fact
locally uniformly on $S$.

In this subsection, we show that Theorem 4.1 implies Theorem 1.1. This is not
difficult for non-elliptic semigroups $(\phi_{t})$ in $\mathbb{D}$, but less
obvious in the elliptic case. The proof of Theorem 4.1 will be given in
Subsections 4.2 and 4.3.

###### Proof of Theorem 1.1.

First we prove Theorem 1.1 for the case of a non-elliptic semigroup
$(\phi_{t})$ in $\mathbb{D}$. Differentiating Abel’s equation (2.7) w.r.t.
$z$, we obtain

${h^{\prime}\big{(}\phi_{t}(z)\big{)}}\phi_{t}^{\prime}(z)={h^{\prime}(z)}$
(4.2)

for all $z\in\mathbb{D}$, $t\geqslant 0$. Moreover, in view of Remark 2.11,
(4.2) holds also for all ${t<0}$ if ${z\in{\mathcal{W}}^{\circ}}$.

Denote by $\Omega$ the Koenigs domain of $(\phi_{t})$ and by
$S={\mathbb{S}}(a,b)$ the maximal strip in $\Omega$ associated to the
$\alpha$-point $\sigma$ of a hyperbolic petal $\Delta=\Delta(\sigma)$, see
Remark 2.8. Then $\Omega$ is starlike at infinity and the Koenigs function $h$
maps $\mathbb{D}$ conformally onto $\Omega$ and $\Delta(\sigma)$ onto $S$, see
[15, Theorem 13.5.5]. Fix ${z_{0}\in\Delta(\sigma)}$. Taking into account that
the hyperbolic metric is invariant under conformal mappings and using equality
(4.2) we see that the integrand in (1.1) can be written as

$\log\,\frac{\uplambda_{\Delta}(z_{0})}{\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}(\phi_{t}(z_{0}))\,|\phi_{t}^{\prime}(z_{0})|}=\log\,\frac{|h^{\prime}(z_{0})|\,\uplambda_{S}\big{(}h(z_{0})\big{)}}{|h^{\prime}(\phi_{t}(z_{0}))|\,\uplambda_{\Omega}\big{(}h(\phi_{t}(z_{0}))\big{)}\,|\phi_{t}^{\prime}(z_{0})|}=\log\,\frac{\uplambda_{S}\big{(}h(z_{0})\big{)}}{\uplambda_{\Omega}\big{(}h(\phi_{t}(z_{0}))\big{)}},$

which is equal for any ${t\in\mathbb{R}}$, according to Abel’s equation (2.7)
and Remark 2.11, to

$\log\,\frac{\uplambda_{S}\big{(}h(z_{0})\big{)}}{\uplambda_{\Omega}\big{(}h(z_{0})+t\big{)}}.$

Furthermore, obviously $\uplambda_{S}(h(z_{0}))=\uplambda_{S}(h(z_{0})+t)$ for
any ${t\in\mathbb{R}}$. Consequently, for $w_{0}:=h(z_{0})$, the integral in
(1.1) is identical to the integral in (4.1). Thus, for non-elliptic semigroups
Theorem 1.1 follows from Theorem 4.1 and Proposition 2.21.

Now we show how the elliptic case can be reduced to the non-elliptic case.
Consider a semigroup $(\phi_{t})$ in $\mathbb{D}$ with DW-point
$\tau\in\mathbb{D}$. According to Remark 2.6, there exists a parabolic
semigroup $(\varphi_{t})$ in $\mathbb{D}$ such that for all $t\geqslant 0$,

$\phi_{t}\circ F=F\circ\varphi_{t},\quad\text{where~{}}~{}F:=T\circ
C,~{}\,C(z):=\exp\left(-\frac{1+z}{1-z}\right),~{}\,T(w):=\frac{w+\tau}{1+\overline{\tau}w}.$
(4.3)

Note that $F(\zeta_{1})=F(\zeta_{2})$ if and only if $L^{\circ
n}(\zeta_{1})=\zeta_{2}$ for some $n\in\mathbb{Z}$, where $L$ is the
automorphism of $\mathbb{D}$ given by $L(\zeta):=H^{-1}\big{(}H(\zeta)+2\pi
i\big{)}$, $H(z):=(1+z)/(1-z)$, and $L^{\circ n}$ denotes the $n$-the iterate
of $L$. The semigroup $(\varphi_{t})$ satisfies for each ${t\geqslant 0}$ the
functional equation $\varphi_{t}\circ L=L\circ\varphi_{t}$. This is clear from
the construction given in [28, Sect. 2]. Therefore, if
$\zeta\in\varphi_{t}(\mathbb{D})$ for some $t\geqslant 0$, then
$\varphi_{t}(\mathbb{D})$ contains all the points
$\zeta^{\prime}\in\mathbb{D}$ satisfying ${F(\zeta^{\prime})=F(\zeta)}$. With
the notation

$\mathcal{W}:=\bigcap_{t\geqslant
0}\phi_{t}(\mathbb{D}),\qquad\mathcal{U}:=\bigcap_{t\geqslant
0}\varphi_{t}(\mathbb{D}),$

it follows that

$F(\mathcal{U})=\bigcap_{t\geqslant
0}F(\varphi_{t}(\mathbb{D}))=\bigcap_{t\geqslant
0}\phi_{t}(F(\mathbb{D}))=\bigcap_{t\geqslant
0}\phi_{t}(\mathbb{D}\setminus\\{\tau\\})=\mathcal{W}\setminus\\{\tau\\}.$

Note that $\Delta(\sigma)$ is a simply connected domain and
$\tau\in\partial\Delta(\sigma)$; see [15, Proposition 13.4.2]. Moreover, by
the definition of a petal, $\Delta(\sigma)$ is a connected component of the
interior of $\mathcal{W}$. Since
${F:\mathbb{D}\to\mathbb{D}\setminus\\{\tau\\}}$ is a covering map, it follows
that there exists a connected component $D$ of the interior of $\mathcal{U}$
such that $F$ maps $D$ conformally (and in particular, injectively) onto
$\Delta(\sigma)$. By the very definition, $D$ is a petal for $(\varphi_{t})$.

Moreover, by [15, Proposition 13.4.9], $D$ is a Jordan domain and
$\partial\Delta(\sigma)$ is locally connected. It follows, see e.g. [38, Sect.
2.2], that $F_{*}:=F|_{D}$ extends continuously to $\partial D$ and that
${F_{*}(\partial D)=\partial\Delta(\sigma)}$. Recall that
$\sigma\in\partial\Delta(\sigma)$. Therefore, there exists a point
$\varsigma\in\partial D$ such that $F_{*}(\varsigma)=\sigma$. Since $F$ is
continuous with $|F|<1$ in $\mathbb{D}$ and since
${\sigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}}$, we have
${\varsigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}}$. We claim that, $\varsigma\neq 1$.
Indeed, let $\Gamma$ be a Jordan arc in $D\cup\\{1\\}$ with one of the end-
points at $1$. Since $F_{*}$ is continuous in the closure of $D$, we have
$F(z)\to F_{*}(1)$ as $\Gamma\ni z\to 1$. Taking into account that the only
asymptotic value of ${\mathbb{H}\ni\zeta\mapsto e^{-\zeta}}$ at $\infty$ is
$0$, it follows that $F_{*}(1)=\tau\neq\sigma$.

Note that $F$ extends holomorphically to any point of
${\partial\mathbb{D}}\setminus\\{1\\}$. Hence $F(\varsigma)=\sigma$. As a
consequence, using Remark 2.5, it is easy to see that $\varsigma$ is a
repulsive fixed point of $(\varphi_{t})$.

Thus we have constructed a hyperbolic petal $D$ for $(\varphi_{t})$ with
$\alpha$-point $\varsigma$ such that $F$ maps $D$ conformally onto
$\Delta(\sigma)$, with $F(\varsigma)=\sigma$. Since $F$ is holomorphic at
$\varsigma$ and $F^{\prime}(\varsigma)\neq 0$, the petal $D$ is conformal if
and only if the petal $\Delta(\sigma)$ is conformal.

It remains to show that condition (1.1) for $(\phi_{t})$ and a point
$z_{0}\in\Delta(\sigma)$ is equivalent to (1.1) with $(\phi_{t})$,
$\Delta(\sigma)$, and $z_{0}$ replaced by $(\varphi_{t})$, $D$, and
$\zeta_{0}:=F_{*}^{-1}(z_{0})$, respectively.

First of all since $F$ maps $D$ conformally onto $\Delta(\sigma)$, with
$F(\zeta_{0})=z_{0}$, we have
$\uplambda_{D}(\zeta_{0})=|F^{\prime}(\zeta_{0})|\uplambda_{\Delta(\sigma)}(z_{0})$.
Furthermore, by (4.3),

$\phi_{t}(z_{0})=F\big{(}\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})\big{)}\quad\text{~{}and~{}}\quad\varphi^{\prime}_{t}(\zeta_{0})=\phi^{\prime}_{t}(z_{0})\frac{F^{\prime}(\zeta_{0})}{F^{\prime}\big{(}\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})\big{)}}$

for all $t\in\mathbb{R}$. Using these relations we obtain

$\displaystyle\frac{\uplambda_{D}(\zeta_{0})}{\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}(\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0}))\,|\varphi_{t}^{\prime}(z_{0})|}~{}$
$\displaystyle=~{}\frac{|F^{\prime}(\zeta_{0})|\,\uplambda_{\Delta(\sigma)}(z_{0})}{\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})\big{)}}\,\frac{|F^{\prime}\big{(}\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})\big{)}|}{|\phi^{\prime}_{t}(z_{0})F^{\prime}(\zeta_{0})|}~{}=~{}$
$\displaystyle=\frac{\uplambda_{\Delta(\sigma)}(z_{0})}{\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}(\phi_{t}(z_{0}))\,|\phi_{t}^{\prime}(z_{0})|}\,\frac{|F^{\prime}\big{(}\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})\big{)}|\,\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}(\phi_{t}(z_{0}))}{\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})\big{)}}$
(4.4)
$\displaystyle=\frac{\uplambda_{\Delta(\sigma)}(z_{0})}{\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}(\phi_{t}(z_{0}))\,|\phi_{t}^{\prime}(z_{0})|}\,\frac{|F^{\prime}\big{(}\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})\big{)}|\,\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}F(\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0}))\big{)}}{\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})\big{)}}$

for all $t\in\mathbb{R}$. The backward orbit
$\gamma(t):=\varphi_{-t}(\zeta_{0})$ of $(\varphi_{t})$ converges to
$\varsigma$ at an exponential rate, that is,

$\lim\limits_{t\to-\infty}\frac{1}{t}\log\left(1-\overline{\varsigma}\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})\right)=\lambda\in(0,+\infty)\,,$
(4.5)

see [15, Proposition 13.4.14], and non-tangentially, see Remark 2.15.
Moreover, for any $w\in\mathbb{D}$,

$0\geqslant\log\frac{|F^{\prime}(w)|\,\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}F(w)\big{)}}{\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}(w)}=\log\frac{|C^{\prime}(w)|\,\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}C(w)\big{)}}{\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}(w)}=\log\frac{\mu(w)}{\sinh\mu(w)}\geqslant-\frac{\mu(w)^{2}}{6},$

where $\mu(w):=(1-|w|^{2})/(|1-w|^{2})$. The first equality holds because
${F=T\circ C}$ with ${T\in{\sf Aut}(\mathbb{D})}$, the second one comes from
(4.3) by direct calculation, and the inequality sign can be established by
comparing the Maclaurin expansion of ${\sinh(x)/x}$ with that of
$e^{\,x^{2}/6}$. Note that
${1-|\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})|^{2}}<{2\,|1-\overline{\varsigma}\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})|}$
for all ${t<0}$ and that
$|1-\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})|\xrightarrow{t\to-\infty}|1-\varsigma|\neq 0$.
Hence, it follows from (4.5) that
$\int_{-\infty}^{0}\mu(\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0}))^{2}\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt<+\infty$, and so we can conclude that the integral

$\int\limits_{-\infty}^{0}\log\frac{|F^{\prime}\big{(}\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})\big{)}|\,\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}F(\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0}))\big{)}}{\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}\varphi_{t}(\zeta_{0})\big{)}}\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt$

converges.

In fact, the above integral converges locally uniformly w.r.t. $\zeta_{0}\in
D$ because the limit (4.5) is attained locally uniformly in $D$, which in turn
follows from the fact that the values of the holomorphic functions

$D\ni\zeta\,\mapsto\,\frac{1}{t}\log\left(1-\overline{\varsigma}\varphi_{t}(\zeta)\right),\quad
t<-1,$

lie in the strip ${\mathbb{S}}$, and hence these functions form a normal
family in $D$. In view of (4.4), the proof that Theorem 4.1 implies Theorem
1.1 for elliptic semigroups is therefore reduced to the previous case of non-
elliptic semigroups. ∎

###  4.2. Proof of the if-part of Theorem 4.1: condition (4.1) implies
conformality

As a matter of taste, we prefer to work with the conformal radius instead of
the density of the hyperbolic metric. Therefore, condition (4.1) in Theorem
4.1 can be rewritten as

$\int\limits_{-\infty}^{0}\log\,\frac{\mathcal{R}(t+w_{0},\Omega)}{\mathcal{R}(t+w_{0},S)}\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt~{}<~{}+\infty\,,\quad w_{0}\in S.$ (4.6)

In order to simplify notation, throughout the current and the following
section we restrict ourselves to the case $\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w_{0}=0$.
The following theorem is the key result of this section. It shows that the
integrand in (4.6) can be estimated from below by the euclidean quantity
$\delta_{\Omega}(t)$ introduced in (3.3).

######  Theorem 4.2.

Let $\Omega$ be a proper subdomain of $\mathbb{C}$ which is starlike at
infinity and such that the standard strip
${\mathbb{S}}=\\{z\in\mathbb{C}\,:\,|\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z|<\frac{\pi}{2}\\}$
is a maximal horizontal strip contained in $\Omega$. Then for any compact set
$K\subset(-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})$ there are constants $c>0$ and
$T\leqslant 0$ such that for any $y\in K$,

$\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(t+iy,\Omega)}{\mathcal{R}(t+iy,{\mathbb{S}})}\geqslant
c\,\delta_{\Omega}(t)\quad\text{ for all~{}}~{}t\leqslant T.$ (4.7)

It is clear from our previous considerations that Theorem 4.2 implies the “if-
part” of Theorem 4.1. Indeed, if condition (4.1) holds for some
$w_{0}=iy_{0}\in S$, $y_{0}\in(-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})$, then Theorem
4.2 and Lemma 3.2 imply that $\Omega$ is conformal at $-\infty$.

The proof of Theorem 4.2 is quite long and will be broken into several steps.
The idea of the proof is as follows.

######  Remark 4.3 (Idea of proof of Theorem 4.2).

Recall that ${\mathbb{H}=\\{z:\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z>0\\}}$ denotes the
right half-plane. For $\delta>0$ we consider the enlarged strip

${\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}:=\left\\{z:-\frac{\pi}{2}<\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z<\frac{\pi}{2}+\delta\right\\}$

and the “half-widened” standard strip

$\quad{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}^{*}:={\mathbb{S}}\cup\big{(}{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}\cap\mathbb{H}\big{)}.$

Fix a point $iy_{0}\in\Omega$, $y_{0}\in(-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})$. By
definition of $\delta_{2}(t):=\delta_{\Omega,2}(t)$, see Subsection 3.2, and
since $\Omega$ is starlike at infinity, it follows at once that

${\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta_{2}(t)}+t\subset\Omega.$

Thus, by domain monotonicity of the conformal radius,

$\log\frac{\mathcal{R}\Big{(}t+iy_{0},\Omega\Big{)}}{\mathcal{R}\left(t+iy_{0},{\mathbb{S}}\right)}\geqslant\log\frac{\mathcal{R}\left(t+iy_{0},{\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta_{2}(t)}+t\right)}{\mathcal{R}\left(t+iy_{0},{\mathbb{S}}\right)}=\log\frac{\mathcal{R}\left(iy_{0},{\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta_{2}(t)}\right)}{\mathcal{R}\left(iy_{0},{\mathbb{S}}\right)},\qquad
t\leqslant 0\,.$ (4.8)

The crux of the proof is to show that the expression on the r.h.s. of (4.8) is
bounded below by

$\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(iy_{0},{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta_{2}(t)})}{\mathcal{R}(iy_{0},{\mathbb{S}})},$
(4.9)

at least up to a positive multiplicative constant which depends only on
$y_{0}$ but in a fairly controllable way. The quantity occurring in (4.9) is
explicitly computable in terms of $\delta_{2}(t)$ (and $y_{0})$, and as we
shall see, in fact comparable to $\delta_{2}(t)$ locally uniformly w.r.t.
$y_{0}$. This provides a lower bound also for the l.h.s. in (4.8) in terms of
$\delta_{2}(t)=\delta_{\Omega,2}(t)$ and then, by symmetry, in terms of
$\delta_{\Omega}(t)=\max\\{\delta_{\Omega,1}(t),\delta_{\Omega,2}(t)\\}$, and
(4.7) follows.

######  Proposition 4.4.

For $\delta>0$ let
$~{}\Phi_{\delta}:(-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})\to(0,+\infty)$ be defined by

$\Phi_{\delta}(y):={\log\displaystyle\frac{\mathcal{R}(iy,{\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta})}{\mathcal{R}(iy,{\mathbb{S}})}}\left(\log\displaystyle\frac{\mathcal{R}(iy,{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta})}{\mathcal{R}(iy,{\mathbb{S}})}\right)^{-1}.$
(4.10)

Then

$\lim\limits_{\delta\to 0^{+}}\Phi_{\delta}=\frac{1}{2}$ (4.11)

locally uniformly on $(-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})$.

######  Remark 4.5.

The two quantities $\mathcal{R}(\cdot,{\mathbb{S}})$ and
$\mathcal{R}(\cdot,{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta})$ occurring in (4.10) do have simple
explicit expressions. In principle, the third quantity
$\mathcal{R}(\cdot,{\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta})$ does also have an explicit
expression, since the conformal map of the unit disk $\mathbb{D}$ onto
${\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta}$ is “explicitly” known, see [32, formula (5.2.15),
p. 272]. However, this explicit formula is fairly involved and seems quite
unsuitable for obtaining precise information about
$\mathcal{R}(\cdot,{\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta})$, which is needed for proving
Proposition 4.4. The proof of Proposition 4.4 below circumvents this
difficulty by making use of the strong Markov property for the Green’s
function, see Sect. 3.1.

In order to prove Proposition 4.4 we further need several auxiliary lemmas.

######  Lemma 4.6.

Fix some $\beta\in(-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})$, some positive
$\alpha_{0}\leqslant\frac{1}{2}\big{(}\frac{\pi}{2}-\beta\big{)}$, and some
$\alpha\in(0,\alpha_{0})$, and let

$h(x):=\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}}\big{(}i\beta,x+i\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2}-\alpha\right)\big{)},\quad
x\in\mathbb{R}.$

Then

$h(0)\,\geqslant\,h(x)\,\geqslant\,h(0)\,\frac{1-\cos\alpha_{0}}{\cosh
x-\cos\alpha_{0}}$ (4.12)

for all $x\in\mathbb{R}$.

###### Proof.

Let $z:=x+i(\tfrac{\pi}{2}-\alpha)$. Utilizing the formula for the Green’s
function of ${\mathbb{S}}$ (see [40, p.109]), we find

$h(x)=\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}}\big{(}i\beta,z\big{)}=\log\left|\frac{e^{z}+e^{-i\beta}}{e^{z}-e^{i\beta}}\right|=\tfrac{1}{2}\log
q(\cosh x,\alpha),\quad
q(u,\alpha):=\frac{u-\sin(\beta-\alpha)}{u-\sin(\beta+\alpha)}.$

The proof of (4.12) is now elementary. For convenience we provide the main
steps. As $q(1,\alpha)\geqslant q(u,\alpha)>1$ for any $u\geqslant 1$, we see
that the left inequality in (4.12) holds. Since
$u\mapsto\varrho(u):=\left(u-\sin(\beta+\alpha)\right)\log q(u,\alpha)$ is
concave with $\lim_{u\to\infty}\varrho^{\prime}(u)=0$, the function
$\varrho(u)$ is increasing and we have

$\displaystyle\log
q(u,\alpha)\geqslant\frac{1-\sin(\beta+\alpha)}{u-\sin(\beta+\alpha)}\,\log
q(1,\alpha)$
$\displaystyle>\frac{1-\sin(\beta+\alpha_{0})}{u-\sin(\beta+\alpha_{0})}\,\log
q(1,\alpha)$
$\displaystyle\geqslant\frac{1-\cos\alpha_{0}}{u-\cos\alpha_{0}}\,\log
q(1,\alpha).$

The right inequality in (4.12) follows easily. ∎

######  Lemma 4.7.

Let $\mathcal{B}:=\\{e^{i\theta}:\alpha<\theta<\beta\\}$ and
$\mathcal{B}^{\prime}:=\\{e^{i\theta}:\alpha^{\prime}<\theta<\beta^{\prime}\\}$.
Let $z,\,z^{\prime}\in\mathbb{D}$. Then

$\big{|}{\omega\hskip 0.12497pt}_{\mathbb{D}}(z,\mathcal{B})-{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{\mathbb{D}}(z^{\prime},\mathcal{B}^{\prime})\big{|}~{}\leqslant~{}\frac{|\alpha^{\prime}-\alpha|+|\beta^{\prime}-\beta|+2|z^{\prime}-z|}{\pi(1-r)},$
(4.13)

where $r:=\max\\{|z|,|z^{\prime}|\\}$.

###### Proof.

Recall that $2\pi{\omega\hskip 0.12497pt}_{\mathbb{D}}(0,\cdot)$ coincides
with one-dimensional Lebesgue measure on the unit circle
${\partial\mathbb{D}}$. Hence

$\left|{\omega\hskip 0.12497pt}_{\mathbb{D}}(0,\mathcal{B})-{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{\mathbb{D}}(0,\mathcal{B}^{\prime})\right|\leqslant\frac{|\alpha^{\prime}-\alpha|+|\beta^{\prime}-\beta|}{2\pi}\,.$
(4.14)

To prove (4.13) in the case $z^{\prime}=z\neq 0$, it is sufficient to apply
(4.14) to the arcs $T(\mathcal{B},z)$ and $T(\mathcal{B}^{\prime},z)$, where
$T(\sigma,z):=(\sigma-z)/(1-\sigma\bar{z})$, and take into account that

$\left|\frac{\partial
T(\sigma,z)}{\partial\sigma}\right|\leqslant\frac{1+|z|}{1-|z|}<\frac{2}{1-r}\quad\text{for
any $\sigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}$}.$

Finally, to prove (4.13) in the general case, we notice that for any
$\sigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}$ and $\theta\in\mathbb{R}$,

$\left|\,\frac{\partial T(\sigma,z+te^{i\theta})}{\partial
t}\Big{|}_{t=0}\,\right|~{}\leqslant~{}\left|\frac{\partial
T(\sigma,z)}{\partial z}\right|\,+\,\left|\frac{\partial
T(\sigma,z)}{\partial\bar{z}}\right|~{}\leqslant~{}\frac{2}{1-r}.$

Hence, $\big{|}\arg T(\sigma,z^{\prime})/T(\sigma,z)\big{|}\leqslant
2|z^{\prime}-z|/(1-r)$ for any $\sigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}$. As a
consequence,

$2\pi\big{|}{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{\mathbb{D}}(z^{\prime},\mathcal{B}^{\prime})-{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{\mathbb{D}}(z,\mathcal{B}^{\prime})\big{|}\leqslant
4|z^{\prime}-z|/(1-r)$

and the general case for the estimate (4.13) follows immediately. ∎

###### Proof of Proposition 4.4.

Applying formula (3.2) we immediately get

$\displaystyle\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(iy,{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta})}{\mathcal{R}(iy,{\mathbb{S}})}$
$\displaystyle=\int\limits_{A}\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}}(iy,z)\,{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}}(iy,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip 0.5382ptz),$
$\displaystyle\text{where
$A:=\left\\{z:\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z=\tfrac{\pi}{2}\right\\}$},$ (4.15)
$\displaystyle\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(iy,{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta})}{\mathcal{R}(iy,{\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta})}$
$\displaystyle=\int\limits_{B\,\cup\,C_{\delta}}\\!\\!\\!\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}}(iy,z)\,{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}^{*}}(iy,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip 0.5382ptz),$
where
$B:=\left\\{z:\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z=\tfrac{\pi}{2},~{}\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z<0\right\\}$
(4.16) and $C_{\delta}:=\left\\{iy:\tfrac{\pi}{2}\leqslant
y<\tfrac{\pi}{2}+\delta\right\\}$.

Clearly, we may restrict consideration to small $\delta>0$; namely, we will
suppose that

$\delta\in(0,\delta_{0}),\quad\text{where~{}}~{}\delta_{0}:=\min_{y\in
K}\tfrac{1}{2}\big{(}\tfrac{\pi}{2}-y\big{)}.$

Fix temporarily $y\in K$ and $\delta\in(0,\delta_{0})$. By Lemma 4.6 applied
with

$\beta:=\Big{(}y-\frac{\delta}{2}\Big{)}\frac{\pi}{\pi+\delta},\quad\alpha_{0}:=\delta_{0},\quad\alpha:=\delta\frac{\pi}{\pi+\delta},$

we have that
$h(x)=h(x;y,\delta):=\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}}(iy,x+i\tfrac{\pi}{2})$
satisfies inequality (4.12). On the one hand, in combination with the explicit
formula from [40, Table 4.1, p.100]

${\omega\hskip 0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}}(iy,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptz)=(2\pi)^{-1}\cos y\,(\cosh x-\sin y)^{-1}\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptx\,,\quad z=x+i\pi/2\in A,$

this allows us to estimate the r.h.s. of (4.15) from below:

$\displaystyle\int\limits_{A}\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}}(iy,z)\,{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}}(iy,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip 0.5382ptz)$
$\displaystyle\geqslant$
$\displaystyle\displaystyle\frac{h(0;y,\delta)}{2\pi}\int\limits_{\mathbb{R}}\frac{(1-\cos\delta_{0})\sin
2\delta_{0}}{(\cosh x-\cos\delta_{0})(\cosh x+1)}\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptx$ (4.17) $\displaystyle=$ $\displaystyle
m(\delta_{0})h(0;y,\delta)\quad\text{for all~{}$\delta\in(0,\delta_{0})$ and
all $y\in K$,}$

where $m(\delta_{0})$ is a positive constant depending only on $\delta_{0}$.
On the other hand, in view of (4.12), we have

$\displaystyle\int\limits_{A}\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}}(iy,z)\,{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{S}(iy,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip 0.5382ptz)$
$\displaystyle\leqslant\displaystyle
h(0;y,\delta)\int\limits_{A}\,{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}}(iy,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptz)=h(0;y,\delta)\left(\frac{y}{\pi}+\frac{1}{2}\right)$
$\displaystyle\leqslant
h(0;y,\delta)\left(1-\frac{2\delta_{0}}{\pi}\right)\,.$ (4.18)

The main ingredient of the proof is the following:
Claim 1. As $\delta\to 0^{+}$,

$\sup_{y\in
K}~{}\frac{1}{h(0;y,\delta)}\left|\int\limits_{B}\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}}(iy,z)\,{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}^{*}}(iy,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptz)-\frac{1}{2}\int\limits_{A}\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}}(iy,z)\,{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}}(iy,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip 0.5382ptz)\right|~{}\to~{}0.$
(4.19)

To prove this claim we first notice that, due to symmetry, one can remove the
factor $1/2$ in (4.19) if the set $A$ in the second integral is replaced by
$B$. Moreover, by the monotonicity property of harmonic measure, see e.g. [40,
Corollary 4.3.9 on p. 102],

$\mu_{y,\delta}\,:=\,{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}^{*}}(iy,\cdot)\big{|}_{B}\,-\,{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}}(iy,\cdot)\big{|}_{B}$

is a non-negative bounded measure on $B$. Recall also that
$0<h(x;y,\delta)\leqslant h(0;y,\delta)$ for all $x\in\mathbb{R}$, see (4.12).
Therefore, in order to prove (4.19), it is sufficient to show that

$\sup_{y\in K}\mu_{y,\delta}(B)\to 0\quad\text{as $\delta\to 0^{+}$.}$ (4.20)

To this end, we will take advantage of conformal invariance of harmonic
measure. Denote by $F_{\delta}$, $\delta\in(0,\delta_{0})$, and $F$ the
conformal mappings of ${\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}^{*}$ and ${\mathbb{S}}$,
respectively, onto $\mathbb{D}$ with the normalization
${F(0)=F_{\delta}(0)=0}$, ${F^{\prime}(0)>0}$, ${F^{\prime}_{\delta}(0)>0}$.
Clearly, ${F(z)=(e^{z}-1)/(e^{z}+1)}$ extends holomorphically and injectively
to the wider strip ${|\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z|<\pi}$ and hence we can
write $F_{\delta}=f_{\delta}^{-1}\circ F$, where $f_{\delta}$ is the conformal
mapping of $\mathbb{D}$ onto the Jordan domain
$D_{\delta}:=F({\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta})$ with $f_{\delta}(0)=0$ and
$f^{\prime}_{\delta}(0)>0$.

Denote $\mathcal{B}:=F(B)=\\{z\in\partial\mathbb{D}:~{}\pi/2<\arg z<\pi\\}$.
By conformal invariance of harmonic measure, ${\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}}\big{(}iy,B\big{)}={\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}F(iy),\mathcal{B}\big{)}$ and ${\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}^{*}}\big{(}iy,B\big{)}={\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}f_{\delta}^{-1}(F(iy)),f_{\delta}^{-1}(\mathcal{B})\big{)}$.

Note that $\mathbb{D}\subset D_{\delta}$ for any $\delta\in(0,\delta_{0})$ and
that $D_{\delta}\to\mathbb{D}$ w.r.t. $0$ in the sense of kernel convergence
when $\delta\to 0^{+}$. Denote ${z=z(y):=F(iy)}$ and
${z^{\prime}=z^{\prime}(y,\delta):=F_{\delta}(iy)=f^{-1}_{\delta}(z(y))}$. As
${\delta\to 0^{+}}$, by Carathéodory’s kernel convergence theorem, we have
$z^{\prime}(y,\delta)\to z(y)$ uniformly w.r.t. ${y\in K}$. Note also that by
the Schwarz lemma, for any ${y\in K}$ and any ${\delta\in(0,\delta)}$ the
estimate $|z^{\prime}(y,\delta)|\leqslant|z(y)|\leqslant r_{0}:=\max_{y\in
K}|F(iy)|<1$ holds. Therefore, (4.20) and hence (4.19) follow from Lemmas 3.3
and 4.7.

Taking into account (4.15) – (4.19), we see that it remains to estimate in
(4.16) the part of the integral over $C_{\delta}$. We claim that
Claim 2. As $\delta\to 0^{+}$,

$\sup\limits_{y\in
K}~{}\frac{1}{h(0;y,\delta)}\left|\,\,\int\limits_{C_{\delta}}\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}}(iy,z)\,{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}^{*}}(iy,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptz)\right|~{}\to~{}0.$ (4.21)

Fix some ${\delta\in(0,\delta_{0})}$ and ${y\in K}$. Clearly,
$0<\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}}(iy,z)\leqslant h(0;y,\delta)$ for any
${z\in C_{\delta}}$. Therefore, it is sufficient to show that

$\sup_{y\in K}{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta}}(iy,C_{\delta})\to 0\quad\text{as
$\delta\to 0^{+}$.}$ (4.22)

Consider again the mappings $F_{\delta}$ introduced above. As we have shown in
the proof of Claim 1, $|F_{\delta}(iy)|\leqslant r_{0}$, where $r_{0}\in[0,1)$
depends only on the compact set $K$. Therefore, to prove (4.22) we only need
to check that the linear Lebesgue measure of $F_{\delta}(C_{\delta})$ tends to
zero as $\delta\to 0^{+}$. Suppose this is not the case. Then there exists a
sequence $(\delta_{n})\subset(0,\delta_{0})$ converging to $0$ and a non-
degenerate closed arc $\mathcal{C}\subset{\partial\mathbb{D}}$ such that for
each $n\in\mathbb{N}$,
${g_{n}:=F_{\delta_{n}}^{-1}:\mathbb{D}\to{\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta_{n}}}$
extends continuously to $\mathcal{C}$, with $g_{n}(\mathcal{C})\subset
C_{\delta_{n}}$.

Since $g_{n}$ is continuous on the compact set $\\{\sigma
r:\sigma\in\mathcal{C},~{}r\in[0,1]\\}$, there exists $r_{n}\in(0,1)$ with the
property that $g_{n}(\mathcal{C}_{n})$, where $\mathcal{C}_{n}:=\\{\sigma
r_{n}:\sigma\in\mathcal{C}\\}$, lies in the $1/n$ \- neighbourhood of
$C_{\delta_{n}}$. Thus, $\mathop{\mathsf{diam}}g_{n}(\mathcal{C}_{n})\to 0$.
Note that the functions $g_{n}$ are “uniformly normal” in $\mathbb{D}$ in the
sense that

$\sup_{z\in\mathbb{D}}\frac{|g^{\prime}_{n}(z)|(1-|z|^{2})}{1+|g_{n}(z)|^{2}}\,\leqslant\,M\quad\text{for
all~{}$n\in\mathbb{N}$}$ (4.23)

and some constant $M>0$ independent of $n$. Indeed,
${\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta}\subset{\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta_{0}}$. Therefore,
$g_{n}=F_{\delta_{0}}^{-1}\circ\phi_{n}$, where $\phi_{n}$ is a holomorphic
self-map of $\mathbb{D}$. Taking into account that $F_{\delta_{0}}^{-1}$ is
univalent in $\mathbb{D}$ and hence normal (see [37, Lemma 9.3 on p. 262]) the
desired conclusion (4.23) follows from the Schwarz – Pick Lemma. Now by the
No-Koebe-arcs theorem for sequences of holomorphic functions (see [37, Theorem
9.2 and the subsequent remark on p. 265]) it follows that $(g_{n})$ converges
locally uniformly in $\mathbb{D}$ to a constant, which is impossible because
$g_{n}\to F^{-1}$ by construction. This contradiction proves Claim 2.

Now the conclusion of the proposition follows easily from (4.15) – (4.19) and
(4.21). ∎

We are now in a position to prove Theorem 4.2.

###### Proof of Theorem 4.2.

Let $\delta_{j}(t):=\delta_{\Omega,j}(t)$ and let $K$ be a compact subset of
the interval $(-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})$. It suffices to prove that there
exist $T_{j}<0$ and $c_{j}>0$, $j=1,2$, such that

$\log\frac{\mathcal{R}\left(t+iy,\Omega\right)}{\mathcal{R}\left(iy,{\mathbb{S}}\right)}\geqslant
c_{j}\delta_{j}(t)\quad\text{ for all }t\leqslant T_{j}\text{ and all }y\in
K\,.$ (4.24)

Further, it clearly suffices to consider the case $j=2$. Fix $t\leqslant 0$.
Since ${\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta_{2}(t)}+t\subset\Omega$, we have

$\mathcal{R}\left(t+iy,\Omega\right)\geqslant\mathcal{R}\left(t+iy,{\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta_{2}(t)}+t\right)=\mathcal{R}\left(iy,{\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta_{2}(t)}\right)\quad\text{
for all }y\in\left(-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2}\right).$

Hence Proposition 4.4 implies that

$\log\left[\frac{\mathcal{R}\left(t+iy,\Omega\right)}{\mathcal{R}\left(iy,{\mathbb{S}}\right)}\right]\geqslant\log\left[\frac{\mathcal{R}\left(iy,{\mathbb{S}}^{*}_{\delta_{2}(t)}\right)}{\mathcal{R}\left(iy,{\mathbb{S}}\right)}\right]\geqslant\Phi_{\delta_{2}(t)}(y)\cdot\log\left[\frac{\mathcal{R}\left(iy,{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta_{2}(t)}\right)}{\mathcal{R}\left(iy,{\mathbb{S}}\right)}\right]$
(4.25)

for any $t\leqslant 0$ and any $y\in(-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})$, where
$\Phi_{\delta}$ converges to $1/2$ uniformly on $K$ as $\delta\to 0^{+}$. By
employing the well-known explicit expression (see e.g. [6, Example 7.9])

$\mathcal{R}\left(iy,{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}\right)=\frac{2}{\uplambda_{{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}}(iy)}=4\frac{\pi+\delta}{\pi}\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\cdot\frac{2y-\delta}{\pi+\delta}\right)$

for the conformal radius of the strip ${\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}$ it is easily
checked that

$\lim\limits_{\delta\to
0}\frac{1}{\delta}\log\left[\frac{\mathcal{R}\left(iy,{\mathbb{S}}_{\delta}\right)}{\mathcal{R}\left(iy,{\mathbb{S}}\right)}\right]=\frac{1}{\pi}+\frac{(\pi+2y)\tan
y}{2\pi}\in(0,+\infty)$

holds uniformly w.r.t. $y\in K$. Combining this fact with $\Phi_{\delta}\to
1/2$ uniformly on $K$ as $\delta\to 0^{+}$ and
$\lim_{t\to-\infty}\delta_{2}(t)=0$ shows that inequality (4.25) implies the
estimate (4.24) for $j=2$. As noted above, this concludes the proof of Theorem
4.2. ∎

###  4.3. Necessity of condition (4.1)

In this subsection, we prove the necessity of the condition (4.1). The proof
relies on the fact that the integral in (4.6) can be estimated from above by
the integral over the function $\delta_{\Omega}$. This is the content of the
following theorem.

######  Theorem 4.8.

Let $\Omega$ be a proper subdomain of $\mathbb{C}$ which is starlike at
infinity and such that the standard strip
${\mathbb{S}}=\\{z\in\mathbb{C}\,:\,|\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z|<\frac{\pi}{2}\\}$
is a maximal horizontal strip contained in $\Omega$. Then for any compact set
$K\subset(-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})$ there are constants $c>0$ and $C>0$
such that for any $y\in K$,

$\int\limits_{-\infty}^{0}\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(t+iy,\Omega)}{\mathcal{R}(t+iy,{\mathbb{S}})}\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt\leqslant
C\,+\,2c\\!\int\limits_{-\infty}^{0}\delta_{\Omega}(t)\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt.$ (4.26)

Hence Theorem 4.8 in conjunction with Lemma 3.2 implies that the integral of
the ratio of conformal radii in (4.26) converges, when the domain $\Omega$ is
conformal at $-\infty$ w.r.t. ${\mathbb{S}}$.

In order to prove Theorem 4.8, we construct a family of two-slit domains
$D_{0}(t)$ that all contain the Koenigs domain $\Omega$. For the sake of
brevity, denote

$\delta:=\delta_{\Omega}(1+{t}/{2}),\quad\delta_{j}:=\delta_{\Omega,j}(1+{t}/{2}),~{}j=1,2,\quad
t\leqslant 0.$

Due to $\Omega$ being starlike at infinity, it is easy to see that

$D_{0}(t):=\mathbb{C}\setminus\left\\{z\in\mathbb{C}:\,\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z\leqslant
1+\tfrac{t}{2}~{}\text{and}~{}\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z\in\\{-\tfrac{\pi}{2}-\delta_{1},\tfrac{\pi}{2}+\delta_{2}\\}\right\\},\quad
t\leqslant 0,$

indeed contains $\Omega$. Let $y\in(-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2})$. Then

$\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(t+iy,\Omega)}{\mathcal{R}(t+iy,{\mathbb{S}})}\leqslant\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(t+iy,D_{0}(t))}{\mathcal{R}(t+iy,{\mathbb{S}})}.$
(4.27)

Furthermore, let
$S(t):={\mathbb{S}}\left(-\frac{\pi}{2}-\delta_{1},\frac{\pi}{2}+\delta_{2}\right)$,
the maximal strip between the two slits of the domain $D_{0}(t)$, and let

$D(t):=D_{0}(t)-\big{(}1+\tfrac{t}{2}\big{)}=\mathbb{C}\setminus\left\\{z\in\mathbb{C}:\,\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z\leqslant
0~{}\text{and}~{}\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z\in\\{-\tfrac{\pi}{2}-\delta_{1},\tfrac{\pi}{2}+\delta_{2}\\}\right\\}.$

Bearing in mind that the hyperbolic metric in a strip remains invariant under
horizontal translations, it follows that

$\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(t+iy,\Omega)}{\mathcal{R}(t+iy,{\mathbb{S}})}\leqslant\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(\frac{t}{2}-1+iy,D(t))}{\mathcal{R}(\frac{t}{2}-1+iy,S(t))}+\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(iy,S(t))}{\mathcal{R}(iy,{\mathbb{S}})}.$
(4.28)

The idea for the proof of Theorem 4.8 is to analyze the asymptotic behavior of
the summands in (4.28). This task is rather elementary for the second term,
while the first term requires a bit more delicate work making use of an
estimate of the Green’s function, which we establish in the following lemma.
Denote by $D_{*}$ the “standard” two-slit domain
$\mathbb{C}\setminus\\{w\in\mathbb{C}:{\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}{}w\leqslant
0},~{}{|\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}{}w\,|\,=\,{\pi}/{2}}\\}$.

######  Lemma 4.9.

For all $w\in{\mathbb{S}}$ with $\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w<0$ and all $s\in
D_{*}\cap\partial{\mathbb{S}}$, we have

$\mathrm{G}_{D_{*}}(w,s)\leqslant\log\frac{1+e^{\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w}}{1-e^{\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w}}.$
(4.29)

###### Proof.

Using the explicit formula for the Green’s function of ${\mathbb{S}}$, we have

$\displaystyle\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}}(z_{1},z_{2})$ $\displaystyle=$
$\displaystyle\dfrac{1}{2}\log\dfrac{\cosh(x_{2}-x_{1})+\cos(y_{2}+y_{1})}{\cosh(x_{2}-x_{1})+\cos(y_{2}+y_{1})}$
(4.30) $\displaystyle\leqslant$
$\displaystyle\log\dfrac{1+e^{-|x_{2}-x_{1}|}}{1-e^{-|x_{2}-x_{1}|}},\quad
x_{k}:=\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z_{k},~{}y_{k}:=\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z_{k},~{}k=1,2,$

for any pair of points $z_{1},z_{2}\in{\mathbb{S}}$.

In order to apply the above formula for estimating $\mathrm{G}_{D_{*}}$, we
notice that $g(z):=z+(1+e^{2z})/2$ maps ${\mathbb{S}}$ conformally onto
$D_{*}$. Indeed, $f(\zeta):=g(\log\zeta)=\log(\zeta)+(1+\zeta^{2})/{2}$ is the
Schwarz – Christoffel map of the right-half plane onto $D_{*}$ with the
normalization $f(0)=\infty$, $f(\pm i)=\pm i{\pi}/{2}$, as follows from the
equality

$\frac{f^{\prime\prime}(\zeta)}{f^{\prime}(\zeta)}=\frac{1}{\zeta-i}+\frac{1}{\zeta+i}-\frac{1}{\zeta},\quad\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}\zeta>0.$

Let $w\in U:=\\{w\in{\mathbb{S}}\colon\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w<0\\}$. It is
easy to see that $g(U)\supset U$. Therefore, ${z:=g^{-1}(w)\in U}$. It follows
that

$\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}g^{-1}(w)=\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w-(1+\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}e^{2z})/2<\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w\quad\text{for
all~{}$w\in U$}.$ (4.31)

Moreover, it is easy to see that
$g\big{(}\\{w\in{\mathbb{S}}\colon\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w>0\\}\big{)}$
contains the set ${A:=D_{*}\cap\partial{\mathbb{S}}}$. Hence,

$\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}g^{-1}(s)>0\qquad\text{for all~{}$s\in A$}.$ (4.32)

Combining now (4.30), (4.31) and (4.32), we obtain

$\mathrm{G}_{D_{*}}(w,s)=\mathrm{G}_{{\mathbb{S}}}\big{(}g^{-1}(w),g^{-1}(s)\big{)}\leqslant\log\frac{1+e^{\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w}}{1-e^{\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w}}$

for any ${w\in U}$ and any ${s\in A}$, as desired. ∎

######  Lemma 4.10.

For any $w\in
U:=\\{{w\in{\mathbb{S}}}\colon{\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w<0}\\}$, we have

$\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(w,D_{*})}{\mathcal{R}(w,{\mathbb{S}})}\leqslant\log\frac{1+e^{\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w}}{1-e^{\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w}}.$
(4.33)

###### Proof.

According to (3.2), for any $w\in{\mathbb{S}}$, the l.h.s. of (4.33) equals

$\int_{A}\mathrm{G}_{D_{*}}(w,s)\,{\omega\hskip
0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}}(w,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip 0.5382pts),\quad
A:=D_{*}\cap\partial{\mathbb{S}},$

and inequality (4.33) follows immediately from (4.29), taken into account that
${\omega\hskip 0.12497pt}_{{\mathbb{S}}}(w,\cdot)$ is a probability measure. ∎

###### Proof of Theorem 4.8.

Using the explicit formula for the conformal radius of a strip, it is easy to
see that there exists a constant $c>0$, depending only on the compact set
$K\subset\big{(}-\tfrac{\pi}{2},\tfrac{\pi}{2}\big{)}$, such that

$\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(iy,S(t))}{\mathcal{R}(iy,{\mathbb{S}})}\leqslant
c\delta=c\,\delta_{\Omega}\big{(}1+t/2\big{)}\quad\text{for all $t\leqslant 0$
and all $y\in K$.}$ (4.34)

Moreover, recall that the function $\delta_{\Omega}$ is finite and monotonic
on $(-\infty,1]$. In particular, it is integrable on $[0,1]$. Therefore, in
view of inequality (4.28), it remains to show that

$\sup_{y\in
K}~{}\int\limits_{-\infty}^{0}\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(\frac{t}{2}-1+iy,D(t))}{\mathcal{R}(\frac{t}{2}-1+iy,S(t))}\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt~{}<~{}+\infty.$ (4.35)

The linear function

$F_{t}(z):=\frac{\pi}{\pi+\delta_{1}+\delta_{2}}\left(z+i\,\tfrac{\delta_{1}-\delta_{2}}{2}\right),$

maps the strip $S(t)$ conformally onto the standard strip ${\mathbb{S}}$ and
the two-slit domain $D(t)$ onto $D_{*}$. Therefore, the integrand in (4.35)
equals

$\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(w(t),D_{*})}{\mathcal{R}(w(t),{\mathbb{S}})},\quad\text{where~{}}~{}w(t):=F_{t}\big{(}\tfrac{t}{2}-1+iy\big{)}.$

By monotonicity of $\delta_{\Omega,j}$, $j=1,2$,

$\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}w(t)\leqslant\dfrac{\pi}{\pi+\delta_{\Omega,1}(1)+\delta_{\Omega,2}(1)}\Big{(}\frac{t}{2}-1\Big{)}\quad\text{for
any $t\leqslant 0$},$

and we are done because now (4.35) follows from Lemma 4.10. ∎

###### Proof of necessity in Theorem 4.1.

Suppose that $\Omega$ is conformal at $-\infty$ w.r.t. $S$. By Lemma 3.2,
$\delta_{\Omega}$ is integrable over $(-\infty,0]$. Hence, Theorem 4.8 shows
that condition (4.1) holds. ∎

###  4.4. Completion of the proof of Theorem 4.1: locally uniform convergence
of (4.1)

We are left to prove that if (4.6) holds for one point ${w_{0}\in S}$, then it
holds for all ${w_{0}\in S}$ and the integral in (4.6) converges locally
uniformly w.r.t. ${w_{0}\in S}$. Clearly, we may assume ${S={\mathbb{S}}}$.

Let $S(t)$ and $D(t)$ be defined as in Subsection 4.3. For $t\leqslant 0$ and
${y\in\big{(}-\tfrac{\pi}{2},\tfrac{\pi}{2}\big{)}}$ we denote

$F_{1}(t,y):=\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(\frac{t}{2}-1+iy,D(t))}{\mathcal{R}(\frac{t}{2}-1+iy,S(t))},~{}{}~{}F_{2}(t,y):=\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(iy,S(t))}{\mathcal{R}(iy,{\mathbb{S}})},~{}{}~{}J_{k}(y):=\int\limits^{0}_{-\infty}\\!F_{k}(t,y)\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt,~{}k=1,2.$

The function $\delta_{\Omega}$ is monotonic on $(-\infty,1]$ and hence
integrable on any compact interval contained in ${(-\infty,1]}$. Therefore,
from Theorem 4.2 it follows that if (4.6) holds for at least one point
${w_{0}\in{\mathbb{S}}}$, then the function $\delta_{\Omega}$ is integrable on
${(-\infty,1]}$.

Thanks to inequality (4.34), the integrability of $\delta_{\Omega}$ on
${(-\infty,1]}$ implies that the integral $J_{2}(y)$ converges uniformly
w.r.t. $y$ on any compact interval
${[y_{1},y_{2}]\subset\big{(}-\tfrac{\pi}{2},\tfrac{\pi}{2}\big{)}}$.
Moreover, the argument used in the proof of Theorem 4.8 shows that the
integral $J_{1}(y)$ converges uniformly on the whole interval
$\big{(}-\tfrac{\pi}{2},\tfrac{\pi}{2}\big{)}$.

Now let $w_{0}:=x+iy\in{\mathbb{S}}$. By inequality (4.28), for all
$t\leqslant\min\\{-x,\,0\\}$ we have

$0\leqslant\log\frac{\mathcal{R}(t+w_{0},\Omega)}{\mathcal{R}(t+w_{0},{\mathbb{S}})}\leqslant
F_{1}(t+x,y)+F_{2}(t+x,y).$

Thus, for each rectangle $R:=[x_{1},x_{2}]\times[y_{1},y_{2}]$ contained in
${\mathbb{S}}$, the integral in (4.6) converges uniformly w.r.t. $w_{0}\in R$.
This completes the proof.∎

##  5\. The angular derivative problem for parabolic petals

In this section we study conformality of parabolic petals at the Denjoy –
Wolff point. An important role is played by the so-called hyperbolic step
$q(z,s):=\lim_{t\to+\infty}\mathrm{d}_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}\phi_{t+s}(z),\phi_{t}(z)\big{)}$,
where $\mathrm{d}_{\mathbb{D}}$ stands for the hyperbolic distance in
$\mathbb{D}$. If $q(z,s)=0$ for some ${z\in\mathbb{D}}$ and $s>0$, then
$q\equiv 0$ on ${\mathbb{D}\times(0,+\infty)}$ and the one-parameter semigroup
$(\phi_{t})$ is said to be of zero hyperbolic step. Otherwise, i.e. if
$q(z,s)>0$ for some (and hence all) ${z\in\mathbb{D}}$ and ${s>0}$, we say
that $(\phi_{t})$ is of positive hyperbolic step.

######  Theorem 5.1.

Let $\Delta$ be a parabolic petal of a one-parameter semigroup $(\phi_{t})$
with Denjoy – Wolff point $\tau$ and associated Koenigs function $h$. The
following statements hold:

  * (A)

The petal $\Delta$ is conformal at $\tau$ w.r.t. $\mathbb{D}$ if and only if
the angular limit

$L:=\smash[b]{\angle\lim_{z\to\tau}(z-\tau)h(z)}$

is finite.

  * (B)

If $(\phi_{t})$ is of positive hyperbolic step, then $\Delta$ is conformal at
$\tau$ w.r.t. $\mathbb{D}$ (and hence $L\neq\infty$).

######  Remark 5.2.

The angular limit $L$ in statement (A) above was previously considered by
Contreras, Díaz-Madrigal and Pommerenke in a more general context of discrete
iteration, see [22, Theorems 4.1 and 6.2]. Moreover, this limit is directly
related to the conformality problem considered by Betsakos [8, Theorem 3] and
Karamanlis [31, Theorem 2] for parabolic one-parameter semigroups of positive
hyperbolic step. As we will see in the proof of Theorem 5.1, the presence of a
parabolic petal ensures that the angular limit $L$ exists and does not vanish,
but it can be infinite. In fact, as illustrated by Example 5.4 given after the
proof, for semigroups of zero hyperbolic step both cases
$L\in\mathbb{C}\setminus\\{0\\}$ and ${L=\infty}$ are possible.

###### Proof of Theorem 5.1.

First of all, recall that the existence of a parabolic petal $\Delta$ implies
that the one-parameter semigroup $(\phi_{t})$ is parabolic. Moreover, the
image of $\Delta$ w.r.t. the Koenigs function $h$ of $(\phi_{t})$ is a half-
plane bounded by a line parallel to $\mathbb{R}$.

If $(\phi_{t})$ is of positive hyperbolic step, then $\Omega:=h(\mathbb{D})$
is contained in some half-plane $U$ with $\partial U$ parallel to
$\mathbb{R}$, see [15, Theorem 9.3.5]. Let $T$ be a linear-fractional
transformation of $\mathbb{D}$ onto $U$ with ${T(1)=\infty}$. Choose a number
${c\in\mathbb{C}}$ such that $w\mapsto w+c$ maps $U$ onto $h(\Delta)$. Then

$\varphi(z):=h^{-1}\big{(}T(z)+c\big{)},\quad z\in\mathbb{D},$

is a conformal mapping of $\mathbb{D}$ onto $\Delta$ with $\varphi(1)=\tau$ in
the sense of the angular limit. Further, denote $\psi:=T^{-1}\circ
h:\mathbb{D}\to\mathbb{D}$. Since $\psi\circ\varphi=T^{-1}\circ(T+c)$ has a
regular contact point at $\zeta=1$, by the Chain Rule for angular derivatives,
see e.g. [21, Lemma 2] or [29, Lemma 5.1], $\varphi$ also has a regular
contact point at ${\zeta=1}$, which means that $\Delta$ is conformal at $\tau$
w.r.t. $\mathbb{D}$. This proves statement (B).

To prove (A), fix some $w_{0}\in\mathbb{C}\setminus\Omega$ and denote
$g:=1/(h-w_{0})$. Further denote by $D$ the image of the half-plane
$h(\Delta)$ w.r.t. the map ${w\mapsto 1/(w-w_{0})}$. Clearly, $D$ is a disk
contained in $g(\mathbb{D})$, with $0\in\partial D$. Let $f$ be the linear
function mapping $\mathbb{D}$ onto $D$ and normalized by ${f(\tau)=0}$. Then
for a suitably chosen circular arc $\Gamma\subset\mathbb{D}$ with the end-
point at $\tau$, $g^{-1}\big{(}f(\Gamma)\big{)}$ is the forward orbit of some
point ${z_{0}\in\Delta}$ w.r.t. the semigroup $(\phi_{t})$. In particular,
${g^{-1}(f(z))\to\tau}$ as ${\Gamma\ni z\to\tau}$. Therefore, by the
Comparison Theorem, see e.g. [37, Theorem 10.6 on p. 307], there exists a
finite angular derivative $g^{\prime}(\tau)$. In turn, this implies that
$L:=\angle\lim_{z\to\tau}(z-\tau)h(z)$ exists, with
${L=1/g^{\prime}(\tau)\in\overline{\mathbb{C}}\setminus\\{0\\}}$.

Note that $\varphi(\zeta):=g^{-1}\big{(}f(\tau\zeta)\big{)}$ is a conformal
mapping of $\mathbb{D}$ onto $\Delta$ and that by Lindelöf’s Theorem, see e.g.
[37, Theorem 9.3 on p. 268], ${\angle\lim_{\zeta\to\tau}\varphi(\zeta)=\tau}$.
Recall that since ${\varphi\in{\sf Hol}(\mathbb{D},\mathbb{D})}$ and since
${\zeta=1}$ is a contact point for $\varphi$, the angular derivative
$\varphi^{\prime}(1):={\angle\lim_{\zeta\to
1}(\varphi(\zeta)-\tau)/(\zeta-1)}$ does exist, finite or infinite, and
${\varphi^{\prime}(1)\neq 0}$. The following simple calculation

$\tau f^{\prime}(\tau)=(g\circ\varphi)^{\prime}(1)=\lim_{(0,1)\ni x\to
1}\left(\frac{g\big{(}\varphi(x)\big{)}}{\varphi(x)-\tau}\cdot\frac{\varphi(x)-\tau}{x-1}\right)$

shows that $R(z):=g(z)/(z-\tau)$, $z\in\mathbb{D}$, has at ${z=\tau}$ a finite
asymptotic value $\tau f^{\prime}(\tau)/\varphi^{\prime}(1)$. Taking into
account that $g$ is univalent and does not vanish in $\mathbb{D}$ and arguing
as in [37, proof of Theorem 10.5, pp. 305–306], we see that
$g^{\prime}(\tau)=\angle\lim_{z\to\tau}R(z)=\tau
f^{\prime}(\tau)/\varphi^{\prime}(1)$. It follows that
${L=1/g^{\prime}(\tau)\neq\infty}$ if and only if
$\varphi^{\prime}(1)\neq\infty$. This completes the proof of (A). ∎

######  Remark 5.3.

Note that the centre of the disk $D$ considered in the above proof lies on the
imaginary axis. It follows that under the hypothesis of Theorem 5.1, if
$L\neq\infty$ then $\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}(\overline{\tau}L)=0$.

######  Example 5.4.

Let $h_{1}(z):=z/(1-z)^{2}$ be the classical Koebe function and let

$h_{2}(z):=w(z)-i\sqrt{w(z)},\quad\text{where $~{}{w(z):=i(1+z)/(1-z)}$,
$~{}{z\in\mathbb{D}}$,}$

and $\sqrt{w}$ stands for the branch of the square root that maps the upper
half-plane onto the first quadrant. It is not difficult to see that
$\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}(1-z)^{2}h_{k}^{\prime}(z)>0$ for all
${z\in\mathbb{D}}$, ${k=1,2}$. Therefore, see e.g. [15, Theorem 9.4.11, p.
257], $h_{k}$’s are univalent in $\mathbb{D}$ and the formula
$\phi^{k}_{t}:=h_{k}^{-1}\circ(h_{k}+t)$, $t\geqslant 0$, $k=1,2$, defines two
parabolic one-parameter semigroups with the DW-point at ${\tau=1}$. Note that
$h_{1}(\mathbb{D})={\mathbb{C}\setminus(-\infty,-\tfrac{1}{4}]}$ and
$h_{2}(\mathbb{D})={\\{\zeta:\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}\zeta>f(\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}\zeta)\\}}$,
where ${f(\eta):=-\infty}$ if ${\eta>0}$, ${f(0):=\tfrac{1}{4}}$, and
${f(\eta):=\eta^{2}}$ if ${\eta<0}$. Since the image domains
$h_{k}(\mathbb{D})$ are not contained in any half-plane, both semigroups
$(\phi_{t}^{k})$, ${k=1,2}$, are of zero hyperbolic step. Clearly,
${\lim_{z\to 1}(z-1)h_{1}(z)=\infty}$. The corresponding semigroup
$(\phi_{t}^{1})$ has two non-conformal parabolic petals
${\\{z\in\mathbb{D}:\pm\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}z>0\\}}$. At the same time
${\angle\lim_{z\to 1}(z-1)h_{2}(z)=-2i\neq\infty}$. Since
${\\{\zeta:\operatorname{\mathrm{Im}}\zeta>0\\}}\subset h_{2}(\mathbb{D})$,
the semigroup $(\phi^{2}_{t})$ has a parabolic petal. By Theorem 5.1 (A), this
parabolic petal is conformal at $\tau$ w.r.t. $\mathbb{D}$.

##  6\. Concluding remarks and open questions

###  6.1. Rate of convergence of regular backward orbits

If $\sigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}$ is a repulsive fixed point of a one-
parameter semigroup of $(\phi_{t})$, then as it was proved in [14, Proposition
4.20],

$\lim_{t\to-\infty}\frac{1}{t}\log|\phi_{t}(z)-\sigma|=\lambda:=G^{\prime}(\sigma)\quad\text{for
any $z\in\Delta(\sigma)$,}$

where $G$ stands for the infinitesimal generator of $(\phi_{t})$. It is
therefore natural to ask whether the limit

$C(\sigma,z):=\lim_{t\to-\infty}e^{-\lambda t}|\phi_{t}(z)-\sigma|$ (6.1)

does exist for $z\in\Delta(\sigma)$. The answer is immediate if we recall that
$(\phi_{t})$ admits at $\sigma$ a pre-model ${(\mathbb{H},\psi,z\mapsto
e^{\lambda t}z)}$, where $\psi$ is a conformal mapping of $\mathbb{H}$ onto
$\Delta(\sigma)$ with ${\psi(0)=\sigma}$; see Remark 2.14. We have
$\phi_{t}(z)={\psi\big{(}e^{\lambda t}\psi^{-1}(z)\big{)}}$ for any
${z\in\Delta(\sigma)}$ and any ${t\in\mathbb{R}}$. Hence for all
${z\in\Delta(\sigma)}$,

$C(\sigma,z)=\lim_{t\to-\infty}e^{-\lambda t}|\psi\big{(}e^{\lambda
t}\psi^{-1}(z)\big{)}-\sigma|=|\psi^{-1}(z)\psi^{\prime}(0)|.$

If the hyperbolic petal $\Delta(\sigma)$ is conformal, then by Remark 2.20,
$\psi^{\prime}(0)\in\mathbb{C}\setminus\\{0\\}$ and hence the limit (6.1)
exists finitely and does not vanish for all points $z$ in $\Delta(\sigma)$. If
$\Delta(\sigma)$ is not conformal, then $\psi^{\prime}(0)=\infty$ and hence
$C(z,\sigma)=+\infty$ for all ${z\in\Delta(\sigma)}$.

Thus, for $z_{0}\in\Delta(\sigma)$ condition (1.1) in Theorem 1.1 is
equivalent to having ${C(z_{0},\sigma)\in(0,+\infty)}$. Since the backward
orbits in $\Delta(\sigma)$ converge to $\sigma$ non-tangentially, see Remark
2.15, $C(z_{0},\sigma)\in{(0,+\infty)}$ if and only if
$\tfrac{1}{2}\log\big{(}e^{-\lambda t}(1-|\phi_{t}(z_{0})|^{2})\big{)}$ tends
to a finite limit as ${t\to-\infty}$. In turn, since by Remark 2.11, in
$\Delta(\sigma)$ the ODE (2.1) holds for all ${t\in\mathbb{R}}$, the latter
condition can be restated as the convergence of the integral

$J(z_{0}):=\int\limits_{-\infty}^{0}\left(\frac{\lambda}{2}+\frac{\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}\big{[}G(\phi_{t}(z_{0}))\overline{\phi_{t}(z_{0})}\,\,\big{]}}{1-|\phi_{t}(z_{0})|^{2}}\right)\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt.$ (6.2)

At the same time, combining (2.1) and (2.2), we get
$\phi_{t}^{\prime}(z_{0})={G\big{(}\phi_{t}(z_{0})\big{)}/G(z_{0})}$. It
follows that condition (1.1) in Theorem 1.1 is equivalent to the convergence
of

$I(z_{0}):=\int\limits_{-\infty}^{0}\left(\frac{A(z_{0})}{2}-\frac{\,\big{|}G(\phi_{t}(z_{0}))\big{|}\,}{1-|\phi_{t}(z_{0})|^{2}}\right)\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt,$ (6.3)

where
$A(z_{0}):=\lim\limits_{t\to-\infty}\big{|}G(\phi_{t}(z_{0}))\big{|}\,\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}\big{(}\phi_{t}(z_{0})\big{)}=|G(z_{0})|\,\uplambda_{\Delta(\sigma)}(z_{0})$.

###  6.2. Boundary behaviour of the Koenigs function

For a non-elliptic one-parameter semigroup $(\phi_{t})$, the conformality of
hyperbolic petals is related to the boundary behaviour of the Koenigs function
$h$. Let ${\sigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}}$ be a repulsive fixed point of
$(\phi_{t})$. Since $S:=h\big{(}\Delta(\sigma)\big{)}$ is a maximal strip in
${\Omega:=h(\mathbb{D})}$, by a result of Betsakos [9], the angular limit

$\nu:=\angle\lim_{z\to\sigma}(z-\sigma)h^{\prime}(z)~{}\in~{}(0,+\infty)$

exists and equals the width of the strip $S$ divided by $\pi$. (Since
${h^{\prime}=1/G}$, the existence of the above limit follows also from [21,
Theorem 1].)

For a suitable $b\in\mathbb{C}$, the function
$\psi(\zeta):=h^{-1}\big{(}b+\nu\log\zeta)$ maps the right half-plane
$\mathbb{H}$ onto $\Delta(\sigma)$. Hence, the conformality of the hyperbolic
petal $\Delta(\sigma)$ is equivalent to ${\psi^{\prime}(0)\neq\infty}$. Thanks
to the isogonality property (2.8), one can use the change of variables
$\zeta:=\psi^{-1}(z)$ to obtain

$\angle\lim_{z\to\sigma}\big{[}h(z)-\nu\log(1-\overline{\sigma}z)\big{]}=b\,-\,\nu\,\log\big{(}-\overline{\sigma}\psi^{\prime}(0)\big{)}.$
(6.4)

The above limit exists, and is finite or infinite, because $\psi^{\prime}(0)$
exists with
$-\overline{\sigma}\psi^{\prime}(0)\in(0,+\infty)\cup\\{+\infty\\}$. Thus,
$\Delta(\sigma)$ is conformal if and only if the limit in the l.h.s. of (6.4)
is finite.

###  6.3. Semigroups with symmetry w.r.t. the real line

Consider a one-parameter semigroup $(\phi_{t})$ in $\mathbb{D}$ with a
repulsive fixed point at ${\sigma=-1}$ and such that
${\phi_{t}\big{(}(-1,1)\big{)}\subset(-1,1)}$ for all ${t\geqslant 0}$. Fix
some $z_{0}\in\Delta(-1)\cap\mathbb{R}$. In this rather special case, Theorem
1.1 (excluding the part concerning uniformity of convergence) admits a simple
proof based on the following elementary lemma.

######  Lemma 6.1.

Let $f$ be a function continuous on $[0,+\infty)$ and of class $C^{2}$ on
$(0,+\infty)$. Suppose that

  * (i)

$f(0)=0$ and $f^{\prime}(x)>0$ for all $x\in(0,+\infty)$;

  * (ii)

$g(x):=f(x)/\big{(}xf^{\prime}(x)\big{)}\geqslant 1$ for all
$x\in(0,+\infty)$.

Fix $\xi_{0}>0$. If $f^{\prime}(x)\to A$ as ${x\to+\infty}$ for some
$A\in(0,+\infty)$, then

$I:=\int\limits_{0}^{\xi_{0}}~{}\frac{\log g(x)}{x}\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptx\,<\,+\infty.$ (6.5)

If $f(x)/x\to+\infty$ as ${x\to+\infty}$, then ${I=+\infty}$.

###### Proof.

Suppose that $f^{\prime}(x)\to A\in(0,+\infty)$ as ${x\to+\infty}$. Then
$f(x)/x\to A$ and $g(x)\to 1$ as ${x\to+\infty}$. Therefore, taking into
account (ii) we see that the improper integral $I$ converges because

$\int\limits_{0}^{\xi_{0}}\left(1-\frac{1}{g(x)}\right)\frac{\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptx}{x}=\int\limits_{0}^{\xi_{0}}\left(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{f^{\prime}(x)}{f(x)}\right)\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptx=\lim_{a\to
0^{+}}\log\frac{x}{f(x)}\Bigg{|}_{x=a}^{x=\xi_{0}}\\!\\!\in~{}\mathbb{R}.$

Similarly, if $f(x)/x\to+\infty$ as ${x\to+\infty}$, then

$I~{}\geqslant~{}\int\limits_{0}^{\xi_{0}}\left(1-\frac{1}{g(x)}\right)\frac{\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptx}{x}=\lim_{a\to
0^{+}}\log\frac{x}{f(x)}\Bigg{|}_{x=a}^{x=\xi_{0}}\\!\\!\\!=~{}+\infty.\qed$

###### Proof of Theorem 1.1 in the symmetric case.

Passing from the unit disk $\mathbb{D}$ to $\mathbb{H}$ with the help of the
Cayley map ${H(z):=(1+z)/(1-z)}$, we get a one-parameter semigroup
$(\varphi_{t})$ in $\mathbb{H}$ with a repulsive fixed point at $0$ and such
that ${\varphi_{t}\big{(}(0,+\infty)\big{)}}\subset{(0,+\infty)}$ for all
${t\geqslant 0}$. It follows that the hyperbolic petal $D$ of $(\varphi_{t})$
with the $\alpha$-point at $0$ is symmetric w.r.t. the real line. Therefore,
for all $t\in\mathbb{R}$, all $z\in D$, and a suitable ${\lambda>0}$, we have

$\varphi_{t}(z)=f\big{(}e^{\lambda t}f^{-1}(z)\big{)},$

where $f$ is a conformal mapping of $\mathbb{H}$ onto $D$ with ${f(0)=0}$ and
${f\big{(}(0,+\infty)\big{)}}\subset{(0,+\infty)}$. As a result, for
${z_{0}\in\Delta(-1)\cap\mathbb{R}}$, the integral in (1.1) equals

$\int\limits_{-\infty}^{0}\log\frac{f(e^{\lambda t}\xi_{0})}{e^{\lambda
t}\xi_{0}f^{\prime}(e^{\lambda t}\xi_{0})}\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptt=\frac{1}{\lambda}\int\limits_{0}^{\xi_{0}}\left(\log\frac{f(x)}{xf^{\prime}(x)}\right)\frac{\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptx}{x},$ (6.6)

where $\xi_{0}:=f^{-1}\big{(}H(z_{0})\big{)}$.

Applying the Schwarz – Pick Lemma, see e.g. [6, Theorem 6.4] to
${f:\mathbb{H}\to\mathbb{H}}$, it is easy to see that the restriction of $f$
to ${[0,+\infty)}$ satisfies the hypothesis of Lemma 6.1. If $\Delta(-1)$ is
conformal, then $f^{\prime}(x)\to f^{\prime}(0)\in(0,+\infty)$ as
$(0,+\infty)\ni{x\to 0}$ and hence by Lemma 6.1, the integral (6.6) converges.

Similarly, if $\Delta(-1)$ is not conformal, then $f(x)/x\to+\infty$ as
$(0,+\infty)\ni{x\to 0}$. In this case, Lemma 6.1 guarantees that the integral
(6.6) diverges. ∎

The above proof of Theorem 1.1 for the symmetric case is based on the
observation that $(\phi_{t})_{t\in\mathbb{R}}$ is a one-parameter group of
hyperbolic automorphisms of $\Delta(\sigma)$. In contrast to our proof for the
general case, the fact that for ${t\geqslant 0}$, $\phi_{t}$’s are well-
defined holomorphic functions in the whole unit disk is not essential for the
proof in the symmetric case.

Attempting to adapt the method used in this section to the general case,
instead of the integral (6.5) one would need to consider

$I_{1}(\theta):=\int\limits_{0}^{\rho_{0}}\left(\log\frac{\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}f(\rho
e^{i\theta})}{\big{|}f^{\prime}(\rho
e^{i\theta})\big{|}\,\rho\cos\theta}\right)\,\frac{\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382pt\rho}{\rho},\quad\theta\in(-\pi/2,\pi/2),$ (6.7)

where ${\rho_{0}>0}$ is fixed. Since $f$ is isogonal at $0$,
$\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}f(\rho e^{i\theta})/|f(\rho
e^{i\theta})|\to\cos\theta$ as $\rho\to 0^{+}$. Hence it would be also
reasonable to consider

$I_{2}(\theta):=\int\limits_{0}^{\xi_{0}}\log\left|\frac{f(\rho
e^{i\theta})}{\rho f^{\prime}(\rho
e^{i\theta})}\right|\,\frac{\,\mathrm{d}\hskip 0.5382pt\rho}{\rho}.$ (6.8)

Note that the argument of $\log|\cdot|$ in (6.8) tends to $1$ as $\rho\to
0^{+}$, because by [38, Proposition 4.11 on p. 81], the conformal map ${f\circ
H}$, $H(z):={(1-z)/(1+z)}$, satisfies at ${\zeta=1}$ the Visser – Ostrowski
condition.

###  6.4. Hyperbolic length of backward orbits

For a hyperbolic domain $D\subset\mathbb{C}$ and a rectifiable curve
$\gamma:[0,T]\to D$ we denote by

$\ell_{D}(\gamma):=\int\limits_{\gamma}\uplambda_{D}(z)\,|\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptz|$

the hyperbolic length of $\gamma$. It is easily checked that Theorem 1.1 can
be restated as follows: a hyperbolic petal $\Delta$ of a one-parameter
semigroup $(\phi_{t})$ in $\mathbb{D}$ is conformal if and only if

$\lim\limits_{T\to+\infty}\Big{[}\ell_{\Delta}(\gamma_{z}|_{[0,T]})-\ell_{\mathbb{D}}(\gamma_{z}|_{[0,T]})\Big{]}~{}<~{}+\infty$
(6.9)

for any backward orbit $\gamma_{z}(t):=\phi_{-t}(z)$, $z\in\Delta$, in the
petal $\Delta$ . Note that the above limit always exists, finite or infinite,
because $\Delta\subset\mathbb{D}$ and hence
${\uplambda_{\Delta}(z)\geqslant\uplambda_{\mathbb{D}}(z)}$ for all
${z\in\Delta}$.

###  6.5. The angular derivative problem and hyperbolic length

Theorem 1.1 is closely related to a recent conformality condition due to
Betsakos and Karamanlis [11]. We briefly discuss this issue. The conformality
conditions obtained in [11] are valid for any simply connected domain
$\Omega\subsetneq\mathbb{C}$ containing the real line $\mathbb{R}$. In order
to compare the results of [11] with our Theorem 4.1 we additionally assume
that $\Omega$ contains the standard strip ${\mathbb{S}}$. Taking into account
Ostrowski’s characterization of semi-conformality, see e.g. [11, Theorem A],
we see that in this case, [11, Theorem 1] says that $\Omega$ is conformal at
$-\infty$ w.r.t. ${\mathbb{S}}$ if and only if

$\displaystyle\mathop{\mathsf{dist}}(z,\partial\Omega):=\inf_{w\in\partial\Omega}{|z-w|}~{}\to~{}0$
$\displaystyle\text{as~{}}~{}\operatorname{\mathrm{Re}}z\to-\infty,~{}z\in\partial{\mathbb{S}},$
(6.10) and
$\displaystyle\mathrm{d}_{{\mathbb{S}}}(iy+a,iy+b)-\mathrm{d}_{\Omega}(iy+a,iy+b)~{}\to~{}0$
$\displaystyle\text{as~{}}~{}a,b\to-\infty,~{}a,b\in\mathbb{R},$ (6.11)

for some and hence any $y\in(-\pi/2,\pi/2)$. In fact, in [11] the conformality
condition (6.11) is stated only for $y=0$, but in our case we additonally have
${\mathbb{S}}\subset\Omega$, and the proof in [11] also works for
$y\in(-\pi/2,\pi/2)$.

If $\Omega$ is the Koenigs domain of a one-parameter semigroup $(\phi_{t})$
and ${\mathbb{S}}$ is a maximal strip contained in $\Omega$, then condition
(6.10) is automatically satisfied.

On the other hand, it is easy to see that Theorem 4.1 says that $\Omega$ is
conformal at $-\infty$ w.r.t. ${\mathbb{S}}$ if and only if for some and hence
all ${y\in(-\pi/2,\pi/2)}$,

$\int\nolimits_{a}^{b}\big{(}\uplambda_{S}(iy+x)-\uplambda_{\Omega}(iy+x)\big{)}\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptx\to 0\quad\text{ as~{}}~{}a,b\to-\infty\,,\,\,a,b\in\mathbb{R}\,.$
(6.12)

Let us compare conditions (6.11) and (6.12).

Since $\int_{a}^{b}\uplambda_{S}(x)\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptx=b-a=\mathrm{d}_{S}(a,b)$ and
$\int_{a}^{b}\uplambda_{\Omega}(x)\,\,\mathrm{d}\hskip
0.5382ptx\geqslant\mathrm{d}_{\Omega}(a,b)$ for any $a<b$, $a,b\in\mathbb{R}$,
condition (6.11) for ${y=0}$ implies condition (6.12) for ${y=0}$. Thus, if
$\Omega$ is conformal at $-\infty$ w.r.t. ${\mathbb{S}}$ and if
${\mathbb{S}}\subset\Omega$, then regardless of whether $\Omega$ is starlike
at infinity or not, our condition (6.12) holds for ${y=0}$.

A similar remark applies to the relation between (6.12) and the following
necessary and sufficient condition for conformality established by Bracci et
al [14, (8.2)]:

$\limsup_{x\to-\infty}\Big{[}\mathrm{d}_{\mathbb{S}}(iy,\,iy+x)-\mathrm{d}_{\Omega}(iy,\,iy+x)\Big{]}~{}<~{}+\infty$
(6.13)

for some and hence all ${y\in(-\pi/2,\pi/2)}$. Arguing as above, one can see
that (6.13) implies (6.12), but apparently, only for ${y=0}$. Although [14,
Sect. 8] addresses the angular derivative problem in the context of one-
parameter semigroups, the proof of (6.13) does not depend on the fact that
$\Omega$ is starlike at infinity; it actually works for any simply connected
domain $\Omega\subsetneq\mathbb{C}$ containing ${\mathbb{S}}$.

###  6.6. Open questions

In conclusion, we state several open questions. Let $(\phi_{t})$ be a non-
elliptic one-parameter semigroup with associated infinitesimal generator $G$,
Koenigs function $h$, and Koenigs domain ${\Omega:=h(\mathbb{D})}$. Further
let $\Delta(\sigma)$ be a hyperbolic petal of $(\phi_{t})$ with $\alpha$-point
$\sigma$. As above, for simplicity we suppose that
$h(\Delta(\sigma))={\mathbb{S}}$.

######  Question 1.

Similarly to a result of Betsakos and Karamanlis [11, Theorem 1], our
condition (1.1), as well as its restatements (4.1) and (6.12), uses hyperbolic
geometry. However, in the proof we make use of euclidean quantities related to
the Koenigs domain $\Omega$. Is it possible to prove one (or even both) of the
implications in Theorem 1.1 without employing criteria for conformality in
terms of euclidean geometry?

One possible way to answer the above question would be to study in detail the
relations between the convergence of the integrals $I(z_{0})$ and $J(z_{0})$
introduced in Sect. 6.1. An alternative direction is indicated in the next
question.

######  Question 2.

If $\Omega$ is starlike at infinity, then the conformality condition (6.11)
due to Betsakos and Karamanlis and our condition (6.12) are equivalent in
terms of Theorem 4.1 and [11, Theorem 1]. Is there a more direct way to prove
the equivalence (6.11) and (6.12) for such domains? How are conditions (6.11)
and (6.12) related, when $\Omega$ is semi-conformal at $-\infty$ in the sense
of Ostrowski, see e.g. [11, Theorem A], but not necessarily starlike at
infinity?

In the elementary proof of Theorem 1.1 for the symmetric case, given in Sect.
6.3, we consider a generic injective holomorphic self-map isogonal at a
contact point. In contrast to the general (non-symmetric) case, the argument
does not depend on the fact that the image of the self-map is a hyperbolic
petal of a one-parameter semigroup in $\mathbb{D}$.

On the one hand, the argument in Sect. 6.3 works only for the backward orbits
contained in $(-1,\tau)$. This is similar to the situation in Sect. 6.5, where
restricting to the symmetry line ${y=0}$ apparently becomes necessary at some
point.

On the other hand, motivated by the symmetric case, it is natural to ask
whether even in the general case, Theorem 1.1 remains valid for a semigroup of
hyperbolic automorphisms $(\phi_{t})_{t\geqslant 0}\subset{\sf Aut}(\Delta)$
of a simply connected domain $\Delta\subset\mathbb{D}$, provided that all the
backward orbits converge to the point ${\sigma\in{\partial\mathbb{D}}}$ at
which $\Delta$ is isogonal, but we do not assume that $(\phi_{t})$ extends to
a one-parameter semigroup of holomorphic self-maps of the whole unit disk
$\mathbb{D}$. This leads to the following problem.

######  Question 3.

Let $f:\mathbb{H}\to\mathbb{H}$ be an injective holomorphic self-map with a
boundary fixed point at ${\zeta=0}$. Suppose that $f$ is isogonal at
${\zeta=0}$. Is there any relation between the convergence of the integrals
(6.7) and (6.8) introduced in Sect. 6.3 and the finiteness of the angular
derivative $f^{\prime}(0)$?

A closely related question is as follows. Let $\varphi$ be a conformal mapping
of $\mathbb{D}$ onto the hyperbolic petal $\Delta(\sigma)$ satisfying
${\varphi(-1)=\sigma}$ and ${\varphi(1)=\tau}$. According to [26, Theorems 1
and 3], the mapping $\varphi$ is a solution to the non-linear ODE

$G^{\prime}(\sigma)(1-z^{2})\varphi^{\prime}(z)=2G(\varphi(z)),\quad
z\in\mathbb{D}.$ (6.14)

######  Question 4.

What kind of non-trivial conclusion about the infinitesimal generator $G$ can
be drawn from the equation (6.14), if we suppose that the petal
$\Delta(\sigma)$ is conformal?

The next open question concerns the geometry of hyperbolic petals near the
Denjoy – Wolff point $\tau$ of $(\phi_{t})$.

######  Question 5.

Recall that $\tau\in\partial\Delta(\sigma)$. Let $\tilde{\varphi}$ be a
conformal mapping of $\mathbb{D}$ onto $\Delta(\sigma)$ with
${\tilde{\varphi}(1)=\tau}$. What is the asymptotic behaviour of
$\tilde{\varphi}(z)$ as ${z\to 1}$ within a Stolz angle? In particular, if
$(\phi_{t})$ is hyperbolic, then using results of Contreras and Díaz-Madrigal
[18] it is possible to show that $\partial\Delta(\sigma)$ has a corner of
opening $\alpha\pi$ at $\tau$, with
${\alpha:=|G^{\prime}(\tau)|/G^{\prime}(\sigma)}$. Is it always true (and if
not always, then under which conditions) that the function

$f(z):=\big{(}\tilde{\varphi}(z)-\tau\big{)}^{1/\alpha},\quad z\in\mathbb{D},$

is conformal at ${z=1}$, i.e. $f$ has angular derivative
$f^{\prime}(1)\in\mathbb{C}^{*}:=\mathbb{C}\setminus\\{0\\}$?

We conclude the paper with a question on parabolic petals. Theorem 5.1, in
case of semigroups of zero hyperbolic step, reduces the angular derivative
problem for parabolic petals to another problem of similar nature for the
Koenigs function $h$. Although the limit relation (1.2) holds for parabolic
petals as well, our Theorem 1.1 does not seem to extend to this case. So it is
natural to raise the following question.

######  Question 6.

Is it possible to characterize conformality of parabolic petals in terms of
the intrinsic hyperbolic geometry of the petal and the backward (or forward)
dynamics of the semigroup, without involving the Koenigs function of the
semigroup?

Acknowledgement. The authors are very grateful to anonymous referees for
careful reading of the manuscript and their valuable comments.

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