The DUNE Collaboration

#
A Gaseous Argon-Based Near Detector to Enhance the Physics Capabilities of
DUNE
Authors

A. Abed Abud  University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, Liverpool, United Kingdom
CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland
B. Abi  University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom  R. Acciarri
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  M. A. Acero
Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia  M. R. Adames
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil  G. Adamov
Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia  M. Adamowski  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  D. Adams  Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  M. Adinolfi  University of Bristol, Bristol
BS8 1TL, United Kingdom  C. Adriano  Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Campinas - SP, 13083-970, Brazil  A. Aduszkiewicz  University of Houston,
Houston, TX 77204, USA  J. Aguilar  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  Z. Ahmad  Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 700 064
West Bengal, India  J. Ahmed  University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United
Kingdom  B. Aimard  Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules, Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy,
France  F. Akbar  University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA  B. Ali-
Mohammadzadeh  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Catania,
I-95123 Catania, Italy  Università di Catania, 2 - 95131 Catania, Italy  T.
Alion  University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  K. Allison
University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA  S. Alonso Monsalve
CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland
M. AlRashed  Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA  C. Alt  ETH
Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland  A. Alton  Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD
57197, USA  R. Alvarez  CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas,
Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain  P. Amedo  Instituto
Galego de Fisica de Altas Enerxias, A Coruña, Spain  J. Anderson  Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA  C. Andreopoulos  STFC Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  University of Liverpool,
L69 7ZE, Liverpool, United Kingdom  M. Andreotti  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Sezione di Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy  University of Ferrara,
Ferrara, Italy  M. P. Andrews  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia,
IL 60510, USA  F. Andrianala  University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101,
Madagascar  S. Andringa  Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental
de Partículas, 1649-003 Lisboa and 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal  N. Anfimov
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems
6 Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  A. Ankowski  SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  M. Antoniassi  Universidade
Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil  M. Antonova  Instituto de
Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia,
Spain  A. Antoshkin  Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov
Laboratory of Nuclear Problems 6 Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU
S. Antusch  University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland  A. Aranda-
Fernandez  Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico  L. Arellano  University of
Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom  L. O. Arnold  Columbia
University, New York, NY 10027, USA  M. A. Arroyave  Universidad EIA,
Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia  J. Asaadi  University of Texas at Arlington,
Arlington, TX 76019, USA  L. Asquith  University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH,
United Kingdom  A. Aurisano  University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221,
USA  V. Aushev  Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv,
Ukraine  D. Autiero  Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, 69622
Villeurbanne, France  V. Ayala Lara  Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima
25, Perú  M. Ayala-Torres  Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del
Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico  F. Azfar
University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom  A. Back  Indiana
University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  H. Back  Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA  J. J. Back  University of Warwick,
Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom  C. Backhouse  University College London,
London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom  I. Bagaturia  Georgian Technical University,
Tbilisi, Georgia  L. Bagby  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL
60510, USA  N. Balashov  Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov
Laboratory of Nuclear Problems 6 Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU
S. Balasubramanian  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510,
USA  P. Baldi  University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA  B.
Baller  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  B.
Bambah  University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad - 500 046, India  F.
Barao  Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas,
1649-003 Lisboa and 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal  Instituto Superior Técnico -
IST, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal  G. Barenboim  Instituto de Física
Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
G. J. Barker  University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom  W.
Barkhouse  University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8357, USA  C.
Barnes  University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA  G. Barr  University
of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom  J. Barranco Monarca  Universidad
de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, C.P. 37000, Mexico  A. Barros  Universidade
Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil  N. Barros  Laboratório de
Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, 1649-003 Lisboa and
3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal  Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa -
FCUL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal  J. L. Barrow  Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA  A. Basharina-Freshville  University
College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom  A. Bashyal  Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA  V. Basque  University of Manchester,
Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom  C. Batchelor  University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom  E. Belchior  Universidade Estadual de
Campinas, Campinas - SP, 13083-970, Brazil  J.B.R. Battat  Wellesley College,
Wellesley, MA 02481, USA  F. Battisti  University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH,
United Kingdom  F. Bay  Antalya Bilim University, 07190 Döşemealtı/Antalya,
Turkey  M. C. Q. Bazetto  Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao Renato Archer,
Amarais - Campinas, SP - CEP 13069-901  J. L. Bazo Alba  Pontificia
Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú  J. F. Beacom  Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA  E. Bechetoille  Institut de Physique des
2 Infinis de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France  B. Behera  Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA  C. Beigbeder  Université Paris-
Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France  L. Bellantoni  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  G. Bellettini  Università di
Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy  V. Bellini  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Sezione di Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy  Università di Catania, 2 - 95131
Catania, Italy  O. Beltramello  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear
Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  N. Benekos  CERN, The European
Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  C. Benitez
Montiel  Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay  F. Bento
Neves  Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas,
1649-003 Lisboa and 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal  J. Berger  Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA  S. Berkman  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  P. Bernardini  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Lecce, 73100 - Lecce, Italy
Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy  R. M. Berner  University of Bern,
CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland  A. Bersani  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Sezione di Genova, 16146 Genova GE, Italy  S. Bertolucci  Istituto Nazionale
di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  Università del
Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy  M. Betancourt  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  A. Betancur Rodríguez  Universidad EIA,
Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia  A. Bevan  Queen Mary University of London,
London E1 4NS, United Kingdom  Y. Bezawada  University of California Davis,
Davis, CA 95616, USA  A. T. Bezerra  Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Poços de
Caldas - MG, 37715-400, Brazil  T.J.C. Bezerra  University of Sussex,
Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  A. Bhardwaj  Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA  V. Bhatnagar  Panjab University, Chandigarh,
160014 U.T., India  M. Bhattacharjee  Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati,
Guwahati, 781 039, India  D. Bhattarai  University of Mississippi, University,
MS 38677 USA  S. Bhuller  University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United
Kingdom  B. Bhuyan  Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781
039, India  S. Biagi  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori
Nazionali del Sud, 95123 Catania, Italy  J. Bian  University of California
Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA  M. Biassoni  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano, Italy  K. Biery  Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  B. Bilki  Beykent
University, Istanbul, Turkey  University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA  M.
Bishai  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  A. Bitadze
University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom  A. Blake
Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom  F. D. M. Blaszczyk
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  G. C. Blazey
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA  E. Blucher  University of
Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA  J. Boissevain  Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA  S. Bolognesi  IRFU, CEA, Université
Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France  T. Bolton  Kansas State
University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA  L. Bomben  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano, Italy  University of
Insubria, Via Ravasi, 2, 21100 Varese VA, Italy  M. Bonesini  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano,
Italy  Università del Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy  M. Bongrand
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France  C. Bonilla-
Diaz  Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile  F. Bonini
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  A. Booth  Queen Mary
University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom  F. Boran  Beykent
University, Istanbul, Turkey  S. Bordoni  CERN, The European Organization for
Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  A. Borkum  University of Sussex,
Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  N. Bostan  University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, IN 46556, USA  P. Bour  Czech Technical University, 115 19 Prague 1,
Czech Republic  C. Bourgeois  Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab,
91405 Orsay, France  D. Boyden  Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
60115, USA  J. Bracinik  University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom  D. Braga  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510,
USA  D. Brailsford  Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
A. Branca  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3
- I-20126 Milano, Italy  A. Brandt  University of Texas at Arlington,
Arlington, TX 76019, USA  J. Bremer  CERN, The European Organization for
Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  D. Breton  Université Paris-
Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France  C. Brew  STFC Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  S. J. Brice  Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  C. Brizzolari
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126
Milano, Italy  Università del Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy  C. Bromberg
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA  J. Brooke  University
of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom  A. Bross  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  G. Brunetti  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano,
Italy  Università del Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy  M. Brunetti
University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom  N. Buchanan  Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA  H. Budd  University of
Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA  I. Butorov  Joint Institute for Nuclear
Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems 6 Joliot-Curie, Dubna,
Moscow Region, 141980 RU  I. Cagnoli  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  Università del Bologna, 40127
Bologna, Italy  T. Cai  York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada  D. Caiulo
Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France  R.
Calabrese  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Ferrara, I-44122
Ferrara, Italy  University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy  P. Calafiura  Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  J. Calcutt  Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA  M. Calin  University of Bucharest,
Bucharest, Romania  S. Calvez  Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
80523, USA  E. Calvo  CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas,
Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain  A. Caminata  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova, 16146 Genova GE, Italy  M.
Campanelli  University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom  D.
Caratelli  University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
93106 USA  D. Carber  Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
J. M. Carceller  University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
G. Carini  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  B. Carlus
Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France  M. F.
Carneiro  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  P. Carniti
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126
Milano, Italy  I. Caro Terrazas  Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
80523, USA  H. Carranza  University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
76019, USA  T. Carroll  University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706,
USA  J. F. Castaño Forero  Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia  A.
Castillo  Universidad Sergio Arboleda, 11022 Bogotá, Colombia  C. Castromonte
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima 25, Perú  E. Catano-Mur  William and
Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA  C. Cattadori  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano, Italy  F. Cavalier
Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France  G. Cavallaro
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126
Milano, Italy  F. Cavanna  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL
60510, USA  S. Centro  Universtà degli Studi di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
G. Cerati  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  A.
Cervelli  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127
Bologna BO, Italy  A. Cervera Villanueva  Instituto de Física Corpuscular,
CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain  M. Chalifour
CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland
A. Chappell  University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom  E.
Chardonnet  Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75006,
Paris, France  N. Charitonidis  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear
Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  A. Chatterjee  University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA  S. Chattopadhyay  Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre,
700 064 West Bengal, India  M. S. Chavarry Neyra  Universidad Nacional de
Ingeniería, Lima 25, Perú  H. Chen  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
11973, USA  M. Chen  University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
Y. Chen  University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland  Z. Chen  Stony Brook
University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA  Z. Chen-Wishart  Royal Holloway
College London, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom  Y. Cheon  Ulsan National Institute
of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea  D. Cherdack  University
of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA  C. Chi  Columbia University, New York, NY
10027, USA  S. Childress  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL
60510, USA  R. Chirco  Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616,
USA  A. Chiriacescu  University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania  G. Chisnall
University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  K. Cho  Korea
Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
S. Choate  Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA  D. Chokheli
Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia  P. S. Chong  University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  A. Christensen  Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA  D. Christian  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  G. Christodoulou  CERN, The
European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  A.
Chukanov  Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of
Nuclear Problems 6 Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  M. Chung
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
E. Church  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA  V.
Cicero  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127
Bologna BO, Italy  Università del Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy  P. Clarke
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom  G. Cline  Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  T. E. Coan  Southern
Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA  A. G. Cocco  Istituto Nazionale
di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy  J. A. B. Coelho
Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75006, Paris,
France  J. Collot  University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3,
38000 Grenoble, France  N. Colton  Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
80523, USA  E. Conley  Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA  R. Conley  SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  J. M. Conrad
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA  M. Convery
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  S. Copello
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova, 16146 Genova GE,
Italy  P. Cova  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano, 20133
Milano, Italy  University of Parma, 43121 Parma PR, Italy  L. Cremaldi
University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA  L. Cremonesi  Queen Mary
University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom  J. I. Crespo-Anadón
CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y
Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain  M. Crisler  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  E. Cristaldo  Universidad Nacional de
Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay  J. Crnkovic  University of Mississippi,
University, MS 38677 USA  R. Cross  Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB,
United Kingdom  A. Cudd  University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309,
USA  C. Cuesta  CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas,
Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain  Y. Cui  University of
California Riverside, Riverside CA 92521, USA  D. Cussans  University of
Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom  J. Dai  University Grenoble Alpes,
CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France  O. Dalager  University
of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA  H. da Motta  Centro Brasileiro de
Pesquisas Físicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-180, Brazil  L. Da Silva Peres
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
C. David  York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  Q. David  Institut de Physique des 2
Infinis de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France  G. S. Davies  University of
Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA  S. Davini  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Sezione di Genova, 16146 Genova GE, Italy  J. Dawson  Université de
Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75006, Paris, France  K. De
University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA  S. De  University
of Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA  P. Debbins  University of Iowa, Iowa
City, IA 52242, USA  I. De Bonis  Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des
Particules, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3,
74000 Annecy, France  M. P. Decowski  Nikhef National Institute of Subatomic
Physics, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands  University of Amsterdam, NL-1098 XG
Amsterdam, The Netherlands  A. de Gouvêa  Northwestern University, Evanston,
Il 60208, USA  P. C. De Holanda  Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas -
SP, 13083-970, Brazil  I. L. De Icaza Astiz  University of Sussex, Brighton,
BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  A. Deisting  Royal Holloway College London, TW20 0EX,
United Kingdom  P. De Jong  Nikhef National Institute of Subatomic Physics,
1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands  University of Amsterdam, NL-1098 XG Amsterdam,
The Netherlands  A. Delbart  IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-
sur-Yvette, France  V. De Leo  Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma RM,
Italy  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, 00185 Roma RM
D. Delepine  Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, C.P. 37000, Mexico  M.
Delgado  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 -
I-20126 Milano, Italy  Università del Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy  A.
Dell’Acqua  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin,
Switzerland  N. Delmonte  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di
Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy  University of Parma, 43121 Parma PR, Italy  P. De
Lurgio  Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA  J. R. T. de Mello
Neto  Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 21941-901,
Brazil  D. M. DeMuth  Valley City State University, Valley City, ND 58072, USA
S. Dennis  University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom  C.
Densham  STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
G. W. Deptuch  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  A. De
Roeck  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin,
Switzerland  V. De Romeri  Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and
Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain  G. De Souza
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas - SP, 13083-970, Brazil  R. Devi
University of Jammu, Jammu-180006, India  R. Dharmapalan  University of
Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA  M. Dias  Universidade Federal de São Paulo,
09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil  J. S. Díaz  Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
47405, USA  F. Díaz  Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú  F.
Di Capua  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Napoli, I-80126
Napoli, Italy  Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , 80138 Napoli NA,
Italy  A. Di Domenico  Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma RM, Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, 00185 Roma RM  S. Di
Domizio  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova, 16146 Genova
GE, Italy  Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy  L. Di Giulio
CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland
P. Ding  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  L. Di
Noto  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova, 16146 Genova
GE, Italy  Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy  G. Dirkx  Imperial
College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom  C.
Distefano  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud,
95123 Catania, Italy  R. Diurba  University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
M. Diwan  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  Z. Djurcic
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA  D. Doering  SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  S. Dolan  CERN, The
European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  F. Dolek
Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey  M. J. Dolinski  Drexel University,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  L. Domine  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,
Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  Y. Donon  CERN, The European Organization for
Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  D. Douglas  Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA  D. Douillet  Université Paris-Saclay,
CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France  A. Dragone  SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  G. Drake  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  F. Drielsma  SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  L. Duarte  Universidade Federal de São
Paulo, 09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil  D. Duchesneau  Laboratoire d’Annecy de
Physique des Particules, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS,
LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France  K. Duffy  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  P. Dunne  Imperial College of Science
Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom  B. Dutta  Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas 77840  H. Duyang  University of South
Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA  O. Dvornikov  University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, HI 96822, USA  D. A. Dwyer  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  A. S. Dyshkant  Northern Illinois University, DeKalb,
IL 60115, USA  M. Eads  Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
A. Earle  University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  D. Edmunds
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA  J. Eisch  Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  L. Emberger
University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom  Max-Planck-
Institut, Munich, 80805, Germany  S. Emery  IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-
Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France  P. Englezos  Rutgers University,
Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA  A. Ereditato  Yale University, New Haven, CT
06520, USA  T. Erjavec  University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
C. O. Escobar  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
G. Eurin  IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
J. J. Evans  University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom  E.
Ewart  Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  A. C. Ezeribe
University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom  K. Fahey  Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  A. Falcone  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano,
Italy  Università del Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy  M. Fani  Los Alamos
National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA  C. Farnese  Istituto Nazionale
di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy  Y. Farzan
Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran  D. Fedoseev
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems
6 Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  J. Felix  Universidad de
Guanajuato, Guanajuato, C.P. 37000, Mexico  Y. Feng  Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa 50011, USA  E. Fernandez-Martinez  Madrid Autonoma University and
IFT UAM/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain  P. Fernandez Menendez  Instituto de Física
Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
M. Fernandez Morales  Instituto Galego de Fisica de Altas Enerxias, A Coruña,
Spain  F. Ferraro  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova,
16146 Genova GE, Italy  Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy  L.
Fields  University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA  P. Filip
Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech
Republic  F. Filthaut  Nikhef National Institute of Subatomic Physics, 1098 XG
Amsterdam, Netherlands  Radboud University, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands
R. Fine  Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA  G.
Fiorillo  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Napoli, I-80126
Napoli, Italy  Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , 80138 Napoli NA,
Italy  M. Fiorini  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Ferrara,
I-44122 Ferrara, Italy  University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy  V. Fischer
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA  R. S. Fitzpatrick  University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA  W. Flanagan  University of Dallas, Irving,
TX 75062-4736, USA  B. Fleming  Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA  R.
Flight  University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA  S. Fogarty
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA  W. Foreman  Illinois
Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA  J. Fowler  Duke University,
Durham, NC 27708, USA  W. Fox  Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
J. Franc  Czech Technical University, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic  K.
Francis  Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA  D. Franco  Yale
University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA  J. Freeman  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  J. Freestone  University of Manchester,
Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom  J. Fried  Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Upton, NY 11973, USA  A. Friedland  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,
Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  F. Fuentes Robayo  University of Bristol, Bristol
BS8 1TL, United Kingdom  S. Fuess  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
Batavia, IL 60510, USA  I. K. Furic  University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
32611-8440, USA  K. Furman  Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS,
United Kingdom  A. P. Furmanski  University of Minnesota Twin Cities,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA  A. Gabrielli  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  A. Gago  Pontificia
Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú  H. Gallagher  Tufts University,
Medford, MA 02155, USA  A. Gallas  Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3,
IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France  A. Gallego-Ros  CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones
Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain  N.
Gallice  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano, 20133
Milano, Italy  Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy  V.
Galymov  Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne,
France  E. Gamberini  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research,
1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  T. Gamble  University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3
7RH, United Kingdom  F. Ganacim  Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná,
Curitiba, Brazil  R. Gandhi  Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Jhunsi,
Allahabad 211 019, India  R. Gandrajula  Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI 48824, USA  S. Ganguly  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
Batavia, IL 60510, USA  F. Gao  University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
15260, USA  S. Gao  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  D.
Garcia-Gamez  University of Granada & CAFPE, 18002 Granada, Spain  M. Á.
García-Peris  Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de
València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain  S. Gardiner  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  D. Gastler  Boston University,
Boston, MA 02215, USA  J. Gauvreau  Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041
P. Gauzzi  Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma RM, Italy  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, 00185 Roma RM  G. Ge  Columbia
University, New York, NY 10027, USA  N. Geffroy  Laboratoire d’Annecy de
Physique des Particules, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS,
LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France  B. Gelli  Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Campinas - SP, 13083-970, Brazil  A. Gendotti  ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
S. Gent  South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA  Z. Ghorbani-
Moghaddam  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova, 16146
Genova GE, Italy  P. Giammaria  Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas -
SP, 13083-970, Brazil  T. Giammaria  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Sezione di Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy  University of Ferrara, Ferrara,
Italy  N. Giangiacomi  University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
D. Gibin  Universtà degli Studi di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy  I. Gil-
Botella  CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y
Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain  S. Gilligan  Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR 97331, USA  C. Girerd  Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de
Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France  A. K. Giri  Indian Institute of Technology
Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 502285, India  D. Gnani  Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  O. Gogota  Taras Shevchenko National
University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine  M. Gold  University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA  S. Gollapinni  Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los
Alamos, NM 87545, USA  K. Gollwitzer  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
Batavia, IL 60510, USA  R. A. Gomes  Universidade Federal de Goias, Goiania,
GO 74690-900, Brazil  L. V. Gomez Bermeo  Universidad Sergio Arboleda, 11022
Bogotá, Colombia  L. S. Gomez Fajardo  Universidad Sergio Arboleda, 11022
Bogotá, Colombia  F. Gonnella  University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT,
United Kingdom  D. Gonzalez-Diaz  Instituto Galego de Fisica de Altas
Enerxias, A Coruña, Spain  M. Gonzalez-Lopez  Madrid Autonoma University and
IFT UAM/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain  M. C. Goodman  Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, IL 60439, USA  O. Goodwin  University of Manchester, Manchester M13
9PL, United Kingdom  S. Goswami  Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380
009, India  C. Gotti  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano
Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano, Italy  E. Goudzovski  University of Birmingham,
Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom  C. Grace  Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  R. Gran  University of Minnesota Duluth,
Duluth, MN 55812, USA  E. Granados  Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato,
C.P. 37000, Mexico  P. Granger  IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191
Gif-sur-Yvette, France  C. Grant  Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA  D.
Gratieri  Fluminense Federal University, 9 Icaraí Niterói - RJ, 24220-900,
Brazil  P. Green  University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
L. Greenler  University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA  J. Greer
University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom  J. Grenard  CERN, The
European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  W. C.
Griffith  University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  M. Groh
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA  J. Grudzinski  Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA  K. Grzelak  University of Warsaw,
02-093 Warsaw, Poland  W. Gu  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973,
USA  E. Guardincerri  Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545,
USA  V. Guarino  Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA  M.
Guarise  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Ferrara, I-44122
Ferrara, Italy  University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy  R. Guenette  Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA  E. Guerard  Université Paris-Saclay,
CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France  M. Guerzoni  Istituto Nazionale di
Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  D. Guffanti
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
A. Guglielmi  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova, 35131
Padova, Italy  B. Guo  University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
A. Gupta  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  V.
Gupta  Nikhef National Institute of Subatomic Physics, 1098 XG Amsterdam,
Netherlands  K. K. Guthikonda  K L University, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh
522502, India  P. Guzowski  University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL,
United Kingdom  M. M. Guzzo  Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas - SP,
13083-970, Brazil  S. Gwon  Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea  C.
Ha  Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea  K. Haaf  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  A. Habig  University of
Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA  H. Hadavand  University of Texas at
Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA  R. Haenni  University of Bern, CH-3012
Bern, Switzerland  A. Hahn  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL
60510, USA  J. Haiston  South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid
City, SD 57701, USA  P. Hamacher-Baumann  University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1
3RH, United Kingdom  T. Hamernik  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
Batavia, IL 60510, USA  P. Hamilton  Imperial College of Science Technology
and Medicine, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom  J. Han  University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA  D. A. Harris  York University, Toronto
M3J 1P3, Canada  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
J. Hartnell  University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  T.
Hartnett  STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
J. Harton  Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA  T. Hasegawa
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
C. Hasnip  University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom  R. Hatcher
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  K. W. Hatfield
University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA  A. Hatzikoutelis  San
Jose State University, San José, CA 95192-0106, USA  C. Hayes  Indiana
University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  K. Hayrapetyan  Queen Mary University
of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom  J. Hays  Queen Mary University of
London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom  E. Hazen  Boston University, Boston, MA
02215, USA  M. He  University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA  A. Heavey
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  K. M. Heeger
Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA  J. Heise  Sanford Underground
Research Facility, Lead, SD, 57754, USA  S. Henry  University of Rochester,
Rochester, NY 14627, USA  M. A. Hernandez Morquecho  Illinois Institute of
Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA  K. Herner  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  V Hewes  University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA  C. Hilgenberg  University of Minnesota Twin Cities,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA  T. Hill  Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID
83209, USA  S. J. Hillier  University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT,
United Kingdom  A. Himmel  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL
60510, USA  E. Hinkle  University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA  L.R.
Hirsch  Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil  J. Ho
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA  J. Hoff  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  A. Holin  STFC Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  E. Hoppe  Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA  G. A. Horton-Smith
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA  M. Hostert  University of
Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA  A. Hourlier  Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA  B. Howard  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  R. Howell  University of
Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA  J. Hoyos Barrios  University of Medellín,
Medellín, 050026 Colombia  I. Hristova  STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  M. S. Hronek  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  J. Huang  University of California Davis,
Davis, CA 95616, USA  Z. Hulcher  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo
Park, CA 94025, USA  G. Iles  Imperial College of Science Technology and
Medicine, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom  N. Ilic  University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada  A. M. Iliescu  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  R. Illingworth  Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  G. Ingratta  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy
Università del Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy  A. Ioannisian  Yerevan Institute
for Theoretical Physics and Modeling, Yerevan 0036, Armenia  B. Irwin
University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA  L. Isenhower
Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX 79601, USA  R. Itay  SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  C.M. Jackson  Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA  V. Jain  University of
Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA  E. James  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  W. Jang  University of Texas at Arlington,
Arlington, TX 76019, USA  B. Jargowsky  University of California Irvine,
Irvine, CA 92697, USA  F. Jediny  Czech Technical University, 115 19 Prague 1,
Czech Republic  D. Jena  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL
60510, USA  Y. S. Jeong  Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA  C. Jesús-Valls  Institut de
Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE)—Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
(BIST), Barcelona, Spain  X. Ji  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
11973, USA  J. Jiang  Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
L. Jiang  Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA  S. Jiménez  CIEMAT, Centro
de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040
Madrid, Spain  A. Jipa  University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania  F. R.
Joaquim  Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas,
1649-003 Lisboa and 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal  Instituto Superior Técnico -
IST, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal  W. Johnson  South Dakota School of
Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA  N. Johnston  Indiana
University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  B. Jones  University of Texas at
Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA  S. B. Jones  University College London,
London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom  M. Judah  University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA  C. K. Jung  Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony
Brook, NY 11794, USA  T. Junk  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia,
IL 60510, USA  Y. Jwa  Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA  M.
Kabirnezhad  University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom  A. Kaboth
Royal Holloway College London, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom  STFC Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  I. Kadenko  Taras
Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine  I. Kakorin  Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems 6
Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  A. Kalitkina  Joint Institute
for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems 6 Joliot-Curie,
Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  D. Kalra  Columbia University, New York, NY
10027, USA  F. Kamiya  Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André - SP,
09210-580, Brazil  D. M. Kaplan  Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL
60616, USA  G. Karagiorgi  Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA  G.
Karaman  University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA  A. Karcher  Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  M. Karolak  IRFU, CEA,
Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France  Y. Karyotakis
Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ.
Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France  S. Kasai  National
Institute of Technology, Kure College, Hiroshima, 737-8506, Japan  S. P.
Kasetti  Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA  L. Kashur
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA  N. Kazaryan  Yerevan
Institute for Theoretical Physics and Modeling, Yerevan 0036, Armenia  E.
Kearns  Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA  P. Keener  University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  K.J. Kelly  CERN, The European
Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  E. Kemp
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas - SP, 13083-970, Brazil  O.
Kemularia  Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia  W. Ketchum  Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  S. H. Kettell
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  M. Khabibullin
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
117312, Russia  A. Khotjantsev  Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia  A. Khvedelidze  Georgian Technical
University, Tbilisi, Georgia  D. Kim  Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas 77840  B. King  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL
60510, USA  B. Kirby  Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA  M. Kirby
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  J. Klein
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  A. Klustova  Imperial
College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom  T.
Kobilarcik  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  K.
Koehler  University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA  L. W.
Koerner  University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA  D. H. Koh  SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  S. Kohn
University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  P. P. Koller  University of
Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland  L. Kolupaeva  Joint Institute for Nuclear
Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems 6 Joliot-Curie, Dubna,
Moscow Region, 141980 RU  D. Korablev  Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,
Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems 6 Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region,
141980 RU  M. Kordosky  William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA  T. Kosc
Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ.
Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France  U. Kose  CERN, The
European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  V. A.
Kostelecký  Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  K. Kothekar
University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom  R. Kralik  University
of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  L. Kreczko  University of
Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom  F. Krennrich  Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa 50011, USA  I. Kreslo  University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern,
Switzerland  W. Kropp  University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
T. Kroupova  University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  S.
Kubota  Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA  Y. Kudenko  Institute
for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia
V. A. Kudryavtsev  University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
S. Kuhlmann  Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA  S. Kulagin
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
117312, Russia  J. Kumar  University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA  P.
Kumar  University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom  P. Kunze
Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ.
Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France  N. Kurita  SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  C. Kuruppu
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA  V. Kus  Czech Technical
University, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic  T. Kutter  Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA  J. Kvasnicka  Institute of Physics,
Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic  D. Kwak  Ulsan
National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea  A.
Lambert  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  B. J.
Land  University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  C. E. Lane
Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  K. Lang  University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA  T. Langford  Yale University, New Haven, CT
06520, USA  M. Langstaff  University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom  J. Larkin  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  P.
Lasorak  University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  D. Last
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  A. Laundrie
University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA  G. Laurenti  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  A.
Lawrence  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  I.
Lazanu  University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania  R. LaZur  Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA  M. Lazzaroni  Istituto Nazionale di
Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy  Università degli Studi
di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy  T. Le  Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155,
USA  S. Leardini  Instituto Galego de Fisica de Altas Enerxias, A Coruña,
Spain  J. Learned  University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA  P. LeBrun
Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France  T.
LeCompte  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  C.
Lee  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  S. Y. Lee
Jeonbuk National University, Jeonrabuk-do 54896, South Korea  G. Lehmann
Miotto  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin,
Switzerland  R. Lehnert  Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  M. A.
Leigui de Oliveira  Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André - SP, 09210-580,
Brazil  M. Leitner  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA  L. M. Lepin  University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
S. W. Li  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  Y.
Li  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  H. Liao  Kansas
State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA  C. S. Lin  Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  Q. Lin  SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  S. Lin  Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA  R. A. Lineros  Universidad Católica
del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile  J. Ling  Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou,
510275  A. Lister  University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA  B.
R. Littlejohn  Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA  J.
Liu  University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA  Y. Liu
University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA  S. Lockwitz  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  T. Loew  Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  M. Lokajicek  Institute of
Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic  I.
Lomidze  Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia  K. Long  Imperial
College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom  T.
Lord  University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom  J. M. LoSecco
University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA  W. C. Louis  Los Alamos
National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA  X.-G. Lu  University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom  K.B. Luk  University of California
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  B. Lunday  University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
PA 19104, USA  X. Luo  University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara,
California 93106 USA  E. Luppi  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione
di Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy  University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy  T.
Lux  Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE)—Barcelona Institute of Science
and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain  V. P. Luzio  Universidade Federal do
ABC, Santo André - SP, 09210-580, Brazil  J. Maalmi  Université Paris-Saclay,
CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France  D. MacFarlane  SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  A. A. Machado  Universidade
Estadual de Campinas, Campinas - SP, 13083-970, Brazil  P. Machado  Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  C. T. Macias  Indiana
University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  J. R. Macier  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  A. Maddalena  Laboratori
Nazionali del Gran Sasso, L’Aquila AQ, Italy  A. Madera  CERN, The European
Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  P. Madigan
University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  S. Magill  Argonne National
Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA  K. Mahn  Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI 48824, USA  A. Maio  Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física
Experimental de Partículas, 1649-003 Lisboa and 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa - FCUL, 1749-016 Lisboa,
Portugal  A. Major  Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA  J. A. Maloney
Dakota State University, Madison, SD 57042, USA  G. Mandrioli  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  R.
C. Mandujano  University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA  J.
Maneira  Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas,
1649-003 Lisboa and 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal  Faculdade de Ciências da
Universidade de Lisboa - FCUL, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal  L. Manenti
University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom  S. Manly
University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA  A. Mann  Tufts University,
Medford, MA 02155, USA  K. Manolopoulos  STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  M. Manrique Plata  Indiana University,
Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  V. N. Manyam  Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Upton, NY 11973, USA  L. Manzanillas  Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3,
IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France  M. Marchan  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  A. Marchionni  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  W. Marciano  Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  D. Marfatia  University of Hawaii, Honolulu,
HI 96822, USA  C. Mariani  Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA  J.
Maricic  University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA  R. Marie  Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France  F. Marinho
Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras - SP, 13604-900, Brazil  A. D.
Marino  University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA  T. Markiewicz
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  D. Marsden
University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom  M. Marshak
University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA  C. M.
Marshall  University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA  J. Marshall
University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom  J. Marteau  Institut
de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France  J. Martín-Albo
Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980
Paterna, Valencia, Spain  N. Martinez  Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
66506, USA  D.A. Martinez Caicedo  South Dakota School of Mines and
Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA  P. Martínez Miravé  Instituto de Física
Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
S. Martynenko  Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA  V.
Mascagna  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 -
I-20126 Milano, Italy  University of Insubria, Via Ravasi, 2, 21100 Varese VA,
Italy  K. Mason  Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA  A. Mastbaum
Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA  F. Matichard  Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  S. Matsuno  University
of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA  J. Matthews  Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA  C. Mauger  University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  N. Mauri  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  Università del Bologna, 40127
Bologna, Italy  K. Mavrokoridis  University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, Liverpool,
United Kingdom  I. Mawby  University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United
Kingdom  R. Mazza  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano
Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano, Italy  A. Mazzacane  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  E. Mazzucato  IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-
Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France  T. McAskill  Wellesley College,
Wellesley, MA 02481, USA  E. McCluskey  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
Batavia, IL 60510, USA  N. McConkey  University of Manchester, Manchester M13
9PL, United Kingdom  K. S. McFarland  University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
14627, USA  C. McGrew  Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794,
USA  A. McNab  University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
A. Mefodiev  Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia  P. Mehta  Jawaharlal Nehru University, New
Delhi 110067, India  P. Melas  University of Athens, Zografou GR 157 84,
Greece  O. Mena  Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de
València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain  H. Mendez  University of Puerto
Rico, Mayaguez 00681, Puerto Rico, USA  P. Mendez  CERN, The European
Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  D. P. Méndez
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  A. Menegolli  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy  G. Meng  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy  M. D.
Messier  Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  W. Metcalf  Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA  M. Mewes  Indiana University,
Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  H. Meyer  Wichita State University, Wichita, KS
67260, USA  T. Miao  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510,
USA  G. Michna  South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA  V.
Mikola  University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom  R.
Milincic  University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA  G. Miller  University
of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom  W. Miller  University of
Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA  J. Mills  Tufts University,
Medford, MA 02155, USA  O. Mineev  Institute for Nuclear Research of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia  A. Minotti  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
Università del Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy  O. G. Miranda  Centro de
Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional
(Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico  S. Miryala  Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Upton, NY 11973, USA  C. S. Mishra  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
Batavia, IL 60510, USA  S. R. Mishra  University of South Carolina, Columbia,
SC 29208, USA  A. Mislivec  University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis,
MN 55455, USA  M. Mitchell  Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803,
USA  D. Mladenov  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211
Meyrin, Switzerland  I. Mocioiu  Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, PA 16802, USA  K. Moffat  Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United
Kingdom  N. Moggi  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna,
40127 Bologna BO, Italy  Università del Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy  R.
Mohanta  University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad - 500 046, India  T.
A. Mohayai  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  N.
Mokhov  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  J.
Molina  Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay  L. Molina
Bueno  Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València,
46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain  E. Montagna  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  Università del Bologna,
40127 Bologna, Italy  A. Montanari  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  C. Montanari  Istituto Nazionale
di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  Università degli Studi di
Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy  D. Montanari  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  L. M. Montaño Zetina  Centro de
Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional
(Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico  S. H. Moon  Ulsan National Institute of
Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea  M. Mooney  Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA  A. F. Moor  University of Cambridge,
Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom  D. Moreno  Universidad Antonio Nariño,
Bogotá, Colombia  D. Moretti  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di
Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano, Italy  C. Morris  University of Houston,
Houston, TX 77204, USA  C. Mossey  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
Batavia, IL 60510, USA  M. Mote  Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
70803, USA  E. Motuk  University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United
Kingdom  C. A. Moura  Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André - SP,
09210-580, Brazil  J. Mousseau  University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
USA  G. Mouster  Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom  W.
Mu  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  L. Mualem
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA  J. Mueller
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA  M. Muether  Wichita
State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA  S. Mufson  Indiana University,
Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  F. Muheim  University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8
9YL, United Kingdom  A. Muir  Daresbury Laboratory, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United
Kingdom  M. Mulhearn  University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA  D.
Munford  University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA  H. Muramatsu
University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA  S. Murphy
ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland  J. Musser  Indiana University, Bloomington,
IN 47405, USA  J. Nachtman  University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA  Y.
Nagai  Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary  S. Nagu  University
of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India  M. Nalbandyan  Yerevan Institute for
Theoretical Physics and Modeling, Yerevan 0036, Armenia  R. Nandakumar  STFC
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  D. Naples
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA  S. Narita  Iwate
University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan  A. Nath  Indian Institute of
Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781 039, India  A. Navrer-Agasson  University
of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom  N. Nayak  University of
California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA  M. Nebot-Guinot  University of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom  K. Negishi  Iwate University,
Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan  J. K. Nelson  William and Mary, Williamsburg,
VA 23187, USA  J. Nesbit  University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706,
USA  M. Nessi  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211
Meyrin, Switzerland  D. Newbold  STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot
OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  M. Newcomer  University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  H. Newton  Daresbury Laboratory, Cheshire WA4
4AD, United Kingdom  R. Nichol  University College London, London, WC1E 6BT,
United Kingdom  F. Nicolas-Arnaldos  University of Granada & CAFPE, 18002
Granada, Spain  A. Nikolica  University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
19104, USA  E. Niner  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL
60510, USA  K. Nishimura  University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA  A.
Norman  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  A.
Norrick  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  R.
Northrop  University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA  P. Novella  Instituto
de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna,
Valencia, Spain  J. A. Nowak  Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United
Kingdom  M. Oberling  Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA  J.
P. Ochoa-Ricoux  University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA  A.
Olivier  University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA  A. Olshevskiy
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems
6 Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  Y. Onel  University of Iowa,
Iowa City, IA 52242, USA  Y. Onishchuk  Taras Shevchenko National University
of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine  J. Ott  University of California Irvine, Irvine,
CA 92697, USA  L. Pagani  University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
G. Palacio  Universidad EIA, Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia  O. Palamara  Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  S. Palestini  CERN,
The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  J.
M. Paley  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  M.
Pallavicini  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova, 16146
Genova GE, Italy  Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy  C.
Palomares  CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y
Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain  W. Panduro Vazquez  Royal Holloway
College London, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom  E. Pantic  University of California
Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA  V. Paolone  University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
PA 15260, USA  V. Papadimitriou  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
Batavia, IL 60510, USA  R. Papaleo  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123 Catania, Italy  A. Papanestis  STFC
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  S.
Paramesvaran  University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom  S. Parke
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  E. Parozzi
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126
Milano, Italy  Università del Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy  Z. Parsa
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  M. Parvu  University of
Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania  S. Pascoli  Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE,
United Kingdom  Università del Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy  L. Pasqualini
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO,
Italy  Università del Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy  J. Pasternak  Imperial
College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom  J.
Pater  University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom  C.
Patrick  University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom  L.
Patrizii  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127
Bologna BO, Italy  R. B. Patterson  California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA 91125, USA  S. J. Patton  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  T. Patzak  Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule
et Cosmologie, F-75006, Paris, France  A. Paudel  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  B. Paulos  University of Wisconsin
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA  L. Paulucci  Universidade Federal do ABC,
Santo André - SP, 09210-580, Brazil  Z. Pavlovic  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  G. Pawloski  University of Minnesota Twin
Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA  D. Payne  University of Liverpool, L69
7ZE, Liverpool, United Kingdom  V. Pec  Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of
Sciences, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic  S. J. M. Peeters  University of
Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  A. Pena Perez  SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  E. Pennacchio  Institut de
Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France  A. Penzo
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA  O. L. G. Peres  Universidade
Estadual de Campinas, Campinas - SP, 13083-970, Brazil  J. Perry  University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom  D. Pershey  Duke University,
Durham, NC 27708, USA  G. Pessina  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano, Italy  G. Petrillo  SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  C. Petta  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
Università di Catania, 2 - 95131 Catania, Italy  R. Petti  University of South
Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA  V. Pia  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  Università del Bologna,
40127 Bologna, Italy  F. Piastra  University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern,
Switzerland  L. Pickering  Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824,
USA  F. Pietropaolo  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research,
1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di
Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy  Pimentel, V.L  Centro de Tecnologia da Informacao
Renato Archer, Amarais - Campinas, SP - CEP 13069-901  Universidade Estadual
de Campinas, Campinas - SP, 13083-970, Brazil  G. Pinaroli  Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  K. Plows  University of Oxford,
Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom  R. Plunkett  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  F. Pompa  Instituto de Física Corpuscular,
CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain  X. Pons
CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland
N. Poonthottathil  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA  F. Poppi
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO,
Italy  Università del Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy  S. Pordes  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  J. Porter  University of
Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  S. D. Porzio  University of Bern,
CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland  M. Potekhin  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,
NY 11973, USA  R. Potenza  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di
Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy  Università di Catania, 2 - 95131 Catania,
Italy  B. V. K. S. Potukuchi  University of Jammu, Jammu-180006, India  J.
Pozimski  Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BZ,
United Kingdom  M. Pozzato  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di
Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  Università del Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
S. Prakash  Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas - SP, 13083-970,
Brazil  T. Prakash  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA  M. Prest  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano
Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano, Italy  S. Prince  Harvard University, Cambridge,
MA 02138, USA  F. Psihas  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL
60510, USA  D. Pugnere  Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon, 69622
Villeurbanne, France  X. Qian  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
11973, USA  J. L. Raaf  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL
60510, USA  V. Radeka  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
J. Rademacker  University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom  R.
Radev  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin,
Switzerland  B. Radics  ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland  A. Rafique  Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA  E. Raguzin  Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  M. Rai  University of Warwick, Coventry CV4
7AL, United Kingdom  M. Rajaoalisoa  University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
45221, USA  I. Rakhno  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL
60510, USA  A. Rakotonandrasana  University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101,
Madagascar  L. Rakotondravohitra  University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo
101, Madagascar  R. Rameika  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia,
IL 60510, USA  M. A. Ramirez Delgado  University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  B. Ramson  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
Batavia, IL 60510, USA  A. Rappoldi  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Sezione di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy  Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100
Pavia PV, Italy  G. Raselli  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di
Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy  Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV,
Italy  P. Ratoff  Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom  S.
Raut  Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA  H. Razafinime
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA  R. F. Razakamiandra
University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar  E. M. Rea
University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA  J. S. Real
University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble,
France  B. Rebel  University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  R. Rechenmacher
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  M. Reggiani-
Guzzo  University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom  J.
Reichenbacher  South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD
57701, USA  S. D. Reitzner  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL
60510, USA  H. Rejeb Sfar  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear
Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  A. Renshaw  University of Houston,
Houston, TX 77204, USA  S. Rescia  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
11973, USA  F. Resnati  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research,
1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  M. Ribas  Universidade Tecnológica Federal do
Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil  S. Riboldi  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy  C. Riccio  Stony Brook University,
SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA  G. Riccobene  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123 Catania, Italy  L. C. J. Rice
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA  J. S. Ricol  University
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France  A.
Rigamonti  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin,
Switzerland  Y. Rigaut  ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland  E. V. Rincón
Universidad EIA, Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia  H. Ritchie-Yates  Royal
Holloway College London, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom  D. Rivera  Los Alamos
National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA  A. Robert  University Grenoble
Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France  J. L. Rocabado
Rocha  Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València,
46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain  L. Rochester  SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  M. Roda  University of Liverpool, L69
7ZE, Liverpool, United Kingdom  P. Rodrigues  University of Oxford, Oxford,
OX1 3RH, United Kingdom  J. V. Rodrigues da Silva Leite  Universidade Federal
de São Paulo, 09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil  M. J. Rodriguez Alonso  CERN, The
European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  J.
Rodriguez Rondon  South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD
57701, USA  S. Rosauro-Alcaraz  Madrid Autonoma University and IFT UAM/CSIC,
28049 Madrid, Spain  M. Rosenberg  University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
15260, USA  P. Rosier  Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405
Orsay, France  B. Roskovec  University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697,
USA  M. Rossella  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pavia,
I-27100 Pavia, Italy  Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia PV, Italy
F. Rossi  IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
M. Rossi  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin,
Switzerland  J. Rout  Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India  P.
Roy  Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA  A. Rubbia  ETH Zurich,
Zurich, Switzerland  C. Rubbia  Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy
B. Russell  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  D.
Ruterbories  University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA  A. Rybnikov
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems
6 Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  A. Saa-Hernandez  Instituto
Galego de Fisica de Altas Enerxias, A Coruña, Spain  R. Saakyan  University
College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom  S. Sacerdoti  Université de
Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75006, Paris, France  T. Safford
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA  N. Sahu  Indian
Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 502285, India  P. Sala  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy  CERN, The
European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  N.
Samios  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  O. Samoylov
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems
6 Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  M. C. Sanchez  Iowa State
University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA  V. Sandberg  Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA  D. A. Sanders  University of
Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA  D. Sankey  STFC Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  S. Santana  University of Puerto
Rico, Mayaguez 00681, Puerto Rico, USA  M. Santos-Maldonado  University of
Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 00681, Puerto Rico, USA  N. Saoulidou  University of
Athens, Zografou GR 157 84, Greece  P. Sapienza  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123 Catania, Italy  C. Sarasty
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA  I. Sarcevic  University
of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA  G. Savage  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  V. Savinov  University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA  A. Scaramelli  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Sezione di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy  A. Scarff  University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom  A. Scarpelli  Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  T. Schefke  Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA  H. Schellman  Oregon State University, Corvallis,
OR 97331, USA  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
S. Schifano  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Ferrara, I-44122
Ferrara, Italy  University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy  P. Schlabach  Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  D. Schmitz
University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA  A. W. Schneider  Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA  K. Scholberg  Duke
University, Durham, NC 27708, USA  A. Schukraft  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  E. Segreto  Universidade Estadual de
Campinas, Campinas - SP, 13083-970, Brazil  A. Selyunin  Joint Institute for
Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems 6 Joliot-Curie,
Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  C. R. Senise  Universidade Federal de São
Paulo, 09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil  J. Sensenig  University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  A. Sergi  University of Birmingham, Birmingham
B15 2TT, United Kingdom  D. Sgalaberna  ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland  M. H.
Shaevitz  Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA  S. Shafaq  Jawaharlal
Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India  F. Shaker  York University, Toronto
M3J 1P3, Canada  M. Shamma  University of California Riverside, Riverside CA
92521, USA  R. Sharankova  Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA  H. R.
Sharma  University of Jammu, Jammu-180006, India  R. Sharma  Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  R. Kumar  Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana 141004, India  K. Shaw  University of Sussex, Brighton,
BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  T. Shaw  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
Batavia, IL 60510, USA  K. Shchablo  Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de
Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France  C. Shepherd-Themistocleous  STFC Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  A. Sheshukov  Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems 6
Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  S. Shin  Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonrabuk-do 54896, South Korea  I. Shoemaker  Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA  D. Shooltz  Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI 48824, USA  R. Shrock  Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook,
NY 11794, USA  H. Siegel  Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA  L.
Simard  Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France  F.
Simon  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  Max-
Planck-Institut, Munich, 80805, Germany  J. Sinclair  SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  G. Sinev  South Dakota
School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA  Jaydip Singh
University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India  J. Singh  University of
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India  L. Singh  Central University of South
Bihar, Gaya, 824236, India  P. Singh  Queen Mary University of London, London
E1 4NS, United Kingdom  V. Singh  Central University of South Bihar, Gaya,
824236, India  R. Sipos  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research,
1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  F. W. Sippach  Columbia University, New York, NY
10027, USA  G. Sirri  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di
Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  A. Sitraka  South Dakota School of Mines and
Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA  K. Siyeon  Chung-Ang University, Seoul
06974, South Korea  K. Skarpaas  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo
Park, CA 94025, USA  A. Smith  University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE,
United Kingdom  E. Smith  Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  P.
Smith  Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  J. Smolik  Czech
Technical University, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic  M. Smy  University of
California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA  E.L. Snider  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  P. Snopok  Illinois Institute
of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA  D. Snowden-Ifft  Occidental College,
Los Angeles, CA 90041  M. Soares Nunes  Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
13244, USA  H. Sobel  University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
M. Soderberg  Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA  S. Sokolov  Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems 6
Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  C. J. Solano Salinas
Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima 25, Perú  S. Söldner-Rembold
University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom  S.R. Soleti
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  N. Solomey
Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA  V. Solovov  Laboratório de
Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas, 1649-003 Lisboa and
3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal  W. E. Sondheim  Los Alamos National Laboratory,
Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA  M. Sorel  Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and
Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain  A. Sotnikov  Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems 6
Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  J. Soto-Oton  CIEMAT, Centro de
Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid,
Spain  F. A. Soto Ugaldi  Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima 25, Perú
A. Sousa  University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA  K. Soustruznik
Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Faculty of Mathematics and
Physics of the Charles University, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic  F.
Spagliardi  University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom  M. Spanu
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126
Milano, Italy  Università del Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy  J. Spitz
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA  N. J. C. Spooner  University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom  K. Spurgeon  Syracuse
University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA  M. Stancari  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  L. Stanco  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare Sezione di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy  Universtà degli Studi di
Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy  C. Stanford  Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
02138, USA  R. Stein  University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
H. M. Steiner  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
A. F. Steklain Lisbôa  Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba,
Brazil  J. Stewart  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  B.
Stillwell  University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA  J. Stock  South
Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA  F. Stocker
CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland
T. Stokes  Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA  M. Strait
University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA  T. Strauss
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  L. Strigari
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840  A. Stuart  Universidad de
Colima, Colima, Mexico  J. G. Suarez  Universidad EIA, Envigado, Antioquia,
Colombia  J. M. Suárez Sunción  Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima 25,
Perú  H. Sullivan  University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
D. Summers  University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA  A. Surdo
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Lecce, 73100 - Lecce, Italy
V. Susic  University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland  L. Suter  Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  C. M. Sutera
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Catania, I-95123 Catania,
Italy  Università di Catania, 2 - 95131 Catania, Italy  Y. Suvorov  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , 80138 Napoli NA, Italy  R.
Svoboda  University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA  B. Szczerbinska
Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA  A. M.
Szelc  University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom  N. Talukdar
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA  H. A. Tanaka  SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  S. Tang
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  A. M. Tapia Casanova
University of Medellín, Medellín, 050026 Colombia  B. Tapia Oregui  University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA  A. Tapper  Imperial College of
Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom  S. Tariq
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  E. Tarpara
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  N. Tata  Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA  E. Tatar  Idaho State University,
Pocatello, ID 83209, USA  R. Tayloe  Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
47405, USA  A. M. Teklu  Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794,
USA  P. Tennessen  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA  Antalya Bilim University, 07190 Döşemealtı/Antalya, Turkey  M. Tenti
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO,
Italy  K. Terao  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025,
USA  C. A. Ternes  Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de
València, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain  F. Terranova  Istituto Nazionale di
Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano, Italy
Università del Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy  G. Testera  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova, 16146 Genova GE, Italy  T.
Thakore  University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA  A. Thea  STFC
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  C. Thorn
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  S. C. Timm  Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  V. Tishchenko
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  L. Tomassetti  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy  A. Tonazzo  Université de Paris, CNRS,
Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75006, Paris, France  D. Torbunov  University
of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA  M. Torti  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano,
Italy  Università del Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy  M. Tortola
Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980
Paterna, Valencia, Spain  F. Tortorici  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Sezione di Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy  Università di Catania, 2 - 95131
Catania, Italy  N. Tosi  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di
Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  D. Totani  University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106 USA  M. Toups  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  C. Touramanis  University of
Liverpool, L69 7ZE, Liverpool, United Kingdom  R. Travaglini  Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  J.
Trevor  California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA  S. Trilov
University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom  W. H. Trzaska
University of Jyvaskyla, FI-40014, Finland  Y.-D. Tsai  University of
California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA  Y.-T. Tsai  SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  Z. Tsamalaidze  Georgian
Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia  K. V. Tsang  SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  N. Tsverava  Georgian Technical
University, Tbilisi, Georgia  S. Tufanli  CERN, The European Organization for
Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  C. Tull  Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  J. Tyler  Kansas State
University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA  E. Tyley  University of Sheffield,
Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom  M. Tzanov  Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, LA 70803, USA  L. Uboldi  CERN, The European Organization for Nuclear
Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  M. A. Uchida  University of Cambridge,
Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom  J. Urheim  Indiana University, Bloomington,
IN 47405, USA  T. Usher  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA
94025, USA  S. Uzunyan  Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
M. R. Vagins  Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe,
Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan  P. Vahle  William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA
23187, USA  S. Valder  University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
G. A. Valdiviesso  Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Poços de Caldas - MG,
37715-400, Brazil  E. Valencia  Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, C.P.
37000, Mexico  R. Valentim da Costa  Universidade Federal de São Paulo,
09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil  Z. Vallari  California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA 91125, USA  E. Vallazza  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Sezione di Milano Bicocca, 3 - I-20126 Milano, Italy  J. W. F. Valle
Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC and Universitat de València, 46980
Paterna, Valencia, Spain  S. Vallecorsa  CERN, The European Organization for
Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  R. Van Berg  University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  R. G. Van de Water  Los Alamos
National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA  D. Vanegas Forero  University
of Medellín, Medellín, 050026 Colombia  D. Vannerom  Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA  F. Varanini  Istituto Nazionale di
Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy  D. Vargas  Institut de
Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE)—Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
(BIST), Barcelona, Spain  G. Varner  University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822,
USA  J. Vasel  Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  S. Vasina
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems
6 Joliot-Curie, Dubna, Moscow Region, 141980 RU  G. Vasseur  IRFU, CEA,
Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France  N. Vaughan  Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA  K. Vaziri  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  S. Ventura  Istituto Nazionale
di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy  A. Verdugo  CIEMAT,
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas,
E-28040 Madrid, Spain  S. Vergani  University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE,
United Kingdom  M. A. Vermeulen  Nikhef National Institute of Subatomic
Physics, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands  M. Verzocchi  Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  M. Vicenzi  Istituto Nazionale
di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Genova, 16146 Genova GE, Italy  Università degli
Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy  H. Vieira de Souza  Université de Paris, CNRS,
Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75006, Paris, France  C. Vignoli  Laboratori
Nazionali del Gran Sasso, L’Aquila AQ, Italy  C. Vilela  CERN, The European
Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland  B. Viren
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  T. Vrba  Czech Technical
University, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic  T. Wachala  H. Niewodniczański
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland  A.
V. Waldron  Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7
2BZ, United Kingdom  M. Wallbank  University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
45221, USA  C. Wallis  Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
T. Walton  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  H.
Wang  University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA  J.
Wang  South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
L. Wang  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
M.H.L.S. Wang  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
X. Wang  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  Y.
Wang  University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA  Y.
Wang  Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA  K. Warburton
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA  D. Warner  Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA  M.O. Wascko  Imperial College of
Science Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom  D. Waters
University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom  A. Watson
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom  K. Wawrowska
STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  P. Weatherly  Drexel
University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  A. Weber  Johannes Gutenberg-
Universität Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  M. Weber  University of Bern, CH-3012
Bern, Switzerland  H. Wei  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973,
USA  A. Weinstein  Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA  D. Wenman
University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA  M. Wetstein  Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA  A. White  University of Texas at
Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA  L. H. Whitehead  University of Cambridge,
Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom  D. Whittington  Syracuse University,
Syracuse, NY 13244, USA  M. J. Wilking  Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony
Brook, NY 11794, USA  A. Wilkinson  University College London, London, WC1E
6BT, United Kingdom  C. Wilkinson  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  Z. Williams  University of Texas at Arlington,
Arlington, TX 76019, USA  F. Wilson  STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom  R. J. Wilson  Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO 80523, USA  W. Wisniewski  SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,
Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA  J. Wolcott  Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155,
USA  T. Wongjirad  Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA  A. Wood
University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA  K. Wood  Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA  E. Worcester  Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  M. Worcester  Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  K. Wresilo  University of Cambridge,
Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom  C. Wret  University of Rochester,
Rochester, NY 14627, USA  W. Wu  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
Batavia, IL 60510, USA  W. Wu  University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
92697, USA  Y. Xiao  University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
F. Xie  University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom  B. Yaeggy
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA  E. Yandel  University of
California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106 USA  G. Yang  Stony
Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA  K. Yang  University of
Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RH, United Kingdom  T. Yang  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  A. Yankelevich  University of California
Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA  N. Yershov  Institute for Nuclear Research of
the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia  K. Yonehara  Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  Y. S. Yoon  Chung-Ang
University, Seoul 06974, South Korea  T. Young  University of North Dakota,
Grand Forks, ND 58202-8357, USA  B. Yu  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,
NY 11973, USA  H. Yu  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  H.
Yu  Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275  J. Yu  University of Texas at
Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA  Y. Yu  Illinois Institute of Technology,
Chicago, IL 60616, USA  W. Yuan  University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL,
United Kingdom  R. Zaki  York University, Toronto M3J 1P3, Canada  J. Zalesak
Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech
Republic  L. Zambelli  Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules, Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy,
France  B. Zamorano  University of Granada & CAFPE, 18002 Granada, Spain  A.
Zani  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano,
Italy  L. Zazueta  William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA  G. P. Zeller
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  J. Zennamo
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA  K. Zeug
University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA  C. Zhang  Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  S. Zhang  Indiana University,
Bloomington, IN 47405, USA  Y. Zhang  University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
15260, USA  M. Zhao  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  E.
Zhivun  Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA  G. Zhu  Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA  E. D. Zimmerman  University of
Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA  S. Zucchelli  Istituto Nazionale di
Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bologna, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy  Università del
Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy  J. Zuklin  Institute of Physics, Czech Academy
of Sciences, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic  V. Zutshi  Northern Illinois
University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA  R. Zwaska  Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA

Submitted to the Proceedings of the US Community Study

on the Future of Particle Physics (Snowmass 2021)

## Executive Summary

This document presents the concept and physics case for a magnetized gaseous
argon-based detector system (ND-GAr) for the Deep Underground Neutrino
Experiment (DUNE) Near Detector. This detector system is required in order for
DUNE to reach its full physics potential in the measurement of CP violation
and in delivering precision measurements of oscillation parameters.

The ND-GAr concept is based on a central high-pressure gaseous argon time
projection chamber (HPgTPC); the HPgTPC is surrounded by a calorimeter, with
both situated in a 0.5 T magnetic field generated by superconducting coils. A
muon system is integrated with the magnet return yoke. The baseline concept of
the HPgTPC at the heart of ND-GAr is based closely on the design of the ALICE
TPC [1]. An opportunity exists to reconsider this design, given the timeline
to construct the full DUNE. This paper focuses on the baseline design in order
to present physics motivations and performance. Future R&D lines aimed at
optimizing this design are discussed as well.

The DUNE CP violation measurement requires complementary detectors at the near
site: an upstream modular non-magnetized liquid argon TPC (ND-LAr), a
magnetized tracker containing a pressurized gaseous argon TPC (ND-GAr), and a
large magnetized beam monitor (SAND). In the early years of DUNE running, a
smaller and simpler detector than ND-GAr can be placed downstream of ND-LAr to
measure the momentum and charge sign of forward-going muons exiting ND-LAr.
However, after approximately 200 kt-MW-yrs of exposure, the full ND-GAr
detector is critical for DUNE to reach 5$\sigma$ sensitivity to CP violation
over most of the possible values of $\delta_{CP}$, the Standard Model
parameter that controls CP violation in neutrinos.

In addition to its critical role in the long-baseline oscillation program, ND-
GAr will extend the overall physics program of DUNE. This detector will
collect a significant number of neutrino interactions ($\sim$1.6 M/yr) on its
one-ton gaseous argon target, enabling a variety of neutrino interaction cross
section measurements capable of detecting the resulting charged particles with
lower energies than achievable in the far or near liquid argon TPCs, and with
enhanced particle identification performance relative to the LArTPCs. These
capabilities enable better constraints of systematic uncertainties for both
oscillation and cross section analyses. Another unique advantage of ND-GAr is
its flexibility to use various gas mixtures as interaction targets, such as
potentially using a hydrogen-rich gas mixture to probe more fundamental
neutrino-hydrogen interactions, which can also better constrain understanding
of neutrino-argon interactions.

The LBNF high-intensity proton beam will provide a large flux of neutrinos
that is sampled by ND-GAr, enabling DUNE to discover new particles and search
for new interactions and symmetries beyond those predicted in the Standard
Model. In particular, ND-GAr can search for neutrino tridents, heavy neutral
leptons, light dark matter, heavy axions, and anomalous tau neutrinos from
short-baseline mixing with sterile neutrinos.

The baseline design of ND-GAr takes advantage of much work done on the ALICE
TPC and by the CALICE calorimeter collaboration, but it is necessary to adapt
these to the DUNE near detector environment. A focused R&D program is
presented, aimed at optimization of the detector design along with exploration
of timely new technological developments that offer a window of opportunity
for extending the capabilities of DUNE.

###### Contents

  1. I Introduction
  2. II Physics Motivation
    1. II.1 Oscillation Physics
    2. II.2 Cross Section Physics
    3. II.3 Potential to Employ Different Targets
    4. II.4 Physics Beyond the Standard Model
      1. II.4.1 Neutrino Tridents
      2. II.4.2 Heavy Neutral Leptons
      3. II.4.3 Light Dark Matter
      4. II.4.4 Heavy Axions
      5. II.4.5 Tau Neutrinos
  3. III Detector Performance Requirements
  4. IV ND-GAr Detector Overview
    1. IV.1 High-Pressure Gaseous Argon Time Projection Chamber and Calorimeter
    2. IV.2 Magnet and Pressure Vessel
    3. IV.3 Muon Tagger
  5. V Future R&D Needs
  6. VI Summary

##  I Introduction

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation
international particle physics experiment seeking to answer fundamental
questions about the neutrino. It will use a new high-intensity neutrino beam
that will be generated at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). The experiment will consist of a far
detector (FD) located approximately 1.5 km underground at the Sanford
Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, at a distance of
1285 km from Fermilab, and a near detector (ND) that will be located on the
Fermilab site in Illinois. The FD will consist of a large, modular liquid-
argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) with a fiducial mass of roughly 40 kt
(total mass of 68 kton).

The reference ND will be located approximately 574 m from DUNE’s neutrino
target, which is the starting point for the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility
(LBNF) beam. The conceptual design for the DUNE ND is described in detail in
Ref. [2]. The reference ND design consists of several different components
shown in Fig. 1: an upstream modular non-magnetized LArTPC (ND-LAr), a
magnetized tracker containing a pressurized gaseous-argon time projection
chamber (ND-GAr), and a large, magnetized tracking spectrometer (SAND). SAND
will remain fixed on the beam axis, while ND-LAr and ND-GAr will move
transverse to the beam to collect data at various off-axis positions,
providing different neutrino energy spectra by the PRISM concept [3]. In a
conventional neutrino beam, the peak energy of the neutrino spectrum decreases
and the size of the high energy tail is reduced when the detection angle
relative to the beam axis is increased. For this reason the DUNE-PRISM
measurement program consists of moving ND-LAr and ND-GAr laterally, transverse
to the beam’s direction through the underground ND hall, over an off-axis
angle range of 0∘ to 3.2∘ (a distance of $\sim$31 m). These measurements will
allow for a data-driven determination of the relationship between true and
reconstructed energy and will provide data samples that can be combined to
produce a flux at the ND that is very similar to the expected oscillated flux
at the FD.

While ND-GAr has a long history in DUNE and is part of the reference design,
the near detector complex has been organized into a phased program, in which
Phase I contains a minimal tracking detector downstream of ND-LAr, and Phase
II includes the upgrade to ND-GAr that is necessary to achieve the DUNE
physics goals. This white paper presents the arguments for why ND-GAr is
needed in the long term and also includes the R&D program needed to get there.

Figure 1: Profile view of the DUNE ND hall and the reference DUNE ND detectors
foreseen to operate in Phase II. The neutrino beam enters from the right.

### Detector Concept

In order to constrain neutrino interaction model uncertainties, it is
essential that the near detector contain an active argon medium to measure
neutrino interactions on the same target nucleus as the far detector. The non-
magnetized ND-LAr can measure neutrino interactions on argon with a similar
detection principle as the far detector, but only muons below 1 GeV/$c$ will
be fully contained in the detector. The FD has better acceptance due to its
larger size, so the ND needs access to uncontained muons to match the types of
events that will be seen in the FD. Thus an additional magnetized detector is
required in addition to ND-LAr to measure the momentum and charge-sign of the
exiting muons.

Figure 2: A charged current $\nu_{\mu}$ event with seven low energy protons
(kinetic energies ranging from 7 to 51 MeV) in a 10 atm argon-based TPC,
simulated and reconstructed with the GArSoft software suite. The detector has
a radius of approximately 2.5 m and a width of 5 m. Charged particle
trajectories for both simulated (thin lines) and reconstructed (thick lines)
tracks are shown. The $\mu^{-}$ (green reconstructed track) enters the ECAL,
while the protons are contained within the TPC. The reconstruction algorithm
finds all eight tracks, although only six are visible by eye in this view.
Figure 3: A charged current $\nu_{\mu}$ event with two pions in a 10 atm
argon-based TPC, simulated and reconstructed with the GArSoft software suite.
The detector has a radius of approximately 2.5 m and a width of 5 m. The
annotations are from Monte Carlo truth. Charged particle trajectories for both
simulated (thin lines) and reconstructed (thick lines) tracks are shown, as
well as reconstructed clusters in the ECAL (shown as green polyhedra). The
$\pi^{+}$ decays in flight, and the resulting muon enters the ECAL. Also seen
in the ECAL are reconstructed clusters from the decay of a final state
$\pi^{0}$ created in the neutrino interaction (the two $\gamma$’s from the
$\pi^{0}$ decay do not produce ionization tracks in the TPC, and so are only
detected by the ECAL), and a cluster from the outgoing $\mu^{-}$ in the
interaction.  Figure 4: $dE/dx$-based particle identification in the TPC of
the PEP-4 detector at SLAC [4]. This TPC used a gas mixture of 80:20 Ar-CH4,
operated at 8.5 atm [5].

A gaseous argon-based time projection chamber (gaseous-argon TPC, or GArTPC)
can reconstruct pions and protons with lower detection thresholds than a
liquid-argon TPC (LArTPC). For comparison, a proton must have a kinetic energy
of 46 MeV in order to make a 2-cm track in liquid argon, but only it only
needs 4 MeV to make the same length track in 10 atm of gaseous argon. Proton
tracks have been successfully reconstructed in the MicroBooNE LArTPC down to
kinetic energies of approximately 46 MeV (momentum of 300 MeV/$c$) [6]. The
GArTPC is also less susceptible to confusion of primary and secondary
interactions, since secondary interactions occur infrequently in the lower
density gas detector ($\lambda\sim$90 m). If the TPC is inside a magnet, it
can better distinguish neutrinos and anti-neutrinos and can determine the
momenta of particles that range out of the detector. It can also measure
neutrino interactions over all directions, unlike the ND-LAr, which loses
acceptance at high angles with respect to the beam direction. Therefore, a
gaseous-argon TPC provides a valuable and complementary sample of argon
interactions to better understand neutrino-argon interactions. An example of a
simulated and track-reconstructed neutrino event in a gaseous-argon TPC is
shown in Fig. 3. To ensure adequate statistics of more than 1 million events
per year in a reasonably sized detector, this gaseous-argon TPC will need to
operate at approximately 10 atm. Using a gaseous TPC as the primary tracking
element in the spectrometer allows for excellent particle momentum resolution
and particle identification (PID). An example of the $dE/dx$-based PID
capabilities achieved in the high-pressure TPC in the PEP-4 detector facility
[5] at SLAC is shown in Fig. 4. ND-GAr, at a similar or slightly higher
pressure and larger sampling volume, is expected to achieve similar or better
identification capabilities.

To detect neutrons and photons (mainly from neutral pions), the TPC must be
surrounded by a calorimeter, though this might be thinner on the upstream side
to keep acceptance high for tracks entering from ND-LAr. A muon system outside
the magnet is needed to help separate muons and charged pions. Putting all of
these general requirements together leads to the complete ND-GAr concept, with
a central high-pressure gaseous-argon TPC (HPgTPC) surrounded by a calorimeter
(ECAL) and a 0.5 T magnetic field, and a muon tagger system. More details of
the current detector concept can be found in Section IV.

##  II Physics Motivation

The full physics program of DUNE is described in Refs. [7, 8, 9]. The near
detector for DUNE Phase I is planned to consist of ND-LAr, a Temporary Muon
Spectrometer (TMS), which measures the charge and momentum of muons that exit
ND-LAr but is not designed to perform additional precision physics
measurements, and SAND. This configuration is shown to be sufficient for the
early DUNE physics milestones, including determination of the neutrino mass
ordering and sensitivity to maximal CP violation. To reach the precision
physics goals, including sensitivity to CP violation over a broad range of
values of $\delta_{CP}$, systematic uncertainties must be constrained to a
level well beyond what is achieved by current experiments, and this requires a
more capable near detector. Even if CP violation is found to be large and near
maximal, precise measurements will require ND-GAr.

In addition to measuring the momentum and sign of charged particles exiting
ND-LAr, ND-GAr provides a magnetized gaseous argon target within ND-GAr, which
will extend charged-particle measurement capabilities. It will also greatly
extend the particle ID (PID) performance, particularly for proton-pion
separation. These capabilities enable precision measurements of neutrino
interaction cross sections to further constrain systematic uncertainties for
the long-baseline oscillation analysis. Since the target nucleus in ND-GAr is
the same as in the near and far LArTPCs, this information helps constrain
interaction models by minimizing contributions from nuclear physics effects.
The ND-GAr detector, with its full solid-angle acceptance, will be used to
measure ratios of inclusive, semi-exclusive, and exclusive cross sections as
functions of neutrino energy, where the flux cancels in the ratio. Cross
sections for different particle species multiplicities (pions, protons, kaons,
etc.) will help constrain interaction models used in the near and far liquid
argon detectors. ND-GAr will also replace the TMS in its capacity as a muon
spectrometer for events originating in ND-LAr.

In addition to its critical role in the DUNE long-baseline oscillation
program, ND-GAr will collect a significant number of neutrino interactions
($\sim$1.6 M/yr) on its gaseous argon target, enabling a broad stand-alone
physics program of neutrino interaction cross section measurements including
the study of exotic physics channels, as well as Beyond Standard Model
searches.

###  II.1 Oscillation Physics

The ND-GAr detector provides lower threshold measurements than ND-LAr can
provide, making it possible to pin down the interaction model and associated
systematic uncertainties needed for the oscillation program. In particular,
ND-GAr measures hadron species, multiplicity, and momenta both to very low
threshold and also at energies where hadrons would interact in the ND-LAr or
exit the detector volume, thus preventing particle identification in ND-LAr.
This complementary advantage allows the oscillation analysis strategy to
constrain interaction processes by outgoing particle content, which correlates
strongly with momentum transfer, intranuclear reinteraction processes, and
missing energy from neutrons that affect the neutrino energy estimate. Since
these interaction processes are not strongly correlated with flux, ND-GAr will
be able to disentangle these uncertainties.

Figure 5: Impact of the Phase I and reference near detector configurations on
CP violation sensitivity, shown for maximal CP violation (left) and for 50%
coverage of $\delta_{CP}$ space.

Figure 5 shows the early running (left) and ultimate (right) impact of the ND-
GAr detector on the long-baseline oscillation sensitivity to CP violation. The
Phase I sensitivity is evaluated from a case study where data based on the
NuWro generator [10, 11] are fit with the nominal GENIE model, resulting in a
bias to oscillation parameters that can be mitigated by adding data from ND-
GAr. As seen in the left panel, if CP violation is maximal, there is not much
difference between the exposure required to achieve sensitivity with $3\sigma$
significance using TMS (Phase I Near Detector) and ND-GAr (Reference Near
Detector [12, 2]). Maximal CP violation is the most favorable case for DUNE’s
sensitivity, but a more realistic assessment of sensitivity is given by
looking at the full range of possible values of $\delta_{CP}$ (or some
fraction of that range of values). The right panel shows DUNE’s expected
sensitivity to 50% of all $\delta_{CP}$ values, for the same detector
configurations. In this case, the experiment with TMS may possibly never reach
the $5\sigma$ significance level even with very long exposures. The full ND-
GAr detector is ultimately needed to achieve DUNE’s scientific goal for CP
violation. This need becomes more critical after DUNE reaches an exposure of
approximately 200 kt-MW-yrs.

###  II.2 Cross Section Physics

Precision measurements of neutrino interaction cross sections are critical to
the oscillation program, but are also interesting in and of themselves. In
liquid argon detectors, secondary interactions are a significant effect [13],
since the hadronic interaction length of pions is $\lambda\sim$1 m in LAr. By
contrast, in 10 atm of gaseous argon, $\lambda\sim$90 m. The relative lack of
secondary interactions for particles formed in neutrino interactions in the
gaseous argon fiducial volume will provide event samples that are less
dependent on understanding of detector response and models of secondary
interactions. Since the target nucleus in ND-GAr is the same as that in the
ND-LAr and far detectors, this information feeds directly into the interaction
model constraints for the oscillation analysis, but without complicating
nuclear physics concerns. These measurements will also be useful inputs for
tuning the interaction models to better reflect what is seen in data, as the
agreement among models and existing world data is not great.

ND-GAr, with its full solid-angle acceptance and MeV-level proton tracking
threshold, is ideal for performing exclusive final-state measurements. In the
exclusive channels,
$\nu+\textrm{A}\rightarrow\ell+\textrm{hadrons}+\textrm{A}^{\prime}$, where
the final-state hadrons are measured, the details of the intranuclear dynamics
of the interactions can be precisely extracted by exploring momentum
conservation in the transverse plane to the neutrino direction, regardless of
the unknown neutrino energy. This technique of measuring Transverse Kinematic
Imbalance (TKI) in neutrino interactions [14, 15, 16, 17] has been
successfully applied in MINERvA [18, 19, 20] and T2K [21, 22]. With the state-
of-the-art tracking resolution, ND-GAr will use TKI to further explore
neutrino-argon interactions with unprecedented precision [2].

The predicted event yields for one year of neutrino running are shown in Table
1, assuming the DUNE flux [9], cross-sections from GENIE [23, 24] 2.12.2, and
a fiducial mass of 1 t ($\simeq$ 55% of the active mass). The lower portion of
the table highlights the expected yields for some of the exclusive final
states for which ND-GAr will be able to make precise measurements. The
baseline gas in ND-GAr is assumed to be 10 atm of an argon gas admixture of
90% Ar and 10% CH4, which results in $\simeq 97\%$ of interactions occurring
on Ar nuclei.

Table 1: Number of events in the ND-GAr HPgTPC with 1 t fiducial mass for 1 year of running in $\nu$-mode, where the horn current direction generates a beam that is primarily neutrinos. The upper portion of the table shows overall numbers of events in broad categories of charged and neutral current interactions, while the lower portion shows event yields for exclusive final states. Event class | Number of events per ton-year
---|---
$\nu_{\mu}$ CC | $1.6\times 10^{6}$
$\overline{\nu}_{\mu}$ CC | $7.1\times 10^{4}$
$\nu_{e}+\overline{\nu}_{e}$ CC | $2.9\times 10^{4}$
NC total | $5.5\times 10^{5}$
$\nu_{\mu}$ CC$0\pi$ | $5.9\times 10^{5}$
$\nu_{\mu}$ CC$1\pi^{\pm}$ | $4.1\times 10^{5}$
$\nu_{\mu}$ CC$1\pi^{0}$ | $1.6\times 10^{5}$
$\nu_{\mu}$ CC$2\pi$ | $2.1\times 10^{5}$
$\nu_{\mu}$ CC$3\pi$ | $9.2\times 10^{4}$
$\nu_{\mu}$ CC other | $1.8\times 10^{5}$

###  II.3 Potential to Employ Different Targets

One unique advantage of ND-GAr, compared to the other DUNE ND components, is
its flexibility to use various gas mixtures as interaction targets. A safe and
hydrogen-rich gas mixture (such as 92% Ar and 8% CH4), with the help of the
superb tracking, would enable measurements of event-by-event neutrino-hydrogen
interactions [14, 25], providing direct access to the more fundamental physics
parameters, such as the axial form factor and proton radius, for the first
time in 40 years, with better detector technology and better understood
fluxes. These measurements would also provide an anchor to enable comparison
of Ar/H and C/H cross section ratios. Filling ND-GAr with these other targets
could be considered after sufficient data to perform the oscillation analysis
constraints are collected with the baseline argon gas mixture.

###  II.4 Physics Beyond the Standard Model

LBNF’s high-intensity proton beam will provide a large neutrino flux that will
be sampled by ND-GAr. This will enable DUNE to discover new particles and
unveil new interactions and symmetries beyond those predicted in the Standard
Model (beyond the standard model, or BSM). In particular, ND-GAr can search
for neutrino tridents, heavy neutral leptons (HNL), light dark matter, heavy
axions, and anomalous tau neutrinos that come from short-baseline mixing with
sterile neutrinos [26].

In general, the background contributions in searches for rare events tend to
scale directly with the detector mass (which is larger for ND-LAr), while
signal events often scale with detector volume (which is similar for ND-LAr
and ND-GAr). As a result, the ND-LAr suffers more significantly from
backgrounds than ND-GAr. ND-GAr’s relatively large volume will be beneficial
in the search for the rare decay events. Independent ND-GAr analyses that
complement those in ND-LAr will serve to constrain backgrounds and achieve a
stronger BSM physics reach with the near detector complex than could be
achieved with either detector alone [27].

####  II.4.1 Neutrino Tridents

Neutrino trident production—the production of a pair of oppositely-charged
leptons through the scattering of a neutrino on a heavy nucleus—is a powerful
probe of new physics in the leptonic sector. The Standard Model expectation is
that the DUNE near detector will collect around a dozen of these rare events
per ton of argon per year, enough to measure with precision the cross sections
of such processes [28]. The main challenge is to distinguish the trident
events from the copious backgrounds, mainly consisting of charged-current
single-pion production events, as muon and pion tracks can be easily confused.
ND-GAr will will tackle this search by improving muon-pion separation through
$dE/dx$ measurements in the HPgTPC and the calorimeter system, and ND-GAr’s
magntic field will significantly improve signal background separation by
tagging the opposite charges of the two leptons in the final state.

Measurement of neutrino trident interactions may reveal new evidence for or
constrain BSM physics models. For instance, a class of models that modify the
trident cross section are those that contain an additional neutral gauge
boson, $Z^{\prime}_{0}$, that couples to neutrinos and charged leptons. This
$Z^{\prime}_{0}$ boson can be introduced by gauging an anomaly-free global
symmetry of the Standard Model, with a particular interesting case realized by
gauging L${}_{\mu}-$Lτ. Such a $Z^{\prime}_{0}$ is not very tightly
constrained and could address the observed discrepancy between the Standard
Model prediction and measurements of the anomalous magnetic moment of the
muon, (g$-$2)μ. Its presence would be apparent through a large increase (a
factor of 2-3) of the measured trident cross section over the SM prediction,
whereas a measurement consistent with the SM would provide new
$Z^{\prime}_{0}$ constraints in the region of parameter space relevant to
(g$-$2)μ.

####  II.4.2 Heavy Neutral Leptons

Searches for several possible HNL decay channels, including those with $\nu
e^{+}e^{-}$, $\nu e^{+/-}\mu^{-/+}$, $\nu\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$, $\nu\pi^{0}$,
$e^{+/-}\pi^{-/+}$, and $\mu^{+/-}\pi^{-/+}$ final states, can be undertaken
in the near detector complex [29]. Neutrino interactions such as neutral-
current neutral pion (NC $\pi^{0}$) interactions can act as backgrounds to
some of these HNL decay channels. In ND-GAr, we will be able to reject many of
these backgrounds, since the pressurized gaseous argon medium of ND-GAr can
track charged particles with kinetic energies as low as 5 MeV, providing
hadronic information right at the interaction vertex and enabling rejection of
a significant fraction of the NC $\pi^{0}$ background events. The ND-GAr
calorimeter surrounding the argon medium can be used to efficiently
reconstruct photons that do not convert in the gas volume, aiding in
background rejection for HNL searches. Another example of a dominant
background (particularly for HNL channels with $\nu\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$, and
$\mu^{+/-}\pi^{-}$ final states) consists of charged-current muon neutrino
interactions with charged pions in the final state, where the muons are
misidentified as pions. The pressurized gaseous argon medium in ND-GAr will
enable us to more extensively sample ionization per unit track length
providing improved muon-pion separation through $dE/dx$ measurements, as can
be seen in Fig. 4. For even better muon-pion separation, we can further use
the calorimeter system in ND-GAr. In addition to PID in the pressurized gas
argon component of ND-GAr, the calorimeter and the muon tagger system will
help to further reduce muon-pion confusion, especially at high energies [2].

Figure 6: The background-rejection capability of the ND-GAr detector results
in improved coverage of parameter space in HNL searches, as shown by the
comparison of the “no background” sensitivity with the “on-axis only” and
“DUNE-PRISM” sensitivities [27].

As an example, the DUNE sensitivity to the search for HNL is shown as a
function of HNL mass in Figure 6, which is taken from Ref. [27]. This
sensitivity was obtained by taking into account the individual capabilities of
ND-LAr and ND-GAr. In particular, the analysis benefits from the better
signal-to-background ratio achieved in ND-GAr, which is due to the fact that
HNL signal scales with volume while backgrounds scale with mass. Allowing the
detectors to move to positions off the beam axis with the DUNE-PRISM technique
only results in a small change to the sensitivity (comparing the “on-axis” and
“DUNE-PRISM” lines in the plot) because effective background suppression can
be achieved with ND-GAr even in the on-axis position. Furthermore, since going
off-axis also does not harm the sensitivity, despite the lower fluxes in off-
axis positions, the search for HNLs can be carried out for any positioning of
the detectors [27]. The “DUNE-PRISM” line is the expected achievable
sensitivity with ND-LAr and ND-GAr, assuming running time equally split
between the on-axis position and six different off-axis locations, while the
“no background” line represents the sensitivity for a hypothetical background-