(109.053,-149.097)121T1ptmmn of interpersonal i
(194.025,-149.097)121T1ptmmnnfluences on Empl
(284.001,-149.097)121T1ptmmnoyee engagem
(352.965,-149.097)121T1ptmmnent and Psychological
(458.277,-149.097)121T1ptmmn contract:
(187.511,-162.896)121T1ptmmn of gua
(220.823,-162.896)121T1ptmmnnxi, wasta, jeit
(290.807,-162.896)121T1ptmmninho, blat and pul
(374.795,-162.896)121T1ptmmnling strings
(243.502,-328.484)121T1ptmmnabeth Kassab Sfeir PhD
(233.842,-342.283)121T1ptmmnUniversité Sai

(57,-335.579)121T1ptmmnhuman ca
(96.312,-425.673)121T1ptmmnes, employee
(158.952,-425.673)121T1ptmmn engagement, HR prac

(86.316,-246.089)121T1ptmmnt of interpersonal
(168.288,-246.089)121T1ptmmn influences on HR pract
(57,-508.465)121T1ptmmnResource (HR) studies, a c
(185.292,-508.465)121T1ptmmnore foundation wit
(273.936,-508.465)121T1ptmmnhin any business/organizat

(57,-280.787)121T1ptmmnresult, HR pract
(133.308,-280.787)121T1ptmmnices culti
(176.292,-280.787)121T1ptmmnvate the Huma
(246.264,-280.787)121T1ptmmnn Capital (HC) nee
(337.236,-280.787)121T1ptmmnded (A
(379.56,-280.787)121T1ptmmnamanu et
(423.204,-280.787)121T1ptmmn al.,2016).
(94.32,-453.472)121T1ptmmnnce that hum
(156.3,-453.472)121T1ptmmnan relati
(231.96,-453.472)121T1ptmmn ha
(246.276,-453.472)121T1ptmmnve on increasing HC forma
(57,-577.66)121T1ptmmnwhole, as well a
(134.304,-577.66)121T1ptmmns, w
(156.972,-577.66)121T1ptmmnthin each person.

(72.324,-114.599)121T1ptmmntudes toward colla
(160.296,-114.599)121T1ptmmnboration and organi
(292.248,-114.599)121T1ptmmn citizenship
(347.232,-114.599)121T1ptmmn (
(383.544,-114.599)121T1ptmmnocha, 2016).
(118.992,-411.673)121T1ptmmn) c
(131.304,-411.673)121T1ptmmnited in Bi
(175.968,-411.673)121T1ptmmnrtch et al., (2016).
(57,-591.257)121T1ptmmneffort and
(112.296,-591.257)121T1ptmmnontributions (Birtc
(201.288,-591.257)121T1ptmmnh et al., 2016).
(110.304,-625.955)121T1cmrbn R

(57,-238.787)121T1ptmmnrole and
(102.312,-238.787)121T1ptmmnhe organizat
(57,-597.955)121T1ptmmnthe di
(95.316,-597.955)121T1ptmmnculties i
(138.984,-597.955)121T1ptmmn re
(151.296,-597.955)121T1ptmmntaining ta

(74.988,-93.901)121T1ptmmn s
(85.992,-93.901)121T1ptmmnaff motivati
(142.308,-93.901)121T1ptmmnon is no longer popular, but e
(283.284,-93.901)121T1ptmmnmployee enga
(350.256,-93.901)121T1ptmmngement is.
(57,-397.815)111T1ptmmnFigure 1
(93.971,-397.815)101T1ptmmn: Il
(105.351,-397.815)101T1ptmmnlustrative fra
(156.161,-397.815)101T1ptmmnmework by Aggarwal et al., 2007, p.322
(57,-673.399)121T1ptmmnan incre
(95.304,-673.399)121T1ptmmnased level of e

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – (56.99998pt, -380.9019pt)
– (56.99998pt, -380.9019pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9019pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9019pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – cycle
[color_283006][nonzero rule]
(56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – (56.99998pt, -117.396pt)
– (56.99998pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.0366pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.0366pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.0366pt, -380.6094pt)
– (525.0366pt, -380.6094pt)
– (56.99998pt, -380.6094pt)
– (56.99998pt, -380.6094pt)
– (56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – cycle

(56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – cycle
[color_283006][nonzero rule]
(56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – (56.99998pt, -117.396pt)
– (56.99998pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.1462pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.1462pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.1462pt, -380.6094pt)
– (525.1462pt, -380.6094pt)
– (56.99998pt, -380.6094pt)
– (56.99998pt, -380.6094pt)
– (56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – cycle
[color_77744][nonzero rule]
(115.5228pt, -171.6623pt) – (115.5228pt, -171.6623pt)
– (115.5228pt, -171.6623pt)
– (182.0926pt, -171.6623pt)
– (182.0926pt, -171.6623pt)
– (182.0926pt, -289.0442pt)
– (182.0926pt, -289.0442pt)
– (115.5228pt, -289.0442pt)
– (115.5228pt, -289.0442pt)
– (115.5228pt, -171.6623pt) – cycle
[color_172704,line width=0.475498pt]
(115.5228pt, -171.6623pt) – (115.5228pt, -171.6623pt)
– (115.5228pt, -171.6623pt)
– (182.0926pt, -171.6623pt)
– (182.0926pt, -171.6623pt)
– (182.0926pt, -289.0442pt)
– (182.0926pt, -289.0442pt)
– (115.5228pt, -289.0442pt)
– (115.5228pt, -289.0442pt)
– (115.5228pt, -171.6623pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – cycle
[color_77744][nonzero rule]
(216.0724pt, -146.4307pt) – (216.0724pt, -146.4307pt)
– (216.0724pt, -146.4307pt)
– (362.5624pt, -146.4307pt)
– (362.5624pt, -146.4307pt)
– (362.5624pt, -183.7296pt)
– (362.5624pt, -183.7296pt)
– (216.0724pt, -183.7296pt)
– (216.0724pt, -183.7296pt)
– (216.0724pt, -146.4307pt) – cycle
[color_172704,line width=0.475498pt]
(216.0724pt, -146.4307pt) – (216.0724pt, -146.4307pt)
– (216.0724pt, -146.4307pt)
– (362.599pt, -146.4307pt)
– (362.599pt, -146.4307pt)
– (362.599pt, -183.7296pt)
– (362.599pt, -183.7296pt)
– (216.0724pt, -183.7296pt)
– (216.0724pt, -183.7296pt)
– (216.0724pt, -146.4307pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – cycle
[color_77744][nonzero rule]
(392.3725pt, -167.8227pt) – (392.3725pt, -167.8227pt)
– (392.3725pt, -167.8227pt)
– (458.9423pt, -167.8227pt)
– (458.9423pt, -167.8227pt)
– (458.9423pt, -285.2046pt)
– (458.9423pt, -285.2046pt)
– (392.3725pt, -285.2046pt)
– (392.3725pt, -285.2046pt)
– (392.3725pt, -167.8227pt) – cycle
[color_172704,line width=0.475498pt]
(392.3725pt, -167.8227pt) – (392.3725pt, -167.8227pt)
– (392.3725pt, -167.8227pt)
– (458.9423pt, -167.8227pt)
– (458.9423pt, -167.8227pt)
– (458.9423pt, -285.2046pt)
– (458.9423pt, -285.2046pt)
– (392.3725pt, -285.2046pt)
– (392.3725pt, -285.2046pt)
– (392.3725pt, -167.8227pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – cycle
[color_77744][nonzero rule]
(216.0724pt, -221.0285pt) – (216.0724pt, -221.0285pt)
– (216.0724pt, -221.0285pt)
– (362.5624pt, -221.0285pt)
– (362.5624pt, -221.0285pt)
– (362.5624pt, -258.3275pt)
– (362.5624pt, -258.3275pt)
– (216.0724pt, -258.3275pt)
– (216.0724pt, -258.3275pt)
– (216.0724pt, -221.0285pt) – cycle
[color_172704,line width=0.475498pt]
(216.0724pt, -221.0285pt) – (216.0724pt, -221.0285pt)
– (216.0724pt, -221.0285pt)
– (362.599pt, -221.0285pt)
– (362.599pt, -221.0285pt)
– (362.599pt, -258.3275pt)
– (362.599pt, -258.3275pt)
– (216.0724pt, -258.3275pt)
– (216.0724pt, -258.3275pt)
– (216.0724pt, -221.0285pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – cycle
[color_77744][nonzero rule]
(111.6823pt, -315.0803pt) – (111.6823pt, -315.0803pt)
– (111.6823pt, -315.0803pt)
– (185.8966pt, -315.0803pt)
– (185.8966pt, -315.0803pt)
– (185.8966pt, -337.5694pt)
– (185.8966pt, -337.5694pt)
– (111.6823pt, -337.5694pt)
– (111.6823pt, -337.5694pt)
– (111.6823pt, -315.0803pt) – cycle
[color_172704,line width=0.475498pt]
(111.6823pt, -315.0803pt) – (111.6823pt, -315.0803pt)
– (111.6823pt, -315.0803pt)
– (185.9332pt, -315.0803pt)
– (185.9332pt, -315.0803pt)
– (185.9332pt, -337.5694pt)
– (185.9332pt, -337.5694pt)
– (111.6823pt, -337.5694pt)
– (111.6823pt, -337.5694pt)
– (111.6823pt, -315.0803pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – cycle
[color_29791][nonzero rule]
(150.2708pt, -291.9696pt) – (150.2708pt, -291.9696pt)
– (150.2708pt, -291.9696pt)
– (148.8077pt, -289.0442pt)
– (148.8077pt, -289.0442pt)
– (147.3446pt, -291.9696pt)
– (147.3446pt, -291.9696pt)
– (150.2708pt, -291.9696pt) – cycle
(149.1735pt, -315.0803pt) – (149.1735pt, -315.0803pt)
– (149.1735pt, -315.0803pt)
– (149.1735pt, -291.4576pt)
– (149.1735pt, -291.4576pt)
– (148.442pt, -291.4576pt)
– (148.442pt, -291.4576pt)
– (148.442pt, -315.0803pt)
– (148.442pt, -315.0803pt)
– (149.1735pt, -315.0803pt) – cycle
[color_29791,line width=0.365768pt,line join=round]
(379.2049pt, -278.8419pt) – (379.2049pt, -278.8419pt)
– (379.2049pt, -278.8419pt)
– (379.973pt, -278.8419pt)
(376.6445pt, -278.8419pt) – (376.6445pt, -278.8419pt)
– (376.6445pt, -278.8419pt)
– (378.1076pt, -278.8419pt)
(374.0842pt, -278.8419pt) – (374.0842pt, -278.8419pt)
– (374.0842pt, -278.8419pt)
– (375.5472pt, -278.8419pt)
(371.5237pt, -278.8419pt) – (371.5237pt, -278.8419pt)
– (371.5237pt, -278.8419pt)
– (372.9868pt, -278.8419pt)
(368.9634pt, -278.8419pt) – (368.9634pt, -278.8419pt)
– (368.9634pt, -278.8419pt)
– (370.4265pt, -278.8419pt)
(366.403pt, -278.8419pt) – (366.403pt, -278.8419pt)
– (366.403pt, -278.8419pt)
– (367.8661pt, -278.8419pt)
(363.8427pt, -278.8784pt) – (363.8427pt, -278.8784pt)
– (363.8427pt, -278.8784pt)
– (365.3057pt, -278.8784pt)
(361.2822pt, -278.8784pt) – (361.2822pt, -278.8784pt)
– (361.2822pt, -278.8784pt)
– (362.7453pt, -278.8784pt)
(358.7219pt, -278.8784pt) – (358.7219pt, -278.8784pt)
– (358.7219pt, -278.8784pt)
– (360.1849pt, -278.8784pt)
(356.1615pt, -278.8784pt) – (356.1615pt, -278.8784pt)
– (356.1615pt, -278.8784pt)
– (357.6246pt, -278.8784pt)
(353.6011pt, -278.8784pt) – (353.6011pt, -278.8784pt)
– (353.6011pt, -278.8784pt)
– (355.0642pt, -278.8784pt)
(351.0408pt, -278.8784pt) – (351.0408pt, -278.8784pt)
– (351.0408pt, -278.8784pt)
– (352.5038pt, -278.8784pt)
(348.4804pt, -278.8784pt) – (348.4804pt, -278.8784pt)
– (348.4804pt, -278.8784pt)
– (349.9435pt, -278.8784pt)
(345.92pt, -278.8784pt) – (345.92pt, -278.8784pt)
– (345.92pt, -278.8784pt)
– (347.3831pt, -278.8784pt)
(343.3596pt, -278.8784pt) – (343.3596pt, -278.8784pt)
– (343.3596pt, -278.8784pt)
– (344.8227pt, -278.8784pt)
(340.7993pt, -278.8784pt) – (340.7993pt, -278.8784pt)
– (340.7993pt, -278.8784pt)
– (342.2623pt, -278.8784pt)
(338.2389pt, -278.8784pt) – (338.2389pt, -278.8784pt)
– (338.2389pt, -278.8784pt)
– (339.702pt, -278.8784pt)
(335.6785pt, -278.915pt) – (335.6785pt, -278.915pt)
– (335.6785pt, -278.915pt)
– (337.1416pt, -278.8784pt)
(333.1182pt, -278.915pt) – (333.1182pt, -278.915pt)
– (333.1182pt, -278.915pt)
– (334.5812pt, -278.915pt)
(330.5577pt, -278.915pt) – (330.5577pt, -278.915pt)
– (330.5577pt, -278.915pt)
– (332.0208pt, -278.915pt)
(327.9974pt, -278.915pt) – (327.9974pt, -278.915pt)
– (327.9974pt, -278.915pt)
– (329.4604pt, -278.915pt)
(325.437pt, -278.915pt) – (325.437pt, -278.915pt)
– (325.437pt, -278.915pt)
– (326.9001pt, -278.915pt)
(322.8766pt, -278.915pt) – (322.8766pt, -278.915pt)
– (322.8766pt, -278.915pt)
– (324.3397pt, -278.915pt)
(320.3163pt, -278.915pt) – (320.3163pt, -278.915pt)
– (320.3163pt, -278.915pt)
– (321.7794pt, -278.915pt)
(317.7559pt, -278.915pt) – (317.7559pt, -278.915pt)
– (317.7559pt, -278.915pt)
– (319.2189pt, -278.915pt)
(315.1955pt, -278.915pt) – (315.1955pt, -278.915pt)
– (315.1955pt, -278.915pt)
– (316.6586pt, -278.915pt)
(312.6351pt, -278.915pt) – (312.6351pt, -278.915pt)
– (312.6351pt, -278.915pt)
– (314.0982pt, -278.915pt)
(310.0748pt, -278.915pt) – (310.0748pt, -278.915pt)
– (310.0748pt, -278.915pt)
– (311.5378pt, -278.915pt)
(307.5144pt, -278.9515pt) – (307.5144pt, -278.9515pt)
– (307.5144pt, -278.9515pt)
– (308.9775pt, -278.915pt)
(304.954pt, -278.9515pt) – (304.954pt, -278.9515pt)
– (304.954pt, -278.9515pt)
– (306.4171pt, -278.9515pt)
(302.3936pt, -278.9515pt) – (302.3936pt, -278.9515pt)
– (302.3936pt, -278.9515pt)
– (303.8567pt, -278.9515pt)
(299.8333pt, -278.9515pt) – (299.8333pt, -278.9515pt)
– (299.8333pt, -278.9515pt)
– (301.2963pt, -278.9515pt)
(297.2729pt, -278.9515pt) – (297.2729pt, -278.9515pt)
– (297.2729pt, -278.9515pt)
– (298.736pt, -278.9515pt)
(294.7125pt, -278.9515pt) – (294.7125pt, -278.9515pt)
– (294.7125pt, -278.9515pt)
– (296.1756pt, -278.9515pt)
(292.1521pt, -278.9515pt) – (292.1521pt, -278.9515pt)
– (292.1521pt, -278.9515pt)
– (293.6152pt, -278.9515pt)
(289.5918pt, -278.9515pt) – (289.5918pt, -278.9515pt)
– (289.5918pt, -278.9515pt)
– (291.0548pt, -278.9515pt)
(287.0314pt, -278.9515pt) – (287.0314pt, -278.9515pt)
– (287.0314pt, -278.9515pt)
– (288.4944pt, -278.9515pt)
(284.471pt, -278.9515pt) – (284.471pt, -278.9515pt)
– (284.471pt, -278.9515pt)
– (285.9341pt, -278.9515pt)
(281.9106pt, -278.9515pt) – (281.9106pt, -278.9515pt)
– (281.9106pt, -278.9515pt)
– (283.3737pt, -278.9515pt)
(279.3503pt, -278.9515pt) – (279.3503pt, -278.9515pt)
– (279.3503pt, -278.9515pt)
– (280.8134pt, -278.9515pt)
(276.7899pt, -278.9881pt) – (276.7899pt, -278.9881pt)
– (276.7899pt, -278.9881pt)
– (278.253pt, -278.9881pt)
(274.2295pt, -278.9881pt) – (274.2295pt, -278.9881pt)
– (274.2295pt, -278.9881pt)
– (275.6926pt, -278.9881pt)
(271.6691pt, -278.9881pt) – (271.6691pt, -278.9881pt)
– (271.6691pt, -278.9881pt)
– (273.1322pt, -278.9881pt)
(269.1088pt, -278.9881pt) – (269.1088pt, -278.9881pt)
– (269.1088pt, -278.9881pt)
– (270.5718pt, -278.9881pt)
(266.5484pt, -278.9881pt) – (266.5484pt, -278.9881pt)
– (266.5484pt, -278.9881pt)
– (268.0115pt, -278.9881pt)
(263.988pt, -278.9881pt) – (263.988pt, -278.9881pt)
– (263.988pt, -278.9881pt)
– (265.4511pt, -278.9881pt)
(261.4276pt, -278.9881pt) – (261.4276pt, -278.9881pt)
– (261.4276pt, -278.9881pt)
– (262.8907pt, -278.9881pt)
(258.8672pt, -278.9881pt) – (258.8672pt, -278.9881pt)
– (258.8672pt, -278.9881pt)
– (260.3304pt, -278.9881pt)
(256.3069pt, -278.9881pt) – (256.3069pt, -278.9881pt)
– (256.3069pt, -278.9881pt)
– (257.77pt, -278.9881pt)
(253.7465pt, -278.9881pt) – (253.7465pt, -278.9881pt)
– (253.7465pt, -278.9881pt)
– (255.2096pt, -278.9881pt)
(251.1862pt, -278.9881pt) – (251.1862pt, -278.9881pt)
– (251.1862pt, -278.9881pt)
– (252.6492pt, -278.9881pt)
(248.6258pt, -279.0247pt) – (248.6258pt, -279.0247pt)
– (248.6258pt, -279.0247pt)
– (250.0889pt, -278.9881pt)
(246.0654pt, -279.0247pt) – (246.0654pt, -279.0247pt)
– (246.0654pt, -279.0247pt)
– (247.5284pt, -279.0247pt)
(243.505pt, -279.0247pt) – (243.505pt, -279.0247pt)
– (243.505pt, -279.0247pt)
– (244.9681pt, -279.0247pt)
(240.9446pt, -279.0247pt) – (240.9446pt, -279.0247pt)
– (240.9446pt, -279.0247pt)
– (242.4077pt, -279.0247pt)
(238.4208pt, -279.0247pt) – (238.4208pt, -279.0247pt)
– (238.4208pt, -279.0247pt)
– (239.8473pt, -279.0247pt)
(235.8605pt, -279.0247pt) – (235.8605pt, -279.0247pt)
– (235.8605pt, -279.0247pt)
– (237.3235pt, -279.0247pt)
(233.3001pt, -279.0247pt) – (233.3001pt, -279.0247pt)
– (233.3001pt, -279.0247pt)
– (234.7632pt, -279.0247pt)
(230.7397pt, -279.0247pt) – (230.7397pt, -279.0247pt)
– (230.7397pt, -279.0247pt)
– (232.2028pt, -279.0247pt)
(228.1793pt, -279.0247pt) – (228.1793pt, -279.0247pt)
– (228.1793pt, -279.0247pt)
– (229.6424pt, -279.0247pt)
(225.619pt, -279.0247pt) – (225.619pt, -279.0247pt)
– (225.619pt, -279.0247pt)
– (227.082pt, -279.0247pt)
(223.0586pt, -279.0247pt) – (223.0586pt, -279.0247pt)
– (223.0586pt, -279.0247pt)
– (224.5217pt, -279.0247pt)
(220.4982pt, -279.0612pt) – (220.4982pt, -279.0612pt)
– (220.4982pt, -279.0612pt)
– (221.9613pt, -279.0247pt)
(217.9378pt, -279.0612pt) – (217.9378pt, -279.0612pt)
– (217.9378pt, -279.0612pt)
– (219.4009pt, -279.0612pt)
(215.3775pt, -279.0612pt) – (215.3775pt, -279.0612pt)
– (215.3775pt, -279.0612pt)
– (216.8405pt, -279.0612pt)
(212.8171pt, -279.0612pt) – (212.8171pt, -279.0612pt)
– (212.8171pt, -279.0612pt)
– (214.2802pt, -279.0612pt)
(210.2567pt, -279.0612pt) – (210.2567pt, -279.0612pt)
– (210.2567pt, -279.0612pt)
– (211.7198pt, -279.0612pt)
(207.6964pt, -279.0612pt) – (207.6964pt, -279.0612pt)
– (207.6964pt, -279.0612pt)
– (209.1594pt, -279.0612pt)
(205.136pt, -279.0612pt) – (205.136pt, -279.0612pt)
– (205.136pt, -279.0612pt)
– (206.599pt, -279.0612pt)
(202.5756pt, -279.0612pt) – (202.5756pt, -279.0612pt)
– (202.5756pt, -279.0612pt)
– (204.0387pt, -279.0612pt)
(200.0152pt, -279.0612pt) – (200.0152pt, -279.0612pt)
– (200.0152pt, -279.0612pt)
– (201.4783pt, -279.0612pt)
(197.4548pt, -279.0612pt) – (197.4548pt, -279.0612pt)
– (197.4548pt, -279.0612pt)
– (198.9179pt, -279.0612pt)
(194.8945pt, -279.0612pt) – (194.8945pt, -279.0612pt)
– (194.8945pt, -279.0612pt)
– (196.3575pt, -279.0612pt)
(192.3341pt, -279.0612pt) – (192.3341pt, -279.0612pt)
– (192.3341pt, -279.0612pt)
– (193.7971pt, -279.0612pt)
(189.7737pt, -279.0978pt) – (189.7737pt, -279.0978pt)
– (189.7737pt, -279.0978pt)
– (191.2368pt, -279.0978pt)
(187.2133pt, -279.0978pt) – (187.2133pt, -279.0978pt)
– (187.2133pt, -279.0978pt)
– (188.6764pt, -279.0978pt)
(184.653pt, -279.0978pt) – (184.653pt, -279.0978pt)
– (184.653pt, -279.0978pt)
– (186.116pt, -279.0978pt)
(182.0926pt, -279.0978pt) – (182.0926pt, -279.0978pt)
– (182.0926pt, -279.0978pt)
– (183.5557pt, -279.0978pt)
[color_29791][nonzero rule]
(203.0145pt, -197.2596pt) – (203.0145pt, -197.2596pt)
– (203.0145pt, -197.2596pt)
– (205.9407pt, -198.7223pt)
– (205.9407pt, -198.7223pt)
– (203.0145pt, -200.185pt)
– (203.0145pt, -200.185pt)
– (203.0145pt, -197.2596pt) – cycle
(182.0926pt, -198.3566pt) – (182.0926pt, -198.3566pt)
– (182.0926pt, -198.3566pt)
– (203.5266pt, -198.3566pt)
– (203.5266pt, -198.3566pt)
– (203.5266pt, -199.088pt)
– (203.5266pt, -199.088pt)
– (182.0926pt, -199.088pt)
– (182.0926pt, -199.088pt)
– (182.0926pt, -198.3566pt) – cycle

(243.9074pt, -180.1826pt) – (253.7465pt, -180.1826pt)
– (253.7465pt, -180.1826pt)
– (253.7465pt, -224.5391pt)
– (253.7465pt, -224.5391pt)
– (243.9074pt, -224.5391pt) – cycle

[color_29791][nonzero rule]
(250.2717pt, -186.655pt) – (250.2717pt, -186.655pt)
– (250.2717pt, -186.655pt)
– (248.8087pt, -183.7296pt)
– (248.8087pt, -183.7296pt)
– (247.3456pt, -186.655pt)
– (247.3456pt, -186.655pt)
– (250.2717pt, -186.655pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -187.752pt) – (248.9915pt, -187.752pt)
– (248.9915pt, -187.752pt)
– (248.9915pt, -186.2893pt)
– (248.9915pt, -186.2893pt)
– (248.6258pt, -186.2893pt)
– (248.6258pt, -186.2893pt)
– (248.6258pt, -187.752pt)
– (248.6258pt, -187.752pt)
– (248.9915pt, -187.752pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -190.3118pt) – (248.9915pt, -190.3118pt)
– (248.9915pt, -190.3118pt)
– (248.9915pt, -188.8491pt)
– (248.9915pt, -188.8491pt)
– (248.6258pt, -188.8491pt)
– (248.6258pt, -188.8491pt)
– (248.6258pt, -190.3118pt)
– (248.6258pt, -190.3118pt)
– (248.9915pt, -190.3118pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -192.8715pt) – (248.9915pt, -192.8715pt)
– (248.9915pt, -192.8715pt)
– (248.9915pt, -191.4088pt)
– (248.9915pt, -191.4088pt)
– (248.6258pt, -191.4088pt)
– (248.6258pt, -191.4088pt)
– (248.6258pt, -192.8715pt)
– (248.6258pt, -192.8715pt)
– (248.9915pt, -192.8715pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -195.4312pt) – (248.9915pt, -195.4312pt)
– (248.9915pt, -195.4312pt)
– (248.9915pt, -193.9685pt)
– (248.9915pt, -193.9685pt)
– (248.6258pt, -193.9685pt)
– (248.6258pt, -193.9685pt)
– (248.6258pt, -195.4312pt)
– (248.6258pt, -195.4312pt)
– (248.9915pt, -195.4312pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -197.991pt) – (248.9915pt, -197.991pt)
– (248.9915pt, -197.991pt)
– (248.9915pt, -196.5282pt)
– (248.9915pt, -196.5282pt)
– (248.6258pt, -196.5282pt)
– (248.6258pt, -196.5282pt)
– (248.6258pt, -197.991pt)
– (248.6258pt, -197.991pt)
– (248.9915pt, -197.991pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -200.5507pt) – (248.9915pt, -200.5507pt)
– (248.9915pt, -200.5507pt)
– (248.9915pt, -199.088pt)
– (248.9915pt, -199.088pt)
– (248.6258pt, -199.088pt)
– (248.6258pt, -199.088pt)
– (248.6258pt, -200.5507pt)
– (248.6258pt, -200.5507pt)
– (248.9915pt, -200.5507pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -203.1104pt) – (248.9915pt, -203.1104pt)
– (248.9915pt, -203.1104pt)
– (248.9915pt, -201.6477pt)
– (248.9915pt, -201.6477pt)
– (248.6258pt, -201.6477pt)
– (248.6258pt, -201.6477pt)
– (248.6258pt, -203.1104pt)
– (248.6258pt, -203.1104pt)
– (248.9915pt, -203.1104pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -205.6701pt) – (248.9915pt, -205.6701pt)
– (248.9915pt, -205.6701pt)
– (248.9915pt, -204.2074pt)
– (248.9915pt, -204.2074pt)
– (248.6258pt, -204.2074pt)
– (248.6258pt, -204.2074pt)
– (248.6258pt, -205.6701pt)
– (248.6258pt, -205.6701pt)
– (248.9915pt, -205.6701pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -208.2299pt) – (248.9915pt, -208.2299pt)
– (248.9915pt, -208.2299pt)
– (248.9915pt, -206.7672pt)
– (248.9915pt, -206.7672pt)
– (248.6258pt, -206.7672pt)
– (248.6258pt, -206.7672pt)
– (248.6258pt, -208.2299pt)
– (248.6258pt, -208.2299pt)
– (248.9915pt, -208.2299pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -210.7896pt) – (248.9915pt, -210.7896pt)
– (248.9915pt, -210.7896pt)
– (248.9915pt, -209.3269pt)
– (248.9915pt, -209.3269pt)
– (248.6258pt, -209.3269pt)
– (248.6258pt, -209.3269pt)
– (248.6258pt, -210.7896pt)
– (248.6258pt, -210.7896pt)
– (248.9915pt, -210.7896pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -213.3493pt) – (248.9915pt, -213.3493pt)
– (248.9915pt, -213.3493pt)
– (248.9915pt, -211.8866pt)
– (248.9915pt, -211.8866pt)
– (248.6258pt, -211.8866pt)
– (248.6258pt, -211.8866pt)
– (248.6258pt, -213.3493pt)
– (248.6258pt, -213.3493pt)
– (248.9915pt, -213.3493pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -215.9091pt) – (248.9915pt, -215.9091pt)
– (248.9915pt, -215.9091pt)
– (248.9915pt, -214.4464pt)
– (248.9915pt, -214.4464pt)
– (248.6258pt, -214.4464pt)
– (248.6258pt, -214.4464pt)
– (248.6258pt, -215.9091pt)
– (248.6258pt, -215.9091pt)
– (248.9915pt, -215.9091pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -218.4688pt) – (248.9915pt, -218.4688pt)
– (248.9915pt, -218.4688pt)
– (248.9915pt, -217.0061pt)
– (248.9915pt, -217.0061pt)
– (248.6258pt, -217.0061pt)
– (248.6258pt, -217.0061pt)
– (248.6258pt, -218.4688pt)
– (248.6258pt, -218.4688pt)
– (248.9915pt, -218.4688pt) – cycle
(248.9915pt, -221.0285pt) – (248.9915pt, -221.0285pt)
– (248.9915pt, -221.0285pt)
– (248.9915pt, -219.5658pt)
– (248.9915pt, -219.5658pt)
– (248.6258pt, -219.5658pt)
– (248.6258pt, -219.5658pt)
– (248.6258pt, -221.0285pt)
– (248.6258pt, -221.0285pt)
– (248.9915pt, -221.0285pt) – cycle

(374.9986pt, -204.5366pt) – (384.9475pt, -204.5366pt)
– (384.9475pt, -204.5366pt)
– (384.9475pt, -282.5718pt)
– (384.9475pt, -282.5718pt)
– (374.9986pt, -282.5718pt) – cycle

[color_29791][nonzero rule]
(381.4361pt, -210.8993pt) – (381.4361pt, -210.8993pt)
– (381.4361pt, -210.8993pt)
– (379.973pt, -207.9739pt)
– (379.973pt, -207.9739pt)
– (378.5099pt, -210.8993pt)
– (378.5099pt, -210.8993pt)
– (381.4361pt, -210.8993pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -212.5448pt) – (380.1559pt, -212.5448pt)
– (380.1559pt, -212.5448pt)
– (380.1559pt, -211.0822pt)
– (380.1559pt, -211.0822pt)
– (379.7901pt, -211.0822pt)
– (379.7901pt, -211.0822pt)
– (379.7901pt, -212.5448pt)
– (379.7901pt, -212.5448pt)
– (380.1559pt, -212.5448pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -215.1046pt) – (380.1559pt, -215.1046pt)
– (380.1559pt, -215.1046pt)
– (380.1559pt, -213.6418pt)
– (380.1559pt, -213.6418pt)
– (379.7901pt, -213.6418pt)
– (379.7901pt, -213.6418pt)
– (379.7901pt, -215.1046pt)
– (379.7901pt, -215.1046pt)
– (380.1559pt, -215.1046pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -217.6643pt) – (380.1559pt, -217.6643pt)
– (380.1559pt, -217.6643pt)
– (380.1559pt, -216.2016pt)
– (380.1559pt, -216.2016pt)
– (379.7901pt, -216.2016pt)
– (379.7901pt, -216.2016pt)
– (379.7901pt, -217.6643pt)
– (379.7901pt, -217.6643pt)
– (380.1559pt, -217.6643pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -220.224pt) – (380.1559pt, -220.224pt)
– (380.1559pt, -220.224pt)
– (380.1559pt, -218.7614pt)
– (380.1559pt, -218.7614pt)
– (379.7901pt, -218.7614pt)
– (379.7901pt, -218.7614pt)
– (379.7901pt, -220.224pt)
– (379.7901pt, -220.224pt)
– (380.1559pt, -220.224pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -222.7838pt) – (380.1559pt, -222.7838pt)
– (380.1559pt, -222.7838pt)
– (380.1559pt, -221.321pt)
– (380.1559pt, -221.321pt)
– (379.7901pt, -221.321pt)
– (379.7901pt, -221.321pt)
– (379.7901pt, -222.7838pt)
– (379.7901pt, -222.7838pt)
– (380.1559pt, -222.7838pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -225.3435pt) – (380.1559pt, -225.3435pt)
– (380.1559pt, -225.3435pt)
– (380.1559pt, -223.8808pt)
– (380.1559pt, -223.8808pt)
– (379.7901pt, -223.8808pt)
– (379.7901pt, -223.8808pt)
– (379.7901pt, -225.3435pt)
– (379.7901pt, -225.3435pt)
– (380.1559pt, -225.3435pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -227.9032pt) – (380.1559pt, -227.9032pt)
– (380.1559pt, -227.9032pt)
– (380.1559pt, -226.4406pt)
– (380.1559pt, -226.4406pt)
– (379.7901pt, -226.4406pt)
– (379.7901pt, -226.4406pt)
– (379.7901pt, -227.9032pt)
– (379.7901pt, -227.9032pt)
– (380.1559pt, -227.9032pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -230.463pt) – (380.1559pt, -230.463pt)
– (380.1559pt, -230.463pt)
– (380.1559pt, -229.0002pt)
– (380.1559pt, -229.0002pt)
– (379.7901pt, -229.0002pt)
– (379.7901pt, -229.0002pt)
– (379.7901pt, -230.463pt)
– (379.7901pt, -230.463pt)
– (380.1559pt, -230.463pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -233.0227pt) – (380.1559pt, -233.0227pt)
– (380.1559pt, -233.0227pt)
– (380.1559pt, -231.56pt)
– (380.1559pt, -231.56pt)
– (379.7901pt, -231.56pt)
– (379.7901pt, -231.56pt)
– (379.7901pt, -233.0227pt)
– (379.7901pt, -233.0227pt)
– (380.1559pt, -233.0227pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -235.5824pt) – (380.1559pt, -235.5824pt)
– (380.1559pt, -235.5824pt)
– (380.1559pt, -234.1197pt)
– (380.1559pt, -234.1197pt)
– (379.7901pt, -234.1197pt)
– (379.7901pt, -234.1197pt)
– (379.7901pt, -235.5824pt)
– (379.7901pt, -235.5824pt)
– (380.1559pt, -235.5824pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -238.1422pt) – (380.1559pt, -238.1422pt)
– (380.1559pt, -238.1422pt)
– (380.1559pt, -236.6794pt)
– (380.1559pt, -236.6794pt)
– (379.7901pt, -236.6794pt)
– (379.7901pt, -236.6794pt)
– (379.7901pt, -238.1422pt)
– (379.7901pt, -238.1422pt)
– (380.1559pt, -238.1422pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -240.7018pt) – (380.1559pt, -240.7018pt)
– (380.1559pt, -240.7018pt)
– (380.1559pt, -239.2391pt)
– (380.1559pt, -239.2391pt)
– (379.7901pt, -239.2391pt)
– (379.7901pt, -239.2391pt)
– (379.7901pt, -240.7018pt)
– (379.7901pt, -240.7018pt)
– (380.1559pt, -240.7018pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -243.2616pt) – (380.1559pt, -243.2616pt)
– (380.1559pt, -243.2616pt)
– (380.1559pt, -241.7989pt)
– (380.1559pt, -241.7989pt)
– (379.7901pt, -241.7989pt)
– (379.7901pt, -241.7989pt)
– (379.7901pt, -243.2616pt)
– (379.7901pt, -243.2616pt)
– (380.1559pt, -243.2616pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -245.8213pt) – (380.1559pt, -245.8213pt)
– (380.1559pt, -245.8213pt)
– (380.1559pt, -244.3586pt)
– (380.1559pt, -244.3586pt)
– (379.7901pt, -244.3586pt)
– (379.7901pt, -244.3586pt)
– (379.7901pt, -245.8213pt)
– (379.7901pt, -245.8213pt)
– (380.1559pt, -245.8213pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -248.381pt) – (380.1559pt, -248.381pt)
– (380.1559pt, -248.381pt)
– (380.1559pt, -246.9183pt)
– (380.1559pt, -246.9183pt)
– (379.7901pt, -246.9183pt)
– (379.7901pt, -246.9183pt)
– (379.7901pt, -248.381pt)
– (379.7901pt, -248.381pt)
– (380.1559pt, -248.381pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -250.9408pt) – (380.1559pt, -250.9408pt)
– (380.1559pt, -250.9408pt)
– (380.1559pt, -249.4781pt)
– (380.1559pt, -249.4781pt)
– (379.7901pt, -249.4781pt)
– (379.7901pt, -249.4781pt)
– (379.7901pt, -250.9408pt)
– (379.7901pt, -250.9408pt)
– (380.1559pt, -250.9408pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -253.5005pt) – (380.1559pt, -253.5005pt)
– (380.1559pt, -253.5005pt)
– (380.1559pt, -252.0378pt)
– (380.1559pt, -252.0378pt)
– (379.7901pt, -252.0378pt)
– (379.7901pt, -252.0378pt)
– (379.7901pt, -253.5005pt)
– (379.7901pt, -253.5005pt)
– (380.1559pt, -253.5005pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -256.0602pt) – (380.1559pt, -256.0602pt)
– (380.1559pt, -256.0602pt)
– (380.1559pt, -254.5975pt)
– (380.1559pt, -254.5975pt)
– (379.7901pt, -254.5975pt)
– (379.7901pt, -254.5975pt)
– (379.7901pt, -256.0602pt)
– (379.7901pt, -256.0602pt)
– (380.1559pt, -256.0602pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -258.62pt) – (380.1559pt, -258.62pt)
– (380.1559pt, -258.62pt)
– (380.1559pt, -257.1573pt)
– (380.1559pt, -257.1573pt)
– (379.7901pt, -257.1573pt)
– (379.7901pt, -257.1573pt)
– (379.7901pt, -258.62pt)
– (379.7901pt, -258.62pt)
– (380.1559pt, -258.62pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -261.1797pt) – (380.1559pt, -261.1797pt)
– (380.1559pt, -261.1797pt)
– (380.1559pt, -259.717pt)
– (380.1559pt, -259.717pt)
– (379.7901pt, -259.717pt)
– (379.7901pt, -259.717pt)
– (379.7901pt, -261.1797pt)
– (379.7901pt, -261.1797pt)
– (380.1559pt, -261.1797pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -263.7394pt) – (380.1559pt, -263.7394pt)
– (380.1559pt, -263.7394pt)
– (380.1559pt, -262.2767pt)
– (380.1559pt, -262.2767pt)
– (379.7901pt, -262.2767pt)
– (379.7901pt, -262.2767pt)
– (379.7901pt, -263.7394pt)
– (379.7901pt, -263.7394pt)
– (380.1559pt, -263.7394pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -266.2992pt) – (380.1559pt, -266.2992pt)
– (380.1559pt, -266.2992pt)
– (380.1559pt, -264.8364pt)
– (380.1559pt, -264.8364pt)
– (379.7901pt, -264.8364pt)
– (379.7901pt, -264.8364pt)
– (379.7901pt, -266.2992pt)
– (379.7901pt, -266.2992pt)
– (380.1559pt, -266.2992pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -268.8589pt) – (380.1559pt, -268.8589pt)
– (380.1559pt, -268.8589pt)
– (380.1559pt, -267.3962pt)
– (380.1559pt, -267.3962pt)
– (379.7901pt, -267.3962pt)
– (379.7901pt, -267.3962pt)
– (379.7901pt, -268.8589pt)
– (379.7901pt, -268.8589pt)
– (380.1559pt, -268.8589pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -271.4186pt) – (380.1559pt, -271.4186pt)
– (380.1559pt, -271.4186pt)
– (380.1559pt, -269.9559pt)
– (380.1559pt, -269.9559pt)
– (379.7901pt, -269.9559pt)
– (379.7901pt, -269.9559pt)
– (379.7901pt, -271.4186pt)
– (379.7901pt, -271.4186pt)
– (380.1559pt, -271.4186pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -273.9784pt) – (380.1559pt, -273.9784pt)
– (380.1559pt, -273.9784pt)
– (380.1559pt, -272.5157pt)
– (380.1559pt, -272.5157pt)
– (379.7901pt, -272.5157pt)
– (379.7901pt, -272.5157pt)
– (379.7901pt, -273.9784pt)
– (379.7901pt, -273.9784pt)
– (380.1559pt, -273.9784pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -276.5381pt) – (380.1559pt, -276.5381pt)
– (380.1559pt, -276.5381pt)
– (380.1559pt, -275.0754pt)
– (380.1559pt, -275.0754pt)
– (379.7901pt, -275.0754pt)
– (379.7901pt, -275.0754pt)
– (379.7901pt, -276.5381pt)
– (379.7901pt, -276.5381pt)
– (380.1559pt, -276.5381pt) – cycle
(380.1559pt, -279.0978pt) – (380.1559pt, -279.0978pt)
– (380.1559pt, -279.0978pt)
– (380.1559pt, -277.6351pt)
– (380.1559pt, -277.6351pt)
– (379.7901pt, -277.6351pt)
– (379.7901pt, -277.6351pt)
– (379.7901pt, -279.0978pt)
– (379.7901pt, -279.0978pt)
– (380.1559pt, -279.0978pt) – cycle

(200.9296pt, -198.6857pt) – (210.8785pt, -198.6857pt)
– (210.8785pt, -198.6857pt)
– (210.8785pt, -249.9169pt)
– (210.8785pt, -249.9169pt)
– (200.9296pt, -249.9169pt) – cycle

[color_29791][nonzero rule]
(207.4037pt, -240.5922pt) – (207.4037pt, -240.5922pt)
– (207.4037pt, -240.5922pt)
– (205.9407pt, -243.5176pt)
– (205.9407pt, -243.5176pt)
– (204.4776pt, -240.5922pt)
– (204.4776pt, -240.5922pt)
– (207.4037pt, -240.5922pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -240.1533pt) – (206.1236pt, -240.1533pt)
– (206.1236pt, -240.1533pt)
– (206.1236pt, -241.1041pt)
– (206.1236pt, -241.1041pt)
– (205.7578pt, -241.1041pt)
– (205.7578pt, -241.1041pt)
– (205.7578pt, -240.1533pt)
– (205.7578pt, -240.1533pt)
– (206.1236pt, -240.1533pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -237.5936pt) – (206.1236pt, -237.5936pt)
– (206.1236pt, -237.5936pt)
– (206.1236pt, -239.0563pt)
– (206.1236pt, -239.0563pt)
– (205.7578pt, -239.0563pt)
– (205.7578pt, -239.0563pt)
– (205.7578pt, -237.5936pt)
– (205.7578pt, -237.5936pt)
– (206.1236pt, -237.5936pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -235.0339pt) – (206.1236pt, -235.0339pt)
– (206.1236pt, -235.0339pt)
– (206.1236pt, -236.4966pt)
– (206.1236pt, -236.4966pt)
– (205.7578pt, -236.4966pt)
– (205.7578pt, -236.4966pt)
– (205.7578pt, -235.0339pt)
– (205.7578pt, -235.0339pt)
– (206.1236pt, -235.0339pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -232.4742pt) – (206.1236pt, -232.4742pt)
– (206.1236pt, -232.4742pt)
– (206.1236pt, -233.9369pt)
– (206.1236pt, -233.9369pt)
– (205.7578pt, -233.9369pt)
– (205.7578pt, -233.9369pt)
– (205.7578pt, -232.4742pt)
– (205.7578pt, -232.4742pt)
– (206.1236pt, -232.4742pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -229.9144pt) – (206.1236pt, -229.9144pt)
– (206.1236pt, -229.9144pt)
– (206.1236pt, -231.3771pt)
– (206.1236pt, -231.3771pt)
– (205.7578pt, -231.3771pt)
– (205.7578pt, -231.3771pt)
– (205.7578pt, -229.9144pt)
– (205.7578pt, -229.9144pt)
– (206.1236pt, -229.9144pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -227.3547pt) – (206.1236pt, -227.3547pt)
– (206.1236pt, -227.3547pt)
– (206.1236pt, -228.8174pt)
– (206.1236pt, -228.8174pt)
– (205.7578pt, -228.8174pt)
– (205.7578pt, -228.8174pt)
– (205.7578pt, -227.3547pt)
– (205.7578pt, -227.3547pt)
– (206.1236pt, -227.3547pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -224.795pt) – (206.1236pt, -224.795pt)
– (206.1236pt, -224.795pt)
– (206.1236pt, -226.2577pt)
– (206.1236pt, -226.2577pt)
– (205.7578pt, -226.2577pt)
– (205.7578pt, -226.2577pt)
– (205.7578pt, -224.795pt)
– (205.7578pt, -224.795pt)
– (206.1236pt, -224.795pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -222.2352pt) – (206.1236pt, -222.2352pt)
– (206.1236pt, -222.2352pt)
– (206.1236pt, -223.6979pt)
– (206.1236pt, -223.6979pt)
– (205.7578pt, -223.6979pt)
– (205.7578pt, -223.6979pt)
– (205.7578pt, -222.2352pt)
– (205.7578pt, -222.2352pt)
– (206.1236pt, -222.2352pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -219.6755pt) – (206.1236pt, -219.6755pt)
– (206.1236pt, -219.6755pt)
– (206.1236pt, -221.1382pt)
– (206.1236pt, -221.1382pt)
– (205.7578pt, -221.1382pt)
– (205.7578pt, -221.1382pt)
– (205.7578pt, -219.6755pt)
– (205.7578pt, -219.6755pt)
– (206.1236pt, -219.6755pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -217.1158pt) – (206.1236pt, -217.1158pt)
– (206.1236pt, -217.1158pt)
– (206.1236pt, -218.5785pt)
– (206.1236pt, -218.5785pt)
– (205.7578pt, -218.5785pt)
– (205.7578pt, -218.5785pt)
– (205.7578pt, -217.1158pt)
– (205.7578pt, -217.1158pt)
– (206.1236pt, -217.1158pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -214.556pt) – (206.1236pt, -214.556pt)
– (206.1236pt, -214.556pt)
– (206.1236pt, -216.0187pt)
– (206.1236pt, -216.0187pt)
– (205.7578pt, -216.0187pt)
– (205.7578pt, -216.0187pt)
– (205.7578pt, -214.556pt)
– (205.7578pt, -214.556pt)
– (206.1236pt, -214.556pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -211.9963pt) – (206.1236pt, -211.9963pt)
– (206.1236pt, -211.9963pt)
– (206.1236pt, -213.459pt)
– (206.1236pt, -213.459pt)
– (205.7578pt, -213.459pt)
– (205.7578pt, -213.459pt)
– (205.7578pt, -211.9963pt)
– (205.7578pt, -211.9963pt)
– (206.1236pt, -211.9963pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -209.4366pt) – (206.1236pt, -209.4366pt)
– (206.1236pt, -209.4366pt)
– (206.1236pt, -210.8993pt)
– (206.1236pt, -210.8993pt)
– (205.7578pt, -210.8993pt)
– (205.7578pt, -210.8993pt)
– (205.7578pt, -209.4366pt)
– (205.7578pt, -209.4366pt)
– (206.1236pt, -209.4366pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -206.8768pt) – (206.1236pt, -206.8768pt)
– (206.1236pt, -206.8768pt)
– (206.1236pt, -208.3395pt)
– (206.1236pt, -208.3395pt)
– (205.7578pt, -208.3395pt)
– (205.7578pt, -208.3395pt)
– (205.7578pt, -206.8768pt)
– (205.7578pt, -206.8768pt)
– (206.1236pt, -206.8768pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -204.3171pt) – (206.1236pt, -204.3171pt)
– (206.1236pt, -204.3171pt)
– (206.1236pt, -205.7798pt)
– (206.1236pt, -205.7798pt)
– (205.7578pt, -205.7798pt)
– (205.7578pt, -205.7798pt)
– (205.7578pt, -204.3171pt)
– (205.7578pt, -204.3171pt)
– (206.1236pt, -204.3171pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -201.7574pt) – (206.1236pt, -201.7574pt)
– (206.1236pt, -201.7574pt)
– (206.1236pt, -203.2201pt)
– (206.1236pt, -203.2201pt)
– (205.7578pt, -203.2201pt)
– (205.7578pt, -203.2201pt)
– (205.7578pt, -201.7574pt)
– (205.7578pt, -201.7574pt)
– (206.1236pt, -201.7574pt) – cycle
(206.1236pt, -199.1976pt) – (206.1236pt, -199.1976pt)
– (206.1236pt, -199.1976pt)
– (206.1236pt, -200.6604pt)
– (206.1236pt, -200.6604pt)
– (205.7578pt, -200.6604pt)
– (205.7578pt, -200.6604pt)
– (205.7578pt, -199.1976pt)
– (205.7578pt, -199.1976pt)
– (206.1236pt, -199.1976pt) – cycle
[color_29791,line width=0.731536pt]
(205.9407pt, -199.1976pt) – (205.9407pt, -199.1976pt)
– (205.9407pt, -199.1976pt)
– (205.9407pt, -165.0801pt)
[color_29791][nonzero rule]
(213.1463pt, -163.6174pt) – (213.1463pt, -163.6174pt)
– (213.1463pt, -163.6174pt)
– (216.0724pt, -165.0801pt)
– (216.0724pt, -165.0801pt)
– (213.1463pt, -166.5428pt)
– (213.1463pt, -166.5428pt)
– (213.1463pt, -163.6174pt) – cycle
(205.9407pt, -164.7144pt) – (205.9407pt, -164.7144pt)
– (205.9407pt, -164.7144pt)
– (213.6584pt, -164.7144pt)
– (213.6584pt, -164.7144pt)
– (213.6584pt, -165.4458pt)
– (213.6584pt, -165.4458pt)
– (205.9407pt, -165.4458pt)
– (205.9407pt, -165.4458pt)
– (205.9407pt, -164.7144pt) – cycle
[color_29791][nonzero rule]
(322.9132pt, -218.1031pt) – (322.9132pt, -218.1031pt)
– (322.9132pt, -218.1031pt)
– (321.4501pt, -221.0285pt)
– (321.4501pt, -221.0285pt)
– (319.9871pt, -218.1031pt)
– (319.9871pt, -218.1031pt)
– (322.9132pt, -218.1031pt) – cycle
(321.8159pt, -182.1206pt) – (321.8159pt, -182.1206pt)
– (321.8159pt, -182.1206pt)
– (321.8159pt, -218.5785pt)
– (321.8159pt, -218.5785pt)
– (321.0844pt, -218.5785pt)
– (321.0844pt, -218.5785pt)
– (321.0844pt, -182.1206pt)
– (321.0844pt, -182.1206pt)
– (321.8159pt, -182.1206pt) – cycle
[color_29791,line width=0.731536pt]
(362.599pt, -167.8227pt) – (362.599pt, -167.8227pt)
– (362.599pt, -167.8227pt) .. controls (367.9392pt, -167.8227pt) and (372.2919pt, -168.1518pt) .. (372.2919pt, -168.6272pt)
– (372.2919pt, -168.6272pt)
– (372.2919pt, -168.6272pt)
– (372.2919pt, -168.6272pt)
– (372.2919pt, -242.7131pt)
– (372.2919pt, -242.7131pt) .. controls (372.2919pt, -243.1519pt) and (367.9392pt, -243.5176pt) .. (362.599pt, -243.5176pt)
[color_29791][nonzero rule]
(389.483pt, -204.2074pt) – (389.483pt, -204.2074pt)
– (389.483pt, -204.2074pt)
– (392.4091pt, -205.6701pt)
– (392.4091pt, -205.6701pt)
– (389.483pt, -207.1328pt)
– (389.483pt, -207.1328pt)
– (389.483pt, -204.2074pt) – cycle
(372.2919pt, -205.3044pt) – (372.2919pt, -205.3044pt)
– (372.2919pt, -205.3044pt)
– (389.9584pt, -205.3044pt)
– (389.9584pt, -205.3044pt)
– (389.9584pt, -206.0358pt)
– (389.9584pt, -206.0358pt)
– (372.2919pt, -206.0358pt)
– (372.2919pt, -206.0358pt)
– (372.2919pt, -205.3044pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(57pt, -117.396pt) – (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -117.396pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (525pt, -380.646pt)
– (57pt, -380.646pt) – cycle

(56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (56.99998pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -380.9385pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (525.2926pt, -117.396pt)
– (56.99998pt, -117.396pt) – cycle
[color_29791,line width=0.365768pt,line join=round]
(213.0731pt, -331.8282pt) – (213.0731pt, -331.8282pt)
– (213.0731pt, -331.8282pt)
– (214.207pt, -331.8282pt)
(210.5128pt, -331.8282pt) – (210.5128pt, -331.8282pt)
– (210.5128pt, -331.8282pt)
– (211.9758pt, -331.8282pt)
(207.9524pt, -331.8282pt) – (207.9524pt, -331.8282pt)
– (207.9524pt, -331.8282pt)
– (209.4155pt, -331.8282pt)
(205.392pt, -331.8282pt) – (205.392pt, -331.8282pt)
– (205.392pt, -331.8282pt)
– (206.8551pt, -331.8282pt)
(202.8316pt, -331.8282pt) – (202.8316pt, -331.8282pt)
– (202.8316pt, -331.8282pt)
– (204.2947pt, -331.8282pt)
(200.2713pt, -331.8282pt) – (200.2713pt, -331.8282pt)
– (200.2713pt, -331.8282pt)
– (201.7343pt, -331.8282pt)
(197.7109pt, -331.8282pt) – (197.7109pt, -331.8282pt)
– (197.7109pt, -331.8282pt)
– (199.174pt, -331.8282pt)

(112.296,-197.391)121T1ptmmne, citiz
(144.276,-197.391)121T1ptmmnenship behavior, and e
(252.24,-197.391)121T1ptmmnmployee com
(57,-232.089)121T1ptmmnThe aut
(93.312,-232.089)121T1ptmmnhor K
(126.3,-232.089)121T1ptmmnhn (1990), cited i
(208.944,-232.089)121T1ptmmnn K
(226.62,-232.089)121T1ptmmnwon & Kim
(283.944,-232.089)121T1ptmmn, 2019, defines personal engage
(435.228,-232.089)121T1ptmmnment as an
(84.996,-252.787)121T1ptmmndual’s psychological
(183.972,-252.787)121T1ptmmn s
(194.976,-252.787)121T1ptmmnate where empl
(268.272,-252.787)121T1ptmmnoyees give thei
(340.248,-252.787)121T1ptmmnr ‘full personal selve
(439.212,-252.787)121T1ptmmns ‘
(456.204,-252.787)121T1ptmmnnd invest
(57,-273.485)121T1ptmmnvarious energi
(125.304,-273.485)121T1ptmmnes into their work. The
(244.272,-273.485)121T1ptmmn energies are physica
(344.556,-273.485)121T1ptmmnl, cognitive
(398.544,-273.485)121T1ptmmn, and emotiona
(469.524,-273.485)121T1ptmmnl, and the
(105.996,-294.183)121T1ptmmn e
(114.312,-294.183)121T1ptmmnnergy they invest a
(205.284,-294.183)121T1ptmmnlso leads to differe
(294.252,-294.183)121T1ptmmnnt outcomes (Kwon & Kim, 2019).  Schaufe
(138.3,-314.881)121T1ptmmnlez-Romá, a
(196.272,-314.881)121T1ptmmnnd Bakker (2002) expounded on Khan’s conce
(420.204,-314.881)121T1ptmmnpt and further defi
(57,-335.579)121T1ptmmnit as “a
(90.312,-335.579)121T1ptmmn positive, fulfil
(161.304,-335.579)121T1ptmmnling, work-relate
(241.272,-335.579)121T1ptmmnd s
(258.276,-335.579)121T1ptmmnate of mind t
(319.26,-335.579)121T1ptmmnhat is charac
(379.224,-335.579)121T1ptmmnterized by vi
(458.196,-335.579)121T1ptmmn dedication,
(57,-356.277)121T1ptmmnand absorption”
(133.308,-356.277)121T1ptmmn (K
(148.98,-356.277)121T1ptmmnwon & Kim
(206.304,-356.277)121T1ptmmn, 2019, p74).
(82.308,-674.049)121T1ptmmn the organiza
(144.276,-674.049)121T1ptmmntion quickly.

(57,-259.485)121T1cmrmitinterpersonal i
(176.316,-259.485)121T1ptmmnand t
(199.968,-259.485)121T1ptmmnheir effects on indi
(57,-406.096)121T1ptmmnis an att
(94.32,-406.096)121T1ptmmnempt to gai
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(182.28,-698.743)121T1ptmmnk et al., 2020).

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(113.08,-662.7401)101T1ptmmnl., 2007.

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(288.504,-278.713)121T1ptmmn. (2016). T
(442.2361,-310.449)121T1ptmmn, 27,
(471.0121,-310.449)121T1ptmmn(22), 2790-
(57,-326.317)121T1ptmmn2822, DOI:

[color_37858,line width=0.585938pt]
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(86.316,-387.921)121T1ptmmnved from:
(57,-465.393)121T1ptmmn27, (11), 1217-1236, DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2015.1069752
(57,-526.997)121T1cmrmitManagement & Innov
(186.972,-526.997)121T1ptmmn, 8, (3), 98-107. Retrie
(294.276,-526.997)121T1ptmmnved from (http:/
(57,-588.601)121T1cmrmitof Human Resource Management
(217.956,-588.601)121T1ptmmn, 20, (
(264.948,-588.601)121T1ptmmn 2292– 2310.
(336.624,-588.601)121T1ptmmnOI: 10.1080/
(112.656,-650.205)121T1ptmmn8 (2): 169–182.
(57,-695.941)121T1ptmmnAngeles, CA, Sage Publishers.

(57,-118.939)121T1ptmmnAngeles, CA, Sage publi
(57,-271.239)121T1cmrmitHuman Resource Management
(205.632,-271.239)121T1ptmmn, 1, (2), 25-38.
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(248.256,-316.975)121T1ptmmnom/wasta- connect
(57,-378.579)121T1cmrmitOrganization Revi
(158.652,-378.579)121T1ptmmn, 16, (3), 511-514. DO
(273.3,-378.579)121T1ptmmn 10.1017/mor.2020.28
(57,-424.315)121T1cmrmitBusiness Revi
(136.644,-424.315)121T1ptmmn, 48, (1), 141–156.
(253.296,-424.315)121T1ptmmn 10.1002/tie.20090
(112.308,-529.011)121T1ptmmn. (2020). D
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(186,-166.543)121T1ptmmnI-Vol-9-Issue-1-No- 2.pdf.
(99,-228.147)121T1ptmmn, 10, (3), 59-69.
(57,-258.015)121T1ptmmnKipkebut, D. (2010). Human Resource
(243.288,-258.015)121T1ptmmn Management Prac
(333.252,-258.015)121T1ptmmntices and Organiz
(417.216,-258.015)121T1ptmmnational Com
(57,-273.883)121T1ptmmnin Higher Educ
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(187.296,-273.883)121T1ptmmntutions: A Kenyan Case.
(307.62,-273.883)121T1cmrmitThe IUP Journal of
(401.268,-273.883)121T1cmrmit O
(100.992,-289.751)121T1ptmmn, IX (1 & 2), 45-70. R
(205.968,-289.751)121T1ptmmneference # 06J-2010-01/04-04-01
(57,-549.391)121T1ptmmn36(3), 254-265. doi:10.1108/
(57,-610.995)121T1ptmmn534-556 DOI 10.1108/JKM
(57,-640.863)121T1ptmmnPersson, S., & Wasielewski, D. (2015). The
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(325.956,-640.863)121T1ptmmnhe psychological
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(314.592,-656.731)121T1cmrmitHuman Resource Management
(463.212,-656.731)121T1cmrmit Review,

(57,-104.939)121T1cmrmitBusiness Research
(146.652,-104.939)121T1ptmmn, 62, 818-825.
(57,-166.543)121T1ptmmn(1), Jan-June 2019. DOI: 10.4018/IJAMTR.2019010102
(57,-244.015)121T1cmrmitResource Management
(170.292,-244.015)121T1ptmmn 23, (2), 333–348.D
(264.96,-244.015)121T1ptmmnOI: 10.1177/
(81,-273.883)121T1ptmmns, H
(100.344,-273.883)121T1ptmmn., &
(174.372,-273.883)121T1ptmmn(2011). The
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(194.292,-490.431)121T1ptmmn 10.1002/tie.20086
(57,-536.167)121T1cmrmitManagement perspect
(181.956,-536.167)121T1ptmmn, November, 6-21. htt


# Measurement of hadronic cross sections via initial state radiation at BABAR

Léonard Polat  on behalf of the BABAR collaboration  LPNHE, 4 place Jussieu,
75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
IJCLab, 15 rue Georges Clémenceau, 91405 Orsay, France

###### Abstract

The BABAR experiment participates to the global endeavor for a precise
prediction of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon by evaluating the
contribution of hadronic processes to the vacuum polarization. After its last
result published in 2009 and 2012, BABAR is preparing a new independent
measurement of the $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ cross section
via initial state radiation, with full data statistics and improved
uncertainties. A first milestone was reached with the recent study of
additional radiations in $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ and
$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\mu^{+}\mu^{-}(\gamma)$, which uncovered shortcomings of
the Phokhara Monte Carlo generator in one-photon rates and angular
distributions. This has practically no effect on the previous BABAR
measurement, but could explain longstanding discrepancies with other
experiments.

##  1 Introduction

The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon $a_{\mu}$ is sensitive to hadronic
vacuum polarization (HVP), which is the dominant source of uncertainty on its
predicted value [1]. It is therefore of great interest for physicists to
improve the precision on the HVP contribution to $a_{\mu}$, in the search for
potential tensions with direct measurements.

This contribution can be obtained through a dispersion integral by measuring
the cross sections of $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\mathrm{hadrons}$ processes. The
largest input comes from $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ and has been
measured by many experiments using the initial state radiation (ISR) method
(BESIII [2], KLOE [3], BABAR [4, 5], CLEO-c [6]) or direct energy scans (SND
[7], CMD-3 [8]) 111Only some of the most recent results are quoted..

As of today, the prediction from the dispersion approach is in tension with
the direct measurements of $a_{\mu}$ (up to a significance of $5\sigma$ [9])
and with the calculation from lattice QCD (around $2\sigma$ [10]). Tensions
exist as well between different experiments that measured the dipion cross
section, especially KLOE and CMD-3, up to more than $5\sigma$ as illustrated
in Figure 1. Thus, it is necessary to conduct further measurements to solve
these discrepancies.

The last BABAR result was published in 2009 and 2012. An upcoming analysis,
involving a new cross section measurement method, intends to improve its
precision using the full data samples collected by the experiment.

(a)  (b)

Figure 1:  Compilation of $a_{\mu}$ predictions subtracted by the central
value of the experimental world average (a) and significance of the difference
between BABAR, KLOE and CMD-3 for narrow energy intervals of 50 MeV or less
(b). [11]

##  2 The BABAR data and Monte Carlo simulation generators

BABAR is an experiment that operated from 1999 to 2008 at the SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory (USA). It exploited asymmetric collisions of electrons
and positrons injected in the storage rings of the PEP-II facility, with
respective energies of 9 and 3 GeV and total center-of-mass (c.m.) energy
$\sqrt{s}=10.58$ ${\rm GeV}/c^{2}$, at the $\Upsilon(4S)$ meson resonance
[12]. The experiment collected 424.2 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$ of data at this resonance
and 43.9 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$ off-resonance [13].

Collision events are reconstructed with the information provided by the BABAR
detector. The component closest to the beam-beam interaction point is a
silicon vertex tracker, followed by a central drift chamber (DCH), both making
up the charged particle tracking system. Outside of the DCH are a detector of
internally reflected Cherenkov light and an electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC),
all within a superconducting solenoid producing a 1.5 T magnetic field.
Finally, an instrumented flux return serves to identify muons and detect
neutral hadrons.

In addition to the collected data, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation samples are
generated for signal events, namely the $\pi^{+}\pi^{-}\gamma_{\mathrm{ISR}}$
and $\mu^{+}\mu^{-}\gamma_{\mathrm{ISR}}$ final states, where
$\gamma_{\mathrm{ISR}}$ stands for the leading order (LO) ISR photon. The
employed MC generators are

  * •

Phokhara [14], used to produce signal samples equivalent to 10 times the total
BABAR data luminosity, with full next-to-leading order (NLO) simulation at ISR
level: additional ISR photons can be emitted at small or large angles from the
beams and interference between ISR and final state radiations (FSR) are taken
into account;

  * •

AfkQed [15], used to generate smaller samples (around half of the data
luminosity), with NLO and next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) simulation at
ISR level but neither large angle ISR, nor ISR-FSR interference at NLO and
higher orders.

Background samples that simulate the processes $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow
q\bar{q}\leavevmode\nobreak\ (q=u,d,s,c),\leavevmode\nobreak\
\tau^{+}\tau^{-},\leavevmode\nobreak\ X\gamma_{\mathrm{ISR}}\\\
(X=K^{+}K^{-},\leavevmode\nobreak\ n\pi/K+m\pi^{0},...)$ are also generated
with Phokhara, AfkQed, JETSET [16] and KK2f [17].

##  3 Past and future $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ cross
section measurements at BABAR

The last BABAR analysis measured the
$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ cross section as a function of
the reduced energy $\sqrt{s^{\prime}}=m_{\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)}$, including
additional FSR photons, using 232 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$ of data at the
$\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance. The dispersion relation that formulates the lowest-
order loop contribution of the $\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ intermediate state to
$a_{\mu}$ is

$a_{\mu}^{\pi\pi(\gamma),\mathrm{LO}}\leavevmode\nobreak\
=\leavevmode\nobreak\
\frac{1}{4\pi^{3}}\int\limits_{4m_{\pi}^{2}}^{\infty}ds^{\prime}\,K(s^{\prime})\,\sigma^{0}_{\pi\pi(\gamma)}(s^{\prime})\leavevmode\nobreak\
,$ (1)

where $\sigma^{0}_{\pi\pi(\gamma)}(s^{\prime})$ is the bare cross section
(excluding vacuum polarization) of the
$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ process and $K(s^{\prime})$ is a
QED kernel.

To cancel out the ISR photon efficiency and the vacuum polarization, the
measured $\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ mass spectrum is divided by the
$\mu^{+}\mu^{-}(\gamma)$ spectrum, equivalent to the ratio of each final
state’s bare cross section. The separation between charged pion and muon
tracks was based on particle identification (PID), which required the
selection $p>1$ ${\rm GeV}/c$ on each track momentum to make the muon
identification more reliable.

The final prediction of $a_{\mu}$ obtained by BABAR,

$a_{\mu}^{\pi\pi(\gamma),\mathrm{LO}}\leavevmode\nobreak\
=\leavevmode\nobreak\ (514.09\pm 2.22\pm 3.11)\times
10^{-10}\leavevmode\nobreak\ ,$ (2)

provides first a statistical error, followed by the total systematic
uncertainty. The latter covers multiple sources of systematic biases, the PID
among the dominant ones. The total relative systematic uncertainty for
energies between 0.5 and 1 GeV, that is a large window around the $\rho$ meson
resonance peak, is 0.5%.

The upcoming BABAR analysis, intended to be published by the end of 2024 or
early 2025, aims at improving both the statistical and systematic precision on
the $a_{\mu}$ prediction. For that purpose, all the data collected by the
experiment at the $\Upsilon(4S)$ energy (on- and off-resonance) will be
studied, while PID requirements on the tracks will be removed.

An angular fit is considered as a new method to distinguish the main signal
and background processes ($\pi\pi\gamma$, $\mu\mu\gamma$, $KK\gamma$,
$ee\gamma$), based on the cosine of the angle between the negative charge
track and the ISR photon in the $2\pi$ c.m. frame, assuming both tracks have
pion masses. For this purpose, the $p>1$ ${\rm GeV}/c$ selection on track
momenta required for $\pi/\mu$ identification in the 2009 analysis is
released, increasing the statistics at the same time.

Overall, the new analysis will result in an independent measurement of the
$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ cross section, allowing to check
the last $a_{\mu}$ prediction with improved precision. A first step towards
this objective was taken with a study of additional radiation in ISR
processes, published in 2023 [18].

##  4 Measurement of additional radiation in initial-state-radiation processes

The intent of this study is to measure the relative proportions of additional
radiations at LO, NLO and NNLO in
$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ and
$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\mu^{+}\mu^{-}(\gamma)$ processes with ISR, as well as
to evaluate how accurate the Phokhara and AfkQed generators are in describing
the data.

The analysis relies on 424.2 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$ of data collected on the
$\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance energy and 43.9 ${\rm fb}^{-1}$ off-resonance. Signal
simulation samples from Phokhara and AfkQed generators and background samples
are described in Section 2. To be consistent with the upcoming
$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ cross section measurement
analysis, the tracks are assumed to have pion masses. Dipion and dimuon events
are identified according to tight PID selections.

###  4.1 NLO fits

To characterize the possible configurations with a single additional photon,
events go through two different fits, depending on whether

  * •

it is emitted at large angle from the beams (LA fit): the photon must be
detected in the EMC with a polar angle between 0.35 and 2.4 rad and an energy
larger than 50 MeV, both quantities being used in the fit,

  * •

or it is emitted at small angle from the beams (SA fit): no information is
measured, therefore the photon is simply assumed to be collinear with one of
the beams while any other photon detected in the EMC is ignored.

Other inputs to the fits are the measured energy and direction of the ISR
photon, as well as the momenta and angles of both charged tracks. The fits
return $\chi^{2}$ values that quantify their goodness, along with fitted
kinematic variables. Events are classified as NLO LA or NLO SA depending on
the fit that provides the smallest $\chi^{2}$, with the additional requirement
that fitted energies are larger than 200 MeV either in the laboratory frame
for NLO LA events ($E_{\gamma_{\mathrm{LA}}}$) or in the $e^{+}e^{-}$ c.m.
frame for NLO SA events ($E^{*}_{\gamma_{\mathrm{SA}}}$). Events that don’t
pass these energy thresholds are classified as LO.

Significant amounts of background events contaminate the samples, especially
in the $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ process. They are
rejected with selection criteria defined on the two-dimensional NLO SA
$\chi^{2}$ vs NLO LA $\chi^{2}$ plane, optimized with boosted decision trees
in three large mass regions. These 2D selections retain between 98 and 99% of
signal depending on the channel and the mass window.

####  4.1.1 Additional photon at large angle (NLO LA)

FSR photons are typically emitted at large angles from the beams, which is
also the case of a non-negligible portion of ISR photons. The distinction is
performed by fitting the distribution of the minimum angle
$\theta_{\mathrm{min(trk,\gamma_{LA})}}$ between the additional
$\gamma_{\mathrm{LA}}$ photon and the charged tracks.

MC samples generated by AfkQed have no LA ISR photons and are therefore used
to get a template for FSR photons. The template for LA ISR photons is then
derived from Phokhara generated samples, subtracting the FSR template given by
AfkQed. By fitting the data $\theta_{\mathrm{min(trk,\gamma_{LA})}}$
distribution, the separation between FSR and LA ISR is fixed at 20 degrees in
both $\pi\pi\gamma$ and $\mu\mu\gamma$ samples. Indeed, the angle between FSR
photons and closest tracks peaks between 5 and 10 degrees, followed by a steep
decrease, while the LA ISR component forms a wide bump centered around 60
degrees.

AfkQed generated samples are observed to be in good agreement with data as a
function of the $\gamma_{\mathrm{LA}}$ energy. The same conclusion applies to
Phokhara, below and above 20 degrees.

####  4.1.2 Additional photon at small angle (NLO SA)

Virtually all radiations emitted close to the beams correspond to ISR photons.
In contrast with the NLO LA fits, an excess of NLO SA events is observed in
Phokhara samples compared to data, evolving with a positive slope as a
function of the additional $\gamma_{\mathrm{SA}}$ photon’s energy in the c.m.
frame, as shown in Figure 2.

(a)  (b)

Figure 2:  Comparison of the fitted energy $E^{*}_{\gamma_{\mathrm{SA}}}$ in
the c.m. frame of the additional NLO SA photon, before and after NNLO
correction, in the $\mu\mu\gamma$ (a) and $\pi\pi\gamma$ (b) data and Phokhara
samples.

A possible reason could be the assumption that small-angle photons are exactly
collinear to the beams, as required in the NLO SA fits. To test this
hypothesis, an alternative zero-constraint (0C) calculation of the angle
$\theta_{\gamma_{\mathrm{0C}}}$ and energy in the c.m. frame
$E^{\ast}_{\gamma_{\mathrm{0C}}}$ of the additional photon is performed,
without assuming any collinearity. Figure 3 shows that events with a small-
angle additional photon are overestimated by the Phokhara simulation. The
trend observed in the $\gamma_{\mathrm{SA}}$ energy distribution remains
visible in the $\gamma_{\mathrm{0C}}$ photon energy, with a complete mismatch
between LO ($E^{*}_{\gamma_{\mathrm{0C}}}<200$ MeV) and NLO
($E^{*}_{\gamma_{\mathrm{0C}}}>200$ MeV) events. This is not the case in
AfkQed, which agrees with data along the full energy range.

Therefore, the 0C calculation shows that the excess of Phokhara events with
small-angle additional photons is not due to the collinear assumption in the
NLO SA fits. It is, however, affected by the presence of NNLO photons as
demonstrated in Section 4.3.

(a)  (b)

Figure 3:  (a) Distributions of $\theta_{\gamma_{\mathrm{0C}}}$ for dimuon
events with $E^{\ast}_{\gamma_{\mathrm{0C}}}>0.2$ GeV in data and Phokhara,
along with MC truth information. (b) Data/Phokhara and data/AfkQed ratios of
$E^{\ast}_{\gamma_{\mathrm{0C}}}$ distributions, in dimuon (top) and dipion
(bottom) samples.

###  4.2 NNLO fits

NNLO fits are performed only on data and AfkQed generated samples, since
Phokhara doesn’t simulate more than a single additional photon. Like the NLO
fits, they categorize events depending on whether they have additional photons
emitted at large or small angles from the beams, in this case: two small-angle
(2SA), two large-angle (2LA) or one small-angle and one large-angle (SA+LA)
photons. Events are assigned to the category that provides the smallest
$\chi^{2}$ compared to all the others, including NLO fits.

Significant NNLO contributions are found after subtracting the background from
NLO events, evaluated on Phokhara samples. The dominant configuration
corresponds to two additional ISR photons (2SA or SA+LA), amounting to more
than 3% of LO, NLO and NNLO categories combined. The total proportions of NNLO
events are $(3.36\pm 0.39)\%$ and $(3.47\pm 0.38)\%$ in the pion and muon
channels, respectively.

AfkQed shows overall good performance in describing the rates and energy
distributions of data at NNLO. A slightly high data/MC ratio of $1.061\pm
0.015$ for muons and $1.043\pm 0.010$ for pions is found up to the maximum
generated energy.

###  4.3 NNLO correction to NLO SA results

The NLO SA category in data is impacted by NNLO 2SA feed-through: two small-
angle NNLO photons emitted from the same beam cannot be distinguished from a
single NLO SA photon. Figure 2 shows that there is a better agreement in shape
with Phokhara after the $E^{*}_{\gamma_{\mathrm{SA}}}$ distributions in data
are corrected to take this effect into account. However, an almost constant
excess of simulated events is observed, with an overall data/MC ratio of
$0.763\pm 0.019$ in $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ and
$0.750\pm 0.008$ in $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\mu^{+}\mu^{-}(\gamma)$.

##  5 Conclusion

The study of additional radiation in ISR processes shows a significant
contribution of NNLO radiations in
$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ and
$e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow\mu^{+}\mu^{-}(\gamma)$, larger than 3%. Phokhara
generates around 25% more additional ISR photons emitted close to one of the
beams compared to what is observed in data. By contrast, the AfkQed generator
gives a mostly accurate description of data at NLO and NNLO, with a slightly
high data/MC ratio at NNLO.

The consequences for past $\pi^{+}\pi^{-}(\gamma)$ cross section measurements
vary depending on the experiment. The previous BABAR result [4, 5] is
unaffected as NLO and higher orders were already included in the analysis. The
event acceptance, determined with Phokhara, must be corrected by a factor
$(0.3\pm 0.1)\times 10^{-3}$, negligible compared to the total 0.5% systematic
uncertainty.

Other experiments like BESIII [2] and KLOE [3], however, rely on Phokhara for
additional radiations and apply more stringent LO selections. Unaccounted
shortcomings from this generator could potentially affect their results and
call for larger systematic uncertainties. Hence, the new BABAR analysis,
independent from and potentially more precise than the 2009 study, will be
crucial to better understand the tensions between experiments.

## Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the extraordinary contributions of our PEP-II colleagues
in achieving the excellent luminosity and machine conditions that have made
this work possible. The success of this project also relies critically on the
expertise and dedication of the computing organizations that support BABAR,
including GridKa, UVic HEP-RC, CC-IN2P3, and CERN. The collaborating
institutions wish to thank SLAC for its support and the kind hospitality
extended to them. We also wish to acknowledge the important contributions of
J. Dorfan and our deceased colleagues E. Gabathuler, W. Innes, D.W.G.S. Leith,
A. Onuchin, G. Piredda, and R. F. Schwitters. This work benefited from funding
by the French National Research Agency under contract ANR-22-CE31-0011 and
from Laboratoire de physique nucléaire et de hautes énergies (UMR 7585,
CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité).

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