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Table 1: CMIP6 models analysed in this study. Under Comments, D stands for models including dynamic vegetation and N for models including Nitrogen cycles for models using land use emissions. Models for which emission driven simulations are also analysed are marked in bold script. Model |  Institute |  Atmosphere model |  Land model | Comment |  Main reference
---|---|---|---|---|---
ACCESS-ESM1-5 |  Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia |  UM7.3 |  CABLE2.4, CASA-CNP | N |  Law et al. (2017); Ziehn et al. (2017, 2020)
CanESM5 |  Canadian Center for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Canada |  CanAM5 |  CLASS3.6, CTEM1.2 | D |  Swart et al. (2019)
CanESM5-CanOE |  Canadian Center for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Canada |  CanAM5 |  CLASS3.6, CTEM1.2 | D |  Swart et al. (2019)
CESM2 |  National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA |  CAM6 |  CLM5 | N, D |  Danabasoglu et al. (2020)
CESM2-WACCM |  National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA |  WACCM6 |  CLM5 | N, D |  Danabasoglu et al. (2020)
CMCC-CM2-SR5 |  The Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change, Italy |  CAM5 |  CLM4.5 | N |  Cherchi et al. (2019)
CMCC-ESM2 |  The Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change, Italy |  CAM5 |  CLM4.5-BGC | N |  Lovato et al. (2022)
CNRM-ESM2-1 |  CNRM-CERFACS, France |  ARPEGE-Climate v6.3 + SURFEX v8.0 |  ISBA + CTRIP |  |  Séférian et al. (2019)
EC-Earth3-CC |  EC-Earth Consortium, Europe |  IFS 36r4 + HTESSEL + TM5 |  LPJ-GUESS | N, D |  Döscher et al. (2022)
EC-Earth3-Veg |  EC-Earth Consortium, Europe |  IFS 36r4 + HTESSEL |  LPJ-GUESS | N, D |  Döscher et al. (2022)
GFDL-ESM4 |  Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, United States |  AM4.1 |  LM4.1 | D |  Dunne et al. (2020)
INM-CM4-8 |  Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Science, Russia |  Inbuilt |  Inbuilt |  |  Volodin et al. (2018)
INM-CM5-0 |  Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Science, Russia |  Inbuilt |  Inbuilt |  |  Volodin et al. (2017a, b)
IPSL-CM6A-LR |  L’Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, France |  LMDZ6A |  ORCHIDEEv2 |  |  Boucher et al. (2020)
MIROC-ES2L |  MIROC, Japan |  MIROC-AGCM + SPRINTARS |  VISIT-e & MATSIRO6 | N |  Hajima et al. (2020)
MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM |  HAMMOZ-Consortium, Europe |  ECHAM6.3– HAM2.3 |  JSBACH3.2 |  |  Neubauer et al. (2019); Tegen et al. (2019)
MPI-ESM1-2-LR |  HAMMOZ-Consortium, Europe |  ECHAM6.3 |  JSBACH3.2 | N, D |  Mauritsen et al. (2019)
MRI-ESM2-0 |  Meteorological Research Institute, Japan |  MRI-AGCM3.5 + MASINGAR mk-2r4c + MRI-CCM2.1 |  HAL |  |  Yukimoto et al. (2019)
NorESM2-LM |  NorESM Climate Modeling Consortium, Norway |  Modified CAM6 |  CLM5 | N, D |  Seland et al. (2020)
NorESM2-MM |  NorESM Climate Modeling Consortium, Norway |  Modified CAM6 |  CLM5 | N, D |  Seland et al. (2020)
UKESM1-0-LL |  Met Office Hadley Centre, United Kingdom |  Unified Model + UKCA |  JULES-ES-1.0 | N, D |  Sellar et al. (2019)
SAM0-UNICON |  Seoul National University, Republic of Korea |  CAM5 + UNICON |  CLM4 | N |  Park et al. (2019)
TaiESM1 |  Research Centre for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taiwan |  Modified CAM5.3 |  Modified CLM4 | N |  Lee et al. (2020)
|  |  |  |  |

Table 2: CMIP5 models used in this study, notations as in Table 1. Model |  Institute |  Atmosphere model |  Land model | Comment |  Main reference
---|---|---|---|---|---
BNU-ESM |  College of Global Change and Earth System Science, China |  CAM3.5 |  CoLM + BNU-DGVM | D |  Ji et al. (2014)
CanESM2 |  Canadian Center for Climate Modeling and Analysis, BC, Canada |  CanAM4 |  CLASS2.7 + CTEM1 |  |  Arora et al. (2011)
CESM1-BGC |  National Center for Atmospheric Research, United States |  CAM4 |  CLM4 | N |  Hurrell et al. (2013)
GFDL-ESM2G |  Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, USA |  AM2 |  LM3.0 | D |  Dunne et al. (2012, 2013)
GFDL-ESM2M |  Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, USA |  AM2 |  LM3.0 | D |  Dunne et al. (2012, 2013)
HadGEM2-CC |  Met Office Hadley Centre, United Kingdom |  Unified Model v6.6 |  JULES + TRIFFID | D |  Collins et al. (2011); Team et al. (2011)
HadGEM2-ES |  Met Office Hadley Centre, United Kingdom |  Unified Model v6.6 |  JULES + TRIFFID | D |  Collins et al. (2011); Team et al. (2011)
Inmcm4 |  Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russia |  Inbuilt |  Inbuilt |  |  Volodin et al. (2010)
FIO-ESM |  The First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, China |  CAM3.0 |  CLM3.5 + CASA |  |  Bao et al. (2012); Qiao et al. (2013)
IPSL-CM5A-LR |  L’Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, France |  LMDZ5 |  ORCHIDEE |  |  Dufresne et al. (2013)
IPSL-CM5B-LR |  L’Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, France |  LMDZ5 |  ORCHIDEE |  |  Dufresne et al. (2013)
MIROC-ESM |  Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan; Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, Japan |  MIROC-AGCM + SPRINTARS |  MATSIRO + SEIB-DGVM | D |  Watanabe et al. (2011)
MIROC-ESM-CHEM |  Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan; Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, Japan |  MIROC-AGCM + SPRINTARS |  MATSIRO + SEIB-DGVM | D |  Watanabe et al. (2011)
MPI-ESM-LR |  Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Germany |  ECHAM6 |  JSBACH + BETHY | D |  Giorgetta et al. (2013)
MPI-ESM-MR |  Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Germany |  ECHAM6 |  JSBACH + BETHY | D |  Giorgetta et al. (2013)
MRI-ESM1 |  Meteorological Research Institute, Japan |  MRI-AGCM3.3 |  HAL |  |  Yukimoto et al. (2011)
NorESM1-ME |  Norwegian Climate Center, Norway |  CAM4-Oslo |  CLM4 | N |  Tjiputra et al. (2013)
|  |  |  |  |

Table 3: Reference data sets used in this study. data sets in bold are the main reference data set and those in italics the alternate reference for Figures 16-18. data set |  Source |  Variable |  Start Year |  Reference
---|---|---|---|---
JENA-CarboScope (sEXTocNEET_v2020) |  Inversion |  Land-Atmosphere Flux (NBP) |  1957 |  Rödenbeck (2005)
CAMS (v20r2) |  Inversion |  Land-Atmosphere Flux (NBP) |  1979 |  Chevallier et al. (2005, 2010); Chevallier (2013)
GCP |  Dynamic global vegetation and bookkeeping model averages |  Land-Atmosphere Flux (NBP) |  1959 |  Friedlingstein et al. (2022); Global Carbon Project (2021)
FLUXCOM ANN-v1 |  Mix |  Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) |  1980 |  Jung et al. (2019)
MTE |  Upscaled in situ |  Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) |  1982 |  Jung et al. (2011)
GLASS |  Satellite |  Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), Leaf Area Index (LAI) |  1982 (GPP), 1981 (LAI) |  Yuan et al. (2007); Liang et al. (2021)
LAI3g |  Satellite |  Leaf Area Index (LAI) |  1981 |  Zhu et al. (2013)
LAI4g |  Satellite |  Leaf Area Index (LAI) |  1982 |  Cao et al. (2023)
NDP-017b |  Mix |  Carbon Mass in Vegetation (cVeg) |  - |  Gibbs (2006)
HWSD+NCSCD |  Empirical |  Carbon Mass in Soil Pool (cSoil) |  - |  Wieder (2014); Hugelius et al. (2013)
|  |  |  |

Figure 1: Seasonal Cycle of leaf area index (LAI) for a climatological mean of
1986-2005 for different regional averages: Global, Northern Hemisphere (20∘N -
90∘N), Southern Hemisphere (20∘S - 90∘S) and Tropics (20∘S - 20∘N). The
reference data sets (LAI3g, solid line; LAI4g, dashed line; GLASS, dotted
line) are shown in black, while the MMMs for the different project-experiment
combinations are denoted by blue for CMIP5, red for CMIP6, with darker colors
for the emission driven simulations (dark blue CMIP5e, dark red CMIP6e) and
lighter colors for concentration driven simulations (light blue CMIP5c, light
red CMIP6c). MMMs derived from models with coupled nitrogen cycle (Ncycle) are
dashed, while solid lines represent MMMs of models without coupled nitrogen
cycle (non-Ncycle). The shading represents the standard deviation of the MMMs,
with vertical hatching for models without and horizontal hatching for models
with coupled nitrogen cycle. For comparison with the reference data which
contain many missing values, a common mask was applied to all data sets,
removing values where any data set is missing a value.

Figure 2: Mean and Trend of LAI computed over 1986-2005 for different regions:
Global, Northern Hemisphere (20∘N - 90∘N), Southern Hemisphere (20∘S - 90∘S)
and Tropics (20∘S - 20∘N). The mean of the reference data sets (LAI3g, LAI4g
and GLASS) is denoted by a black star, with errorbars for the standard
deviation. Models for project-experiment combinations are shown with a single
symbol each, blue smaller than (<) sign for CMIP5 and red greater than (>)
sign for CMIP6, with darker colors for emission driven and lighter colors for
concentration driven simulations, as well as Ncycle models being denoted with
a filled symbol. MMMs are depicted with cross symbols, filled for Ncycle MMMs
and using the color assigned to their project-experiment combination.

Figure 3: Global maps of LAI averaged over 1986-2005 for all reference data
sets, as well as the mean and range between lowest and highest values per grid
cell of the reference data sets.

Figure 4: Global maps of LAI bias for 1986-2005 with respect to the reference
data set mean shown in Figure 3. The panels show the MMMs of the models with
(left) and without (right) coupled nitrogen cycle for the different project-
experiment combinations. The hatching represents the areas where the MMM of
the models and reference mean agree within the MMM std.

Figure 5: As Figure 1 but for gross primary production using GLASS, FLUXCOM
and MTE reference data. Additionally, the regional GPP is calculated as the
area weighted sum instead of the mean of the gridcells used for LAI.

Figure 6: As Figure 2 but for gross primary production using GLASS, FLUXCOM
and MTE reference data.

Figure 7: Global maps of GPP averaged over 1986-2005 for all reference data
sets (GLASS, FLUXCOM and MTE), as well as the mean and range between lowest
and highest values per grid cell of the reference data sets. The number in the
top right denotes the global GPP flux.

Figure 8: Global maps of GPP bias for 1986-2005 with respect to the reference
data set mean shown in Figure 7. The panels show the MMMs of the models with
(left) and without (right) coupled nitrogen cycle for the different project-
experiment combinations. The hatching represents the areas where the MMM of
the models and reference mean agree within the MMM std, while the number in
the top right denotes the global mean bias.

Figure 9: Area weighted zonal sums of gross primary production and the
reference data sets GLASS, FLUXCOM and MTE. No common masking is applied, but
latitudes were set to missing if more than 15% of the land grid cells
contained missing data. The hatching depicts the MMM standard deviation, with
a horizontal hatching for models with and vertical hatching for models without
interactive nitrogen cycle.

Figure 10: Global Land-Atmosphere carbon flux time series for CMIP5 (top two
panels) and CMIP6 (bottom two panels) concentration (panels 2 & 4) and
emission driven (panels 1 & 3) historical simulations. Model results are
separated into MMMs of models with (orange dashed line) and without
interactive nitrogen cycle (green dashed line), with the MMM of all models
shown in blue and the reference data sets CarboScope (solid), CAMS (dashed),
and GCP (dash-dotted) shown in black. The standard deviation of the MMM is
given by the shaded areas.

Figure 11: As Figure 1 but for land-atmosphere carbon flux and the reference
data sets CAMS and CarboScope.

Figure 12: As Figure 2 but for land-atmosphere carbon flux and the reference
data sets CAMS and CarboScope. The GCP data is a globally averaged timeseries
and thus only appears in the global plot.

Figure 13: Similar to 7 but for land-atmosphere carbon flux. Additionally, the
forward slash hatching symbolizes areas where the reference data sets agree on
the sign or where the difference is smaller than the size of one bin of the
contour plot.

Figure 14: As Figure 9 but for land-atmosphere carbon flux with CAMS and
CarboScope reference data.

Figure 15: Scatter plot of global mean vegetation and soil carbon over
1986-2005, with observations from NDP (vegetation carbon) and HWSD+NCSCD (soil
carbon). As in Figure 2, filled symbols denote models with nitrogen cycle.

Figure 16: Relative space-time root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) performance
metrics for CMIP5 (left) and CMIP6 (right) concentration driven simulations
for variables relevant to the carbon cycle compared to reference data sets.
Blue shading indicates a performance better than the median RMSD of all models
in the plot, while the redder the color, the worse the performance. The RMSD
is normalized relative to the median of all models. The considered time
periods depend on the start of the observational data (see Table 3) and end in
2005 to accommodate the end of the CMIP5 data. When using two observational
references, a diagonal split is introduced, with the default reference data
set being shown on the lower right, while the alternate data set is used for
the top left triangle. The default and alternate reference data sets are
marked in Table 3 and are as follows: LAI: LAI4g (main), GLASS (alt); GPP:
FLUXCOM (main), GLASS(alt); NBP: CarboScope (main), CAMS (alt).

Figure 17: As Figure 16 but for emission driven simulations.

Figure 18: Centered pattern correlations between models and reference data
sets for annual mean climatology for concentration driven (a) and emission
driven (b) CMIP5 and CMIP6 models, split into Ncycle and non-Ncycle models.
Main and alternate observations are the same as in Figure 16.

##  Appendix S2 Tables for Data from Scatterplots

Table S1: LAI Mean for 1986-2005 [1] Model | Global | NH | SH | Tropics
---|---|---|---|---
BNU-ESM CMIP5e | 3.64 $\pm$ 0.08 | 2.13 $\pm$ 0.06 | 5.04 $\pm$ 0.1 | 6.37 $\pm$ 0.1
BNU-ESM CMIP5c | 3.75 $\pm$ 0.06 | 2.4 $\pm$ 0.09 | 4.98 $\pm$ 0.04 | 6.34 $\pm$ 0.06
CESM1-BGC CMIP5e | 2.68 $\pm$ 0.06 | 2.03 $\pm$ 0.06 | 3.31 $\pm$ 0.09 | 3.78 $\pm$ 0.1
CESM1-BGC CMIP5c | 2.64 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.99 $\pm$ 0.05 | 3.27 $\pm$ 0.05 | 3.72 $\pm$ 0.05
CanESM2 CMIP5e | 1.71 $\pm$ 0.06 | 1.11 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.26 $\pm$ 0.11 | 2.65 $\pm$ 0.13
CanESM2 CMIP5c | 1.72 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.13 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.26 $\pm$ 0.08 | 2.65 $\pm$ 0.1
FIO-ESM CMIP5e | 2.23 $\pm$ 0.01 | 1.69 $\pm$ 0.01 | 2.73 $\pm$ 0.0 | 3.14 $\pm$ 0.0
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5e | 3.1 $\pm$ 0.06 | 2.65 $\pm$ 0.02 | 3.48 $\pm$ 0.1 | 4.09 $\pm$ 0.1
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5c | 3.02 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.62 $\pm$ 0.05 | 3.35 $\pm$ 0.06 | 3.96 $\pm$ 0.05
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5e | 3.17 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.88 $\pm$ 0.02 | 3.4 $\pm$ 0.1 | 4.05 $\pm$ 0.11
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5c | 3.05 $\pm$ 0.07 | 2.72 $\pm$ 0.04 | 3.31 $\pm$ 0.12 | 3.9 $\pm$ 0.12
HadGEM2-CC CMIP5c | 2.48 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.52 $\pm$ 0.03 | 3.38 $\pm$ 0.02 | 4.15 $\pm$ 0.02
HadGEM2-ES CMIP5c | 2.57 $\pm$ 0.03 | 1.6 $\pm$ 0.03 | 3.48 $\pm$ 0.04 | 4.28 $\pm$ 0.04
IPSL-CM5A-LR CMIP5c | 2.18 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.05 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.28 $\pm$ 0.06 | 2.84 $\pm$ 0.07
IPSL-CM5A-MR CMIP5c | 2.13 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.04 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.2 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.7 $\pm$ 0.05
IPSL-CM5B-LR CMIP5c | 2.0 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.93 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.04 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.43 $\pm$ 0.07
MIROC-ESM-CHEM CMIP5c | 2.66 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.0 $\pm$ 0.02 | 3.25 $\pm$ 0.06 | 3.56 $\pm$ 0.07
MIROC-ESM CMIP5e | 2.66 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.05 $\pm$ 0.03 | 3.2 $\pm$ 0.08 | 3.48 $\pm$ 0.09
MIROC-ESM CMIP5c | 2.65 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.06 $\pm$ 0.02 | 3.16 $\pm$ 0.05 | 3.45 $\pm$ 0.05
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5e | 2.27 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.59 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.92 $\pm$ 0.04 | 3.32 $\pm$ 0.04
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5c | 2.26 $\pm$ 0.03 | 1.59 $\pm$ 0.01 | 2.89 $\pm$ 0.07 | 3.29 $\pm$ 0.07
MPI-ESM-MR CMIP5c | 2.3 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.64 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.93 $\pm$ 0.04 | 3.32 $\pm$ 0.05
MRI-ESM1 CMIP5e | 3.61 $\pm$ 0.07 | 2.16 $\pm$ 0.06 | 4.95 $\pm$ 0.1 | 5.98 $\pm$ 0.13
NorESM1-ME CMIP5e | 2.8 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.16 $\pm$ 0.07 | 3.41 $\pm$ 0.07 | 3.85 $\pm$ 0.08
NorESM1-ME CMIP5c | 2.8 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.12 $\pm$ 0.07 | 3.43 $\pm$ 0.06 | 3.87 $\pm$ 0.06
inmcm4 CMIP5c | 1.62 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.26 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.95 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.27 $\pm$ 0.03
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6e | 1.64 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.43 $\pm$ 0.03 | 1.82 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.09 $\pm$ 0.04
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6c | 1.65 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.46 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.82 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.07 $\pm$ 0.06
CESM2-WACCM CMIP6c | 1.78 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.49 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.02 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.35 $\pm$ 0.04
CESM2 CMIP6c | 1.79 $\pm$ 0.05 | 1.53 $\pm$ 0.06 | 2.0 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.33 $\pm$ 0.06
CMCC-CM2-SR5 CMIP6c | 2.17 $\pm$ 0.06 | 2.33 $\pm$ 0.07 | 1.98 $\pm$ 0.08 | 2.18 $\pm$ 0.07
CMCC-ESM2 CMIP6c | 2.2 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.3 $\pm$ 0.06 | 2.06 $\pm$ 0.07 | 2.28 $\pm$ 0.06
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6e | 1.59 $\pm$ 0.03 | 1.33 $\pm$ 0.03 | 1.82 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.13 $\pm$ 0.04
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6c | 1.59 $\pm$ 0.03 | 1.34 $\pm$ 0.05 | 1.81 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.12 $\pm$ 0.03
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6e | 1.71 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.14 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.24 $\pm$ 0.06 | 2.64 $\pm$ 0.07
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6c | 1.69 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.15 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.2 $\pm$ 0.07 | 2.58 $\pm$ 0.08
CanESM5 CMIP6e | 1.71 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.16 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.22 $\pm$ 0.06 | 2.61 $\pm$ 0.06
CanESM5 CMIP6c | 1.72 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.18 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.22 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.6 $\pm$ 0.03
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6e | 2.59 $\pm$ 0.06 | 1.6 $\pm$ 0.06 | 3.53 $\pm$ 0.08 | 3.93 $\pm$ 0.08
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6c | 2.54 $\pm$ 0.05 | 1.58 $\pm$ 0.05 | 3.45 $\pm$ 0.09 | 3.82 $\pm$ 0.07
EC-Earth3-Veg CMIP6c | 2.55 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.57 $\pm$ 0.06 | 3.47 $\pm$ 0.05 | 3.87 $\pm$ 0.04
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6e | 2.33 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.0 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.61 $\pm$ 0.06 | 3.17 $\pm$ 0.08
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6c | 2.27 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.92 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.58 $\pm$ 0.09 | 3.13 $\pm$ 0.09
INM-CM4-8 CMIP6c | 1.86 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.5 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.18 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.53 $\pm$ 0.02
INM-CM5-0 CMIP6c | 1.85 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.48 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.18 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.53 $\pm$ 0.01
IPSL-CM6A-LR CMIP6c | 1.85 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.16 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.49 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.97 $\pm$ 0.06
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6e | 1.55 $\pm$ 0.01 | 1.01 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.05 $\pm$ 0.01 | 2.56 $\pm$ 0.01
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6c | 1.59 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.03 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.11 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.62 $\pm$ 0.02
MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM CMIP6c | 2.03 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.43 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.59 $\pm$ 0.07 | 2.96 $\pm$ 0.08
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6e | 1.94 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.46 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.38 $\pm$ 0.08 | 2.82 $\pm$ 0.09
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6c | 1.94 $\pm$ 0.03 | 1.46 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.38 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.83 $\pm$ 0.06
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6e | 2.97 $\pm$ 0.09 | 2.02 $\pm$ 0.1 | 3.84 $\pm$ 0.15 | 4.81 $\pm$ 0.2
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6c | 2.99 $\pm$ 0.07 | 2.04 $\pm$ 0.11 | 3.85 $\pm$ 0.09 | 4.83 $\pm$ 0.12
NorESM2-LM CMIP6e | 1.75 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.48 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.98 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.35 $\pm$ 0.05
NorESM2-LM CMIP6c | 1.7 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.44 $\pm$ 0.05 | 1.93 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.28 $\pm$ 0.04
NorESM2-MM CMIP6c | 1.71 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.41 $\pm$ 0.04 | 1.98 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.32 $\pm$ 0.06
SAM0-UNICON CMIP6c | 2.65 $\pm$ 0.06 | 2.09 $\pm$ 0.07 | 3.19 $\pm$ 0.1 | 3.87 $\pm$ 0.12
TaiESM1 CMIP6c | 2.55 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.04 $\pm$ 0.04 | 3.03 $\pm$ 0.07 | 3.44 $\pm$ 0.07
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6e | 2.82 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.19 $\pm$ 0.04 | 3.42 $\pm$ 0.03 | 3.94 $\pm$ 0.02
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6c | 2.81 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.19 $\pm$ 0.03 | 3.39 $\pm$ 0.02 | 3.9 $\pm$ 0.02
GIMMS-LAI4g | 1.74 $\pm$ 0.01 | 1.22 $\pm$ 0.01 | 2.22 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.72 $\pm$ 0.02
GLASS | 1.69 $\pm$ 0.06 | 1.19 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.14 $\pm$ 0.08 | 2.6 $\pm$ 0.1
LAI3g | 1.69 $\pm$ 0.03 | 1.11 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.22 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.74 $\pm$ 0.05
Ncycle MMM CMIP5e | 2.74 $\pm$ 0.05 | 2.09 $\pm$ 0.05 | 3.36 $\pm$ 0.07 | 3.81 $\pm$ 0.07
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP5e | 2.52 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.99 $\pm$ 0.02 | 3.0 $\pm$ 0.04 | 3.46 $\pm$ 0.04
Ncycle MMM CMIP5c | 2.72 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.06 $\pm$ 0.05 | 3.35 $\pm$ 0.04 | 3.8 $\pm$ 0.04
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP5c | 2.36 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.86 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.81 $\pm$ 0.02 | 3.29 $\pm$ 0.02
Ncycle MMM CMIP6c | 2.12 $\pm$ 0.03 | 1.71 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.49 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.87 $\pm$ 0.02
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP6c | 1.98 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.46 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.45 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.92 $\pm$ 0.02
Ncycle MMM CMIP6e | 2.05 $\pm$ 0.02 | 1.53 $\pm$ 0.03 | 2.53 $\pm$ 0.02 | 2.95 $\pm$ 0.02
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP6e | 2.06 $\pm$ 0.03 | 1.53 $\pm$ 0.04 | 2.54 $\pm$ 0.04 | 3.07 $\pm$ 0.05
Table S1: LAI Mean for 1986-2005 [1] Table S2: LAI Trend for 1986-2005 [yr-1] Model | Global | NH | SH | Tropics
---|---|---|---|---
BNU-ESM CMIP5e | 0.012 $\pm$ 0.0013 | 0.0072 $\pm$ 0.002 | 0.016 $\pm$ 0.0013 | 0.0158 $\pm$ 0.0015
BNU-ESM CMIP5c | 0.0102 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0136 $\pm$ 0.0016 | 0.0057 $\pm$ 0.0012 | 0.0087 $\pm$ 0.0012
CESM1-BGC CMIP5e | 0.004 $\pm$ 0.0022 | 0.0067 $\pm$ 0.002 | 0.0011 $\pm$ 0.0034 | 0.0006 $\pm$ 0.0039
CESM1-BGC CMIP5c | 0.0035 $\pm$ 0.0016 | 0.0027 $\pm$ 0.0017 | 0.004 $\pm$ 0.0017 | 0.0057 $\pm$ 0.0016
CanESM2 CMIP5e | 0.0019 $\pm$ 0.0022 | 0.003 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0005 $\pm$ 0.0043 | 0.0012 $\pm$ 0.005
CanESM2 CMIP5c | 0.0018 $\pm$ 0.0017 | 0.002 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.0012 $\pm$ 0.0033 | 0.0028 $\pm$ 0.0038
FIO-ESM CMIP5e | 0.0005 $\pm$ 0.0002 | 0.0009 $\pm$ 0.0003 | -0.0001 $\pm$ 0.0001 | -0.0001 $\pm$ 0.0001
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5e | 0.0055 $\pm$ 0.0019 | 0.0028 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0077 $\pm$ 0.0035 | 0.008 $\pm$ 0.0035
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5c | 0.0045 $\pm$ 0.0012 | 0.0071 $\pm$ 0.001 | 0.0015 $\pm$ 0.0022 | 0.0011 $\pm$ 0.002
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5e | 0.0034 $\pm$ 0.0019 | 0.0008 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0056 $\pm$ 0.0038 | 0.0087 $\pm$ 0.004
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5c | 0.0024 $\pm$ 0.0026 | 0.0057 $\pm$ 0.0006 | -0.0013 $\pm$ 0.0049 | 0.0023 $\pm$ 0.0049
HadGEM2-CC CMIP5c | 0.0031 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0036 $\pm$ 0.0007 | 0.0022 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.002 $\pm$ 0.0008
HadGEM2-ES CMIP5c | 0.0046 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.0033 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0052 $\pm$ 0.001 | 0.0055 $\pm$ 0.0009
IPSL-CM5A-LR CMIP5c | -0.0022 $\pm$ 0.001 | 0.0024 $\pm$ 0.0008 | -0.0067 $\pm$ 0.0018 | -0.0056 $\pm$ 0.0022
IPSL-CM5A-MR CMIP5c | 0.0015 $\pm$ 0.001 | 0.0032 $\pm$ 0.0011 | -0.0003 $\pm$ 0.0017 | 0.0017 $\pm$ 0.0021
IPSL-CM5B-LR CMIP5c | 0.0008 $\pm$ 0.0009 | 0.0043 $\pm$ 0.0007 | -0.0027 $\pm$ 0.0019 | -0.0029 $\pm$ 0.0025
MIROC-ESM-CHEM CMIP5c | 0.0038 $\pm$ 0.0011 | 0.0016 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0054 $\pm$ 0.0019 | 0.008 $\pm$ 0.0022
MIROC-ESM CMIP5e | 0.0039 $\pm$ 0.0017 | 0.0044 $\pm$ 0.0009 | 0.003 $\pm$ 0.0031 | 0.0044 $\pm$ 0.0033
MIROC-ESM CMIP5c | 0.0015 $\pm$ 0.0011 | 0.0013 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0013 $\pm$ 0.002 | 0.0023 $\pm$ 0.002
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5e | -0.0003 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0021 $\pm$ 0.0004 | -0.0029 $\pm$ 0.0016 | -0.0033 $\pm$ 0.0015
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5c | 0.0014 $\pm$ 0.0013 | 0.0011 $\pm$ 0.0004 | 0.0015 $\pm$ 0.0028 | 0.0004 $\pm$ 0.0028
MPI-ESM-MR CMIP5c | 0.0 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0023 $\pm$ 0.0005 | -0.0025 $\pm$ 0.0015 | -0.0031 $\pm$ 0.0017
MRI-ESM1 CMIP5e | 0.0063 $\pm$ 0.0023 | 0.0036 $\pm$ 0.0023 | 0.0084 $\pm$ 0.0034 | 0.0107 $\pm$ 0.0047
NorESM1-ME CMIP5e | 0.006 $\pm$ 0.0015 | 0.0075 $\pm$ 0.0024 | 0.0041 $\pm$ 0.0024 | 0.0037 $\pm$ 0.0029
NorESM1-ME CMIP5c | 0.005 $\pm$ 0.0014 | 0.0092 $\pm$ 0.0019 | 0.0006 $\pm$ 0.0024 | 0.0019 $\pm$ 0.0022
inmcm4 CMIP5c | 0.0007 $\pm$ 0.0007 | 0.0014 $\pm$ 0.0009 | -0.0 $\pm$ 0.0012 | -0.0009 $\pm$ 0.0013
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6e | 0.001 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.0051 $\pm$ 0.0006 | -0.0031 $\pm$ 0.0011 | -0.0043 $\pm$ 0.0014
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6c | -0.0014 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0029 $\pm$ 0.0004 | -0.0057 $\pm$ 0.0015 | -0.0071 $\pm$ 0.0018
CESM2-WACCM CMIP6c | 0.0059 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0074 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.0043 $\pm$ 0.0007 | 0.0065 $\pm$ 0.0007
CESM2 CMIP6c | 0.0082 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0096 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0066 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0087 $\pm$ 0.0011
CMCC-CM2-SR5 CMIP6c | 0.0047 $\pm$ 0.0021 | 0.0049 $\pm$ 0.0025 | 0.0044 $\pm$ 0.003 | 0.0043 $\pm$ 0.0026
CMCC-ESM2 CMIP6c | 0.0047 $\pm$ 0.0016 | 0.0074 $\pm$ 0.0017 | 0.0021 $\pm$ 0.0028 | 0.0024 $\pm$ 0.0023
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6e | -0.0002 $\pm$ 0.0011 | 0.0027 $\pm$ 0.001 | -0.003 $\pm$ 0.0019 | -0.0025 $\pm$ 0.0016
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6c | 0.0037 $\pm$ 0.0009 | 0.006 $\pm$ 0.0013 | 0.0012 $\pm$ 0.0015 | 0.0007 $\pm$ 0.0013
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6e | 0.0048 $\pm$ 0.0011 | 0.0045 $\pm$ 0.0007 | 0.0048 $\pm$ 0.0021 | 0.0056 $\pm$ 0.0025
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6c | 0.0039 $\pm$ 0.0013 | 0.004 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.0035 $\pm$ 0.0025 | 0.0046 $\pm$ 0.003
CanESM5 CMIP6e | 0.005 $\pm$ 0.0009 | 0.0044 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.0053 $\pm$ 0.0019 | 0.0042 $\pm$ 0.0022
CanESM5 CMIP6c | 0.0032 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.0043 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.0019 $\pm$ 0.001 | 0.0027 $\pm$ 0.0011
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6e | 0.0069 $\pm$ 0.0016 | 0.0089 $\pm$ 0.0011 | 0.0044 $\pm$ 0.003 | 0.0059 $\pm$ 0.0029
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6c | 0.0053 $\pm$ 0.0017 | 0.008 $\pm$ 0.001 | 0.0023 $\pm$ 0.0034 | 0.0029 $\pm$ 0.0029
EC-Earth3-Veg CMIP6c | 0.0041 $\pm$ 0.0013 | 0.0085 $\pm$ 0.0009 | -0.0007 $\pm$ 0.0021 | 0.0009 $\pm$ 0.0016
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6e | 0.0044 $\pm$ 0.0012 | 0.0037 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0046 $\pm$ 0.0023 | 0.0047 $\pm$ 0.0029
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6c | -0.0004 $\pm$ 0.0017 | 0.0033 $\pm$ 0.0007 | -0.0045 $\pm$ 0.0032 | -0.0069 $\pm$ 0.0034
INM-CM4-8 CMIP6c | 0.0018 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0018 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0017 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.002 $\pm$ 0.0008
INM-CM5-0 CMIP6c | 0.0023 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0041 $\pm$ 0.0007 | 0.0003 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.0005 $\pm$ 0.0006
IPSL-CM6A-LR CMIP6c | 0.0052 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0052 $\pm$ 0.0007 | 0.0049 $\pm$ 0.0017 | 0.0064 $\pm$ 0.0018
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6e | 0.0022 $\pm$ 0.0003 | 0.0033 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0008 $\pm$ 0.0004 | 0.0016 $\pm$ 0.0005
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6c | 0.0033 $\pm$ 0.0003 | 0.0043 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0022 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0032 $\pm$ 0.0006
MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM CMIP6c | 0.0041 $\pm$ 0.0014 | 0.0038 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0042 $\pm$ 0.0025 | 0.0049 $\pm$ 0.0031
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6e | 0.0014 $\pm$ 0.0015 | 0.0033 $\pm$ 0.0004 | -0.0006 $\pm$ 0.003 | -0.0005 $\pm$ 0.0037
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6c | 0.0026 $\pm$ 0.0011 | 0.0032 $\pm$ 0.0004 | 0.0019 $\pm$ 0.0021 | 0.0023 $\pm$ 0.0024
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6e | 0.0068 $\pm$ 0.003 | 0.0137 $\pm$ 0.0022 | -0.0006 $\pm$ 0.0058 | 0.0004 $\pm$ 0.0079
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6c | 0.0094 $\pm$ 0.0019 | 0.0156 $\pm$ 0.0023 | 0.0024 $\pm$ 0.0034 | 0.0047 $\pm$ 0.0045
NorESM2-LM CMIP6e | 0.0064 $\pm$ 0.0007 | 0.0069 $\pm$ 0.0007 | 0.0059 $\pm$ 0.001 | 0.0076 $\pm$ 0.0012
NorESM2-LM CMIP6c | 0.0059 $\pm$ 0.0007 | 0.0076 $\pm$ 0.001 | 0.0042 $\pm$ 0.001 | 0.0042 $\pm$ 0.0013
NorESM2-MM CMIP6c | 0.0056 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0067 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0046 $\pm$ 0.0015 | 0.0055 $\pm$ 0.0018
SAM0-UNICON CMIP6c | 0.0063 $\pm$ 0.0021 | 0.0075 $\pm$ 0.0022 | 0.005 $\pm$ 0.0039 | 0.0078 $\pm$ 0.0046
TaiESM1 CMIP6c | 0.0038 $\pm$ 0.0012 | 0.004 $\pm$ 0.0013 | 0.0036 $\pm$ 0.0025 | 0.0049 $\pm$ 0.0026
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6e | 0.0036 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0052 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0018 $\pm$ 0.0009 | 0.0022 $\pm$ 0.0006
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6c | 0.0014 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.0031 $\pm$ 0.0009 | -0.0005 $\pm$ 0.0009 | -0.0001 $\pm$ 0.0006
GIMMS-LAI4g | 0.002 $\pm$ 0.0003 | 0.0014 $\pm$ 0.0003 | 0.0021 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.0027 $\pm$ 0.0006
GLASS | 0.0082 $\pm$ 0.0015 | 0.0047 $\pm$ 0.0013 | 0.0112 $\pm$ 0.002 | 0.0128 $\pm$ 0.0023
LAI3g | 0.0019 $\pm$ 0.0011 | 0.0018 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0017 $\pm$ 0.0017 | 0.0019 $\pm$ 0.0021
Ncycle MMM CMIP5e | 0.005 $\pm$ 0.0015 | 0.0071 $\pm$ 0.0012 | 0.0026 $\pm$ 0.0026 | 0.0022 $\pm$ 0.0028
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP5e | 0.0025 $\pm$ 0.0007 | 0.0023 $\pm$ 0.0003 | 0.0023 $\pm$ 0.0014 | 0.0031 $\pm$ 0.0015
Ncycle MMM CMIP5c | 0.0042 $\pm$ 0.0011 | 0.006 $\pm$ 0.0012 | 0.0023 $\pm$ 0.0017 | 0.0038 $\pm$ 0.0015
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP5c | 0.0018 $\pm$ 0.0004 | 0.003 $\pm$ 0.0003 | 0.0004 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.001 $\pm$ 0.0007
Ncycle MMM CMIP6c | 0.0043 $\pm$ 0.0003 | 0.0061 $\pm$ 0.0004 | 0.0024 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0033 $\pm$ 0.0005
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP6c | 0.0037 $\pm$ 0.0004 | 0.0053 $\pm$ 0.0004 | 0.0017 $\pm$ 0.0006 | 0.0022 $\pm$ 0.0008
Ncycle MMM CMIP6e | 0.0036 $\pm$ 0.0004 | 0.0054 $\pm$ 0.0004 | 0.0015 $\pm$ 0.0007 | 0.0021 $\pm$ 0.0008
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP6e | 0.0041 $\pm$ 0.0008 | 0.0058 $\pm$ 0.0005 | 0.0022 $\pm$ 0.0015 | 0.0025 $\pm$ 0.0019
Table S2: LAI Trend for 1986-2005 [yr-1] Table S3: GPP Mean for 1986-2005 [PgC yr-1] Model | Global | NH | SH | Tropics
---|---|---|---|---
BNU-ESM CMIP5e | 83.54 $\pm$ 2.48 | 30.35 $\pm$ 1.3 | 53.19 $\pm$ 1.54 | 47.13 $\pm$ 1.18
BNU-ESM CMIP5c | 86.26 $\pm$ 2.0 | 33.66 $\pm$ 1.35 | 52.6 $\pm$ 0.92 | 46.93 $\pm$ 0.92
CESM1-BGC CMIP5e | 107.42 $\pm$ 2.23 | 34.94 $\pm$ 1.1 | 72.49 $\pm$ 1.3 | 61.98 $\pm$ 1.12
CESM1-BGC CMIP5c | 106.12 $\pm$ 1.7 | 34.5 $\pm$ 0.78 | 71.62 $\pm$ 1.06 | 61.24 $\pm$ 0.93
CanESM2 CMIP5e | 103.74 $\pm$ 2.72 | 32.32 $\pm$ 0.86 | 71.42 $\pm$ 2.76 | 56.61 $\pm$ 2.07
CanESM2 CMIP5c | 104.37 $\pm$ 2.41 | 32.66 $\pm$ 0.74 | 71.71 $\pm$ 2.09 | 56.66 $\pm$ 1.78
FIO-ESM CMIP5e | 151.2 $\pm$ 2.28 | 44.86 $\pm$ 0.99 | 106.34 $\pm$ 1.69 | 91.94 $\pm$ 1.59
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5e | 139.01 $\pm$ 4.89 | 46.29 $\pm$ 1.23 | 92.72 $\pm$ 4.42 | 75.82 $\pm$ 2.78
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5c | 134.03 $\pm$ 3.53 | 44.88 $\pm$ 1.67 | 89.15 $\pm$ 2.86 | 73.24 $\pm$ 1.98
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5e | 137.59 $\pm$ 5.15 | 46.76 $\pm$ 1.42 | 90.83 $\pm$ 5.5 | 75.22 $\pm$ 3.86
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5c | 132.97 $\pm$ 5.94 | 44.11 $\pm$ 1.4 | 88.86 $\pm$ 6.12 | 72.58 $\pm$ 4.27
HadGEM2-CC CMIP5c | 111.57 $\pm$ 3.19 | 36.26 $\pm$ 1.82 | 75.31 $\pm$ 2.08 | 64.71 $\pm$ 2.07
HadGEM2-ES CMIP5c | 116.03 $\pm$ 3.77 | 37.6 $\pm$ 1.35 | 78.44 $\pm$ 3.04 | 67.96 $\pm$ 2.77
IPSL-CM5A-LR CMIP5c | 133.84 $\pm$ 2.22 | 58.96 $\pm$ 1.67 | 74.87 $\pm$ 1.59 | 67.0 $\pm$ 1.47
IPSL-CM5A-MR CMIP5c | 131.41 $\pm$ 3.23 | 58.77 $\pm$ 1.99 | 72.64 $\pm$ 2.0 | 64.27 $\pm$ 1.9
IPSL-CM5B-LR CMIP5c | 115.58 $\pm$ 2.65 | 51.95 $\pm$ 1.69 | 63.63 $\pm$ 1.87 | 54.03 $\pm$ 1.64
MIROC-ESM-CHEM CMIP5c | 109.79 $\pm$ 2.5 | 41.62 $\pm$ 0.96 | 68.17 $\pm$ 1.95 | 57.0 $\pm$ 1.64
MIROC-ESM CMIP5e | 110.68 $\pm$ 2.51 | 42.76 $\pm$ 1.43 | 67.93 $\pm$ 1.85 | 56.45 $\pm$ 1.52
MIROC-ESM CMIP5c | 108.34 $\pm$ 2.73 | 42.38 $\pm$ 1.05 | 65.96 $\pm$ 2.05 | 54.98 $\pm$ 1.75
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5e | 145.6 $\pm$ 3.12 | 55.14 $\pm$ 1.81 | 90.46 $\pm$ 2.43 | 72.51 $\pm$ 1.3
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5c | 145.66 $\pm$ 3.99 | 55.28 $\pm$ 1.19 | 90.38 $\pm$ 3.64 | 71.76 $\pm$ 1.91
MPI-ESM-MR CMIP5c | 149.88 $\pm$ 3.69 | 57.58 $\pm$ 2.1 | 92.29 $\pm$ 2.32 | 73.62 $\pm$ 1.58
MRI-ESM1 CMIP5e | 191.82 $\pm$ 3.1 | 64.52 $\pm$ 1.47 | 127.31 $\pm$ 2.0 | 110.68 $\pm$ 1.73
NorESM1-ME CMIP5e | 107.22 $\pm$ 1.74 | 35.87 $\pm$ 0.89 | 71.34 $\pm$ 1.16 | 61.16 $\pm$ 1.09
NorESM1-ME CMIP5c | 106.83 $\pm$ 1.66 | 35.42 $\pm$ 1.0 | 71.4 $\pm$ 0.95 | 61.12 $\pm$ 0.82
inmcm4 CMIP5c | 109.19 $\pm$ 1.97 | 37.4 $\pm$ 0.8 | 71.78 $\pm$ 1.69 | 62.96 $\pm$ 1.45
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6e | 100.33 $\pm$ 1.3 | 33.27 $\pm$ 1.15 | 67.06 $\pm$ 0.93 | 57.17 $\pm$ 0.88
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6c | 101.48 $\pm$ 1.28 | 34.39 $\pm$ 0.91 | 67.09 $\pm$ 1.45 | 56.94 $\pm$ 1.3
CESM2-WACCM CMIP6c | 90.96 $\pm$ 1.73 | 34.31 $\pm$ 1.12 | 56.66 $\pm$ 0.88 | 47.18 $\pm$ 0.77
CESM2 CMIP6c | 91.09 $\pm$ 2.44 | 35.39 $\pm$ 1.39 | 55.7 $\pm$ 1.38 | 46.66 $\pm$ 1.13
CMCC-CM2-SR5 CMIP6c | 83.79 $\pm$ 2.16 | 37.64 $\pm$ 1.26 | 46.15 $\pm$ 1.4 | 38.25 $\pm$ 0.89
CMCC-ESM2 CMIP6c | 84.36 $\pm$ 1.65 | 37.06 $\pm$ 1.23 | 47.3 $\pm$ 0.93 | 39.37 $\pm$ 0.63
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6e | 84.11 $\pm$ 2.15 | 33.15 $\pm$ 1.12 | 50.96 $\pm$ 2.05 | 41.88 $\pm$ 1.15
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6c | 84.18 $\pm$ 2.36 | 33.49 $\pm$ 1.67 | 50.7 $\pm$ 1.62 | 41.55 $\pm$ 0.93
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6e | 114.7 $\pm$ 2.8 | 40.82 $\pm$ 1.31 | 73.88 $\pm$ 1.76 | 60.75 $\pm$ 1.44
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6c | 113.66 $\pm$ 3.02 | 40.84 $\pm$ 1.3 | 72.83 $\pm$ 2.08 | 59.87 $\pm$ 1.72
CanESM5 CMIP6e | 114.73 $\pm$ 2.6 | 41.34 $\pm$ 1.21 | 73.39 $\pm$ 1.74 | 60.32 $\pm$ 1.21
CanESM5 CMIP6c | 114.82 $\pm$ 2.16 | 41.68 $\pm$ 1.09 | 73.15 $\pm$ 1.25 | 60.19 $\pm$ 1.02
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6e | 121.52 $\pm$ 3.19 | 47.03 $\pm$ 2.28 | 74.49 $\pm$ 1.47 | 56.11 $\pm$ 0.96
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6c | 119.45 $\pm$ 2.5 | 46.11 $\pm$ 1.75 | 73.34 $\pm$ 1.47 | 55.17 $\pm$ 1.11
EC-Earth3-Veg CMIP6c | 117.81 $\pm$ 2.27 | 45.46 $\pm$ 1.53 | 72.36 $\pm$ 1.28 | 54.63 $\pm$ 1.0
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6e | 92.19 $\pm$ 2.39 | 34.82 $\pm$ 1.26 | 57.38 $\pm$ 1.56 | 50.38 $\pm$ 1.34
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6c | 88.07 $\pm$ 1.89 | 32.36 $\pm$ 1.01 | 55.71 $\pm$ 1.61 | 49.03 $\pm$ 1.2
INM-CM4-8 CMIP6c | 123.16 $\pm$ 4.08 | 41.22 $\pm$ 1.16 | 81.94 $\pm$ 3.0 | 71.68 $\pm$ 2.69
INM-CM5-0 CMIP6c | 126.98 $\pm$ 2.59 | 42.43 $\pm$ 1.25 | 84.54 $\pm$ 1.51 | 74.08 $\pm$ 1.36
IPSL-CM6A-LR CMIP6c | 97.25 $\pm$ 2.63 | 32.08 $\pm$ 1.14 | 65.17 $\pm$ 1.86 | 54.93 $\pm$ 1.54
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6e | 88.02 $\pm$ 1.45 | 37.68 $\pm$ 1.03 | 50.33 $\pm$ 0.59 | 43.68 $\pm$ 0.53
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6c | 91.73 $\pm$ 1.73 | 39.27 $\pm$ 1.16 | 52.46 $\pm$ 0.84 | 45.33 $\pm$ 0.76
MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM CMIP6c | 128.61 $\pm$ 5.77 | 46.29 $\pm$ 2.63 | 82.32 $\pm$ 3.65 | 67.99 $\pm$ 2.89
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6e | 123.7 $\pm$ 3.79 | 48.04 $\pm$ 1.64 | 75.66 $\pm$ 3.0 | 64.42 $\pm$ 2.21
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6c | 122.46 $\pm$ 3.66 | 47.92 $\pm$ 1.83 | 74.55 $\pm$ 2.43 | 63.63 $\pm$ 1.91
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6e | 151.86 $\pm$ 4.17 | 63.44 $\pm$ 3.0 | 88.42 $\pm$ 2.98 | 79.52 $\pm$ 2.71
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6c | 151.98 $\pm$ 4.62 | 63.74 $\pm$ 3.92 | 88.25 $\pm$ 2.09 | 79.5 $\pm$ 1.83
NorESM2-LM CMIP6e | 88.78 $\pm$ 2.01 | 33.03 $\pm$ 1.0 | 55.75 $\pm$ 1.19 | 47.44 $\pm$ 1.03
NorESM2-LM CMIP6c | 86.71 $\pm$ 1.82 | 32.15 $\pm$ 1.12 | 54.56 $\pm$ 1.04 | 46.21 $\pm$ 0.91
NorESM2-MM CMIP6c | 88.13 $\pm$ 1.8 | 32.6 $\pm$ 0.91 | 55.53 $\pm$ 1.36 | 46.37 $\pm$ 1.09
SAM0-UNICON CMIP6c | 106.57 $\pm$ 2.12 | 34.85 $\pm$ 0.94 | 71.72 $\pm$ 1.77 | 64.01 $\pm$ 1.77
TaiESM1 CMIP6c | 106.56 $\pm$ 1.48 | 35.05 $\pm$ 1.03 | 71.51 $\pm$ 0.8 | 60.03 $\pm$ 0.65
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6e | 108.72 $\pm$ 3.39 | 38.47 $\pm$ 1.76 | 70.25 $\pm$ 2.79 | 59.24 $\pm$ 2.45
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6c | 106.73 $\pm$ 2.97 | 38.3 $\pm$ 1.47 | 68.43 $\pm$ 2.69 | 57.66 $\pm$ 2.18
GLASS | 108.26 $\pm$ 3.43 | 39.19 $\pm$ 1.34 | 69.08 $\pm$ 2.28 | 59.14 $\pm$ 1.7
FLUXCOM | 93.04 $\pm$ 0.41 | 31.09 $\pm$ 0.2 | 61.95 $\pm$ 0.49 | 55.34 $\pm$ 0.31
MTE | 102.63 $\pm$ 1.17 | 37.5 $\pm$ 0.75 | 65.13 $\pm$ 0.68 | 56.72 $\pm$ 0.5
Ncycle MMM CMIP5e | 107.32 $\pm$ 1.88 | 35.4 $\pm$ 0.9 | 71.92 $\pm$ 1.12 | 61.57 $\pm$ 0.98
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP5e | 132.9 $\pm$ 2.07 | 45.37 $\pm$ 0.91 | 87.52 $\pm$ 1.53 | 73.29 $\pm$ 1.18
Ncycle MMM CMIP5c | 106.47 $\pm$ 1.6 | 34.96 $\pm$ 0.82 | 71.51 $\pm$ 0.87 | 61.18 $\pm$ 0.78
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP5c | 120.64 $\pm$ 2.23 | 45.22 $\pm$ 1.1 | 75.41 $\pm$ 1.26 | 63.41 $\pm$ 1.1
Ncycle MMM CMIP6c | 99.85 $\pm$ 1.59 | 37.89 $\pm$ 1.05 | 61.95 $\pm$ 0.64 | 51.53 $\pm$ 0.57
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP6c | 114.3 $\pm$ 2.6 | 41.57 $\pm$ 1.45 | 72.73 $\pm$ 1.22 | 62.09 $\pm$ 1.04
Ncycle MMM CMIP6e | 105.18 $\pm$ 2.15 | 39.59 $\pm$ 1.32 | 65.59 $\pm$ 1.09 | 54.68 $\pm$ 0.91
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP6e | 111.52 $\pm$ 2.12 | 42.71 $\pm$ 1.38 | 68.81 $\pm$ 1.05 | 58.57 $\pm$ 0.87
Table S3: GPP Mean for 1986-2005 [PgC yr-1] Table S4: GPP Trend for 1986-2005 [PgC yr-2] Model | Global | NH | SH | Tropics
---|---|---|---|---
BNU-ESM CMIP5e | 0.3915 $\pm$ 0.0353 | 0.1594 $\pm$ 0.0357 | 0.2321 $\pm$ 0.0283 | 0.1665 $\pm$ 0.026
BNU-ESM CMIP5c | 0.3177 $\pm$ 0.0272 | 0.2067 $\pm$ 0.023 | 0.111 $\pm$ 0.0258 | 0.1123 $\pm$ 0.0257
CESM1-BGC CMIP5e | 0.2964 $\pm$ 0.0552 | 0.1536 $\pm$ 0.0246 | 0.1428 $\pm$ 0.0395 | 0.1127 $\pm$ 0.0359
CESM1-BGC CMIP5c | 0.2269 $\pm$ 0.0419 | 0.0828 $\pm$ 0.0242 | 0.1441 $\pm$ 0.0254 | 0.1322 $\pm$ 0.02
CanESM2 CMIP5e | 0.1535 $\pm$ 0.1023 | 0.113 $\pm$ 0.0215 | 0.0405 $\pm$ 0.1098 | 0.0422 $\pm$ 0.0818
CanESM2 CMIP5c | 0.1575 $\pm$ 0.0886 | 0.0826 $\pm$ 0.0222 | 0.075 $\pm$ 0.0812 | 0.0879 $\pm$ 0.0681
FIO-ESM CMIP5e | 0.3111 $\pm$ 0.0536 | 0.1364 $\pm$ 0.0228 | 0.1746 $\pm$ 0.0536 | 0.1641 $\pm$ 0.0502
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5e | 0.4753 $\pm$ 0.1595 | 0.161 $\pm$ 0.0312 | 0.3143 $\pm$ 0.1598 | 0.2258 $\pm$ 0.0971
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5c | 0.4292 $\pm$ 0.098 | 0.2338 $\pm$ 0.0376 | 0.1955 $\pm$ 0.1043 | 0.1751 $\pm$ 0.0672
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5e | 0.1855 $\pm$ 0.2006 | 0.0493 $\pm$ 0.0553 | 0.1362 $\pm$ 0.2171 | 0.1544 $\pm$ 0.1496
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5c | 0.2511 $\pm$ 0.2294 | 0.1939 $\pm$ 0.0321 | 0.0571 $\pm$ 0.2438 | 0.1613 $\pm$ 0.166
HadGEM2-CC CMIP5c | 0.4561 $\pm$ 0.0713 | 0.2295 $\pm$ 0.0498 | 0.2266 $\pm$ 0.0649 | 0.2017 $\pm$ 0.069
HadGEM2-ES CMIP5c | 0.5642 $\pm$ 0.0741 | 0.159 $\pm$ 0.0395 | 0.4051 $\pm$ 0.0774 | 0.3473 $\pm$ 0.0763
IPSL-CM5A-LR CMIP5c | 0.2351 $\pm$ 0.0689 | 0.2287 $\pm$ 0.0394 | 0.0064 $\pm$ 0.0635 | 0.0757 $\pm$ 0.0559
IPSL-CM5A-MR CMIP5c | 0.4459 $\pm$ 0.0747 | 0.2547 $\pm$ 0.0519 | 0.1913 $\pm$ 0.0657 | 0.2099 $\pm$ 0.0574
IPSL-CM5B-LR CMIP5c | 0.3361 $\pm$ 0.0697 | 0.2477 $\pm$ 0.0336 | 0.0884 $\pm$ 0.0716 | 0.0885 $\pm$ 0.0619
MIROC-ESM-CHEM CMIP5c | 0.3517 $\pm$ 0.0552 | 0.1065 $\pm$ 0.0287 | 0.2452 $\pm$ 0.0517 | 0.2028 $\pm$ 0.0443
MIROC-ESM CMIP5e | 0.3434 $\pm$ 0.0589 | 0.1697 $\pm$ 0.0404 | 0.1738 $\pm$ 0.0613 | 0.1635 $\pm$ 0.0469
MIROC-ESM CMIP5c | 0.3824 $\pm$ 0.061 | 0.129 $\pm$ 0.0285 | 0.2534 $\pm$ 0.0556 | 0.2379 $\pm$ 0.0416
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5e | 0.3901 $\pm$ 0.0835 | 0.2193 $\pm$ 0.0505 | 0.1709 $\pm$ 0.0881 | 0.1509 $\pm$ 0.0378
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5c | 0.5023 $\pm$ 0.1059 | 0.1328 $\pm$ 0.0358 | 0.3695 $\pm$ 0.1157 | 0.2491 $\pm$ 0.0484
MPI-ESM-MR CMIP5c | 0.5187 $\pm$ 0.0816 | 0.2771 $\pm$ 0.0523 | 0.2415 $\pm$ 0.0727 | 0.2042 $\pm$ 0.0405
MRI-ESM1 CMIP5e | 0.2532 $\pm$ 0.1083 | 0.0754 $\pm$ 0.0558 | 0.1777 $\pm$ 0.0678 | 0.1459 $\pm$ 0.0596
NorESM1-ME CMIP5e | 0.249 $\pm$ 0.037 | 0.12 $\pm$ 0.0214 | 0.129 $\pm$ 0.0349 | 0.1087 $\pm$ 0.0349
NorESM1-ME CMIP5c | 0.2346 $\pm$ 0.0367 | 0.1483 $\pm$ 0.0192 | 0.0862 $\pm$ 0.0318 | 0.0794 $\pm$ 0.0268
inmcm4 CMIP5c | 0.1868 $\pm$ 0.0651 | 0.0665 $\pm$ 0.0276 | 0.1203 $\pm$ 0.0611 | 0.0776 $\pm$ 0.0546
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6e | 0.1563 $\pm$ 0.0361 | 0.1833 $\pm$ 0.0153 | -0.0269 $\pm$ 0.0366 | -0.0358 $\pm$ 0.034
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6c | 0.03 $\pm$ 0.0503 | 0.146 $\pm$ 0.011 | -0.116 $\pm$ 0.0509 | -0.0997 $\pm$ 0.046
CESM2-WACCM CMIP6c | 0.2483 $\pm$ 0.0368 | 0.1584 $\pm$ 0.0245 | 0.0899 $\pm$ 0.028 | 0.0957 $\pm$ 0.0206
CESM2 CMIP6c | 0.3699 $\pm$ 0.0433 | 0.2041 $\pm$ 0.0273 | 0.1658 $\pm$ 0.0385 | 0.1402 $\pm$ 0.0306
CMCC-CM2-SR5 CMIP6c | 0.275 $\pm$ 0.0566 | 0.1526 $\pm$ 0.0351 | 0.1224 $\pm$ 0.0477 | 0.0931 $\pm$ 0.0278
CMCC-ESM2 CMIP6c | 0.2432 $\pm$ 0.032 | 0.1699 $\pm$ 0.0283 | 0.0732 $\pm$ 0.0328 | 0.0556 $\pm$ 0.0212
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6e | 0.0254 $\pm$ 0.0855 | 0.1013 $\pm$ 0.0376 | -0.0759 $\pm$ 0.0795 | -0.0334 $\pm$ 0.045
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6c | 0.2927 $\pm$ 0.0639 | 0.2179 $\pm$ 0.0424 | 0.0749 $\pm$ 0.062 | 0.0456 $\pm$ 0.0354
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6e | 0.3806 $\pm$ 0.0666 | 0.1786 $\pm$ 0.0312 | 0.2019 $\pm$ 0.0517 | 0.1724 $\pm$ 0.0406
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6c | 0.4188 $\pm$ 0.0691 | 0.1931 $\pm$ 0.0252 | 0.2256 $\pm$ 0.0636 | 0.1936 $\pm$ 0.051
CanESM5 CMIP6e | 0.3736 $\pm$ 0.0545 | 0.1698 $\pm$ 0.0268 | 0.2038 $\pm$ 0.0499 | 0.1356 $\pm$ 0.0364
CanESM5 CMIP6c | 0.3238 $\pm$ 0.0402 | 0.143 $\pm$ 0.0272 | 0.1808 $\pm$ 0.026 | 0.1474 $\pm$ 0.0211
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6e | 0.4508 $\pm$ 0.0697 | 0.335 $\pm$ 0.0451 | 0.1159 $\pm$ 0.052 | 0.1045 $\pm$ 0.029
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6c | 0.2899 $\pm$ 0.0724 | 0.2531 $\pm$ 0.0357 | 0.0369 $\pm$ 0.0578 | 0.0732 $\pm$ 0.0407
EC-Earth3-Veg CMIP6c | 0.2826 $\pm$ 0.0613 | 0.2198 $\pm$ 0.0319 | 0.0628 $\pm$ 0.0489 | 0.097 $\pm$ 0.0325
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6e | 0.3558 $\pm$ 0.0449 | 0.1912 $\pm$ 0.0223 | 0.1645 $\pm$ 0.0485 | 0.1283 $\pm$ 0.0438
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6c | 0.1299 $\pm$ 0.069 | 0.1378 $\pm$ 0.0236 | -0.0079 $\pm$ 0.0643 | -0.0335 $\pm$ 0.0472
INM-CM4-8 CMIP6c | 0.5962 $\pm$ 0.0823 | 0.1647 $\pm$ 0.0249 | 0.4314 $\pm$ 0.0631 | 0.3916 $\pm$ 0.0546
INM-CM5-0 CMIP6c | 0.3037 $\pm$ 0.0746 | 0.1643 $\pm$ 0.0314 | 0.1394 $\pm$ 0.0504 | 0.1419 $\pm$ 0.0427
IPSL-CM6A-LR CMIP6c | 0.4168 $\pm$ 0.0369 | 0.1655 $\pm$ 0.0233 | 0.2512 $\pm$ 0.0446 | 0.2223 $\pm$ 0.0316
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6e | 0.2258 $\pm$ 0.0223 | 0.1439 $\pm$ 0.0232 | 0.0819 $\pm$ 0.0134 | 0.078 $\pm$ 0.0103
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6c | 0.2643 $\pm$ 0.0295 | 0.1505 $\pm$ 0.0295 | 0.1138 $\pm$ 0.0201 | 0.105 $\pm$ 0.0173
MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM CMIP6c | 0.7854 $\pm$ 0.136 | 0.3564 $\pm$ 0.0625 | 0.429 $\pm$ 0.1046 | 0.371 $\pm$ 0.075
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6e | 0.4284 $\pm$ 0.1123 | 0.2526 $\pm$ 0.0273 | 0.1758 $\pm$ 0.1121 | 0.1707 $\pm$ 0.0784
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6c | 0.5008 $\pm$ 0.0854 | 0.2469 $\pm$ 0.044 | 0.2539 $\pm$ 0.0763 | 0.2459 $\pm$ 0.0491
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6e | 0.4292 $\pm$ 0.1318 | 0.4558 $\pm$ 0.0525 | -0.0266 $\pm$ 0.1186 | -0.0055 $\pm$ 0.108
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6c | 0.6198 $\pm$ 0.1118 | 0.5943 $\pm$ 0.069 | 0.0254 $\pm$ 0.083 | 0.0384 $\pm$ 0.0723
NorESM2-LM CMIP6e | 0.2863 $\pm$ 0.0433 | 0.1435 $\pm$ 0.0213 | 0.1429 $\pm$ 0.0332 | 0.1232 $\pm$ 0.029
NorESM2-LM CMIP6c | 0.2658 $\pm$ 0.0363 | 0.1524 $\pm$ 0.0266 | 0.1135 $\pm$ 0.0317 | 0.0902 $\pm$ 0.0296
NorESM2-MM CMIP6c | 0.2231 $\pm$ 0.0491 | 0.1395 $\pm$ 0.0152 | 0.0836 $\pm$ 0.0505 | 0.0667 $\pm$ 0.0406
SAM0-UNICON CMIP6c | 0.2424 $\pm$ 0.0624 | 0.1189 $\pm$ 0.0247 | 0.1234 $\pm$ 0.0642 | 0.1242 $\pm$ 0.064
TaiESM1 CMIP6c | 0.2062 $\pm$ 0.0334 | 0.1346 $\pm$ 0.0259 | 0.0716 $\pm$ 0.0269 | 0.0599 $\pm$ 0.0216
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6e | 0.461 $\pm$ 0.0834 | 0.2334 $\pm$ 0.0454 | 0.2277 $\pm$ 0.0993 | 0.2065 $\pm$ 0.0864
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6c | 0.1936 $\pm$ 0.1111 | 0.1672 $\pm$ 0.0442 | 0.0264 $\pm$ 0.1086 | 0.0476 $\pm$ 0.0874
GLASS | 0.4466 $\pm$ 0.0871 | 0.1759 $\pm$ 0.0337 | 0.2707 $\pm$ 0.0646 | 0.1939 $\pm$ 0.0502
FLUXCOM | - | - | - | -
MTE | - | - | - | -
Ncycle MMM CMIP5e | 0.2727 $\pm$ 0.0388 | 0.1368 $\pm$ 0.0158 | 0.1359 $\pm$ 0.031 | 0.1107 $\pm$ 0.0293
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP5e | 0.3127 $\pm$ 0.0367 | 0.1354 $\pm$ 0.0176 | 0.1774 $\pm$ 0.0444 | 0.1516 $\pm$ 0.0306
Ncycle MMM CMIP5c | 0.2307 $\pm$ 0.0332 | 0.1156 $\pm$ 0.0179 | 0.1152 $\pm$ 0.0217 | 0.1058 $\pm$ 0.0187
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP5c | 0.3657 $\pm$ 0.0224 | 0.1816 $\pm$ 0.0092 | 0.1841 $\pm$ 0.0251 | 0.1731 $\pm$ 0.0163
Ncycle MMM CMIP6c | 0.2594 $\pm$ 0.0162 | 0.1722 $\pm$ 0.0098 | 0.0871 $\pm$ 0.0148 | 0.0853 $\pm$ 0.0106
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP6c | 0.4317 $\pm$ 0.0191 | 0.2374 $\pm$ 0.014 | 0.1943 $\pm$ 0.0164 | 0.1686 $\pm$ 0.012
Ncycle MMM CMIP6e | 0.3336 $\pm$ 0.0335 | 0.2147 $\pm$ 0.0146 | 0.119 $\pm$ 0.0334 | 0.1073 $\pm$ 0.0258
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP6e | 0.3128 $\pm$ 0.0413 | 0.2193 $\pm$ 0.0187 | 0.0935 $\pm$ 0.0357 | 0.0794 $\pm$ 0.0293
Table S4: GPP Trend for 1986-2005 [PgC yr-2] Table S5: NBP Mean for 1986-2005 [PgC yr-1] Model | Global | NH | SH | Tropics
---|---|---|---|---
BNU-ESM CMIP5e | 0.36 $\pm$ 0.92 | 0.39 $\pm$ 0.69 | -0.03 $\pm$ 0.94 | 0.01 $\pm$ 0.96
BNU-ESM CMIP5c | 1.32 $\pm$ 1.15 | 0.89 $\pm$ 0.59 | 0.43 $\pm$ 1.04 | 0.39 $\pm$ 0.99
CESM1-BGC CMIP5e | -0.08 $\pm$ 0.97 | 0.06 $\pm$ 0.52 | -0.14 $\pm$ 0.65 | -0.11 $\pm$ 0.55
CESM1-BGC CMIP5c | -0.14 $\pm$ 0.67 | 0.02 $\pm$ 0.36 | -0.17 $\pm$ 0.6 | -0.12 $\pm$ 0.41
CanESM2 CMIP5e | 0.3 $\pm$ 2.47 | 0.23 $\pm$ 0.54 | 0.08 $\pm$ 2.59 | 0.12 $\pm$ 1.94
CanESM2 CMIP5c | 0.21 $\pm$ 2.07 | 0.11 $\pm$ 0.34 | 0.1 $\pm$ 1.89 | 0.07 $\pm$ 1.4
FIO-ESM CMIP5e | 1.84 $\pm$ 0.64 | 0.78 $\pm$ 0.17 | 1.06 $\pm$ 0.61 | 0.91 $\pm$ 0.62
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5e | 0.9 $\pm$ 2.95 | 0.39 $\pm$ 0.78 | 0.5 $\pm$ 2.83 | 0.23 $\pm$ 2.01
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5c | 0.62 $\pm$ 2.16 | 0.39 $\pm$ 0.9 | 0.23 $\pm$ 1.86 | 0.01 $\pm$ 1.3
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5e | 0.31 $\pm$ 3.0 | 0.22 $\pm$ 1.09 | 0.08 $\pm$ 3.54 | 0.02 $\pm$ 2.74
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5c | 0.55 $\pm$ 3.91 | 0.29 $\pm$ 0.94 | 0.26 $\pm$ 4.04 | 0.09 $\pm$ 3.22
HadGEM2-CC CMIP5c | 0.98 $\pm$ 1.29 | 0.82 $\pm$ 0.67 | 0.16 $\pm$ 1.06 | 0.09 $\pm$ 1.02
HadGEM2-ES CMIP5c | 1.35 $\pm$ 1.21 | 0.76 $\pm$ 0.39 | 0.58 $\pm$ 1.17 | 0.53 $\pm$ 1.09
IPSL-CM5A-LR CMIP5c | 0.73 $\pm$ 1.16 | 0.45 $\pm$ 0.6 | 0.27 $\pm$ 1.07 | 0.36 $\pm$ 0.99
IPSL-CM5A-MR CMIP5c | 0.97 $\pm$ 1.46 | 0.44 $\pm$ 0.77 | 0.53 $\pm$ 1.26 | 0.63 $\pm$ 1.12
IPSL-CM5B-LR CMIP5c | 1.57 $\pm$ 1.31 | 0.84 $\pm$ 0.48 | 0.73 $\pm$ 1.33 | 0.75 $\pm$ 1.22
MIROC-ESM-CHEM CMIP5c | 1.68 $\pm$ 1.41 | 0.91 $\pm$ 0.51 | 0.77 $\pm$ 1.27 | 0.61 $\pm$ 1.1
MIROC-ESM CMIP5e | 1.19 $\pm$ 1.66 | 1.28 $\pm$ 0.59 | -0.1 $\pm$ 1.53 | -0.16 $\pm$ 1.31
MIROC-ESM CMIP5c | 0.65 $\pm$ 1.52 | 1.14 $\pm$ 0.61 | -0.49 $\pm$ 1.37 | -0.44 $\pm$ 1.06
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5e | 1.28 $\pm$ 1.16 | 1.2 $\pm$ 0.69 | 0.08 $\pm$ 0.94 | -0.02 $\pm$ 0.45
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5c | 1.49 $\pm$ 1.72 | 1.08 $\pm$ 0.64 | 0.41 $\pm$ 1.39 | 0.11 $\pm$ 0.77
MPI-ESM-MR CMIP5c | 1.69 $\pm$ 1.25 | 1.24 $\pm$ 0.63 | 0.45 $\pm$ 1.01 | 0.19 $\pm$ 0.64
MRI-ESM1 CMIP5e | 2.05 $\pm$ 0.98 | 1.76 $\pm$ 0.54 | 0.29 $\pm$ 0.8 | 0.29 $\pm$ 0.74
NorESM1-ME CMIP5e | -0.11 $\pm$ 0.55 | -0.02 $\pm$ 0.42 | -0.1 $\pm$ 0.55 | -0.09 $\pm$ 0.45
NorESM1-ME CMIP5c | -0.08 $\pm$ 0.84 | -0.04 $\pm$ 0.37 | -0.04 $\pm$ 0.71 | -0.05 $\pm$ 0.58
inmcm4 CMIP5c | 2.18 $\pm$ 1.15 | 0.72 $\pm$ 0.5 | 1.46 $\pm$ 1.07 | 1.27 $\pm$ 0.97
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6e | 1.31 $\pm$ 0.72 | 0.84 $\pm$ 0.34 | 0.47 $\pm$ 0.75 | 0.36 $\pm$ 0.64
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6c | 0.77 $\pm$ 1.13 | 0.78 $\pm$ 0.31 | -0.01 $\pm$ 0.97 | -0.06 $\pm$ 0.84
CESM2-WACCM CMIP6c | 1.03 $\pm$ 0.54 | 0.51 $\pm$ 0.34 | 0.52 $\pm$ 0.35 | 0.5 $\pm$ 0.23
CESM2 CMIP6c | 1.08 $\pm$ 0.58 | 0.6 $\pm$ 0.32 | 0.49 $\pm$ 0.4 | 0.46 $\pm$ 0.35
CMCC-CM2-SR5 CMIP6c | 0.89 $\pm$ 1.12 | 0.19 $\pm$ 0.58 | 0.7 $\pm$ 0.89 | 0.63 $\pm$ 0.54
CMCC-ESM2 CMIP6c | 0.89 $\pm$ 0.63 | 0.22 $\pm$ 0.52 | 0.67 $\pm$ 0.57 | 0.62 $\pm$ 0.35
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6e | 1.86 $\pm$ 1.02 | 1.46 $\pm$ 0.45 | 0.4 $\pm$ 0.82 | 0.25 $\pm$ 0.52
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6c | 1.89 $\pm$ 0.69 | 1.55 $\pm$ 0.53 | 0.34 $\pm$ 0.65 | 0.16 $\pm$ 0.44
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6e | 0.51 $\pm$ 1.46 | 0.13 $\pm$ 0.51 | 0.38 $\pm$ 1.15 | 0.41 $\pm$ 1.0
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6c | 0.08 $\pm$ 1.87 | -0.05 $\pm$ 0.52 | 0.13 $\pm$ 1.54 | 0.21 $\pm$ 1.36
CanESM5 CMIP6e | 0.62 $\pm$ 1.29 | 0.19 $\pm$ 0.32 | 0.43 $\pm$ 1.12 | 0.39 $\pm$ 0.95
CanESM5 CMIP6c | 0.44 $\pm$ 0.69 | 0.15 $\pm$ 0.32 | 0.29 $\pm$ 0.51 | 0.35 $\pm$ 0.47
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6e | 0.62 $\pm$ 1.77 | 0.6 $\pm$ 0.86 | 0.01 $\pm$ 1.48 | 0.28 $\pm$ 1.02
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6c | 0.44 $\pm$ 1.8 | 0.51 $\pm$ 1.0 | -0.07 $\pm$ 1.73 | 0.16 $\pm$ 1.36
EC-Earth3-Veg CMIP6c | 0.49 $\pm$ 1.69 | 0.41 $\pm$ 0.79 | 0.08 $\pm$ 1.36 | 0.27 $\pm$ 1.12
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6e | 0.28 $\pm$ 1.28 | 0.19 $\pm$ 0.35 | 0.09 $\pm$ 1.12 | 0.12 $\pm$ 1.04
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6c | -0.13 $\pm$ 1.63 | -0.08 $\pm$ 0.38 | -0.05 $\pm$ 1.44 | 0.05 $\pm$ 1.15
INM-CM4-8 CMIP6c | 4.46 $\pm$ 2.21 | 1.55 $\pm$ 0.75 | 2.91 $\pm$ 1.54 | 2.55 $\pm$ 1.23
INM-CM5-0 CMIP6c | 3.7 $\pm$ 2.05 | 1.44 $\pm$ 0.85 | 2.25 $\pm$ 1.36 | 1.94 $\pm$ 1.19
IPSL-CM6A-LR CMIP6c | 1.06 $\pm$ 0.72 | 0.83 $\pm$ 0.21 | 0.22 $\pm$ 0.71 | 0.19 $\pm$ 0.57
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6e | 1.61 $\pm$ 0.64 | 1.38 $\pm$ 0.34 | 0.23 $\pm$ 0.52 | 0.27 $\pm$ 0.42
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6c | 1.99 $\pm$ 1.24 | 1.49 $\pm$ 0.4 | 0.5 $\pm$ 1.03 | 0.46 $\pm$ 0.95
MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM CMIP6c | 1.04 $\pm$ 1.31 | 0.33 $\pm$ 0.4 | 0.71 $\pm$ 1.19 | 0.58 $\pm$ 0.91
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6e | 1.09 $\pm$ 1.47 | 0.59 $\pm$ 0.42 | 0.5 $\pm$ 1.46 | 0.45 $\pm$ 1.15
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6c | 0.89 $\pm$ 1.06 | 0.44 $\pm$ 0.52 | 0.45 $\pm$ 1.03 | 0.42 $\pm$ 0.82
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6e | 1.33 $\pm$ 1.42 | 1.42 $\pm$ 0.65 | -0.09 $\pm$ 1.3 | -0.16 $\pm$ 1.25
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6c | 1.54 $\pm$ 1.21 | 1.56 $\pm$ 0.72 | -0.02 $\pm$ 1.16 | -0.05 $\pm$ 1.05
NorESM2-LM CMIP6e | 1.08 $\pm$ 0.66 | 0.53 $\pm$ 0.37 | 0.55 $\pm$ 0.39 | 0.52 $\pm$ 0.36
NorESM2-LM CMIP6c | 0.94 $\pm$ 0.53 | 0.44 $\pm$ 0.3 | 0.5 $\pm$ 0.39 | 0.46 $\pm$ 0.39
NorESM2-MM CMIP6c | 1.07 $\pm$ 0.69 | 0.58 $\pm$ 0.25 | 0.49 $\pm$ 0.5 | 0.44 $\pm$ 0.44
SAM0-UNICON CMIP6c | 0.06 $\pm$ 1.02 | -0.01 $\pm$ 0.58 | 0.07 $\pm$ 1.14 | 0.09 $\pm$ 0.97
TaiESM1 CMIP6c | -0.11 $\pm$ 0.8 | 0.13 $\pm$ 0.45 | -0.24 $\pm$ 0.83 | -0.19 $\pm$ 0.4
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6e | 1.0 $\pm$ 1.06 | 0.63 $\pm$ 0.38 | 0.38 $\pm$ 1.18 | 0.3 $\pm$ 0.96
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6c | 0.63 $\pm$ 1.01 | 0.37 $\pm$ 0.29 | 0.26 $\pm$ 1.1 | 0.22 $\pm$ 0.93
CAMS | 1.72 $\pm$ 0.98 | 1.86 $\pm$ 0.47 | -0.14 $\pm$ 0.74 | -0.47 $\pm$ 0.59
Jena_CarboScope | 0.71 $\pm$ 0.94 | 1.25 $\pm$ 0.36 | -0.54 $\pm$ 0.72 | -0.24 $\pm$ 0.62
GCP | 1.0 $\pm$ 0.84 | NaN | NaN | NaN
Ncycle MMM CMIP5e | -0.09 $\pm$ 0.59 | 0.02 $\pm$ 0.36 | -0.12 $\pm$ 0.45 | -0.1 $\pm$ 0.41
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP5e | 1.0 $\pm$ 0.68 | 0.71 $\pm$ 0.3 | 0.29 $\pm$ 0.76 | 0.22 $\pm$ 0.59
Ncycle MMM CMIP5c | -0.11 $\pm$ 0.48 | -0.01 $\pm$ 0.29 | -0.1 $\pm$ 0.43 | -0.09 $\pm$ 0.34
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP5c | 1.14 $\pm$ 0.66 | 0.67 $\pm$ 0.29 | 0.47 $\pm$ 0.52 | 0.37 $\pm$ 0.43
Ncycle MMM CMIP6c | 0.84 $\pm$ 0.34 | 0.48 $\pm$ 0.16 | 0.37 $\pm$ 0.28 | 0.34 $\pm$ 0.22
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP6c | 1.56 $\pm$ 0.62 | 0.81 $\pm$ 0.25 | 0.76 $\pm$ 0.47 | 0.66 $\pm$ 0.39
Ncycle MMM CMIP6e | 1.22 $\pm$ 0.57 | 0.79 $\pm$ 0.24 | 0.43 $\pm$ 0.54 | 0.38 $\pm$ 0.42
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP6e | 0.92 $\pm$ 0.48 | 0.68 $\pm$ 0.27 | 0.24 $\pm$ 0.39 | 0.2 $\pm$ 0.36
Table S5: NBP Mean for 1986-2005 [PgC yr-1] Table S6: NBP Trend for 1986-2005 [PgC yr-2] Model | Global | NH | SH | Tropics
---|---|---|---|---
BNU-ESM CMIP5e | 0.0343 $\pm$ 0.0358 | 0.0217 $\pm$ 0.0269 | 0.0127 $\pm$ 0.0373 | -0.0003 $\pm$ 0.0385
BNU-ESM CMIP5c | -0.0049 $\pm$ 0.0457 | -0.0067 $\pm$ 0.0235 | 0.0018 $\pm$ 0.0415 | 0.0087 $\pm$ 0.0396
CESM1-BGC CMIP5e | 0.0468 $\pm$ 0.037 | 0.0331 $\pm$ 0.0192 | 0.0137 $\pm$ 0.0256 | 0.0117 $\pm$ 0.0219
CESM1-BGC CMIP5c | 0.0251 $\pm$ 0.0259 | 0.0255 $\pm$ 0.0131 | -0.0003 $\pm$ 0.024 | 0.0037 $\pm$ 0.0164
CanESM2 CMIP5e | -0.0427 $\pm$ 0.0979 | 0.0048 $\pm$ 0.0216 | -0.0475 $\pm$ 0.1028 | -0.0404 $\pm$ 0.0767
CanESM2 CMIP5c | -0.0579 $\pm$ 0.0815 | -0.0105 $\pm$ 0.0135 | -0.0473 $\pm$ 0.0746 | -0.0264 $\pm$ 0.0555
FIO-ESM CMIP5e | 0.0323 $\pm$ 0.0243 | 0.0128 $\pm$ 0.006 | 0.0195 $\pm$ 0.024 | 0.0218 $\pm$ 0.0242
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5e | 0.0966 $\pm$ 0.1154 | 0.0597 $\pm$ 0.0276 | 0.037 $\pm$ 0.1126 | 0.0378 $\pm$ 0.0796
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5c | 0.0726 $\pm$ 0.0845 | 0.0578 $\pm$ 0.0332 | 0.0148 $\pm$ 0.074 | 0.0319 $\pm$ 0.0514
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5e | -0.0084 $\pm$ 0.1195 | 0.0012 $\pm$ 0.0434 | -0.0096 $\pm$ 0.1412 | -0.0308 $\pm$ 0.1091
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5c | 0.0941 $\pm$ 0.1543 | 0.0595 $\pm$ 0.0349 | 0.0347 $\pm$ 0.1607 | 0.047 $\pm$ 0.1277
HadGEM2-CC CMIP5c | 0.1189 $\pm$ 0.0439 | 0.0694 $\pm$ 0.0214 | 0.0495 $\pm$ 0.0411 | 0.034 $\pm$ 0.0405
HadGEM2-ES CMIP5c | 0.1342 $\pm$ 0.0374 | 0.0448 $\pm$ 0.0118 | 0.0893 $\pm$ 0.0422 | 0.0667 $\pm$ 0.0411
IPSL-CM5A-LR CMIP5c | 0.0674 $\pm$ 0.0435 | 0.0511 $\pm$ 0.0209 | 0.0162 $\pm$ 0.0424 | 0.0205 $\pm$ 0.0391
IPSL-CM5A-MR CMIP5c | 0.0369 $\pm$ 0.0575 | 0.0219 $\pm$ 0.0302 | 0.0151 $\pm$ 0.0503 | 0.0138 $\pm$ 0.0446
IPSL-CM5B-LR CMIP5c | 0.0204 $\pm$ 0.0518 | 0.0379 $\pm$ 0.0169 | -0.0175 $\pm$ 0.0527 | -0.0116 $\pm$ 0.0484
MIROC-ESM-CHEM CMIP5c | 0.0672 $\pm$ 0.054 | 0.0082 $\pm$ 0.0201 | 0.0591 $\pm$ 0.0484 | 0.0493 $\pm$ 0.0424
MIROC-ESM CMIP5e | 0.1939 $\pm$ 0.0477 | 0.0203 $\pm$ 0.0229 | 0.1736 $\pm$ 0.0453 | 0.1644 $\pm$ 0.035
MIROC-ESM CMIP5c | 0.105 $\pm$ 0.0553 | 0.0004 $\pm$ 0.0242 | 0.1046 $\pm$ 0.0487 | 0.0925 $\pm$ 0.0364
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5e | 0.0116 $\pm$ 0.046 | 0.0065 $\pm$ 0.0275 | 0.0051 $\pm$ 0.0372 | 0.0074 $\pm$ 0.0179
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5c | 0.0878 $\pm$ 0.0655 | 0.0575 $\pm$ 0.0218 | 0.0303 $\pm$ 0.0551 | 0.033 $\pm$ 0.0296
MPI-ESM-MR CMIP5c | 0.0474 $\pm$ 0.0487 | 0.0335 $\pm$ 0.0236 | 0.0139 $\pm$ 0.0402 | 0.0119 $\pm$ 0.0254
MRI-ESM1 CMIP5e | -0.0085 $\pm$ 0.0391 | -0.0036 $\pm$ 0.0215 | -0.0049 $\pm$ 0.0318 | -0.0103 $\pm$ 0.0294
NorESM1-ME CMIP5e | 0.0399 $\pm$ 0.0198 | 0.0158 $\pm$ 0.0162 | 0.024 $\pm$ 0.0211 | 0.0238 $\pm$ 0.0172
NorESM1-ME CMIP5c | 0.0213 $\pm$ 0.033 | 0.0286 $\pm$ 0.0132 | -0.0073 $\pm$ 0.0282 | -0.0087 $\pm$ 0.0232
inmcm4 CMIP5c | 0.0176 $\pm$ 0.0457 | 0.0135 $\pm$ 0.0198 | 0.0042 $\pm$ 0.0427 | -0.0169 $\pm$ 0.0384
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6e | -0.0457 $\pm$ 0.0266 | 0.0185 $\pm$ 0.0129 | -0.0642 $\pm$ 0.0257 | -0.0521 $\pm$ 0.0222
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6c | -0.11 $\pm$ 0.0366 | -0.0195 $\pm$ 0.0115 | -0.0906 $\pm$ 0.0323 | -0.0735 $\pm$ 0.0288
CESM2-WACCM CMIP6c | 0.0307 $\pm$ 0.0202 | 0.0203 $\pm$ 0.0127 | 0.0105 $\pm$ 0.0137 | 0.011 $\pm$ 0.0088
CESM2 CMIP6c | 0.0631 $\pm$ 0.0179 | 0.0302 $\pm$ 0.0104 | 0.0329 $\pm$ 0.0141 | 0.0292 $\pm$ 0.0122
CMCC-CM2-SR5 CMIP6c | 0.0156 $\pm$ 0.0447 | -0.0046 $\pm$ 0.0233 | 0.0202 $\pm$ 0.0351 | 0.0145 $\pm$ 0.0213
CMCC-ESM2 CMIP6c | 0.0217 $\pm$ 0.0246 | 0.011 $\pm$ 0.0206 | 0.0107 $\pm$ 0.0226 | 0.0091 $\pm$ 0.0137
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6e | -0.0198 $\pm$ 0.0405 | 0.0175 $\pm$ 0.0174 | -0.0373 $\pm$ 0.0315 | -0.0247 $\pm$ 0.0201
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6c | 0.0343 $\pm$ 0.0263 | 0.0406 $\pm$ 0.0189 | -0.0064 $\pm$ 0.0259 | -0.0063 $\pm$ 0.0175
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6e | 0.0559 $\pm$ 0.0568 | 0.0509 $\pm$ 0.0162 | 0.005 $\pm$ 0.046 | 0.01 $\pm$ 0.0399
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6c | 0.0923 $\pm$ 0.0712 | 0.0572 $\pm$ 0.0159 | 0.0352 $\pm$ 0.0608 | 0.0353 $\pm$ 0.0535
CanESM5 CMIP6e | -0.0218 $\pm$ 0.0512 | 0.0109 $\pm$ 0.0124 | -0.0327 $\pm$ 0.0439 | -0.0484 $\pm$ 0.0362
CanESM5 CMIP6c | -0.0028 $\pm$ 0.0273 | 0.0117 $\pm$ 0.0127 | -0.0145 $\pm$ 0.0198 | -0.0122 $\pm$ 0.0184
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6e | 0.0115 $\pm$ 0.0703 | 0.033 $\pm$ 0.0332 | -0.0216 $\pm$ 0.0587 | -0.0121 $\pm$ 0.0406
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6c | 0.0138 $\pm$ 0.0715 | -0.0066 $\pm$ 0.0397 | 0.0205 $\pm$ 0.0686 | 0.0151 $\pm$ 0.0539
EC-Earth3-Veg CMIP6c | -0.0126 $\pm$ 0.0672 | 0.0324 $\pm$ 0.0306 | -0.045 $\pm$ 0.0533 | -0.0237 $\pm$ 0.0444
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6e | 0.0603 $\pm$ 0.0492 | 0.0292 $\pm$ 0.0119 | 0.0311 $\pm$ 0.0442 | 0.0304 $\pm$ 0.0409
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6c | -0.0066 $\pm$ 0.0649 | 0.0197 $\pm$ 0.0143 | -0.0263 $\pm$ 0.057 | -0.0383 $\pm$ 0.045
INM-CM4-8 CMIP6c | 0.0267 $\pm$ 0.088 | 0.004 $\pm$ 0.0298 | 0.0228 $\pm$ 0.0611 | 0.0229 $\pm$ 0.0487
INM-CM5-0 CMIP6c | -0.0705 $\pm$ 0.0801 | -0.002 $\pm$ 0.034 | -0.0685 $\pm$ 0.0519 | -0.0462 $\pm$ 0.0462
IPSL-CM6A-LR CMIP6c | 0.0542 $\pm$ 0.0255 | 0.0158 $\pm$ 0.0077 | 0.0384 $\pm$ 0.0269 | 0.0305 $\pm$ 0.0217
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6e | 0.0081 $\pm$ 0.0253 | 0.0155 $\pm$ 0.0131 | -0.0074 $\pm$ 0.0208 | -0.0078 $\pm$ 0.0165
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6c | -0.0516 $\pm$ 0.0477 | -0.0141 $\pm$ 0.0156 | -0.0375 $\pm$ 0.0402 | -0.0319 $\pm$ 0.037
MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM CMIP6c | 0.0718 $\pm$ 0.0496 | 0.021 $\pm$ 0.0152 | 0.0508 $\pm$ 0.0459 | 0.0473 $\pm$ 0.0344
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6e | 0.0644 $\pm$ 0.0565 | 0.0436 $\pm$ 0.0134 | 0.0208 $\pm$ 0.0578 | 0.0212 $\pm$ 0.0456
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6c | 0.0487 $\pm$ 0.0407 | 0.0327 $\pm$ 0.0191 | 0.016 $\pm$ 0.041 | 0.0279 $\pm$ 0.0319
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6e | 0.0356 $\pm$ 0.0561 | 0.0595 $\pm$ 0.0215 | -0.0239 $\pm$ 0.0514 | -0.0229 $\pm$ 0.0494
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6c | 0.0425 $\pm$ 0.0473 | 0.0975 $\pm$ 0.0169 | -0.055 $\pm$ 0.0444 | -0.0489 $\pm$ 0.0404
NorESM2-LM CMIP6e | 0.0472 $\pm$ 0.024 | 0.0205 $\pm$ 0.0141 | 0.0266 $\pm$ 0.0141 | 0.0249 $\pm$ 0.0129
NorESM2-LM CMIP6c | 0.0367 $\pm$ 0.0191 | 0.0206 $\pm$ 0.0111 | 0.0161 $\pm$ 0.0151 | 0.0157 $\pm$ 0.0152
NorESM2-MM CMIP6c | 0.0179 $\pm$ 0.0273 | 0.0103 $\pm$ 0.0098 | 0.0076 $\pm$ 0.0198 | 0.0052 $\pm$ 0.0174
SAM0-UNICON CMIP6c | 0.0417 $\pm$ 0.0394 | 0.0177 $\pm$ 0.0226 | 0.024 $\pm$ 0.0452 | 0.0219 $\pm$ 0.0383
TaiESM1 CMIP6c | -0.0034 $\pm$ 0.032 | 0.0129 $\pm$ 0.0176 | -0.0162 $\pm$ 0.0327 | -0.0092 $\pm$ 0.0159
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6e | 0.0335 $\pm$ 0.042 | 0.0409 $\pm$ 0.0122 | -0.0074 $\pm$ 0.0475 | -0.0034 $\pm$ 0.039
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6c | -0.0341 $\pm$ 0.0399 | 0.0193 $\pm$ 0.011 | -0.0534 $\pm$ 0.0425 | -0.0504 $\pm$ 0.0356
CAMS | 0.0545 $\pm$ 0.037 | 0.0238 $\pm$ 0.0178 | 0.0307 $\pm$ 0.0285 | 0.0186 $\pm$ 0.0232
Jena_CarboScope | 0.0006 $\pm$ 0.0374 | 0.0085 $\pm$ 0.0143 | -0.0079 $\pm$ 0.0287 | -0.0038 $\pm$ 0.0246
GCP | 0.0255 $\pm$ 0.033 | NaN | NaN | NaN
Ncycle MMM CMIP5e | 0.0433 $\pm$ 0.0213 | 0.0245 $\pm$ 0.0133 | 0.0189 $\pm$ 0.0175 | 0.0177 $\pm$ 0.0158
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP5e | 0.0164 $\pm$ 0.027 | 0.0147 $\pm$ 0.0113 | 0.0017 $\pm$ 0.0304 | -0.0021 $\pm$ 0.0236
Ncycle MMM CMIP5c | 0.0232 $\pm$ 0.0185 | 0.0271 $\pm$ 0.0094 | -0.0038 $\pm$ 0.0171 | -0.0025 $\pm$ 0.0136
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP5c | 0.0526 $\pm$ 0.0232 | 0.0357 $\pm$ 0.0082 | 0.0169 $\pm$ 0.0204 | 0.0176 $\pm$ 0.0167
Ncycle MMM CMIP6c | 0.0064 $\pm$ 0.0133 | 0.0114 $\pm$ 0.0057 | -0.0049 $\pm$ 0.0109 | -0.0025 $\pm$ 0.0086
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP6c | 0.0269 $\pm$ 0.024 | 0.0295 $\pm$ 0.007 | -0.0026 $\pm$ 0.0187 | -0.0018 $\pm$ 0.0155
Ncycle MMM CMIP6e | 0.0214 $\pm$ 0.022 | 0.0277 $\pm$ 0.0068 | -0.0063 $\pm$ 0.0216 | -0.0034 $\pm$ 0.0168
non-Ncycle MMM CMIP6e | 0.022 $\pm$ 0.0184 | 0.0336 $\pm$ 0.0076 | -0.0116 $\pm$ 0.0153 | -0.0111 $\pm$ 0.014
Table S6: NBP Trend for 1986-2005 [PgC yr-2] Table S7: Carbon Storage Totals [PgC] | cVeg | cSoil + cLitter
---|---|---
BNU-ESM CMIP5e | 1205 | 856
BNU-ESM CMIP5c | 1259 | 913
CESM1-BGC CMIP5e | 538 | 515
CESM1-BGC CMIP5c | 532 | 513
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5e | 680 | 1434
GFDL-ESM2G CMIP5c | 660 | 1422
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5e | 802 | 1292
GFDL-ESM2M CMIP5c | 766 | 1279
HadGEM2-CC CMIP5c | 445 | 1103
HadGEM2-ES CMIP5c | 458 | 1109
IPSL-CM5A-LR CMIP5c | 634 | 1355
IPSL-CM5A-MR CMIP5c | 639 | 1400
IPSL-CM5B-LR CMIP5c | 501 | 1267
MIROC-ESM-CHEM CMIP5c | 351 | 2567
MIROC-ESM CMIP5e | 364 | 2564
MIROC-ESM CMIP5c | 357 | 2572
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5e | 341 | 3039
MPI-ESM-LR CMIP5c | 335 | 3036
MPI-ESM-MR CMIP5c | 345 | 3092
MRI-ESM1 CMIP5e | 562 | 1419
NorESM1-ME CMIP5e | 556 | 552
NorESM1-ME CMIP5c | 554 | 550
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6e | 653 | 904
ACCESS-ESM1-5 CMIP6c | 661 | 914
CESM2-WACCM CMIP6c | 574 | 1201
CESM2 CMIP6c | 482 | 1000
CMCC-CM2-SR5 CMIP6c | 406 | 2908
CMCC-ESM2 CMIP6c | 416 | 2913
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6e | 724 | 2279
CNRM-ESM2-1 CMIP6c | 719 | 2281
CanESM5-CanOE CMIP6e | 508 | 1475
CanESM5 CMIP6e | 507 | 1470
CanESM5 CMIP6c | 513 | 1486
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6e | 395 | 1546
EC-Earth3-CC CMIP6c | 382 | 1535
EC-Earth3-Veg CMIP6c | 333 | 1367
GFDL-ESM4 CMIP6c | 342 | 514
IPSL-CM6A-LR CMIP6c | 352 | 649
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6e | 512 | 1417
MIROC-ES2L CMIP6c | 531 | 1481
MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM CMIP6c | 382 | 1030
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6e | 370 | 977
MPI-ESM1-2-LR CMIP6c | 367 | 980
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6e | 478 | 1062
MRI-ESM2-0 CMIP6c | 485 | 1224
NorESM2-LM CMIP6e | 484 | 1014
NorESM2-LM CMIP6c | 466 | 950
NorESM2-MM CMIP6c | 471 | 898
SAM0-UNICON CMIP6c | 590 | 577
TaiESM1 CMIP6c | 498 | 525
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6e | 711 | 2100
UKESM1-0-LL CMIP6c | 705 | 2118
OBS OBS historical | 478 | 1561
Ncycle_mmm CMIP5e | 547 | 534
non-Ncycle_mmm CMIP5e | 521 | 2040
Ncycle_mmm CMIP5c | 543 | 532
non-Ncycle_mmm CMIP5c | 488 | 1920
Ncycle_mmm CMIP6c | 485 | 1380
non-Ncycle_mmm CMIP6c | 465 | 1197
Ncycle_mmm CMIP6e | 510 | 1281
non-Ncycle_mmm CMIP6e | 561 | 1618
Table S7: Carbon Storage Totals [PgC]