See ./0.00-Preamble/titlepage.pdf

CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs

Published by CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland

ISBN | 978–92–9083–514–1 (paperback)
---|---
ISBN | 978–92–9083–515–8 (PDF)
ISSN | 2519-8068 (Print)
ISSN | 2519-8076 (Online)
DOI | https://doi.org/10.23731/CYRM-2018-004

Accepted for publication by the CERN Report Editorial Board (CREB) on 20
December 2018

Available online at http://publishing.cern.ch/ and http://cds.cern.ch/

Copyright © CERN, 2018

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This volume is indexed in: CERN Document Server (CDS), INSPIRE.

This volume should be cited as:

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) – Project Implementation Plan,

edited by M. Aicheler, P.N. Burrows, N. Catalan, R. Corsini, M. Draper, J.
Osborne, D. Schulte, S. Stapnes, M.J. Stuart, CERN-2018-010-M,

CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs, Vol. 4/2018, CERN–2018–010–M (CERN, Geneva,
2018). https://doi.org/10.23731/CYRM-2018-004

Abstract

> The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a TeV-scale high-luminosity linear
> e+e- collider under development by international collaborations hosted by
> CERN. This document provides an overview of the design, technology, and
> implementation aspects of the CLIC accelerator. For an optimal exploitation
> of its physics potential, CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in
> stages, at centre-of-mass energies of 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV, for a site
> length ranging between 11 km and 50 km. CLIC uses a Two-Beam acceleration
> scheme, in which normal-conducting high-gradient 12 GHz accelerating
> structures are powered via a high-current Drive Beam. For the first stage,
> an alternative with X-band klystron powering is also considered. CLIC
> accelerator optimisation, technical developments, and system tests have
> resulted in significant progress in recent years. Moreover, this has led to
> an increased energy efficiency and reduced power consumption of around 170
> MW for the 380 GeV stage, together with a reduced cost estimate of
> approximately 6 billion CHF. The construction of the first CLIC energy stage
> could start as early as 2026 and first beams would be available by 2035,
> marking the beginning of a physics programme spanning 25–30 years and
> providing excellent sensitivity to Beyond Standard Model physics, through
> direct searches and via a broad set of precision measurements of Standard
> Model processes, particularly in the Higgs and top-quark sectors.

Corresponding editors

Markus Aicheler (Helsinki Institute of Physics), Philip N. Burrows (University
of Oxford),

Nuria Catalan Lasheras (CERN), Mick Draper (CERN), John Andrew Osborne (CERN),

Daniel Schulte (CERN), Steinar Stapnes (CERN), Matthew James Stuart (CERN)

###### Contents

  1. 1 Technologies
    1. 1.1 Introduction
    2. 1.2 Sources and Injectors
    3. 1.3 The Klystron and Drive-Beam Modules
    4. 1.4 Pulse Compression System for the Klystron-Based Option
    5. 1.5 Klystrons and Modulators
    6. 1.6 PETS and Accelerating Structures
    7. 1.7 Beam Instrumentation
    8. 1.8 Vacuum System
    9. 1.9 Survey and Alignment
    10. 1.10 Ground Motion
    11. 1.11 Stabilisation
    12. 1.12 Beam Transfer
    13. 1.13 Normal Conducting Electro-Magnets and Permanent Magnets
    14. 1.14 Super-Conducting Damping Wiggler
    15. 1.15 Controls
    16. 1.16 Fine Time Generation and Distribution
    17. 1.17 Machine Protection
    18. 1.18 Beam Interception Devices
  2. 2 Conclusion
    1. 2.1 Summary and Outlook

The CLIC accelerator collaboration

T.K. Charles, P.J. Giansiracusa, T.G. Lucas, R.P. Rassool, M. Volpi1
_University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia_

C. Balazs
_Monash University, Melbourne, Australia_

A. Patapenka, I. Zhuk
_Joint Institute for Power and Nuclear Research - Sosny, Minsk, Belarus_

C. Collette
_Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium_

M.J. Boland
_University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada_

Y. Chi, X. He, G. Pei, S. Pei, G. Shu, X. Wang, J. Zhang, F. Zhao, Z. Zhou
_Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China_

H. Chen, Y. Gao, W. Huang, Y.P. Kuang, B. Li, Y. Li, X. Meng, J. Shao, J. Shi,
C. Tang, P. Wang, X. Wu, H. Zha
_Tsinghua University, Beijing, China_

L. Ma, Y. Han
_Shandong University, Jinan, China_

W. Fang, Q. Gu, D. Huang, X. Huang, J. Tan, Z. Wang, Z. Zhao
_Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai,
China_

U. Uggerhøj, T.N. Wistisen
_Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark_

A. Aabloo, R. Aare, K. Kuppart, S. Vigonski, V. Zadin
_University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia_

M. Aicheler, E. Baibuz, E. Brücken, F. Djurabekova2, P. Eerola2, F. Garcia, E.
Haeggström2, K. Huitu2, V. Jansson2, I. Kassamakov2, J. Kimari2, A.
Kyritsakis, S. Lehti, A. Meriläinen2, R. Montonen2, K. Nordlund2, K.
Österberg2, A. Saressalo, J. Väinölä, M. Veske
_Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland_

W. Farabolini, A. Mollard, F. Peauger3, J. Plouin
_CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France_

P. Bambade, I. Chaikovska, R. Chehab, N. Delerue, M. Davier, A. Faus-Golfe, A.
Irles, W. Kaabi, F. LeDiberder, R. Pöschl, D. Zerwas
_Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Université de Paris-Sud XI,
IN2P3/CNRS, Orsay, France_

B. Aimard, G. Balik, J.-J. Blaising, L. Brunetti, M. Chefdeville, A. Dominjon,
C. Drancourt, N. Geoffroy, J. Jacquemier, A. Jeremie, Y. Karyotakis, J.M.
Nappa, M. Serluca, S. Vilalte, G. Vouters
_LAPP, Université de Savoie, IN2P3/CNRS, Annecy, France_

A. Bernhard, E. Bründermann, S. Casalbuoni, S. Hillenbrand, J. Gethmann, A.
Grau, E. Huttel, A.-S. Müller, I. Peric, P. Peiffer4, D. Saez de Jauregui
_Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany_

T. Alexopoulos, T. Apostolopoulos5, E.N. Gazis, N. Gazis, V. Kostopoulos6, S.
Kourkoulis
_National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece_

B. Heilig
_Department of Basic Geophysical Research, Mining and Geological Survey of
Hungary, Tihany, Hungary_

J. Lichtenberger
_Space Research Laboratory, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary_

P. Shrivastava
_Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Department of Atomic Energy,
Indore, India_

M.K. Dayyani, H. Ghasem1, S.S. Hajari, H. Shaker1
_The School of Particles and Accelerators, Institute for Research in
Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran_

Y. Ashkenazy, I. Popov, E. Engelberg, A. Yashar
_Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem,
Israel_

D. Alesini, M. Bellaveglia, B. Buonomo, A. Cardelli, M. Diomede, M. Ferrario,
A. Gallo, A. Ghigo, A. Giribono, L. Piersanti, A. Stella, C. Vaccarezza
_INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy_

G. D’Auria, S. Di Mitri
_Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy_

T. Abe, A. Aryshev, M. Fukuda, K. Furukawa, H. Hayano, Y. Higashi, T. Higo, K.
Kubo, S. Kuroda, S. Matsumoto, S. Michizono, T. Naito, T. Okugi, T. Shidara,
T. Tauchi, N. Terunuma, J. Urakawa, A. Yamamoto1
_High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, KEK, Tsukuba, Japan_

R. Raboanary
_University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar_

O.J. Luiten, X.F.D. Stragier
_Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands_

R. Hart, H. van der Graaf
_Nikhef, Amsterdam, Netherlands_

E. Adli1, C.A. Lindstrøm, R. Lillestøl, L. Malina1, J. Pfingstner, K.N.
Sjobak1
_University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway_

A. Ahmad, H. Hoorani, W.A. Khan
_National Centre for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan_

P. Brückman de Renstrom, B. Krupa, M. Kucharczyk, T. Lesiak, B. Pawlik, P.
Sopicki, T. Wojtoń, L. Zawiejski
_Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland_

A. Aloev, N. Azaryan, J. Budagov, M. Chizhov, M. Filippova, V. Glagolev, A.
Gongadze, S. Grigoryan, D. Gudkov, V. Karjavine, M. Lyablin, A. Olyunin1, A.
Samochkine, A. Sapronov, G. Shirkov, V. Soldatov, E. Solodko1, G. Trubnikov,
I. Tyapkin, V. Uzhinsky, A. Vorozhtov
_Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia_

E. Levichev, N. Mezentsev, P. Piminov, D. Shatilov, P. Vobly, K. Zolotarev
_Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia_

I. Bozovic-Jelisavcic, G. Kacarevic, G. Milutinovic-Dumbelovic, M. Pandurovic,
N. Vukasinovic
_Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,
Serbia_

D.-H. Lee
_School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South
Korea_

N. Ayala, G. Benedetti, T. Guenzel, U. Iriso, Z. Marti, F. Perez, M. Pont
_CELLS-ALBA, Barcelona, Spain_

J. Calero, M. Dominguez, L. Garcia-Tabares, D. Gavela, D. Lopez, F. Toral
_Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
(CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain_

C. Blanch Gutierrez, M. Boronat, D. Esperante1, J. Fuster, B. Gimeno, P.
Gomis, D. González, M. Perelló, E. Ros, M.A. Villarejo, A. Vnuchenko, M. Vos
_Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC-UV), Valencia, Spain_

Ch. Borgmann, R. Brenner, T. Ekelöf, M. Jacewicz, M. Olvegård, R. Ruber, V.
Ziemann
_Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden_

D. Aguglia, J. Alabau Gonzalvo M. Alcaide Leon, M. Anastasopoulos, A.
Andersson, F. Andrianala7, F. Antoniou, A. Apyan, K. Artoos, S. Assly, S.
Atieh, C. Baccigalupi, D. Banon Caballero, M.J. Barnes, J. Barranco Garcia, A.
Bartalesi, J. Bauche, C. Bayar, C. Belver-Aguilar, A. Benot Morell8, M.
Bernardini, D.R. Bett, S. Bettoni9, M. Bettencourt, B. Bielawski, O. Blanco
Garcia, N. Blaskovic Kraljevic, B. Bolzon10, X.A. Bonnin, D. Bozzini, E.
Branger, O. Brunner, H. Burkhardt, H. Bursali, D. Caiazza, S. Calatroni, B.
Cassany, E. Castro, N. Catalan Lasheras, R.H. Cavaleiro Soares, M. Cerqueira
Bastos, A. Cherif, E. Chevallay, V. Cilento11, B. Constance, R. Corsini, R.
Costa12, S. Curt, Y. Cuvet, A. Dal Gobbo, E. Daskalaki, L. Deacon, A.
Degiovanni, G. De Michele, L. De Oliveira, V. Del Pozo Romano, J.P. Delahaye,
D. Delikaris, T. Dobers, S. Doebert, I. Doytchinov, M. Draper, A. Dubrovskiy,
M. Duquenne, K. Elsener, J. Esberg, M. Esposito, L. Evans, V. Fedosseev, P.
Ferracin, K. Foraz, A. Fowler, F. Friebel, J-F. Fuchs, A. Gaddi, D. Gamba, L.
Garcia Fajardo13, H. Garcia Morales, C. Garion, M. Gasior, L. Gatignon, J-C.
Gayde, A. Gerbershagen, H. Gerwig, G. Giambelli, A. Gilardi, A.N. Goldblatt,
S. Gonzalez Anton, A. Grudiev, H. Guerin, F.G. Guillot-Vignot, M.L. Gutt-
Mostowy, M. Hein Lutz, C. Hessler, J.K. Holma, E.B. Holzer, M. Hourican, E.
Ikarios, Y. Inntjore Levinsen, S. Janssens, A. Jeff, E. Jensen, M. Jonker,
S.W. Kamugasa, M. Kastriotou, J.M.K. Kemppinen, R.B. Kieffer, V. Khan, N.
Kokkinis, O. Kononenko, A. Korsback, I. Kossyvakis, Z. Kostka, E. Koukovini
Platia, J.W. Kovermann, C-I. Kozsar, A. Latina, F. Leaux, P. Lebrun, T.
Lefevre, X. Liu, S. Magnoni, C. Maidana, H. Mainaud Durand, S. Mallows, E.
Manosperti, C. Marelli, E. Marin Lacoma, C. Marrelli, S. Marsh, R. Martin, I.
Martini, M. Martyanov, S. Mazzoni, G. Mcmonagle, L.M. Mether, C. Meynier, M.
Modena, A. Moilanen, R. Mondello, P.B. Moniz Cabral, N. Mouriz Irazabal, T.
Muranaka, J. Nadenau, J.G. Navarro, J.L. Navarro Quirante, E. Nebot Del Busto,
P. Ninin, M. Nonis, J. Ögren , A. Olyunin, J. Osborne, A.C. Ouniche, R. Pan14,
S. Papadopoulou, Y. Papaphilippou, G. Paraskaki, A. Pastushenko11, A.
Passarelli, M. Patecki, L. Pazdera, D. Pellegrini, K. Pepitone, A. Perez
Fontenla, T.H.B. Persson, S. Pitman, S. Pittet, F. Plassard, D. Popescu, R.
Rajamaki, L. Remandet, Y. Renier14, S.F. Rey, O. Rey Orozco, G. Riddone, E.
Rodriguez Castro, C. Rossi, F. Rossi, V. Rude, I. Ruehl, G. Rumolo, J.
Sandomierski C. Sanz, J. Sauza Bedolla, H. Schmickler, D. Schulte, E. Senes,
C. Serpico, G. Severino, N. Shipman, P.K. Skowronski, P. Sobrino Mompean, L.
Soby, P. Sollander, A. Solodko, M.P. Sosin, S. Stapnes, G. Sterbini, G. Stern,
M.J. Stuart, I. Syratchev, K. Szypula, F. Tecker, P.A. Thonet, P. Thrane, L.
Timeo, H. Timko, M. Tiirakari, R. Tomas Garcia, C.I. Tomoiaga, A.L. Vamvakas,
J. Van Horne, N. Vitoratou, V. Vlachakis, R. Wegner, M. Wendt, M. Widorski,
O.E. Williams, B. Woolley W. Wuensch, J. Uythoven, A. Xydou, R. Yang, A.
Zelios, Y. Zhao15, M. Zingl, P. Zisopoulos
_CERN, Geneva, Switzerland_

S. Guillaume, M. Rothacher
_ETH Zurich, Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Zurich, Switzerland_

M. Bopp, H.H. Braun, P. Craievich, M. Dehler, T. Garvey, M. Pedrozzi, J.Y.
Raguin, L. Rivkin16, R. Zennaro
_Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland_

A.K. Ciftci
_Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey_

A. Aksoy, Z. Nergiz17, Ö. Yavas
_Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey_

H. Denizli, U. Keskin
_Department of Physics, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey_

V. Baturin, O. Karpenko, R. Kholodov, O. Lebed, S. Lebedynskyi, S. Mordyk, I.
Musienko, Ia. Profatilova, V. Storizhko
_Institute of Applied Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sumy,
Ukraine_

W.A. Gillespie
_University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom_

C. Beggan
_British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, United Kingdom_

R.J. Apsimon18, I. Bailey18, G.C. Burt18, A.C. Dexter18, A.V. Edwards18, V.
Hill18, S. Jamison, W.L. Millar18, K. Papke18
_Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom_

T. Aumeyr, M. Bergamaschi1, L. Bobb19, A. Bosco, S. Boogert, G. Boorman, F.
Cullinan, S. Gibson, P. Karataev, K. Kruchinin, K. Lekomtsev, A. Lyapin, L.
Nevay, W. Shields, J. Snuverink, J. Towler, E. Yamakawa
_The John Adams Institute for Accelerator Science, Royal Holloway, University
of London, Egham, United Kingdom_

V. Boisvert, S. West
_Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom_

R. Jones, N. Joshi
_University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom_

D. Bett, R.M. Bodenstein1, T. Bromwich, P.N. Burrows1, G.B. Christian10, C.
Gohil1, P. Korysko1, J. Paszkiewicz1, C. Perry, R. Ramjiawan, J. Roberts
_John Adams Institute, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford,
United Kingdom_

A. Bainbridge18, J.A. Clarke18, N. Krumpa, B.J.A. Shepherd18, D. Walsh18
_STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, United Kingdom_

W. Gai, W. Liu, J. Power
_Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, USA_

C. Adolphsen, T. Barklow, V. Dolgashev, M. Franzi, N. Graf, J. Hewett, M.
Kemp, T. Markiewicz, K. Moffeit, J. Neilson, Y. Nosochkov, M. Oriunno, N.
Phinney, T. Rizzo, S. Tantawi, J. Wang, B. Weatherford G. White, M. Woodley
_SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, USA_

1Also at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

2Also at Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

3Now at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

4Now at Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany

5Also at Department of Informatics, Athens University of Business and
Economics, Athens, Greece

6Also at University of Patras, Patras, Greece

7Also at University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

8Also at IFIC, Valencia, Spain

9Now at PSI, Villigen, Switzerland

10Now at CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

11Also at LAL, Orsay, France

12Also at Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

13Now at LBNL, Berkeley CA, USA

14Now at DESY, Zeuthen, Germany

15Also at Shandong University, Jinan, China

16Also at EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

17Also at Omer Halis Demir University, Nigde, Turkey

18Also at The Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury, United Kingdom

19Now at Diamond Light Source, Harwell, United Kingdom

1.00-Intro/1.00-Chapter-head

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2.00-collider380DB/2.00-Chapter-head

3.00-collider380K/3.00-Chapter-head

4.00-Higher_Energies/4.00-Chapter-head

##  Chapter 1 Technologies

###  1.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the technological challenges and the solutions
implemented in the current design of the accelerator. It starts with the the
production of the particles and their journey along the accelerator including
the various power production schemes and related technologies. Other essential
systems are highlighted and discussed, such as Beam Instrumentation, Vacuum,
Survey and Stabilisation as well as general machine governing technologies
such as Controls, Timing and Machine Protection. Where significant progress
has been made with respect to the CDR [330] these differences are pointed out.

###  1.2 Sources and Injectors

The injector of the Drive-Beam Accelerator is described together with the
Drive-Beam Accelerator in Section LABEL:sect:DBA. Here we focus on the Main-
Beam Injectors which provide polarized electrons and non-polarized positrons.

####  1.2.1 Polarized Electron Source and Pre-injector Linac

The CLIC polarized electron source is based on a DC-photo injector followed by
a 2 GHz bunching system and a 200 MeV accelerator. After the common injector
linac a spin rotator at 2.86 GeV will be used to orient the spin vertically
for injection into the damping ring. The electron injector can deliver an
emittance smaller than 25 mm mrad. The source is based on demonstrated
technologies and installations. The SLC electron source and the ILC design are
used as references. The gun test facility at SLAC has shown the parameters
needed for the CLIC source using a commercial strained multi-layered GaAs-
cathode [128]. The cathode needs to be operated in a vacuum environment of the
order of 10-11 mbar. Under such conditions several thousand hours of lifetime
have been achieved. The gun has to be equipped with a load-lock system to
allow cathode changes and activation under vacuum. Additionally, the gun
optics have to be carefully designed to minimize particle losses close to the
cathode.

A polarized laser based on flash-lamp pumped TiSa technology is used to
illuminate the Ga-As cathodes. The laser has to be tuneable in frequency to be
able to tune each cathode individually for maximum polarization. This tuneable
bandwidth of approx. 0.7 nm is achieved with a quartz plate inside the laser
cavity. The system produces a long pulse of several $\mu$s of which a 176 ns
long flat pulse is cut out via a Pockels-cell. Experimental results indicate
that a polarization above 80 % can typically be achieved. Details of the
proposed laser system can be found in the CDR and the main parameters of the
CLIC polarized electron source can be found in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Laser and electron parameters for the polarized electron source and comparison with experimentally achieved results. | CLIC 1 GHz | CLIC DC/SLAC Demo
---|---|---
Electrons |  |
Number of electrons per bunch (109) | 6 | 1365
Charge/single bunch (nC) | 0.96 | NA
Charge/macrobunch (nC) | 338 | 300
Bunch spacing (ns) | 0.5 | DC
RF frequeny (GHz) | 2 | DC
Bunch length at cathode (ps) | 100 | DC
Number of bunches | 352 | NA
Repetition rate (Hz) | 50 | 50
QE (%) | 0.3 | 0.3
Polarization |  $>$80 % |  $>$80 %
Circular polarization |  $>$99 % |  $>$99 %
Laser |  |
Laser wavelength (nm) | 780-880 | 865
Energy/micropulse on cathode (nJ) | 320 | —
Energy/macropulse on cathode ($\mu$J) | 113 | 190
Energy/micropulse laser room (nJ) | 1000 | —
Energy/macrop. Laser room ($\mu$J) | 350 | 633
Peak power per pulse (kW) | 2 | 2
Average power at cathode wavelength (mW) | 8 | 9.5

The 176 ns-long electron pulse produced at the cathode will be pre-bunched
with a pair of 2 GHz standing wave buncher cavities followed by a five-cell
travelling wave buncher. After that, 2 GHz accelerating structures are used to
bring up the energy to 200 MeV for injection into the common injector linac.
The performance of such a system was simulated and showed an 88% capture
efficiency with an emittance of 22 mm mrad [129]. A schematic of the pre-
injector for the polarized electrons can be seen in Fig. 1.1.

Figure 1.1: Schematic view of the polarized electron source and pre-injector.

####  1.2.2 Positron Source

The CLIC positron source consists of a 5 GeV electron linac, a hybrid target
followed by an adiabatic matching device and a capture pre-injector linac. The
hybrid target uses a thin tungsten crystal to generate an enhanced photon flux
taking advantage of the channelling effect. After the first target, a dipole
magnet sweeps away charged particles and ideally only the $\gamma$-ray beam
hits the amorphous target which generates positrons via pair-production. The
advantage of this scheme is that it minimizes the peak power deposition
density onto the production target enhancing its lifetime. Past experience at
SLAC determined a destruction threshold of 35 J/g which should not be exceeded
in order to guarantee a lifetime of 1000 days. The newly optimised design for
380 GeV has a peak power deposition density of 23 J/g. Therefore a second
parallel target station, as described in the CDR for the 500 GeV case, is not
needed. The thickness of the targets and their separation have been optimized
together with the incoming beam parameters to maximise the positron yield
[130] and can be seen in a schematic view in Fig. 1.2. Downstream of the
target an adiabatic matching device (AMD) focuses the positrons into the
capture linac. The simulations assume a 20 cm long device with an aperture of
20 mm radius and with a magnetic field decaying from 6 T to 0.5 T (B = B0 / (1
+ $\alpha$z), with B0 = 6 T and $\alpha$ = 55 m-1).

Figure 1.2: The CLIC positron source based on a hybrid target.

The positron pre-injector linac and the common injector linac have been
completely redesigned relative to the CDR. The yield of positrons fitting into
the pre-damping ring energy acceptance has been increased by a factor 2.5 and
the longitudinal phase space has been improved [131]. The positron yield after
the target is 8 e+/e- and the yield at the entrance of the pre-damping ring
reaches 1 e+/e-.

These results allow for lowering the current of the 5 GeV linac leading to
substantial cost savings. In addition, it is possible now to work with a
single positron production target. The positron driver linac has a length of
350 m and uses a 2 GHz RF system with an accelerating gradient of 20 MV/m.

The beam optics of the common injector linac has been designed for the large
emittance positron beam. A sequence of FODO lattices have been used with
increasing beta-function and quadrupole spacing to minimize the number of
magnets used. This linac is approximately 250 m long and uses a 2 GHz
accelerating structure with a loaded gradient of 18 MV/m.

####  1.2.3 Injector RF system

The whole injector complex use a 2 GHz RF system for the linear accelerators.
The generic unit consists of a pair of klystrons with a peak power of 50 MW
and a pulse length of 8 $\mu$s at 50 Hz repetition rate and a cavity-type
pulse compressor. This combination allows the generation of one or a pair of
RF pulses with a flat top and amplitude modulation for beam loading
compensation. The pair of klystrons provides power for three or four
accelerating structures installed on a common girder together with focusing
and beam diagnostics elements. The injector linac and the booster linac use a
double RF pulse spaced by 3.4 $\mu$s to accelerate positrons and electrons.

An accelerating structure has been designed with a length of 1.5 m which will
be operated at a gradient between 15 MV/m and 20 MV/m depending on the
specific configuration for each linac. A shorter accelerating structure is
needed due to the strong beam loading in the positron capture section. More
details about the RF system can be found in the corresponding sections of this
document.

###  1.3 The Klystron and Drive-Beam Modules

####  1.3.1 Introduction

The two Main Linacs take the electron and positron beams from 9 GeV and
accelerate them to the collision energy. In the 380 GeV stage the opportunity
is given to study two different accelerator configurations, based on two quite
different technologies to feed the Main Linacs with the RF power required for
the beam acceleration. Both have advantages in different areas at roughly
similar cost. The optimisation work that has been performed for the two
configurations independently has produced two very different layouts [132],
the differences going down to the level of the single accelerating structures.
The main components of the accelerators are the RF accelerating structures,
which are mechanically assembled two-by-two to form the super-accelerating
structures (SAS). They are used to accelerate the beams and are assembled on
supporting girders to form what we call the “modules”. Modules will be pre-
assembled on the surface and then installed in the machine tunnel, so they
represent the fundamental building block for the construction of the
accelerator, thousands of these are required even at the lowest collision
energy.

The implications coming from the differences between the two configurations
are evident in the module architecture and are reflected in the accelerator
infrastructure. The module nomenclature uses the terms T0, T1 etc. to refer to
the number of SAS that are installed on the Main-Beam girder. The Main Beam
Quadrupole (MBQ) is not part of the CLIC module and it requires a dedicated
support and stabilization system. It will be treated separately (see Section
1.13).

####  1.3.2 The Drive-Beam-based Module

In the Drive Beam (DB) configuration, the RF power is transferred to the Main
Linac by the Power Extraction and Transfer Structures (PETS) that are aligned
in the Drive-Beam Decelerator, which runs parallel, at a distance of a few cm,
to the Main Linac. Each PETS supplies one SAS and there can be up to four PETS
in one module. In the case of the DB configuration, we consider as one module
the assembly of the Main Linac and Drive-Beam Linac girders, since the two are
interconnected by the waveguides transferring the RF power from the Drive beam
to the Main beam. The DB-based module is represented in Fig. 1.3.

Figure 1.3: The Module in the Drive Beam based configuration: the Main Beam
girder (right) and the Drive Beam girder (left).

The optimisation of the accelerating structure geometry, from the point of
view of the RF efficiency and of the beam wakefield tolerance, has generated
RF structures that are made of 33 cells each and have a length of 0.271 m (see
Section 1.6). In the case of the DB-based accelerator the module length is
defined by the periodicity of the Drive Beam lattice, so by the interval
between Drive Beam Quadrupoles (DBQ). The length of a T0 module including four
SAS is 2.343 m. By considering the fraction of RF power entering the
accelerating structure that goes into the beam acceleration the RF-to-beam
efficiency of the accelerating structures is 39.8 %; 59.7 MW peak RF power is
required in a pulse length of 244 ns to accelerate the beam with an average
gradient of 72 MV/m. In a T0 module with four SAS the average energy gain per
module is 156 MeV.

A total number of 2,976 modules are required for the two Main Linacs, which
will be filled with 10,184 RF structures; the SAS are on the Main Beam side
and the PETS on the Drive Beam side. In the fabrication tests it has been
shown that connecting two accelerating structures to form a SAS represents a
challenge for the correct alignment of the two structures, which must be
within 14 $\mu$m R.M.S. with respect to the beam axis. It is our intention to
directly assemble the SAS during the fabrication phase of the accelerating
structures, when the final alignment can be better kept under control.

The main characteristics of the module in the DB configuration have been
summarised in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2: A summary of the module characteristics in the Klystron-based accelerator Module and RF Structure Characteristics | Values
---|---
Cells / structure | 33
SAS length [m] | 0.542
SAS / T0 module | 4
SAS / T1 module | 3
SAS / T2 module | 2
Average accelerating gradient [MV/m] | 72
Input power / structure [MW] | 59.7
RF Frequency [GHz] | 12
Module length [m] | 2.343
DBQ / module | 2

A detailed description of the DB Quadrupoles and their powering architecture
can be found in Section 1.13. The alignment of the SAS on the supporting
girder relies on adjustable supports, the overall alignment strategy for the
DB-based accelerator is described in Section 1.9. The supporting girder must
provide sufficient rigidity and stability. Two materials are being considered,
structural steel and Epument, a mineral cast material. The measured static
deformation under maximum load is about 15 $\mu$m in the case of Epument
compared to about 35 $\mu$m for structural steel; a choice between the two
materials has not been made yet, however cost considerations and simplicity of
fabrication would indicate a preference for the structural steel option.

The fact that the PETS and the SAS are tightly connected by waveguides for the
RF power transfer has also led to the idea of considering the two components
as a single unit with a lighter way of assembling the DB-based accelerator, as
shown in Fig. 1.4. In this scheme the DBQs would be supported separately, also
in consideration of the importance that their alignment has on the DB
performance. For the time being this solution remains an option that will be
further explored.

Figure 1.4: The RF Unit assembly with PETS and SAS connected to a common
supporting frame. The DBQs sit on independent supports.

As opposed to what was established in the CDR, the vacuum system will rely on
individual mini-pumps connected to each PETS and SAS, providing ion and getter
pumping in the same device; additional pumping will be provided by vacuum
pumps connected to the compact spiral loads and to the waveguides. The choice
of suppressing the common pumping manifold between the MB and DB sides of the
module [330] descends from the need to reduce the mechanical coupling and the
forces that are exerted between the two girders. A detailed description of the
vacuum system is provided in Section 1.8.

Due to the tight mechanical tolerances that strongly impact on the Main Beam
quality, the thermal stabilisation of the module assumes a critical
operational role; most of the power that is dissipated in the module comes
from the RF structures and from the RF loads. An extensive study had already
been performed at the time of the CDR and here power figures have been
reviewed in light of improved efficiencies. In Table 1.3 a summary of the
power dissipated in a T0 module is provided, in the most unfavourable
condition of unloaded operation.

Table 1.3: Power dissipation in the DB module under unloaded conditions (case of a T0 module) Module Component | Number | Item Dissipation [W] | Total Dissipation [W]
---|---|---|---
SAS | 4 | 772 | 3,088
PETS | 4 | 11 | 42
SAS RF Loads | 16 | 168 | 2,690
Waveguides | 4 | 60 | 241
DBQs | 2 | 171 | 342
Total per module |  |  | 6,403

A compact spiral load has been specifically developed to dissipate the power
transmitted through the accelerating structures. It consists of a 3D printed
spiral waveguide built by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) additive manufacturing
using pure titanium. It provides -40 dB attenuation at 12 GHz, It can manage
up to 200 W average power dissipation and withstand up to 16 MW peak power
[133].

####  1.3.3 The Klystron-based Module

If a Klystron-based design is adopted for the 380 GeV stage, the acceleration
of the two colliding beams, from the injection energy of 9 GeV to 190 GeV, is
provided by a sequence of 1,456 modules for each linac, each module being fed
by a dedicated RF power station. The modules are assembled in a FODO lattice
with quadrupoles of two different lengths, 0.4 m and 0.65 m, following the
beam energy increase along the length of the accelerator. A total of 724 short
quadrupoles and 452 long quadrupoles are required for the two linacs.

In the Klystron-based design, a single type of module is considered; the
module includes a common support for eight RF accelerating structures, which
are coupled two-by-two to form SAS. The total number of SAS required for the
two linacs is 11,648. The quadrupoles in the focusing channel are mechanically
independent of the module itself, being equipped with a dedicated support
that, in addition, integrates a stabilisation system capable of assuring the
compensation of ground vibrations. Since those vibrations can strongly affect
the beam luminosity at the IP, the stabilisation system must guarantee a
quadrupole stability of the order of 1 nm.

An image of the Klystron-based module is shown in Fig. 1.5; most RF components
used for this module have been built and are being tested in the X-band test
facilities under nominal power conditions.

Figure 1.5: The klystron-based module with pulse compression and linearisation
system

The accelerating structures are 0.23 m long and require a peak RF power 40.6
MW in the pulse length of 334 ns (see Section 1.6). The choice of the module
length is defined by the RF power available from a modulator station and how
that power can be distributed to the accelerating structures. A two-pack
modulator equipped with two 53 MW klystrons can feed one module made of eight
accelerating structures. If the design accelerating gradient of 75 MV/m is
reached in the RF structures, the average energy gain per module is about 135
MeV. The module length is 2.01 m. The powering system efficiency, from plug to
RF delivered to the accelerating structures, is 22.2 $\%$.

In a machine where the main source of power consumption is the RF losses in
the copper walls of the accelerating structures, the quest for efficiency
represents a crucial task in the design exercise. This starts from the design
of the RF structure cells, which has increased the RF efficiency to 38.2 %.
The same attention has been given to the design of the RF network. This has
led to the adoption of double-height waveguides, which are effective in
reducing the attenuation by 40 $\%$ and electric and magnetic fields by 30 %
with respect to standard-height waveguides. Table 1.4 gives a summary of the
beam characteristics and the RF structures for the klystron-based Main Linac.

Table 1.4: Summary of beam and RF structure characteristics in the klystron-based accelerator. Beam Parameters | Value
---|---
Particles / bunch [x109] | 3.87
Bunches / train | 485
Train length [ns] | 242
Bunch separation [ns] | 0.5
RF Structure Characteristics | Value
Cells / structure | 28
Structures / module | 8
Accelerating gradient [MV/m] | 75
Structure input power [MW] | 40.6
Module input power [MW] | 340
RF Frequency [GHz] | 12

Due to the intrinsic inefficiency of the pulse compression process the power
dissipation in the Main-Linac tunnel is increased in the klystron-based module
configuration, with respect to the DB accelerator, and is summarised in Table
1.5.

Table 1.5: Power dissipation in the klystron-based module under loaded conditions Module Component | Number | Item Dissipation [W] | Total Dissipation [W]
---|---|---|---
SAS | 4 | 1,100 | 4,400
SAS RF Loads | 16 | 178 | 2,842
Waveguides | 1 | 1,034 | 1,034
Total per module |  |  | 8,276

For the Klystron-based configuration, a technical complication and an
important contribution to the total cost of the accelerator arises from the
need to have a parallel gallery to the Main-Linac tunnel hosting the klystrons
and modulators. An extensive study compared the two configurations and the
technical details of this study can be found in Section
LABEL:ssect:Main_Tunnel_xsect.

###  1.4 Pulse Compression System for the Klystron-Based Option

The layout of an RF unit of the klystron-based Main Linac is shown in Fig.
1.6. The two X-band klystrons, mounted on a single HV modulator, produce long
RF pulses. These pulses are combined on the 3 dB hybrid into a single pulse
with doubled RF power. The combined RF power is conveyed via waveguide to the
Correction Cavities Chain (CCC). The CCC pre-modulates the shape of RF pulse
and then splits it in two with each sharing half the power. These pulses feed
the two BOC-type RF pulse compressors [134]. Each BOC shortens the pulse and
amplifies the peak RF power. This arrangement is chosen in order to reduce the
maximal peak power that has to be transported in a single waveguide system.
Finally, these pulses are split and distributed to the eight accelerating
structures.

Figure 1.6:  The layout of RF unit of the klystron-based CLIC Main Linac.

The combination of the BOC single cavity pulse compressor and CCC allows one
to generate efficiently the RF pulses with a flat top [135]. This system is
very compact compared to the SLED II, as it does not requires the long delay
lines for the RF pulse-forming network. The use of the CCC with its limited
number of elements, however, provides the pulses with a small residual
modulation on the flat top (see Fig. 1.7, left). To mitigate this effect, and
to enable the required initial ramping of the RF pulse for the beam loading
compensation, special RF phase modulation is applied to the klystron pair (see
Fig. 1.7, right).

Figure 1.7:  The RF pulse envelopes in a system without (left) and with