¡html¿ ¡head¿ ¡meta http-equiv=”Content-Type” content=”text/html;
charset=UTF-8”¿ ¡title¿23rd International Workshop ”What Comes Beyond the
Standard Models”, July 04 – July 12, 2020, Bled, Slovenia, [Virtual Workshop —
July 6.–10. 2020], Volume 1: Invited Talks ¡/title¿ ¡/head¿ ¡body¿
¡h1¿Proceedings to the 23rd International Workshop ”What Comes Beyond the
Standard Models”, July 04 – July 12, 2020, Bled, Slovenia, [Virtual Workshop —
July 6.–10. 2020], Volume 1: Invited Talks and Volume 2: Further Talks And
Scientific Debuts¡/h1¿

Scientific Committee: ¡ul¿ ¡li¿¡em¿John Ellis¡/em¿ (King’s College
London/CERN)¡/li¿ ¡li¿¡em¿Roman Jackiw¡/em¿ (MIT)¡/li¿ ¡li¿¡em¿Masao
Ninomiya¡/em¿ (Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto
University)¡/li¿ ¡/ul¿

Editors: N.S. Mankoč Borštnik, H.B. Nielsen, M.Yu. Khlopov and D. Lukman¡br
/¿¡br /¿ Bled Workshops in Physics Vol. 21, No.1 ¡br /¿ DMFA Založnistvo,
Ljubljana, December 2020¡br /¿¡br /¿

¡p¿The Members of the Organizing Committee of the International Workshop ”What
Comes Beyond the Standard Models”, Bled, Slovenia, state that the articles
published in the Proceedings to the 23rd International Workshop ”What Comes
Beyond the Standard Models”, Bled, Slovenia are refereed at the Workshop in
intense in-depth discussions. ¡/p¿

¡p¿ The whole proceedings in pdf format can be found also ¡a
href=”http://bsm.fmf.uni-lj.si/bled2020bsm/talks/BledVol21No1Proceedings-
proc20Vol1.pdf”¿here (Volume 1)¡/a¿ and ¡a href=”http://bsm.fmf.uni-
lj.si/bled2020bsm/talks/BledVol21No2Proceedings-proc20Vol2.pdf”¿here (Volume
2)¡/a¿. ¡/p¿

¡h1¿Contents:¡/h1¿ ¡ul¿ ¡li¿¡a href=”#PrefEN”¿ Preface in English Language
¡/a¿¡/li¿ ¡li¿¡a href=”#PrefSI”¿ Predgovor (Preface in Slovenian Language)
¡/a¿¡/li¿ ¡li¿¡a href=”#Talks”¿ Invited Talks ¡/a¿¡/li¿ ¡li¿¡a href=”#VIA”¿
Scientific-Educational Platform of Virtual Institute of Astroparticle Physics
and Studies of Physics Beyond the Standard Model (by M.Yu. Khlopov) ¡/a¿¡/li¿
¡li¿¡a href=”#PoemAstri1”¿June (Poem by Astri Kleppe)¡/a¿¡/li¿ ¡li¿¡a
href=”#Pref2EN”¿ Preface to Volume 2 (English)¡/a¿¡/li¿ ¡li¿¡a
href=”#Pref2SI”¿ Preface to Volume 2 (Slovenian) ¡/a¿¡/li¿ ¡li¿¡a
href=”#FurtherTalks”¿ Further Talks ¡/a¿¡/li¿ ¡li¿¡a href=”#ScientificDebuts”¿
Scientific Debuts ¡/a¿¡/li¿ ¡li¿¡a href=”#PoemAstri2”¿Earth (Poem by Astri
Kleppe)¡/a¿¡/li¿ ¡/ul¿ ¡h2¿ ¡a name=”PrefEN”¿ Preface in English Language ¡/a¿
¡/h2¿

¡p¿The series of annual workshops on ”What Comes Beyond the Standard Models?”
started in 1998 with the idea of Norma and Holger for organizing a real
workshop, in which participants would spend most of the time in discussions,
confronting different approaches and ideas. Workshops have taken place in the
picturesque town of Bled by the lake of the same name, surrounded by beautiful
mountains and offering pleasant walks and mountaineering. This year 2020 we
still had a workshop in July, but without personal conversations all day and
late at night, even between very relaxing walks and mountaineering due to
COVID-19 pandemic. We have, however, a very long tradition of videoconferences
(cosmovia), enabling discussions and explanations with laboratories all over
the world. This enables us to have this year the total virtual workshop,
resembling Bled workshops as much as possible.¡/p¿

¡p¿In our very open minded, friendly, cooperative, long, tough and demanding
discussions several physicists and even some mathematicians have
contributed.¡/p¿

¡p¿Most of topics presented and discussed in our Bled workshops concern the
proposals how to explain physics beyond the so far accepted and experimentally
confirmed both standard models — in elementary particle physics and cosmology
— in order to understand the origin of assumptions of both standard models and
be consequently able to propose new theories, models and to make predictions
for future experiments. ¡/p¿

¡p¿Although most of participants are theoretical physicists, many of them with
their own suggestions how to make the next step beyond the accepted models and
theories, experts from experimental laboratories were and are very
appreciated, helping a lot to understand what do measurements really tell and
which kinds of predictions can best be tested.¡/p¿

¡p¿The (long) presentations (with breaks and continuations over several days),
followed by very detailed discussions, have been extremely useful, at least
for the organizers. We hope and believe, however, that this is the case also
for most of participants, including students. Many a time, namely, talks
turned into very pedagogical presentations in order to clarify the assumptions
and the detailed steps, analyzing the ideas, statements, proofs of statements
and possible predictions, confronting participants’ proposals with the
proposals in the literature or with proposals of the other participants, so
that all possible weak points of the proposals, those from the literature as
well as our own, showed up very clearly. The ideas therefore seem to develop
in these years considerably faster than they would without our workshops.¡/p¿

¡p¿This year neither the cosmological nor the particle physics experiments
offered much new, as also has not happened in the last two years, which would
offer new insight into the elementary particles and fields and also into
cosmological events, although a lot of work and effort have been put in, and
although there are some indications for the existence of the fourth family to
the observed three, due to the fact that the existence of the fourth family
might explain the existing experimental data better, what is mentioned in this
proceedings, as we did in the last year proceedings. Also the newest analyses
of the data from LHC and other experiments has not changed the situation much.
Of particular interest is the observed gravitational waves signal triggered by
black holes of around 150 solar masses. These measurements are of the central
interest of many a contribution in this proceedings.¡/p¿

¡p¿However, there are more and more cosmological evidences, which require the
new step beyond the standard model of the elementary fermion and boson fields.
Understanding the universe through the cosmological theories and theories of
the elementary fermion and boson fields, have, namely, so far never been so
dependent on common knowledge and experiments in both fields. ¡/p¿

¡p¿We are keeping expecting that new cosmological experiments and new
experiments in laboratories together will help to resolve the open questions
in both fields.¡/p¿

¡p¿On both fields there appear proposals which should explain assumptions of
these models. Most of them offer small steps beyond the existing models. The
competition, who will have right, is open.¡/p¿

¡p¿The new data might answer the question, whether laws of nature are elegant
(as predicted by the spin-charge-family theory and also — up to the families —
other Kaluza-Klein-like theories and the string theories) or ”she is just
using gauge groups when needed” (what many models assume, also some presented
in this proceedings). Can the higgs scalars and the Yukawa couplings be
guessed by small steps from the standard model case, or they originate in
gravity in higher dimensions as also the vector and scalar gauge fields
do?¡/p¿

¡p¿Is there only gravity as the interacting field, which manifests in the low
energy regime all the vector gauge fields as well as the scalar fields, those
observed so far and those predicted by the spin-charge-family theory, with the
scalar colour triplets included ? Should correspondingly gravity be a
quantized field like all the vector and the scalar gauge fields — possibly
resulting from gravity — are?¡/p¿

¡p¿Is masslessness of all the bosons and fermions, with scalar bosons
included, essential, while masses appear at low energy region due to
interactions and breaks of symmetries? Do the observed fermion charges indeed
origin from spins of fermions in higher dimensions? What is then the dimension
of space-time? Infinite, or it emerges from zero? One of contributions
discusses also this problem. Does ”nature use” odd Clifford algebra to
describe fermions, what leads to anticommutation relations for second
quantized fermions, explaining the Dirac’s postulates, making already the
creation operators for single fermion state anticommuting?¡/p¿

¡p¿What ”forces” fermions to appear in families? How many families do we have
and what is their relation to the observed ones? What are reasons for breaking
symmetries — discrete, global and local? Is The Lorentz invariant really
violated? Does the symmetry between fermions and antifermions manifest also in
the presence of gravity?¡/p¿

¡p¿Do the baryons of the stable family, decoupled from the observed ones, and
predicted by the spin-charge-family theory (or can follow from heterotic
string model), contribute to the dark matter? Do new stable quarks constitute
neutral particles like neutrons, or form negatively charged particles, bound
with primordial helium in dark atoms? How close are the additional new
fermions, added to quarks and leptons of the standard model ”by hand”, to the
stable fifth family of the spin-charge-family theory? Are also the charged
”nucleons” of OHe’s atoms explainable with the stable nucleons of the fifth
family? Is the dark matter explainable within the standard model? Or does the
dark matter manifest in dark stars, which are a kind of black holes?¡/p¿

¡p¿What are indeed the black holes? If they ought to be created in the
primordial time during the inflation (early matter stages or phase
transitions), what kind of fermions and antifermions should contribute to the
creation of black holes, massless (that is before the electroweak transition)
or massive? What did cause the inflation? If there are singularities inside a
black hole what is the status of fermions and fields inside the black hole? Do
they make phase transitions into massless state within the black hole, loosing
identity they have in d=(3+1)? Do we really understand black holes inside the
horizon?¡/p¿

¡p¿We discussed these and many other open topics during Bled workshop 2020.
Like it is the new idea of theory of strings, represented by particle objects,
which do not develop in time.¡/p¿

¡p¿The DAMA/LIBRA experiment convinced us again that the group in Gran Sasso
do measure the dark matter particles scattering on the nuclei of their
measuring apparatus. It is expected that sooner or latter other laboratories
will confirm the DAMA/LIBRA results. This has not yet happened and our
discussions clarified the reasons for that.¡/p¿

¡p¿Although cosmovia served the discussions all the time (and we are very glad
that we did have in spite of pandemia the 23rd workshop), it was not like
previous workshops. Discussions were fiery and sharp, at least during some
talks. But this was not our Bled workshop. Effective discussions require the
personal presence of the debaters, as well as of the rest of participants,
which interrupt the presentations with questions all the time. As students
need personal discussions with a good teacher, Internet discussions can never
replace the real one.¡/p¿

¡p¿Let us point out that we still succeeded to discuss the open problems on
present understanding of the elementary particle physics and cosmology in the
fully online regime, trying to save the most important feature of Bled
Workshops - their free streaming discussion resulting in the comprehensive
view on the discussed phenomena and ideas.¡/p¿

¡p¿And let us add that due to the on line presentations we have students
participants, who otherwise would not be able to attend the Bled conference,
the travel expenses are too high for them. Their presentations are published
in the second part of the proceedings, together with the invited talks, which
came at the very last moment.¡/p¿

¡p¿The organizers strongly hope that next year the covid-19 will be defeated,
this is the hope for the whole world, for the young generation in particular
and for all of us, with the Bled workshop 2021 included. Let us meet at Bled!
(This year’s experience made us to think on more practical videoconferencing
tools, like Zoom to facilitate extension of our discussions online.)¡/p¿

¡p¿Since, as every year, also this year there has been not enough time to
mature the discussions into the written contributions, only two months,
authors can not really polish their contributions. Organizers hope that this
is well compensated with fresh contents.¡/p¿

¡p¿Questions and answers as well as lectures enabled by M.Yu. Khlopov via ¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿Virtual Institute of Astroparticle
Physics¡/a¿ of APC have in ample discussions helped to resolve many dilemmas.
Google Analytics, showing more than 242 thousand visits to this site from 154
countries, indicates world wide interest to the problems of physics beyond the
Standard models, discussed at Bled Workshop. At XXIII Bled Workshop VIA
streaming made possible to webcast all the talks.¡/p¿

¡p¿The reader can find the records of all the talks delivered by cosmovia
since Bled 2009 on ¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿ APC site¡/a¿ in
Previous - Conferences¡/a¿.

¡p¿Most of the talks can be found on ¡a href=”http://bsm.fmf.uni-lj.si/”¿the
workshop homepage¡/a¿.¡/p¿

¡p¿Having a poet among us, we kindly asked Astri to contribute a poem for our
proceedings. It is our pleasure that she did listen us and send two poems. We
publish both, in each volume one.¡/p¿

¡p¿Let us conclude this preface by thanking cordially and warmly to all the
participants, present through the teleconferences at the Bled workshop, for
their excellent presentations and also, in spite of all, for really fruitful
discussions.¡/p¿

¡ul¿ ¡li¿ ¡em¿ Norma Mankoč Borštnik, Holger Bech Nielsen, Maxim Y.
Khlopov,¡/em¿ (the Organizing comittee) ¡/li¿ ¡li¿ ¡em¿ Norma Mankoč Borštnik,
Holger Bech Nielsen, Dragan Lukman,¡/em¿ (the Editors)¡/li¿ ¡/ul¿

¡p¿Ljubljana, December 2020¡/p¿

¡h2¿ ¡a name=”PrefSI”¿ Predgovor (Preface in Slovenian Language) ¡/a¿ ¡/h2¿

¡p¿Vsakoletne delavnice z naslovom ”Kako preseči oba standardna modela,
kozmološkega in elektrošibkega” (”What Comes Beyond the Standard Models?”) sta
postavila leta 1998 Norma in Holger z namenom, da bi udeleženci v izčrpnih
diskusijah kritično soočali različne ideje in teorije. Delavnice domujejo v
Plemljevi hiši na Bledu ob slikovitem jezeru, kjer prijetni sprehodi in pohodi
na čudovite gore, ki kipijo nad mestom, ponujajo priložnosti in vzpodbudo za
diskusije.¡/p¿

¡p¿Tudi to leto je bila delavnica v juliju, vendar nam je tokrat covid-19
onemogočil srečanje v Plemljevi hiši. Tudi diskutirali nismo med hojo okoli
jezera ali med hribolazenjem. Vendar nam je dolgoletna iskušnja s ”cosmovio” —
videopovezavami z laboratoriji po svetu — omogočila, da je tudi letos stekla
Blejska delavnica, tokrat prek interneta.¡/p¿

¡p¿K našim zelo odprtim, prijateljskim, dolgim in zahtevnim diskusijam, polnim
iskrivega sodelovanja, je prispevalo veliko fizikov in celo nekaj matematikov.
V večini predavanj in razprav so udeleleženci poskusili razumeti in pojasniti
predpostavke obeh standadnih modelov, elektrošibkega in barvnega v fiziki
osnovnih delcev ter kozmološkega, predpostavke in napovedi obeh modelov pa
vskladiti z meritvami in opazovanji, da bi poiskali model, ki preseže oba
standardna modela, kar bi omogočilo zanesljivejše napovedi za nove poskuse.
¡/p¿

¡p¿Čeprav je večina udeležencev teoretičnih fizikov, mnogi z lastnimi idejami
kako narediti naslednji korak onkraj sprejetih modelov in teorij, so še
posebej dobrodošli predstavniki eksperimentalnih laboratorijev, ki nam
pomagajo v odprtih diskusijah razjasniti resnično sporočilo meritev in nam
pomagajo razumeti kakšne napovedi so potrebne, da jih lahko s poskusi dovolj
zanesljivo preverijo.¡/p¿

¡p¿Organizatorji moramo priznati, da smo se na blejskih delavnicah v (dolgih)
predstavitvah (z odmori in nadaljevanji preko več dni), ki so jim sledile zelo
podrobne diskusije, naučili veliko, morda več kot večina udeležencev. Upamo in
verjamemo, da so veliko odnesli tudi študentje in večina udeležencev.
Velikokrat so se predavanja spremenila v zelo pedagoške predstavitve, ki so
pojasnile predpostavke in podrobne korake, soočile predstavljene predloge s
predlogi v literaturi ali s predlogi ostalih udeležencev ter jasno pokazale,
kje utegnejo tičati šibke točke predlogov. Zdi se, da so se ideje v teh letih
razvijale bistveno hitreje, zahvaljujoč prav tem delavnicam.¡/p¿

¡p¿Tako kot v preteklih dveh letih tudi to leto niso eksperimenti v
kozmologiji in fiziki osnovih fermionskih in bozonskih polj ponudili
rezultatov, ki bi omogočili nov vpogled v fiziko osnovnih delcev in polj,
čeprav je bilo vanje vloženega veliko truda in četudi razberemo iz
eksperimentov, da četrta družina k že izmerjenim trem mora biti, saj lahko s
štirimi družinami lažje pojasnimo izmerjene podatke, kar je omenjeno tudi v
tem zborniku.¡/p¿

¡p¿Tudi zadnje analize rezultatov merjenj na LHC in drugih merilnikih niso
pripomogle k boljšemu razumevanju naravnih zakonov v fiziki osnovnih delcev in
kozmologiji. Posebno pozornost so vzbudile meritve gravitacijskih valov, ki so
jih povzročile črne luknje z masami okoli 150 sončnih mas. Prav te meritve
poskušajo razložiti nekateri prispevki v letošnjem zborniku.¡/p¿

¡p¿Vse več je tudi kozmoloških meritev, za katere se zdi, da jih standardni
model osnovnih fermionski in bozonskih polj ne more pojasniti. še nikoli
doslej niso bili predlogi za kozmološke teorije in iskanje nove teorije v
fiziki osnovnih polj tako zelo soodvisne od poizkusov in razumevanja
predpostavk na obeh področjih.¡/p¿

¡p¿Pričakujemo, da bodo kozmološka merjenja in meritve v laboratorijih
pomagala razrešiti odprta vprašanja na obeh področjih. Na obeh področjih je
predlogov za novo teorijo čedalje več, vendar velika večina teh predlogov
ponuja majhna odstopanja od standardnih modelov. Tekma, kdo ima prav, je
odprta.¡/p¿

¡p¿Nove meritve bodo morda kmalu ponudile odgovor na vprašanje, ali so naravni
zakoni elegantni (kot napoveduje teorija spina-naboja-družin in tudi druge
teorije Kaluze in Kleina, vendar brez družin in ne tako ”udarno”) ali pa
”narava uporabi grupe, ki in ko jih ravno potrebuje” (kar predlaga velika
večina modelov, tudi nekateri v tem zborniku). Ali je smotrno pojav Higgsovega
skalarnega polja in Yukawinih sklopitev dodati k standardnemu modelu osnovnih
delcev kot dodatno polje, ki ga zahtevajo poskusi, ali pa je v resnici
skalarnih polj več, njihov izvor pa je gravitacijsko polje v razsežnostih d ¿
(3+1)?¡/p¿

¡p¿So vsa osnovna fermionska in bozonska polj, tudi skalarna, brezmasna in je
njihova masa, ki jo merimo pri nizkih energijah, posledica sil in zlomitve
simetrij? Ali izvirajo naboji fermionov, ki jih izmerimo pri nizkih energijah,
v spinih, ki jih ti fermioni nosijo v d¿(3+1)? Kaj tedaj prostor in čas v
resnici pomenita? Sta neskončna, ali pa se rodita iz nič ? Ali ”narava
uporabi” liho Clifordovo algebro za opis fermionov, kar zagotovi
antikomutacijske relacije med kreacijskimimi in anihilacijskimi operatorji že
med enofermionskimi stanji, kar pojasni Diracove postulate za fermione v drugi
kvantizaciji? Kaj ”prisili” fermione, da se pojavijo v družinah? Koliko je
družin kvarkov in leptonov in kako so povezani, če sploh, z izmerjenimi tremi
družinami? Kaj povzroči zlomitev simetrij, diskretnih, globalnih, lokalnih?
Ali je Lorentzova simetrija zlomljena in če je, pod kakšnimi pogoji se zlomi?
Ali je simetrija med fermioni in antifermioni v gravitacijskem polju
zlomljena?¡/p¿

¡p¿Kaj so gradniki temne snovi? Ali so barioni družin, ki niso sklopljene z
izmerjenimi družinami kvarkov in leptonov in jih napove teorija spina-nabojev-
družin, del temne snovi v vesolju? Ali se lahko novi fermioni, ki jih dodajo k
kvarkom in leptonom standardnega modela osnovnih fermionskih in bozonskih
polj, dajo pojasniti s stabilnimi barioni, ki jih napove teorija spina-
nabojev-družin? So tudi temna jedra atoma O-He-lija člani stabilne družine? Se
da temna snov pojasniti s skupki kvarkov in leptonov standardnega modela? Ali
pa k temni snovi prispevajo temne zvezde, ki imajo lastnosti črnih lukenj?¡/p¿

¡p¿Kaj pa so v resnici črne luknje? Če so nastajale ob inflaciji, kakšni
fermioni in antifermioni so sodelovali pri nastanku črnih lukenj, z maso nič
(to je pred elektrošibkim faznim prehodom) ali z neničelnimi masami? Kaj je
povzročilo inflacijo? če ima črna luknja singularnost, kako se spremenijo
lastnosti fermionov in antifermionov znotraj črne luknje? Ali izgubijo
lastnosti, ki so jih imeli v d=(3+1)-razsežnem prostoru? Ali razumemo, kaj se
dogaja v črni luknji znotraj horizonta?¡/p¿

¡p¿Ta in še marsikatera druga vprašanja smo načeli v času Blejske delavnice
2020. Denimo kot to, da v novi teoriji strun, ki jo sestavljajo točkasti
delci, čas sploh ne nastopa.¡/p¿

¡p¿Meritve DAMA/LIBRA v Gran Sassu so nas znova prepričale, da so delci, ki se
sipljejo na atomskih jedrih merilcev in ki skozi leto periodično spreminjajo
svojo intenzivnost, delci temne snovi. Pričakujemo, da bo laboratorijem po
svetu, ki poskušajo potrditi njihove meritve, prej ali slej to tudi uspelo.
Vprašanja in odgovori so pomagali razumeti, zakaj nobenemu doslej potrditev še
ni uspela.¡/p¿

¡p¿Četudi je cosmovia poskrbela, da so diskusije tekle ves čas, tako kot je
bilo na vseh delavnicah doslej, blejskih diskusij v živo diskusije po
internetu niso mogle nadomestiti. Diskusije so bile ognjevite in ostre, vsaj
pri nekaterih predavanjih, vendar potrebujejo učinkovite diskusije osebno
prisotnost diskutantov in poslušalcev, ki z vprašanji poskrbijo, da je debata
razumljiva vsem. Tudi študentom internet ne more nadomestiti dobrega
učitelja.¡/p¿

¡p¿Poudariti je potrebno, da nam je kjub temu uspela dokaj plodna diskusija o
tem, kako dobro razumemo danes obe področji, fiziko osnovnih delcev in polj
ter dinamiko našega vesolja. In dodajmo, da je delavnica preko interneta
omogočila šudentom aktivno in plodno sodelovanje, ki bi se ga v živo zaradi
stroškov potovanja ne mogli udeležiti.¡/p¿

¡p¿Študentski prispevki so zbrani v drugem zborniku Blejske delavnice, skupaj
s prispevki vabljenih predavateljev, katerih prispevke smo prejeli zadnji
trenutek.¡/p¿

¡p¿Organizatorji upamo, da bo naslednje leto virus premagan, naše upanje velja
za ves svet, za mlado generacijo pa še posebej, pa tudi za Blejsko delavnico
2021, da bo stekla v živo na Bledu.¡/p¿

¡p¿Ker je vsako leto le malo casa od delavnice do zaključka redakcije, manj
kot dva meseca, avtorji ne morejo dovolj skrbno pripravti svojih prispevkov,
vendar upamo, da to nadomesti svezina prispevkov.¡/p¿

¡p¿Bralec najde zapise vseh predavanj, objavljenih preko ”cosmovia” od leta
2009, na ¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿Virtual Institute of
Astroparticle Physics¡/a¿ v povezavi Previous - Conferences.¡/p¿

¡p¿Večino predavanj najde bralec na ¡a href=”http://bsm.fmf.uni-
lj.si/”¿spletni strani delavnice.¡/a¿

¡p¿Prosili smo Astri, da nam pošlje kako od svojih pesmi. Prijazno nam je
ugodila in poslala dve. Objavljamo obe, v vsakem zborniku po eno.¡/p¿

¡p¿Naj zakljucimo ta predgovor s prisrčno in toplo zahvalo vsem udeležencem,
prisotnim preko videokonference, za njihova predavanja in še posebno za zelo
plodne diskusije in kljub vsemu odlično vzdušje.¡/p¿

¡ul¿ ¡li¿ ¡em¿ Norma Mankoč Borštnik, Holger Bech Nielsen, Maxim Y.
Khlopov,¡/em¿ (Organizacijski odbor) ¡/li¿ ¡li¿ ¡em¿ Norma Mankoč Borštnik,
Holger Bech Nielsen, Dragan Lukman,¡/em¿ (Uredniki)¡/li¿ ¡/ul¿

¡p¿Ljubljana, grudna (decembra) 2020¡/p¿

¡h2¿ ¡a name=”Talks”¿ Invited Talks¡/a¿¡/h2¿ ¡!– Invited Talks Section –¿
¡p¿R. Bernabei ¡em¿et al.¡/em¿: ¡em¿The DAMA Project: Achievements,
Implications and Perspectives¡/em¿, See ¡a href=”http://bsm.fmf.uni-
lj.si/bled2020bsm/talks/BledVol21No1Proceedings-proc20Vol1.pdf”¿ printed
Proceedings, p. 1-16.¡/a¿ ¡/p¿ ¡!– V. Beylin in V. Kuksa: On the Reactions
Involving Neutrinos and Hidden Mass Particles in Hypercolor Model, 17–32.¡–¿
LIST:arXiv:2011.09685 ¡p¿.Yu. Khlopov: ¡em¿New Trends in BSM Physics and
Cosmology¡/em¿, See ¡a href=”http://bsm.fmf.uni-
lj.si/bled2020bsm/talks/BledVol21No1Proceedings-proc20Vol1.pdf”¿ printed
Proceedings, 33-46.¡/a¿¡/p¿ ¡p¿U.D.Jentschura: ¡em¿Squeezing the Parameter
Space for Lorentz Violation in the Neutrino Sector by Additional Decay
Channels¡/em¿, See ¡a href=”http://bsm.fmf.uni-
lj.si/bled2020bsm/talks/BledVol21No1Proceedings-proc20Vol1.pdf”¿ printed
Proceedings, p. 47-57.¡/a¿¡/p¿ ¡p¿U.D.Jentschura: ¡em¿Antimatter Gravity:
Second Quantization and Lagrangian Formalism¡/em¿, See ¡a
href=”http://bsm.fmf.uni-lj.si/bled2020bsm/talks/BledVol21No1Proceedings-
proc20Vol1.pdf”¿ printed Proceedings, p. 58-72.¡/a¿¡/p¿ ¡!– V. Kuksa and V.
Beylin: Main Properties of New Heavy Hadrons and the Luminosity of Hadronic
Dark Matter, 73–83. –¿ LIST:arXiv:2011.06784 ¡!– N.S. Mankoč Borštnik: How Far
has so Far the Spin-Charge-Family Theory Succeeded To explain the Standard
Model Assumptions, the Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry, the Appearance of the Dark
Matter, the Second Quantized Fermion Fields…, Making Several Predictions,
84-127. –¿ LIST:arXiv:2012.09640v1 ¡!– N.S. Mankoč Borštnik and H.B.F.Nielsen:
Understanding the Second Quantization of Fermions in Clifford and in Grassmann
Space, New Way of Second Quantization of Fermions — Part I, 128–156.–¿
LIST:arXiv:2007.03517v4 ¡!– N.S. Mankoč Borštnik and H.B.F.Nielsen:
Understanding the Second Quantization of Fermions in Clifford and in Grassmann
Space, New Way of Second Quantization of Fermions — Part II, 157–197. –¿
LIST:arXiv:2007.03516v4 ¡!– H.B. Nielsen and M. Ninomiya: Proposal for
Compositeness of String out of Objects — Fake Scattering, Finite String Field
Theory Formulation, 198–220. –¿ LIST:arXiv:2010.14969 ¡p¿I. Nikitin: ¡em¿On
Dark Stars, Planck Cores and the Nature of Dark Matter¡/em¿, See ¡a
href=”http://bsm.fmf.uni-lj.si/bled2020bsm/talks/BledVol21No1Proceedings-
proc20Vol1.pdf”¿ printed Proceedings, p. 221-246.¡/a¿¡/p¿

¡h2¿ ¡a name=”VIA”¿The Platform of Virtual Institute of Astroparticle Physics
for Studies of BSM Physics and Cosmology (by M.Yu. Khlopov) ¡/a¿¡/h2¿

¡!– VIA discussions paper –¿

¡h3¿Abstract¡/h3¿ ¡p¿Being a unique multi-functional complex of science and
education online, Virtual Institute of Astroparticle Physics (VIA) operating
on ¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿website¡/a¿, has provided the
platform for completely electronic format of XXIII Bled Workshop ”What comes
beyond the Standard models?” in the pandemia conditions, excluding offline
meetings. We review VIA experience in presentation online for the most
interesting theoretical and experimental results, participation online in
conferences and meetings, various forms of collaborative scientific work as
well as programs of education at distance, combining online videoconferences
with extensive library of records of previous meetings and Discussions on
Forum. Since 2014 VIA online lectures combined with individual work on Forum
acquired the form of Open Online Courses. Aimed to individual work with
students the Course is not Massive, but the account for the number of visits
to VIA site converts VIA in a specific tool for MOOC activity. VIA sessions,
being a traditional part of Bled Workshops’ program, became at XXIII Bled
Workshop the only format of the meeting, challenging to preserve the creative
nonformal atmosphere of meetings in Bled, Slovenia. We openly discuss the
advantages and flaws of VIA platform for online meetings.¡/p¿

¡h3¿Povzetek¡/h3¿ ¡p¿Virtual Institute of Astroparticle Physics (¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿VIA¡/a¿) je spletišče namenjeno
znanosti in izobraževanju. Letos je kot spletna platforma omogočilo XXIII.
blejske delavnice, ker nam je pandemija preprečila delavnico v običajni
obliki. Organizator in vodja spletišča predstavi izkušnje VIA pri spletni
predstavitvi najbolj zanimivih in aktualnih teoretičnih spoznanj, diskusij na
daljavo na konferencah, delavnicah, videokonferencah in drugih srečanjih ter
izobraževanju preko spleta. Ponuja obsežen arhiv z (video) zapisi preteklih
dogodkov in diskusij na forumih spletišča. Od leta 2014 potekajo predavanja
preko interneta, ki jim sledijo pogovori, in ki so prerasla v izobraževanje na
daljavo. VIA ni namenjena velikemu številu udeležencev, ker pa ima veliko
obiskov, je postala orodje tudi za aktivnosti MOOC. Predavanja preko sistema
VIA so že tradicionalni del blejskih delavnic, letos pa je delavnica tekla
samo preko interneta. Ker so Blejske delavnice namenjene zelo poglobljenim
diskusijam, je bilo letošnje vodenje delavnice za organizatorja spletišca
poseben izziv. Avtor odkrito obravnava prednosti in slabosti platforme VIA za
srečanja preko interneta.¡/p¿

¡h3¿Introduction¡/h3¿ Studies in astroparticle physics link astrophysics,
cosmology, particle and nuclear physics and involve hundreds of scientific
groups linked by regional networks (like ¡a href=”http://www.aspera-
eu.org/”¿ASPERA¡/a¿/¡a href=”http://www.appec.org/”¿ApPEC¡/a¿) and national
centers. The exciting progress in these studies will have impact on the
knowledge on the structure of microworld and Universe in their fundamental
relationship and on the basic, still unknown, physical laws of Nature (see
e.g. M.Yu. Khlopov:¡em¿Cosmoparticle physics¡/em¿, World Scientific, New York
-London-Hong Kong - Singapore, 1999 and M.Yu. Khlopov: ¡em¿Fundamentals of
Cosmic Particle Physics¡/em¿, CISP-Springer, Cambridge, 2012, for review). The
progress of precision cosmology and experimental probes of the new physics at
the LHC and in nonaccelerator experiments, as well as the extension of various
indirect studies of physics beyond the Standard model involve with necessity
their nontrivial links. ¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿Virtual
Institute of Astroparticle Physics (VIA)¡/a¿ was organized with the aim to
play the role of an unifying and coordinating platform for such studies.¡/p¿

¡p¿Starting from the January of 2008 the activity of the Institute takes place
on its ¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿website¡/a¿ in a form of
regular weekly videoconferences with VIA lectures, covering all the
theoretical and experimental activities in astroparticle physics and related
topics. The library of records of these lectures, talks and their
presentations was accomplished by multi-lingual Forum. Since 2008 there were
¡b¿215 VIA online lectures¡/b¿, VIA has supported distant presentations of
¡b¿152 speakers at 28 Conferences¡/b¿ and provided transmission of talks at
¡b¿78 APC Colloquiums¡/b¿.¡/p¿

¡p¿In 2008 VIA complex was effectively ¡a
href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.0510”¿used¡/a¿ for the first time for
participation at distance in XI Bled Workshop (¡a
href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.0510”¿ Proceedings 2008, (p.81-86)¡/a¿). Since
then VIA videoconferences became a natural part of Bled Workshops’ programs,
opening the virtual room of discussions to the world-wide audience. Its
progress was presented in ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.4532”¿Proceedings
2009, (p.177-181)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.0224”¿Proceedings
2010, (p.225-232)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.2430”¿Proceedings
2011, (p.233-239)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1302.4305”¿Proceedings
2012, (p.183-189)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.4441”¿Proceedings
2013, (p.223-231)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.06786”¿Proceedings
2014, (p.285-293)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.03406”¿Proceedings
2015, (p.177-187)¡/a¿ ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1703.09699”¿Proceedings
2016,(p.221-231)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.01629”¿Proceedings
2017,(p.273-283)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.10628”¿Proceedings
2018,(p.383-394)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.09639”¿Proceedings
2019,(p.249-261)¡/a¿.

Here the current state-of-art of VIA complex, integrated since 2009 in the
structure of APC Laboratory, is presented in order to clarify the way in which
discussion of open questions beyond the standard models of both particle
physics and cosmology were presented at the virtual XXIII Bled Workshop on the
platform of VIA facility. In the conditions of pandemia, when all the offline
meetings were forbidden, VIA videoconferencing became the only possibility to
continue in 2020 traditions of open discussions at Bled meetings.¡/p¿

¡h3¿VIA structure and its activity¡/h3¿ ¡h4¿VIA activity¡/h4¿

¡p¿The structure of VIA complex is illustrated by its ¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿home page¡/a¿: it contains the
information on the coming and records of the latest VIA events. The upper line
of menu includes links to directories (from left to right): with general
information on VIA (About VIA); entrance to VIA virtual rooms (Rooms); the
library of records and presentations (Previous), which contains records of VIA
Lectures (Previous -¿ Lectures), records of online transmissions of
Conferences(Previous -¿ Conferences), APC Colloquiums (Previous -¿ APC
Colloquiums), APC Seminars (Previous -¿ APC Seminars) and Events (Previous -¿
Events), Calender of the past and future VIA events (All events) and VIA Forum
(Forum). In the upper right angle there are links to Google search engine
(Search in site) and to contact information (Contacts). The announcement of
the next VIA lecture and VIA online transmission of APC Colloquium occupy the
main part of the homepage with the record of the most recent VIA events below.
In the announced time of the event (VIA lecture or transmitted APC Colloquium)
it is sufficient to click on ”to participate” on the announcement and to Enter
as Guest (printing your name) in the corresponding Virtual room. The Calender
shows the program of future VIA lectures and events. The right column on the
VIA homepage lists the announcements of the regularly up-dated hot news of
Astroparticle physics and related areas.¡/p¿

¡p¿In 2010 special COSMOVIA tours were undertaken in Switzerland (Geneva),
Belgium (Brussels, Liege) and Italy (Turin, Pisa, Bari, Lecce) in order to
test stability of VIA online transmissions from different parts of Europe.
Positive results of these tests have proved the stability of VIA system and
stimulated this practice at XIII Bled Workshop. The records of the
videoconferences at the XIII Bled Workshop are available on ¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿VIA site¡/a¿ (Previous -¿ Conferences
-¿ XIII BledWorkshop).¡/p¿

¡p¿Since 2011 VIA facility was used for the tasks of the Paris Center of
Cosmological Physics (PCCP), chaired by G. Smoot, for the public programme
”The two infinities” conveyed by J.L.Robert and for effective support a
participation at distance at meetings of the Double Chooz collaboration. In
the latter case, the experimentalists, being at shift, took part in the
collaboration meeting in such a virtual way.¡/p¿

¡p¿The simplicity of VIA facility for ordinary users was demonstrated at XIV
Bled Workshop in 2011. Videoconferences at this Workshop had no special
technical support except for WiFi Internet connection and ordinary laptops
with their internal video and audio equipments. This test has proved the
ability to use VIA facility at any place with at least decent Internet
connection. Of course the quality of records is not as good in this case as
with the use of special equipment, but still it is sufficient to support
fruitful scientific discussion as can be illustrated by the record of VIA
presentation ”New physics and its experimental probes” given by John Ellis
from his office in CERN (¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿see
Previous -¿ Conferences -¿ XIV Bled Workshop ¡/a¿). ¡/p¿

¡p¿In 2012 VIA facility, regularly used for programs of VIA lectures and
transmission of APC Colloquiums, has extended its applications to support
M.Khlopov’s talk at distance at Astrophysics seminar in Moscow,
videoconference in PCCP, participation at distance in APC-Hamburg-Oxford
network meeting as well as to provide online transmissions from the lectures
at Science Festival 2012 in University Paris7. VIA communication has
effectively resolved the problem of referee’s attendance at the defence of PhD
thesis by Mariana Vargas in APC. The referees made their reports and
participated in discussion in the regime of VIA videoconference. In 2012 VIA
facility was first used for online transmissions from the Science Festival in
the University Paris 7. This tradition was continued in 2013, when the
transmissions of meetings at Journées nationales du Développement Logiciel
(JDEV2013) at Ecole Politechnique (Paris) were organized (¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿see Previous -¿ Previous - Events -
JDEV 2013 ¡/a¿)¡/p¿

¡p¿In 2013 VIA lecture by Prof. Martin Pohl was one of the first places at
which the first hand information on the first results of AMS02 experiment was
presented (¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿see Previous -¿ Lectures
-¿ Martin Pohl ¡/a¿).¡/p¿

¡p¿In 2014 the 100th anniversary of one of the foundators of Cosmoparticle
physics, Ya. B. Zeldovich, was celebrated. With the use of VIA M.Khlopov could
contribute the programme of the ”Subatomic particles, Nucleons, Atoms,
Universe: Processes and Structure International conference in honor of Ya. B.
Zeldovich 100th Anniversary” (Minsk, Belarus) by his talk ”Cosmoparticle
physics: the Universe as a laboratory of elementary particles” (¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/”¿see Previous -¿ Conferences -¿ Subatomic
particles, Nucleons, Atoms, Universe: Processes and Structure International
conference in honor of Ya. B. Zeldovich 100th Anniversary¡/a¿ and the
programme of ”Conference YaB-100, dedicated to 100 Anniversary of Yakov
Borisovich Zeldovich” (Moscow, Russia) by his talk ”Cosmology and particle
physics” (¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/”¿ see Previous -¿ Conferences -¿
Subatomic particles, Nucleons, Atoms, Universe: Processes and Structure
International conference in honor of Ya. B. Zeldovich 100th
Anniversary¡/a¿).¡/p¿

¡p¿In 2015 VIA facility supported the talk at distance at All Moscow
Astrophysical seminar ”Cosmoparticle physics of dark matter and structures in
the Universe” by Maxim Yu. Khlopov and the work of the Section ”Dark matter”
of the International Conference on Particle Physics and Astrophysics (Moscow,
5-10 October 2015). Though the conference room was situated in Milan Hotel in
Moscow all the presentations at this Section were given at distance (by Rita
Bernabei from Rome, Italy; by Juan Jose Gomez-Cadenas, Paterna, University of
Valencia, Spain and by Dmitri Semikoz, Martin Bucher and Maxim Khlopov from
Paris) and its work was chaired by M.Khlopov from Paris (¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿see Previous -¿ Conferences -¿ The
International Conference on Particle Physics and Astrophysics ¡/a¿). In the
end of 2015 M. Khlopov gave his distant talk ”Dark atoms of dark matter” at
the Conference ”Progress of Russian Astronomy in 2015”, held in Sternberg
Astronomical Institute of Moscow State University. ¡/p¿

¡p¿In 2016 distant online talks at St. Petersburg Workshop ”Dark Ages and
White Nights (Spectroscopy of the CMB)” by Khatri Rishi (TIFR, India) ”The
information hidden in the CMB spectral distortions in Planck data and beyond”,
E. Kholupenko (Ioffe Institute, Russia) ”On recombination dynamics of hydrogen
and helium”, Jens Chluba (Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, UK)
”Primordial recombination lines of hydrogen and helium”, M. Yu. Khlopov (APC
and MEPHI, France and Russia)”Nonstandard cosmological scenarios” and P. de
Bernardis (La Sapiensa University, Italy) ”Balloon techniques for CMB spectrum
research” were given with the use of VIA system (¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿see Previous -¿ Conferences -¿ Dark
Ages and White Nights (Spectroscopy of the CMB)¡/a¿). At the defence of PhD
thesis by F. Gregis VIA facility made possible for his referee in California
not only to attend at distance at the presentation of the thesis but also to
take part in its successive jury evaluation.¡/p¿

¡p¿Since 2018 VIA facility is used for collaborative work on studies of
various forms of dark matter in the framework of the project of Russian
Science Foundation based on Southern Federal University (Rostov on Don). In
September 2018 VIA supported online transmission of ¡b¿17 presentations¡/b¿ at
the Commemoration day for Patrick Fleury, held in APC (¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿ see Previous -¿ Events -¿
Commemoration day for Patrick Fleury¡/a¿). ¡/p¿

¡p¿The discussion of questions that were put forward in the interactive VIA
events is continued and extended on VIA Forum. Presently activated in
English,French and Russian with trivial extension to other languages, the
Forum represents a first step on the way to multi-lingual character of VIA
complex and its activity. Discussions in English on Forum are arranged along
the following directions: beyond the standard model, astroparticle physics,
cosmology, gravitational wave experiments, astrophysics, neutrinos. After each
VIA lecture its pdf presentation together with link to its record and
information on the discussion during it are put in the corresponding post,
which offers a platform to continue discussion in replies to this post.¡/p¿

¡h4¿VIA e-learning, OOC and MOOC¡/h4¿ ¡p¿One of the interesting forms of VIA
activity is the educational work at distance. For the last eleven years M.
Khlopov’s course ”Introduction to cosmoparticle physics” is given in the form
of VIA videoconferences and the records of these lectures and their ppt
presentations are put in the corresponding directory of the Forum (¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/”¿see Forum -¿ Discussion in Russian -¿ Courses
on Cosmoparticle physics¡/a¿). Having attended the VIA course of lectures in
order to be admitted to exam students should put on Forum a post with their
small thesis. In this thesis students are proposed to chose some BSM model and
to analyze its cosmological consequences. The list of possible topics for such
thesis is proposed to students, but they are also invited to chose themselves
any topic of their own on possible links between cosmology and particle
physics. Professor’s comments and proposed corrections are put in a Post reply
so that students should continuously present on Forum improved versions of
work until it is accepted as satisfactory. Then they are admitted to pass
their exam. The record of videoconference with their oral exam is also put in
the corresponding directory of Forum. Such procedure provides completely
transparent way of evaluation of students’ knowledge at distance.¡/p¿

¡p¿In 2018 the test has started for possible application of VIA facility to
remote supervision of student’s scientific practice. The formulation of task
and discussion of porgress on work are recorded and put in the corresponding
directory on Forum together with the versions of student’s report on the work
progress.¡/p¿

¡p¿Since 2014 the second semester of this course is given in English and
converted in an Open Online Course. It was aimed to develop VIA system as a
possible accomplishment for Massive Online Open Courses (MOOC) activity (¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿see Forum -¿ Education -¿ From VIA to
MOOC ¡/a¿). In 2016 not only students from Moscow, but also from France and
Sri Lanka attended this course. In 2017 students from Moscow were accompanied
by participants from France, Italy, Sri Lanka and India (¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿see Forum -¿ Education -¿ From VIA to
MOOC ¡/a¿). The students pretending to evaluation of their knowledge must
write their small thesis, present it and being admitted to exam, pass it in
English. The restricted number of online connections to videoconferences with
VIA lectures is compensated by the wide-world access to their records on VIA
Forum and in the context of MOOC VIA Forum and videoconferencing system can be
used for individual online work with advanced participants. Indeed Google
Analytics shows that since 2008 VIA site was visited by more than ¡b¿242
thousand¡/b¿ visitors from ¡b¿154¡/b¿ countries, covering all the continents
by its geography. According to this statistics more than half of these
visitors continued to enter VIA site after the first visit.¡/p¿

¡p¿Still the form of individual educational work makes VIA facility most
appropriate for PhD courses and it is planned to be involved in the
International PhD program on Fundamental Physics to be in operation on the
basis of Russian-French collaborative agreement. In 2017 the test for the
ability of VIA to support fully distant education and evaluation of students
(as well as for work on PhD thesis and its distant defense) was undertaken.
Steve Branchu from France, who attended the Open Online Course and presented
on Forum his small thesis has passed exam at distance. The whole procedure,
starting from a stochastic choice of number of examination ticket, answers to
ticket questions, discussion by professors in the absence of student and
announcement of result of exam to him was recorded and put on VIA Forum (¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿ see Forum -¿ Education -¿ Small
thesis and exam of Steve Branchu ¡/a¿).¡/p¿

¡p¿In 2019 in addition to individual supervisory work with students the
regular scientific and creative VIA seminar is in operation aimed to discuss
the progress and strategy of students scientific workin the field of
cosmoparticle physics. ¡/p¿

¡p¿In 2020 the regular course now for M2 students continued, but the problems
of adobe Connect, related with the lack of its support for Flash in coming
2021 made necessary to find a solution on the platform of Zoom. This platform
is rather easy to use and provides records, while the lack of whiteboard tools
for discussions online can be solved by accomplishments of laptops by graphic
tabloids.¡/p¿

¡h4¿Organisation of VIA events and meetings¡/h4¿ ¡p¿First tests of VIA system,
described in ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.0510”¿arXiv:0801.0376¡/a¿, ¡a
href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.0510”¿Proceedings 2008, (p.81-86)¡/a¿, ¡a
href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.4532”¿Proceedings 2009, (p.177-181)¡/a¿, ¡a
href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.0224”¿Proceedings 2010, (p.225-232)¡/a¿,
involved various systems of videoconferencing. They included skype, VRVS, EVO,
WEBEX, marratech and adobe Connect. In the result of these tests the adobe
Connect system was chosen and properly acquired. Its advantages are:
relatively easy use for participants, a possibility to make presentation in a
video contact between presenter and audience, a possibility to make high
quality records, to use a whiteboard tools for discussions, the option to open
desktop and to work online with texts in any format. This choice however
should be reconsidered in future or at least accomplished by Zoom in view of
the lack of support for Flash on which VIA site is based.¡/p¿

¡p¿Initially the amount of connections to the virtual room at VIA lectures and
discussions usually didn’t exceed 20. However, the sensational character of
the exciting news on superluminal propagation of neutrinos acquired the number
of participants, exceeding this allowed upper limit at the talk ”OPERA versus
Maxwell and Einstein” given by John Ellis from CERN. The complete record of
this talk and is available on VIA website (¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/”¿
Previous -¿ Lectures -¿ John Ellis¡/a¿). For the first time the problem of
necessity in extension of this limit was put forward and it was resolved by
creation of a virtual ”infinity room”, which can host any reasonable amount of
participants. Starting from 2013 this room became the only main virtual VIA
room, but for specific events, like Collaboration meetings or transmissions
from science festivals, special virtual rooms can be created. This solution
strongly reduces the price of the licence for the use of the adobeConnect
videoconferencing, retaining a possibility for creation of new rooms with the
only limit to one administrating Host for all of them.¡/p¿

¡p¿The ppt or pdf file of presentation is uploaded in the system in advance
and then demonstrated in the central window. Video images of presenter and
participants appear in the right window, while in the lower left window the
list of all the attendees is given. To protect the quality of sound and
record, the participants are required to switch out their microphones during
presentation and to use the upper left Chat window for immediate comments and
urgent questions. The Chat window can be also used by participants, having no
microphone, for questions and comments during Discussion. The interactive form
of VIA lectures provides oral discussion, comments and questions during the
lecture. Participant should use in this case a ”raise hand” option, so that
presenter gets signal to switch out his microphone and let the participant to
speak. In the end of presentation the central window can be used for a
whiteboard utility as well as the whole structure of windows can be changed,
e.g. by making full screen the window with the images of participants of
discussion.¡/p¿

¡p¿Regular activity of VIA as a part of APC includes online transmissions of
all the APC Colloquiums and of some topical APC Seminars, which may be of
interest for a wide audience. Online transmissions are arranged in the manner,
most convenient for presenters, prepared to give their talk in the conference
room in a normal way, projecting slides from their laptop on the screen.
Having uploaded in advance these slides in the VIA system, VIA operator,
sitting in the conference room, changes them following presenter, directing
simultaneously webcam on the presenter and the audience. If the advanced
uploading is not possible, VIA streaming is used - external webcam and
microphone are directed to presenter and screen and support online
streaming.¡/p¿

¡h4¿VIA activity in the conditions of pandemia¡/h4¿ ¡p¿The lack of usual
offline connections and meetings in the conditions of pandemia made the use of
VIA facility especially timely and important. This facility supports regular
weekly meetings of the Laboratory of cosmoparticle studies of the structure
and dynamics of Galaxy in Institute of Physics of Southern Federal University
(Rostov on Don, Russia) and M.Khlopov’s scientific - creative seminar and
their announcements occupied their permanent position on ¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/site.html”¿VIA homepage¡/a¿, while their records
were put in respective place of VIA forum, like ¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/”¿ Forum -¿ LABORATORY OF COSMOPARTICLE STUDIES
OF STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXY¡/a¿ for Laboratory meetings.¡/p¿

¡p¿The platform of VIA facility was used for regular Khlopov’s course
”Introduction to Cosmoparticle physics” for M2 students of MEPHI (in Russian)
and supported regular seminars of Theory group of APC, keeping their records
in VIA library ¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/”¿ Forum -¿ Previous -¿
Seminars at APC ¡/a¿.¡/p¿

¡p¿The programme of VIA lectures continued to present hot news of
astroparticle physics and cosmology, like talk by Zhen Cao from China on the
progress of LHAASO experiment ¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/”¿ Forum -¿
Previous -¿ Seminars at APC -¿ Zhen Cao ¡/a¿ or lecture by Sunny Vagnozzi from
UK on the problem of consistency of different measurements of the Hubble
constant ¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/”¿ Forum -¿ Previous -¿ Seminars at
APC -¿ Sunny Vagnozzi¡/a¿.¡/p¿

¡p¿The results of this activity inspired the decision to hold XXIII Bled
Workshop online on the platform of VIA.¡/p¿

¡h3¿VIA platform for virtual XXIII Bled Workshop¡/h3¿ ¡p¿VIA sessions at Bled
Workshop continued the tradition coming back to the first experience at ¡a
href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.0510”¿ XI Bled Workshop (Proceedings 2008,
p.81-86)¡/a¿ and developed at ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.4532”¿XII
(Proceedings 2009, p.177-181)¡/a¿, ¡a
href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1012.0224”¿XIII (Proceedings 2010, p.225-232)¡/a¿,
¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.2430”¿XIV (Proceedings 2011,
p.233-239)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1302.4305”¿XV (Proceedings 2012,
p.183-189)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.4441”¿XVI (Proceedings
2013, p.223-231)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.06786”¿XVII
(Proceedings 2014, p.285-293)¡/a¿, ¡a
href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.03406”¿XVIII (Proceedings 2015,
p.177-187)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1703.09699”¿XIX (Proceedings
2016, p.221-231)¡/a¿, ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.01629”¿XX
(Proceedings 2017, p.273-283)¡/a¿, ¡a
href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.10628”¿XXI (Proceedings 2018, p.383-394)¡/a¿
and ¡a href=”http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.09639”¿Proceedings 2019,(p.249-261)¡/a¿
Bled Workshops. They became a regular but supplementary part of the Bled
Workshop’s program. It had to be the only form of Workshop activity in
2020.¡/p¿

¡p¿In the course of XXIII Bled Workshop, the list of open questions was
stipulated, which was proposed for wide discussion with the use of VIA
facility. The list of these questions was put on VIA Forum (see ¡a
href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/”¿ Forum -¿ CONFERENCES BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL
-¿ XXIII Bled Workshop ”What comes beyond the Standard model?”¡/a¿) and all
the participants of VIA sessions were invited to address them during VIA
discussions. During the XXIII Bled Workshop the announcement of VIA sessions
was put on VIA home page, giving an open access to the videoconferences at the
Workshop sessions. The preliminary program as well as the corrected program
for each day were continuously put on Forum ¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/”¿
Forum -¿ CONFERENCES BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL -¿ XXIII Bled Workshop ”What
comes beyond the Standard model?”¡/a¿ with the slides and records of all the
talks and discussions.¡/p¿

¡p¿Starting from the Opening of the Workshop VIA facility tried to preserve
the creative atmosphere of Bled discussions.¡/p¿

¡p¿All the talks in the program of XXIII Bled Workshop were given in the
format videoconferences as the talks ”How far has so far the Spin-Charge-
Family theory succeeded to offer the explanation for the observed phenomena?”
by Norma Mankoc-Borstnik from Ljubljana, Slovenia or ”Gravitational footprints
of massive neutrinos and lepton number breaking” by A. Marciano, from Rome
(see records in ¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/”¿ Forum -¿ CONFERENCES BEYOND
THE STANDARD MODEL -¿ XXIII Bled Workshop ”What comes beyond the Standard
model?”¡/a¿).¡/p¿

¡p¿During the Workshop the VIA virtual room was open, inviting distant
participants to join the discussion and extending the creative atmosphere of
these discussions to the world-wide audience. The online format of Workshop
provided remote presentation of students’ scientific debuts in BSM physics and
cosmology as it was, in particular, presented in the interesting talk
”Formation of conserved charges at the de Sitter space” by Valery Nikulin or
in the talk ”Numerical simulation of dark atom interaction with nuclei” by
Timur Bikbaev. The records of all these lectures and discussions can be found
on VIA Forum ¡a href=”http://viavca.in2p3.fr/”¿ Forum -¿ CONFERENCES BEYOND
THE STANDARD MODEL -¿ XXIII Bled Workshop ”What comes beyond the Standard
model?”¡/a¿.¡/p¿

¡p¿Though the technical problems didn’t make possible nonformal private
discussions of participants, still VIA facility has managed to join scientists
from Mexico, USA, France, Russia, Slovenia, Denmark, India, China and many
other countries in discussion of open problems of physics and cosmology beyond
the Standard models.¡/p¿

¡h3¿Conclusions¡/h3¿ ¡p¿The Scientific-Educational complex of Virtual
Institute of Astroparticle physics provides regular communication between
different groups and scientists, working in different scientific fields and
parts of the world, the first-hand information on the newest scientific
results, as well as support for various educational programs at distance. This
activity would easily allow finding mutual interest and organizing task forces
for different scientific topics of astroparticle physics and related topics.
It can help in the elaboration of strategy of experimental particle, nuclear,
astrophysical and cosmological studies as well as in proper analysis of
experimental data. It can provide young talented people from all over the
world to get the highest level education, come in direct interactive contact
with the world known scientists and to find their place in the fundamental
research. These educational aspects of VIA activity can evolve in a specific
tool for International PhD program for Fundamental physics. Involvement of
young scientists in creative discussions was an important aspect of VIA
activity at XXIII Bled Workshop. VIA applications can go far beyond the
particular tasks of astroparticle physics and give rise to an interactive
system of mass media communications.¡/p¿

¡p¿VIA sessions, which became a natural part of a program of Bled Workshops,
maintained in 2020 the platform for online discussions of physics beyond the
Standard Model for distant participants from all the world in the lack of
possibility of offline meetings. This discussion can continue in posts and
post replies on VIA Forum. The experience of VIA applications at Bled
Workshops plays important role in the development of VIA facility as an
effective tool of e-science and e-learning.¡/p¿

¡p¿One can summarize the advantages and flaws of online format of Bled
Workshop. It makes possible to involve in the discussions scientists from all
the world (young scientists, especially) free of the expenses related with
meetings in real (voyage, accommodation, …), but loses the advantage of
nonformal discussions at walks along the beautiful surrounding of the Bled
lake and other places of interest. The improvement of VIA technical support
(e.g. by involvement of Zoom) can provide better platform for nonformal online
discussions, but in no case can be the substitute for Bled meetings and its
creative atmosphere in real. One can summarize that VIA sessions should remain
a useful but still supplementary tool of Bled Workshop meetings in real,
provided that such real meetings are possible.¡/p¿

¡h3¿Acknowledgements¡/h3¿ ¡p¿The initial step of creation of VIA was supported
by ASPERA. I express my tribute to memory of P.Binetruy and express my
gratitude to J.Ellis and S.Katsanevas for permanent stimulating support, to
J.C. Hamilton for support in VIA integration in the structure of APC
laboratory, to K.Belotsky, A.Kirillov, M.Laletin and K.Shibaev for assistance
in educational VIA program, to A.Mayorov, A.Romaniouk and E.Soldatov for
fruitful collaboration, to K.Ganga, J.Errard, A.Kouchner and D.Semikoz for
collaboration in development of VIA activity in APC, to M.Pohl, C. Kouvaris,
J.-R.Cudell, C. Giunti, G. Cella, G. Fogli and F. DePaolis for cooperation in
the tests of VIA online transmissions in Switzerland, Belgium and Italy and to
D.Rouable for help in technical realization and support of VIA complex. The
work has been performed with a support of the Ministry of Science and Higher
Education of the Russian Federation, Project ”Fundamental problems of cosmic
rays and dark matter”, No 0723-2020-0040. I express my gratitude to the
Organizers of Bled Workshop N.S. Mankoč Borštnik, D. Lukman and H.Nielsen for
cooperation in the organization of VIA Sessions at XXIII Bled Workshop. I am
grateful to T.E.Bikbaev for technical assistance and help.¡/p¿

¡h2¿ ¡a name=”PoemAstri1”¿June (Poem by Astri Kleppe)¡/a¿¡/h2¿

¡p¿Tonight it all springs into blossom, Lilacs, ¡br¿ Bird Cherry¡br¿ with
strands of willow, weaving ¡br¿ the beginning; How¡br¿ it all¡br¿ was meant to
be.¡br¿¡/p¿

¡p¿Birdsong, sound of running¡br¿ steps, and soon¡br¿ the larvae will be
heading ¡br¿ for the Bird Cherry, enfolding it ¡br¿ in silver¡br¿ and cocoons;
and soon¡br¿ the nights of August will bring ¡br¿ darkness¡br¿ for Orion and
the Moon;¡br¿ But in this fair night, early June ¡br¿ it’s all in ecstasy, in
vigil ¡br¿ for the blossom; ¡br¿ No one sleeps, the birds, the flies ¡br¿ are
all awake. ¡br¿¡/p¿

¡p¿¡em¿Who are you then¡/em¿, I asked ¡br¿ the Lilacs¡br¿ ¡em¿We are strangers
here¡/em¿, the answer came, ¡br¿ ¡em¿and we belong to no one.¡/em¿¡br¿ ¡em¿But
tell me who you are¡/em¿, I begged¡br¿ And flowers sprinkled over me, ¡br¿ a
waterfall¡br¿ of petals,¡br¿ ¡em¿We just arrived, tonight,¡/em¿ ¡br¿ ¡em¿what
more is there to say?¡/em¿¡br¿¡/p¿

¡p¿¡b¿II¡/b¿¡/p¿

¡p¿A loose dream from a corner of the Universe¡br¿ is driving towards us, our
island; ¡br¿ Clouds ¡br¿ awakening of granite and cadavers, blue¡br¿ and
earth;¡br¿ A boomerang towards The Milky Way, its icy stars¡br¿ and howling
wolves, and tightly curved¡br¿ around the little heat¡br¿ from our own speed.
We are but animals ¡br¿ of auguries, of hope and salt; ¡br¿ and though the
dreams ¡br¿ of Leibniz, ¡br¿ Alan Guth and Hubble¡br¿ led us, it was other
tokens¡br¿ that the Universe imagined, ¡br¿ of another ¡br¿ kind; ¡br¿ And
suddenly this otherness ¡br¿ sticks out: a tree¡br¿ With roots in galaxies and
whispers, ¡br¿ in galactic summer, leaves ¡br¿ that dance in morning
breeze¡br¿ and drizzle, with a scent¡br¿ of seed and clover, pregnant ¡br¿
visions, ¡br¿ over paths through rain-gray¡br¿ grass. ¡br¿¡/p¿

¡p¿Beware of those ¡br¿ who tread on dew and stop¡br¿ under that tree. So
slowly¡br¿ night is turning, in this space ¡br¿ of the improbable, a
darkness¡br¿ where a tree can grow¡br¿ from nothing, rise¡br¿ with flower buds
and day.

¡h2¿ ¡a name=”Pref2EN”¿ Preface to Volume 2 in English Language ¡/a¿ ¡/h2¿
¡p¿The series of annual workshops on ”What Comes Beyond the Standard Models?”
started in 1998 with the idea of Norma and Holger for organizing a real
workshop, in which participants would spend most of the time in discussions,
confronting different approaches and ideas. Workshops have taken place in the
picturesque town of Bled by the lake of the same name, surrounded by beautiful
mountains and offering pleasant walks and mountaineering and very fruitful
discussions.¡/p¿

¡p¿This year 2020 we still had a workshop in July, but without personal
conversations all day and late at night, even between very relaxing walks and
mountaineering, due to COVID-19 pandemic. We have, however, a very long
tradition of videoconferences (cosmovia), enabling discussions and
explanations and exchanging informations and knowledge with laboratories all
over the world. This enables us to have this year the total virtual workshop,
resembling Bled workshops as much as possible.¡/p¿

¡p¿The ”cosmovia” way of workshop enabled more students to participate.
Correspondingly the organizers decided to publish two volumes. In this second
volume mostly students contributions and those contributions of invited
speakers, which arrived the very last moment, are published. We inform the
reader that the preface to Volume 1 contains a short information about topics
from elementary fermion and boson fields and cosmology, presented and
discussed in this year workshop. It appears in this volume after this
preface.¡p¿

¡p¿In up to this year, the long presentations, with breaks and continuations
over several days, followed by very detailed discussions, have led to very
pedagogical presentations, clarifying the assumptions and the conclusions.
Although ”cosmovia” way of workshops worked optimally, enabling discussions
almost day and night, internet discussions can not at all replace personal
discussions. This year we have not succeeded to prepare the discussion
section, representing the common work of participants initiated by
discussions. The interactions among the participants were not efficient
enough.¡/p¿

¡p¿We present in what follows several questions, proposals and doubts, which
remain unanswered during the workshop, or having not real response yet. We
hope that all the participants — invited speakers and students — will try to
participate in looking for the answers, new explanations, new ideas, proofs,
doubts, questions, numerical evaluations, by exchanging emails up to the next
year¡/p¿

¡p¿All the participants are welcome to add their own questions, proposals,
doubts, etc. We shall publish the results of the common work during the year
in the next year proceedings. We shall also take care that all the
participants will receive questions, proposals, etc.¡/p¿

¡p¿ ¡b¿i.¡/b¿Many a contribution discusses the primordial black holes. This
topic was triggered by gravitational wave signal, seemingly merging from black
holes with masses of around 150 Solar masses or less.¡/p¿ ¡p¿The questions
arises: ¡b¿i.a.¡/b¿ What is the primordial time? In what position the universe
was at the primordial time? With massless ordinary fermions and antifermions
interacting with massless ordinary vector gauge fields, or with massive quarks
and leptons and with all higher massive families included, as predicted by the
spin-charge-family theory after the electroweak phase transition? The higher
dimensions, if existing, remained compactified or the theories with higher
dimensions, remaining compactified, are not the correct ones? ¡b¿i.b.¡/b¿ What
causes inflation? i.c. How does the inhomogeneity of the universe with
ordinary matter generate the black holes?¡/p¿

¡p¿ ¡b¿ii.¡/b¿ The spin-charge-family theory starts in d ¿=(13+1) with gravity
only — with the vielbeins and the two kinds of the spin connecting fields —
manifesting in d=(3+1) all the known vector and scalar gauge fields and with
massless family of fermions manifesting in (3+1) the families of quarks and
leptons and predicting the fourth family to the existing three, the dark
matter, the matter-antimatter asymmetry, the proton decay, new scalar fields,
and many other prediction. This theory, starting with very simple starting
action, needs no additional assumptions, no additional gauge groups, no
additional gauge fields, scalar or vector ones, to explain observed properties
of phenomena. Can the predictions be accurate enough to help experimentalists
to measure them, like the mass of the fourth family of quarks and leptons, the
properties of Yukawa couplings and higgs scalars? Do the proposals with
additional groups and additional quarks and leptons relate the spin-charge-
family theory? How do the Kaluza-Klein-like theories cause phase transitions
if starting in d = infinity or any other dimension?¡/p¿

¡p¿ ¡b¿iii¡/b¿. What is the dark matter made of? iii.a The lowest of the four
families, decoupled from the observed ones, like in the spin-charge-family
theory, or they are dark stars with the properties of almost black holes? Or
they are a new phase of the vacuum of ordinary quarks and antiquarks captured
in bubbles? What interactions do make such bubbles possible? iii.b. What is
the decay rate of the dark matter particles in any of the proposed dark matter
model? Can any of proposals for dark matter explain the cosmic positron
anomaly and all other cosmic measurments?¡/p¿

¡p¿ ¡b¿iv.¡/b¿ What are indeed black holes? If there are singularities inside
a black hole what is the status of fermions and fields inside the black hole?
Do they make phase transitions into massless state within the black hole,
loosing identity they have in d=(3+1)? Do we really understand black holes
inside the the horizon?¡/p¿

¡p¿¡b¿v.¡/b¿ If the odd Clifford algebra explains the Dirac’s second
quantization postulates, what else can we learn out of the talk presented in
this workshop? What consequences does the proposal bring for both standard
models?¡/p¿

¡p¿ ¡b¿vi.¡/b¿ Can one relate the model in which universe consists of closed
packed vacuum domains and the models with proposed actions, presented in this
workshop?¡p¿

¡p¿ Having a poet among us we kindly asked her to offer us a poem. Thanks
Astri, we publish for each volume one of your poems.¡/p¿

¡p¿ May be our participants can up to next year translate your poems in the
language of their countries.¡/p¿

¡p¿ Let us conclude this preface by thanking cordially and warmly to all the
participants, present through the teleconferences at the Bled workshop, for
their excellent presentations and also, in spite of all, for really fruitful
discussions.¡p¿

¡ul¿ ¡li¿ ¡em¿ Norma Mankoč Borštnik, Holger Bech Nielsen, Maxim Y.
Khlopov,¡/em¿ (the Organizing comittee) ¡/li¿ ¡li¿ ¡em¿ Norma Mankoč Borštnik,
Holger Bech Nielsen, Dragan Lukman,¡/em¿ (the Editors)¡/li¿ ¡/ul¿

¡p¿Ljubljana, December 2020¡/p¿

¡h2¿ ¡a name=”Pref2SI”¿ Predgovor k drugemu zvezku zbornika ¡/a¿ ¡/h2¿

¡p¿Vsakoletne delavnice z naslovom ”Kako preseči oba standardna modela,
kozmološkega in elektrošibkega” (”What Comes Beyond the Standard Models?”) sta
postavila leta 1998 Norma in Holger z namenom, da bi udeleženci v izčrpnih
diskusijah kritično soočali različne ideje in teorije. Delavnice domujejo v
Plemljevi hiši na Bledu ob slikovitem jezeru, kjer prijetni sprehodi in pohodi
na čudovite gore, ki kipijo nad mestom, ponujajo priložnosti in vzpodbudo za
diskusije.¡/p¿

¡p¿Tudi to leto je bila delavnica v juliju, vendar nam je tokrat covid-19
onemogočil srečanje v Plemljevi hiši. Tudi diskutirali nismo med hojo okoli
jezera ali med hribolazenjem. Vendar nam je dolgoletna izkušnja s ”cosmovio” —
videopovezavami z laboratoriji po svetu — omogočila, da je tudi letos stekla
Blejska delavnica, tokrat prek interneta.¡/p¿

¡p¿Uporaba sistema ”Cosmovia” je omogočila udeležbo veliko večjemu številu
študentov. Organizatorji so se zato odločili da zbornik delavnice izdajo v
dveh delih. V tem drugem delu so v glavnem prispevki študentov, pa tudi
prispevki, ki sodijo v prvi zbornik, a smo jih dobili v zadnjem trenutku.
Predgovor k prvemu zvezku zbornika vsebuje kratek pregled vseh tem, o katerih
je tekla beseda na letošnji delavnici, s področij osnovnih fermionskih in
bozonskih polj in kozmologije. V tem zvezku sledi temu predgovoru predgovor
prvega zvezka.¡/p¿

¡p¿V dosedanjih delavnicah so dolge predstavitve del, s premori in
nadaljevanji preko več dni, ki so jim sledile izčrpne diskusije, vodile do
zelo pedagoških razlag, ki so pomagale razumeti predpostavke in zaključke
prispevkov. četudi je cosmovia poskrbela, da so diskusije tekle ves čas, tako
kot je bilo na vseh delavnicah doslej, blejskih diskusij v živo diskusije po
internetu niso mogle nadomestiti. To leto nam ni uspelo pripraviti razdelka z
diskusijami, ki bi predstavile skupna dela udeležencev, ki so se začela z
diskusijami. Razprave na daljavo niso bile dovolj učinkovite.¡/p¿

¡p¿Zato ponujamo vprašanja, predloge in dvome, ki so med delavnico ostali
neodgovorjeni, ali pa nanje ni bilo pravih odzivov. Upamo, da bodo vsi
udeleženci — vabljeni predavatelji in študenti — poskusili sodelovati v
iskanju odgovorov, novih razlag, idej, dokazov, dvomov, vprašanj in numeričnih
izračunov, preko izmenjave elektronskih sporočil do naslednjega leta.¡/p¿

¡p¿Vsi udeleženci so vabljeni, da dodajo svoja lastna vprašanja, predloge,
dvome itd. Orgnizatorji jih bomo posredovali vsem. Nastala skupna dela pa bomo
objavili v naslednjem zborniku.¡/p¿

¡p¿ ¡b¿i.¡/b¿ Veliko je prispevkov na temo ”prvotne črne luknje”, ki naj bi
pojasnili izmerjene gravitacijske valove in ki se domnevno sproščajo pri
zlitiju črnih lukenj z masami okrog 150 sončevih mas.¡/p¿ ¡p¿Pojavijo se
številna vprašanja: ¡b¿i.a.¡/b¿ Kaj je ”prvotni čas”, čas nastanka teh črnih
lukenj? V kakšnem stanju je bilo tedaj vesolje? Je to čas po elektrošibkem
faznem prehodu vesolja, ali je bilo to pred tem faznim prehodom, ko so imeli
(običajni) fermioni in antifermioni maso nič in so imela tudi vsa bozonska
polja maso nič. Ali pa so pri nastanku teh črnih lukenj bili aktivni tudi
stabilni hadroni masivnih kvarkov in leptonov druge gruče štirih družin, ki
jih napove teorija spinov-nabojev-družin? So dimenzije, večje kot (3+1), če
obstajajo, ostale kompaktificirane, in ali so modeli z več kot (3+1)
dimenzijami sploh ponudijo pravi opis našega vesolja? ¡b¿i.b¡/b¿. Kaj povzroča
inflacijo? ¡b¿i.c.¡/b¿ Kako nehomogenost vesolja z masivnimi kvarki in
antikvarki ustvari črne luknje?¡/p¿

¡p¿¡b¿ii.¡/b¿ Teorija spinov-nabojev-družin postavi preprosto akcijo, v kateri
fermioni z maso nič interagirajo samo z gravitacijo v d¿=(13+1) — s tetradami
in z dvema vrstama polj spinskih povezav — kar se v d=(3+1)-razsežnem prostoru
času manifestira kot vsa poznana vektorska in skalarna umeritvena polja ter
kot brezmasna družina fermionov, ki jih po elektrošibkem prehodu izmerimo kot
masivne družine kvarkov in leptonov. Teorija napove obstoj četrte družine k
znanim trem, temno snov, asimetrijo snov-antisnov, razpad protona, nova
skalarna polja. Teorija, ki začne z zelo preprosto akcijo, ne potrebuje
dodatnih prepostavk, dodatnih umeritvenih grup ali polj, skalarnih ali
vektorskih za razlago opaženih lastnosti in pojavov. Ali lahko ponudi dovolj
natančne napovedi, da bi eksperimenti potrdili napovedane mase četrte družine
kvarkov in leptonov, lastnosti Yukawinih sklopitev in higgsovega skalarja? Ali
so predlogi z dodatnimi grupami in dodatnimi kvarki in leptoni povezani s
teorijo spinov-nabojev-družin? Kaj sproži fazne prehode v teorijah Kaluza-
Kleinovega tipa z d = neskončno ali s kakšno drugo dimenzijo, denimo
d=(13+1)??¡/p¿

¡p¿¡b¿iii.¡/b¿ Iz česa je temna snov? ¡b¿iii.aM¡/b¿Ali je to najnižja od
štirih družin, ki ni sklopljena z opaženimi, kot je to v teoriji spinov-
nabojev-družin, ali pa so to temne zvezde, ki imajo lastnosti skoraj črnih
lukenj? Ali je morda to nova faza vakuuma z običajnimi kvarki in antikvarki,
ki so ujetih v mehurčkih? Katere lastnosti interakcij omogočajo obstoj takšnih
mehurčkov? ¡b¿iii.b.¡/b¿ Kakšna je stopnja razpada delcev temne snovi v
predlaganih modelih? Ali lahko predlogi za temno snov pojasnijo anomalijo
kozmičnih pozitronov?¡/p¿

¡p¿¡b¿iv.¡/b¿ Kaj so v resnici črne luknje? če so znotraj črnih lukenj
singularnosti, kaj se zgodi s fermioni in polji znotraj črne luknje? Ali
znotraj črne luknje preidejo v brezmasno stanje in izgubijo identiteto, ki jo
imajo v d=(3+1)? Ali v resnici razumemo črne luknje znotraj njihovega
horizonta?¡/p¿

¡p¿¡b¿v.¡/b¿ če lahko Cliffordova algebra pojasni Diracove postulate za drugo
kvantizacijo, kaj drugega se še lahko naučimo iz predavanj na tej delavnici?
Kakšna spoznanja prinaša predstavljen predlog druge kvantizacije za oba
standardna modela?¡/p¿

¡p¿¡b¿vi¡/b¿. Kako lahko vzporedimo predlog modela, da vesolje tvorijo
vakuumske domene, ki so povsod goste, z modeli, ki gradijo na dinamiki
fermionov in bozonov, ki jih določa akcija?¡/p¿

¡p¿ Prosili smo pesnico med nami, da popestri zbornik s pesmijo. Hvala Astri
za obe pesmi, ki ju bodo morda udeleženci prevedli v jezik svoje dežele.¡/p¿

¡p¿Naj zakljucimo ta predgovor s prisrčno in toplo zahvalo vsem udeležencem,
prisotnim preko videokonference, za njihova predavanja in še posebno za zelo
plodne diskusije in kljub vsemu odlično vzdušje.¡/p¿

¡ul¿ ¡li¿ ¡em¿ Norma Mankoč Borštnik, Holger Bech Nielsen, Maxim Y.
Khlopov,¡/em¿ (Organizacijski odbor) ¡/li¿ ¡li¿ ¡em¿ Norma Mankoč Borštnik,
Holger Bech Nielsen, Dragan Lukman,¡/em¿ (Uredniki)¡/li¿ ¡/ul¿

¡p¿Ljubljana, grudna (decembra) 2020¡/p¿

¡h2¿ ¡a name=”FurtherTalks”¿ Further Talks¡/a¿¡/h2¿ ¡!– Further Talks Section
–¿ ¡p¿E.Dmitrieff: ¡em¿The Concept of Cosmological Inflation and the Origin of
3+1-dimensional Space-Time in a Universe Consisting of Conserved Vacuum
Domains¡/em¿, See ¡a href=”http://bsm.fmf.uni-
lj.si/bled2020bsm/talks/BledVol21No2Proceedings-proc20Vol2.pdf”¿ printed
Proceedings, p. 1-10.¡/a¿¡/p¿ ¡p¿A.Hernandez-Galeana: em¿Neutrino Masses and
Mixing Within a SU(3) Family Symmetry Model with Five Sterile Neutrinos¡/em¿,
See ¡a href=”http://bsm.fmf.uni-
lj.si/bled2020bsm/talks/BledVol21No2Proceedings-proc20Vol2.pdf”¿ printed
Proceedings, p. 11–27.¡/a¿¡/p¿ ¡!– H.B. Nielsen and C.D.Froggatt: Matter
Macroscopic Pearls, 3.55 keV X-Ray Line, How Big ?, 28–73. –¿
LIST:arXiv:2012.00445

¡h2¿ ¡a name=”ScientificDebuts”¿ Scientific Debuts ¡/a¿¡/h2¿ ¡!–K. Belotsky,
E. Esipova, D. Kalashnikov and A. Letunov: Problems of the Correspondence
Principle for the Recombination Cross Section in Dark Plasma, 77–83. –¿
LIST:arXiv:2011.04685 ¡!– K.M. Belotsky, M.M. El Kasmi and S.G. Rubin:
Neutrino Cooling Effect of Primordial Hot Areas in Dependence on its Size,
84–89. –¿ LIST:arXiv:2011.14221 ¡!– K.M. Belotsky and A.Kh. Kamaletdinov:
Consideration of a Loop Decay of Dark Matter Particle into Electron- Positron
from Point of View of Possible FSR Suppression, 90–96. –¿
LIST:arXiv:2011.12283 ¡!– K.M. Belotsky, E.S. Shlepkina and M.L. Soloviev:
Theoretical Indication of a Possible Asymmetry in Gamma-Radiation Between
Andromeda Halo Hemispheres Due to Compton Scattering on Electrons From Their
Hypothetical Sources in the Halo, 97–104. –¿ LIST:arXiv:2011.04689 ¡!– T.E.
Bikbaev, M.Yu. Khlopov and A.G. Mayorov: Numerical Simulation of Dark Atom
Interaction With Nuclei, 105–117. –¿ LIST:arXiv:2011.01362 ¡!– M.Yu. Khlopov,
A.O. Kirichenko and A.G. Mayorov: Anihelium Flux From Antimatter Globular
Cluster, 118–127.–¿ LIST:arXiv:2011.06973 ¡!– A.A. Kirillov and B. S. Murygin:
Domain Walls and Strings Formation in the Early Universe, 128–133. –¿
LIST:arXiv:2011.07041 ¡!– A.A. Kurakin and S.G. Rubin: The Interaction of
Domain Walls with Fermions in the Early Universe, –¿ ¡!– 134–140. –¿
LIST:arXiv:2011.01757 ¡!– V.V. Nikulin: Cosmological Accumulation of Conserved
Numbers in Kaluza-Klein Theories, 141–148. –¿ LIST:arXiv:2010.15767 ¡!– P.M.
Petriakova: Sub-Planckian Evolution of the Universe, 149–155. –¿
LIST:arXiv:2010.09918 ¡!– M.L. Solovyov, M.A. Rakhimova and K.M. Belotsky: The
”Dark Disk” Model in the Light of DAMPE Experiment, –¿ ¡!– 156–161. –¿
LIST:arXiv:2011.04425 ¡!– V.D. Stasenko and A.A. Kirillov: Dynamical Evolution
of a Cluster of Primordial Black Holes, 162–167. –¿ LIST:arXiv:2011.03099

¡h2¿ ¡a name=”PoemAstri2”¿Earth (Poem by Astri Kleppe)¡/a¿¡/h2¿

¡p¿”Did you know that the Creation begins with the seconds letter of the¡br¿
Hebrew alphabet? Thus you can imagine that the real beginning was¡br¿ not
included, but gave rise to everything - by disapearing.”¡/p¿

¡p¿¡em¿Beginning¡/em¿¡/p¿

¡p¿A sunny summer morning,¡br¿ when the Earth¡br¿ came into being, water did
not¡br¿ yet exist, and everything¡br¿ was longing for something¡br¿ like
rain.¡br¿ A few uncertain clouds¡br¿eventually¡br¿ came sailing from a
place¡br¿ behind the sun,¡br¿ and drops of water fell,¡br¿ and everything was
drinking.¡br¿ Grass was drinking.¡br¿ Trees were drinking,¡br¿ all the
thirsty¡br¿ little birds were drinking.¡br¿ But happiest of all was the
enormous¡br¿ ur-fish, and the carps¡br¿ that all the time had longed¡br¿ for
the arrival of the sea.¡br¿¡/p¿

¡p¿The water lived, it roared¡br¿ and waved with¡br¿ symmetries, no angels
were¡br¿ in sight.¡br¿ The ground was beaten¡br¿ by the rainfalls, under
stones and rocks¡br¿ a quiet murmur from some early¡br¿ mouths was heard.¡br¿
One day a face with eyes and ears¡br¿ emerged, and soon¡br¿ a song was sung.
That’s how the Earth came¡br¿ into being.¡/p¿

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