friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. A. Boucaud  0000-0001-7387-2633 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. E. Bozzo
0000-0002-8201-1525 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. C. Burigana  0000-0002-3005-5796 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. M. Calabrese
0000-0002-2637-2422 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. P. Casenove Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. M. Crocce  0000-0002-9745-6228 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. G. De Lucia
0000-0002-6220-9104 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. J. A. Escartin Vigo Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. G. Fabbian
0000-0002-3255-4695 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. F. Finelli  0000-0002-6694-3269 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. K. George
0000-0002-1734-8455 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. J. Gracia-Carpio Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. S. Ilić
0000-0003-4285-9086 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. P. Liebing Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. C. Liu Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. G. Mainetti
0000-0003-2384-2377 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. S. Marcin Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. M. Martinelli  0000-0002-6943-7732 Euclid. III.
The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. P. W. Morris
0000-0002-5186-4381 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. C. Neissner  0000-0001-8524-4968 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. A. Pezzotta
0000-0003-0726-2268 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. M. Pöntinen  0000-0001-5442-2530 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. C. Porciani
0000-0002-7797-2508 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. Z. Sakr  0000-0002-4823-3757 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. V. Scottez Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. E. Sefusatti
0000-0003-0473-1567 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. M. Viel  0000-0002-2642-5707 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. M. Wiesmann
0009-0000-8199-5860 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. Y. Akrami  0000-0002-2407-7956 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. V. Allevato
0000-0001-7232-5152 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. E. Aubourg  0000-0002-5592-023X Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. M. Ballardini
0000-0003-4481-3559 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. D. Bertacca  0000-0002-2490-7139 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. M. Bethermin
0000-0002-3915-2015 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. A. Blanchard  0000-0001-8555-9003 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. L. Blot
0000-0002-9622-7167 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. S. Borgani  0000-0001-6151-6439 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. A. S. Borlaff
0000-0003-3249-4431 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. S. Bruton  0000-0002-6503-5218 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. R. Cabanac
0000-0001-6679-2600 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. A. Calabro  0000-0003-2536-1614 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. G. Calderone
0000-0002-7738-5389 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. G. Canas-Herrera  0000-0003-2796-2149 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. A. Cappi Euclid.
III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. C. S. Carvalho
Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and
colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to
NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and
colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.
G. Castignani  0000-0001-6831-0687 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. T. Castro  0000-0002-6292-3228 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. K. C. Chambers
0000-0001-6965-7789 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. Y. Charles Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. R. Chary  0000-0001-7583-0621 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. J. Colbert
0000-0001-6482-3020 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. S. Contarini  0000-0002-9843-723X Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. T. Contini
0000-0003-0275-938X Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. A. R. Cooray  0000-0002-3892-0190 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. M. Costanzi
0000-0001-8158-1449 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. O. Cucciati  0000-0002-9336-7551 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. B. De Caro Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. S. de la Torre
Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and
colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to
NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and
colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.
G. Desprez Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend
and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to
NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and
colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.
A. Díaz-Sánchez  0000-0003-0748-4768 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. H. Dole  0000-0002-9767-3839 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. S. Escoffier
0000-0002-2847-7498 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. P. G. Ferreira  0000-0002-3021-2851 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. I. Ferrero
0000-0002-1295-1132 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. A. Finoguenov  0000-0002-4606-5403 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. A. Fontana
0000-0003-3820-2823 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. K. Ganga  0000-0001-8159-8208 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. J. García-Bellido
0000-0002-9370-8360 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. V. Gautard Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. E. Gaztanaga  0000-0001-9632-0815 Euclid. III.
The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. G. Gozaliasl
0000-0002-0236-919X Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. A. Gregorio  0000-0003-4028-8785 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. A. Hall
0000-0002-3139-8651 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. W. G. Hartley Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. S. Hemmati  0000-0003-2226-5395 Euclid. III.
The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. H. Hildebrandt
0000-0002-9814-3338 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. J. Hjorth  0000-0002-4571-2306 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. S. Hosseini Euclid. III.
The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. M. Huertas-
Company  0000-0002-1416-8483 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. O. Ilbert  0000-0002-7303-4397 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. J. Jacobson
Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and
colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to
NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and
colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.
S. Joudaki  0000-0001-8820-673X Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. J. J. E. Kajava  0000-0002-3010-8333 Euclid.
III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. V. Kansal
0000-0002-4008-6078 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. D. Karagiannis  0000-0002-4927-0816 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. C. C.
Kirkpatrick Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend
and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to
NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and
colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.
F. Lacasa  0000-0002-7268-3440 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. V. Le Brun  0000-0002-5027-1939 Euclid. III.
The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. J. Le Graet
0000-0001-6523-7971 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. L. Legrand  0000-0003-0610-5252 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. G. Libet Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. S. J. Liu
0000-0001-7680-2139 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. A. Loureiro  0000-0002-4371-0876 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. M. Magliocchetti
0000-0001-9158-4838 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. C. Mancini  0000-0002-4297-0561 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. F. Mannucci
0000-0002-4803-2381 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. R. Maoli  0000-0002-6065-3025 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. C. J. A. P. Martins
0000-0002-4886-9261 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. S. Matthew  0000-0001-8448-1697 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. L. Maurin
0000-0002-8406-0857 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. C. J. R. McPartland  0000-0003-0639-025X Euclid. III.
The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. R. B. Metcalf
0000-0003-3167-2574 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. M. Migliaccio Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. M. Miluzio Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. P. Monaco
0000-0003-2083-7564 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. C. Moretti  0000-0003-3314-8936 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. S. Nadathur
0000-0001-9070-3102 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. L. Nicastro  0000-0001-8534-6788 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. Nicholas A. Walton
0000-0003-3983-8778 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. J. Odier  0000-0002-1650-2246 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. M. Oguri
0000-0003-3484-399X Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. V. Popa Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. D. Potter  0000-0002-0757-5195 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. A. Pourtsidou
0000-0001-9110-5550 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. P.-F. Rocci Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. R. P. Rollins  0000-0003-1291-1023 Euclid. III.
The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. B. Rusholme
0000-0001-7648-4142 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. M. Sahlén  0000-0003-0973-4804 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. A. G. Sánchez
0000-0003-1198-831X Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. C. Scarlata  0000-0002-9136-8876 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. J. Schaye
0000-0002-0668-5560 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. J. A. Schewtschenko Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. A. Schneider
0000-0001-7055-8104 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. M. Schultheis Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. M. Sereno  0000-0003-0302-0325 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. F. Shankar
0000-0001-8973-5051 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. A. Shulevski  0000-0002-1827-0469 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. G. Sikkema Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. A. Silvestri
0000-0001-6904-5061 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. P. Simon Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. A. Spurio Mancini  0000-0001-5698-0990 Euclid.
III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. J. Stadel
0000-0001-7565-8622 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. S. A. Stanford  0000-0003-0122-0841 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. K. Tanidis
Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and
colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to
NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and
colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.
C. Tao  0000-0001-7961-8177 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. N. Tessore  0000-0002-9696-7931 Euclid. III.
The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. R. Teyssier
0000-0001-7689-0933 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. S. Toft  0000-0003-3631-7176 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. M. Tucci Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. J. Valiviita
0000-0001-6225-3693 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. D. Vergani  0000-0003-0898-2216 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. F. Vernizzi
0000-0003-3426-2802 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. G. Verza  0000-0002-1886-8348 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. P. Vielzeuf
0000-0003-2035-9339 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. J. R. Weaver  0000-0003-1614-196X Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. L. Zalesky
0000-0001-5680-2326 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. I. A. Zinchenko Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. M. Archidiacono
0000-0003-4952-9012 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. F. Atrio-Barandela  0000-0002-2130-2513 Euclid. III.
The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. C. L. Bennett
0000-0001-8839-7206 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. T. Bouvard  0009-0002-7959-312X Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. F. Caro Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. S. Conseil
0000-0002-3657-4191 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. P. Dimauro  0000-0001-7399-2854 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. P.-A. Duc
0000-0003-3343-6284 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. Y. Fang Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. A. M. N. Ferguson Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. T. Gasparetto
0000-0002-7913-4866 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. I. Kovačić  0000-0001-6751-3263 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. S. Kruk
0000-0001-8010-8879 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. A. M. C. Le Brun  0000-0002-0936-4594 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. T. I. Liaudat
0000-0002-9104-314X Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. A. Montoro  0000-0003-4730-8590 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. A. Mora
0000-0002-1922-8529 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. C. Murray Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. L. Pagano  0000-0003-1820-5998 Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. D. Paoletti
0000-0003-4761-6147 Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. M. Radovich  0000-0002-3585-866X Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. E. Sarpa
0000-0002-1256-655X Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. E. Tommasi Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks:
Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his
central contributions to NISP. A. Viitanen  0000-0001-9383-786X Euclid. III.
The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The
NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio
Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. J. Lesgourgues
0000-0001-7627-353X Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP. M. E. Levi  0000-0003-1887-1018 Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP
Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto
(1951–2019) and his central contributions to NISP. J. Martín-Fleitas
0000-0002-8594-569X Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to our
friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.Euclid. III. The NISP Instrument††thanks: Dedicated to
our friend and colleague Favio Bortoletto (1951–2019) and his central
contributions to NISP.

The Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) on board the Euclid
satellite provides multiband photometry and $R\gtrsim 450$ slitless grism
spectroscopy in the 950–2020 nm wavelength range. In this reference article we
illuminate the background of NISP’s functional and calibration requirements,
describe the instrument’s integral components, and provide all its key
properties. We also sketch the processes needed to understand how NISP
operates and is calibrated, and its technical potentials and limitations.
Links to articles providing more details and technical background are
included. NISP’s 16 HAWAII-2RG (H2RG) detectors with a plate scale of $None$
pixel-1 deliver a field-of-view of 0.57 deg2. In photometric mode, NISP
reaches a limiting magnitude of $\sim$ 24.5 AB mag in three photometric
exposures of about 100 s exposure time, for point sources and with a signal-
to-noise ratio (SNR) of 5. For spectroscopy, NISP’s point-source sensitivity
is a ${\rm\acs{SNR}}=3.5$ detection of an emission line with flux $\sim$
$2\times 10^{-16}$ erg s-1 cm-2 integrated over two resolution elements of
13.4 Å, in 3$\times$ 560 s grism exposures at 1.6 $\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro
m}$ (redshifted H$\alpha$). Our calibration includes on-ground and in-flight
characterisation and monitoring of pixel-based detector baseline, dark
current, non-linearity, and sensitivity, to guarantee a relative photometric
accuracy of better than 1.5%, and relative spectrophotometry to better than
0.7%. The wavelength calibration must be accurate to 5 Å or better. NISP is
the state-of-the-art instrument in the near-infrared for all science beyond
small areas available from HST and JWST – and an enormous advance from any
existing instrumentation due to its combination of field size and high
throughput of telescope and instrument. During Euclid’s 6-year survey covering
14 000 deg2 of extragalactic sky, NISP will be the backbone for determining
distances of more than a billion galaxies. Its near-infrared data will become
a rich reference imaging and spectroscopy data set for the coming decades.

###### Key Words.:

Space vehicles: instruments – Instrumentation: photometers – Instrumentation:
spectrographs – Infrared: general – Surveys – Cosmology: observations

##  1 Introduction

Physics currently has a good understanding of what astronomers call ‘baryons’,
meaning the fundamental composition of atoms and molecules that make up stars,
planets, gas, and dust. However, observations of the dynamics of galaxies and
galaxy clusters demonstrated the need for an extra component of mass, or in
the accepted gravitational laws, in order to reconcile observed motions with
inferred gravitational forces.

Such an extra ‘dark matter’ mass component would very well fit into the
structure formation theory of the Universe, but to this point no first
principles predictions of the particle or field making up dark matter exist
from the particle physics side.

At the same time, an extra ‘dark energy’ is needed. The clear signal found of
an accelerated expansion of the Universe at the current epoch and near zero
curvature require an additional energy component that will influence the
Universe’s expansion history.

With together $\sim$ 95% of the total mass-energy content of the Universe at
present time, dark matter and dark energy pose one if not the largest open
questions in physical sciences today – at the heart of our understanding of
gravitation and the composition and history of our Universe itself.

The Euclid mission is designed to bring light into this dark sector of the
Universe (Laureijs et al. 2011; Euclid Collaboration: Mellier et al. 2024),
within the ‘Cosmic Vision 2015–2025’ programme of the European Space Agency
(ESA). Its primary cosmological probes of (i) weak lensing and (ii) baryon
acoustic oscillations will for the first time be using data from a large-
volume, space-based survey to measure the expansion history of the Universe,
as well as characterise the details of structure formation to a level of
accuracy not possible from the ground. Euclid, its instruments and its data
analysis were designed to differentiate between a cosmological constant and a
time-variable dark energy, and at the same time probe the very nature of
gravity (Amendola et al. 2018).

Euclid has two predecessor concepts within ESA’s Cosmic Vision programme:
SPACE (Cimatti et al. 2009) and DUNE (Réfrégier et al. 2006). While they were
proposed to carry out each one of these two main probes, Euclid’s payload was
designed to cover both.

The overall design for Euclid was solely driven by the so-called ‘dark energy
figure of merit’ (Albrecht et al. 2006) that represents a combined precision
measure for dark energy properties. This very downstream number was
subsequently broken down into required precision goals of the individual
cosmological probes, from there to number statistics of galaxies, leading to
requirements on survey volume, as well as on the abilities of the Euclid
telescope and instruments plus cosmology data analysis of the planned data. It
was clear that a dramatic improvement over the existing or planned ground-
based projects would come from (i) a very large survey volume, requiring a
wide-field telescope and high sensitivity to cover a large area of the sky to
a sufficient depth quickly, (ii) very high-fidelity, high precision
measurement of galaxy shapes, and (iii) both near-infrared spectroscopy as
well as multi-band photometry. This defined Euclid’s capabilities from the
cosmology side.

At the same time, it was made clear from the beginning that Euclid data will
be usable for a very large variety of non-cosmology (‘legacy’) science
projects, from solar system to objects in the early Universe. While none of
these projects would be allowed to drive Euclid’s design, at all times data
processing and data releases were being planned to enable as much broad
astrophysical science as possible.

All these considerations led to the definition of two instruments onboard
Euclid: NISP and VIS. Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) is the
Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer. On one side its near-infrared
spectroscopy channel (NISP-S) will provide three-dimensional clustering
information for $\sim$ 35 million galaxies to infer the growth of the Universe
over cosmic time, using baryon acoustic oscillation measurements as a tracer
of scales.

On the other side its photometry channel (NISP-P) will provide photometry for
more than a billion galaxies to derive photometric redshift estimates
(photo-$z$s) when joined with ground-based data at shorter wavelengths. In
combination with the high-resolution, high-fidelity, 530–920 nm images of the
visible imager (VIS) – the other instrument onboard Euclid (Cropper et al.
2018; Euclid Collaboration: Cropper et al. 2024) – one can build three-
dimensional weak lensing maps of matter across space and time.

Euclid will test the large-scale structure and its constituents also beyond
these two diagnostics and beyond the standard cosmological model, constraining
alternatives to standard gravity as well as the neutrino mass hierarchy
(Amendola et al. 2018). Aside from cosmology, Euclid’s extensive and
unprecedented survey data, be it high-resolution imaging over $\sim$ 14 000
deg2 from VIS or slitless spectroscopy and multiband-imaging in the near-
infrared from NISP, will enable a large variety of astrophysics studies from
the Solar System to the earliest times after the Big Bang.

In the following, first an overview is given of NISP and the requirements on
which its design and functionality are based (Sect. 2) – then NISP’s various
components and partially design decisions are described to a level necessary
for understanding how NISP functions and which capabilities NISP provides
(Sect. 3). This is followed by a description of how NISP survey data will be
calibrated (Sect. 4), and an initial assessment of NISP’s performance in
flight (Sect. 5). The paper closes with a description of NISP’s operational
options and limits (Sect. 6), and an outlook (Sect. 7) into NISP’s operations
in the coming decade.

##  2 NISP overview and requirements

The need to use both weak lensing and galaxy clustering over a large part of
the sky via Euclid as a single mission created a clear design outline for
spacecraft, instruments, survey, and data analysis (Racca et al. 2016). As a
result the mission required for Euclid a 1.20 m main mirror with a flat and
low-distortion field of view using a three-mirror anastigmat design.
Furthermore, three instrument channels were defined, distributed over two
instruments: On one side the VIS instrument provides a wide-field, high-
fidelity imaging capability at visible wavelengths (Cropper et al. 2018;
Euclid Collaboration: Cropper et al. 2024). VIS has one single wide passband
between $\sim$530 and 920 nm, with the main aim of imaging galaxies with a
very stable and very well characterized point spread function, in order to
extract ultra-precise galaxy shapes or weak lensing measurements. The other
two channels, near-infrared multi-passband photometry and slitless
spectrometry, were combined into NISP – which is the subject of this overview.
For cosmology, NISP provides both spectroscopic redshifts directly, and for
photometric redshifts contributes the near-infrared passbands to be combined
with external, ground-based data in the spectral range $\sim$ 400–900 nm.

These instrumental channels are meant to be used in the Euclid Wide Survey
over $\sim$14 000 deg2 – and an associated 2 mag deeper Euclid Deep Survey
over $\sim$ 53 deg2 – in the extra-galactic and extra-ecliptic area of the
sky, to avoid both the dusty galactic plane and high zodiacal light
background, and carried out over six years (Euclid Collaboration: Scaramella
et al. 2022) at the thermally stable and low-background Sun-Earth Lagrange
point L2.

Within this framework, the fundamental instrumental requirements that drove
NISP’s design and capabilities – in conjunction with the capabilities of the
telescope and subsequent data processing – are as follows. For actual in-
flight performance numbers please see Table 5:

  * •

Wavelength range: near-infrared, $\sim$ 900–2000 nm

  * •

field of view (FOV): $\sim$ 0.5 deg2

  * •

Sampling: 0$\aas@@fstack{\prime\prime}$3 pix-1, with very compact, near
diffraction-limited optics

  * •

Spectroscopy: 2 grism passbands, $\mathcal{R}\geq 380$, with $3.5\sigma$ flux
limit $\leq$ 2$\times 10^{-16}$ erg cm-2 s-1 for the $H_{\alpha}$ line at 1600
nm from a $None$ diameter source

  * •

Photometry: 3 passbands, depth 24.0 mag at 5$\sigma$ for point sources

  * •

Calibration: photometric calibration $\leq$ 1.5% over the whole survey,
spectrophotometric fluctuation of the zero-point in flux limit $\leq$0 .7%
with wavelength calibration precision $\leq$38% of one resolution element

  * •

Structural thermal stability111In telescope design practices the material
ratio between the thermal conductivity and the coefficient of thermal
expansion measured in Wm-1 is an important parameter and is called steady
state stability. Materials with high steady state stability, like Silicon
Carbide ($\sim$ 85 W$\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$-1 at 300 K) are very well
suited to realising stable optical structures with easy thermal control. For
NISP this permits to build a lightweight structure with very low thermal
deformation which is able to conduct heat quickly. better than 180 W m-1 K-1/
2.2$\times$10-6 K-1

  * •

Thermal stability: detector temperature variation $\leq$ 4 mK over $\sim$ 1200
s.

These fundamental requirements led to the NISP design that is now operating in
space at L2. Together with other constraints such as limits on mass, volume,
power consumption, thermal stability, and downlink data-rate, as well as
boundary conditions to materials and technological readiness-levels NISP was
designed, manufactured, and then tested, integrated into Euclid and finally
launched in mid 2023.

For Euclid, the responsibility for the telescope, spacecraft including mission
operations, as well as data distribution lies with ESA, while design and
manufacturing of the instruments including their onboard application software,
as well as for the science ground segment (SGS), responsible for data
analysis, lies with consortia of diverse institutes, funded by their
respective national agencies. The NISP instrument is led by the French
national space agency (CNES), with the Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de
Marseille (LAM) as the central institution for coordinating, integrating, and
testing NISP. Major NISP subsystems, components, and contributions were
provided through a number of institutions within a framework contract between
the national agencies of France, Italy, Germany, the USA, Spain, Denmark, and
Norway. Instrument operations, data processing, and scientific evaluation are
taking place within the Euclid Consortium,222https://www.euclid-ec.org its SGS
and science working groups with more than 2000 scientists and engineers,
jointly working with ESA to reach the mission goals and provide Euclid’s data
to the world.

The above instrumental requirements resulted in a NISP design with the
following basic properties – the resulting flight model instrument is shown in
Fig. 1:

Figure 1:  The NISP flight model after completion but without its light-tight
multi-layer insulation. As a scale reference: NISP fits into a volume of 100
cm $\times$ 50 cm $\times$ 50 cm. Not pictured are the warm electronics (Sect.
3.7) that are located in the Euclid SVM.

  1. 1.

General layout: NISP has a F/10.4 camera, transforming the initial F/20.4 from
the telescope to a field-size matching the available instrumental volume, and
providing a FOV of 0.57 deg2 with $None$ pix-1 over a set of 4$\times$4
detectors. The optics are matched to the telescope’s Korsch off-axis design
(Korsch 1977). NISP has to function inside a rather limited volume, with a
maximum mass of 155 kg (actual mass 85.3 kg for the main instrument, 40.7 kg
for the warm electronics) and maximum power consumption of 200 W.

  2. 2.

Shared FOV: NISP receives light transmitted by a dichroic element outside of
the instrument (Fig. 2); the reflected component is used by VIS. The FOV is
almost, but not perfectly concurrent (see Euclid Collaboration: Mellier et al.
2024). VIS and NISP can hence take data simultaneously, requiring a well
coordinated sequence of observations and mechanism movements.

  3. 3.

focal plane array (FPA): NISP uses 4$\times$4 H2RGs with each 2040$\times$2040
science pixels as well as a 4-pixel wide border of light-insensitive reference
pixels. H2RG detectors are operated at a temperature of about 95 K to reduce
thermal noise. NISP’s plate scale is 0$\aas@@fstack{\prime\prime}$30 per pixel
in both directions with a 18 $\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$ pixel pitch. This
makes the NISP point spread function (PSF) undersampled for a 1.20 m primary
mirror. The FPA is read out by 16 sensor chip electronics at 135 K, each
interfaced with Detector Control Unit (DCU) electronics using a Multiple
Accumulated (MACC) readout scheme, thereby transferring its data to the Data
Processing Unit (DPU) – warm electronics (293 K) located outside of the
payload cavity in the Euclid service module (SVM).

  4. 4.

Spectroscopy (NISP-S mode): The grism wheel assembly contains one blue grism
($BG_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$, 926–1366 nm, $\mathcal{R}>400$), and three
red grisms ($RG_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$, 1206–1892 nm, $\mathcal{R}>480$)
at different orientations of dispersion direction. A 5th slot is an open
aperture to let the full beam pass for photometry observations.

  5. 5.

Photometry (NISP-P mode): The filter wheel assembly contains three passband
filters $Y_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$, $J_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$,
$H_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$, splitting the wavelength range $\sim$ 950–2020
nm almost evenly in log-space of wavelength, one open slot to pass light for
spectroscopic observations, and a closed position blocking any light towards
the FPA. The latter is used for any dark calibration images.

  6. 6.

Detector calibration: The light-emitting diode (LED)-based calibration unit
NI-CU provides light to repeatedly calibrate the detector’s pixel-to-pixel
sensitivity, as well as linearity. It can directly illuminate the FPA area in
each one of five wavelengths from $\sim$ 930 to 1880 nm.

  7. 7.

Control and processing electronics: NISP’s warm electronics command all
instrument functions, and process the received science data to reduce their
volume consistent with downlink data-rate limits. It also adds housekeeping
data to be used as diagnostics on ground with every science frame.

  8. 8.

NISP has a data-rate limit for downlink to Earth of 290 Gbit/day.

Figure 2: The chromatic selection function of Euclid’s optical elements. M1–3
are the primary, secondary, and tertiary mirror, FoM1–3 are planar folding
mirrors. The behaviour of the dichroic element above $2.2$
$\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$ is not controlled by specifications; longer
wavelengths could enter NISP and would be blocked by the filters.

The resulting design is described in Sect. 3 below and as shown in Fig. 1: a
thermo-mechanically ultra-stable silicon carbide (SiC) structure that allows
mounting NISP to the payload module and that connects optics, filter and grism
wheel, and a calibration source to the left in the image with the detector
system and cold readout electronics on the right. In a separate location in
the SVM, NISP’s warm electronics provides commanding and data processing
capabilities.

In its design and manufacturing NISP has gone through a standard space
hardware development cycle (Prieto et al. 2012; Maciaszek et al. 2014, 2016,
2022): Breadboard and engineering models were used on component level to
assess materials and functionality of designed parts. A Structural and Thermal
Model (delivered to ESA in 2017) was used to validate the mechanical design
and thermal control.

The NISP Engineering Qualification Model was used to qualify all subsystems
individually, including structure and simplified optics. All electronics and
their connections were functional in this model, and tests were conducted in
thermal vacuum and thermal balance. This model will continue to be used during
Euclid operations as a testbed for NISP-internal software maintenance.

The Avionic Model has been designed to accurately represent the electric and
electronic functionalities of NISP. It contains all movable mechanisms, a
representation of the calibration light source, as well as part of a detector
array, but neither mechanical structure nor optics. This model has been used
in the development of the Euclid service module and in the testing of
satellite operation procedures. The NISP Avionic Model has been delivered to
ESA and will remain there to be used by mission operations for command
testing.

Finally, the NISP Flight Model (delivered to ESA in 2020 as in Fig. 1) was
ultimately integrated into Euclid and is now operating in orbit.

Sub-system integration, assembly and testing took place under the
contributor’s responsibility in collaboration with various industries. At
instrument level assembly and integration of all models, as well as most of
the testing activities, took place at LAM and its large cryo-vacuum
laboratory.

##  3 NISP components

NISP has a number of almost self-contained subsystems, which we describe in
the following. A partial background on development decisions is included to
motivate the designs that in the end were used in the flight model.

###  3.1 Mechanical structure

NISP’s main mechanical structure (central part in Fig. 1) supports the optics,
filter and grism wheel, calibration source, and detector system, with the goal
to keep all these sub-systems aligned for the duration of the mission – while
providing extreme thermo-mechanical stability, high stiffness, and a thermally
controlled environment, separated from the rest of the telescope. The design
and choice of material for this structure were directly driven by technical
and performance specifications and boundary conditions: the proximity of the
telescope’s optical beam folding mirror #2 constrained the available volume,
and the mass allocation budget of 37 kg for the main mechanical structure,
drove the structure design and choice of materials. The position of the
collimator lens – located at the entry of the NISP optical beam before the
filter and grism wheels – and the large distance between optical axis and the
mounting interface to the payload module baseplate – that is NISP’s ‘legs’ –
were challenges for the structural concept.

The driving criteria for the material selection for the main structure were
(i) a high intrinsic material stiffness – ratio of the elasticity modulus $E$
and the density $\rho$ – in order to obtain a good stiffness-to-mass ratio.
The goal was that the first eigenfrequency of the structure should be above 80
Hz to survive vibrations during launch; and (ii) a good structural thermal
stability, as explained above. The latter is central to achieving less than
0.3 K variation in the optics over the 6 years of flight operation, enabling
the continued alignment of the NISP’s optical system with its focal plane.
This is particularly challenging due to the different temperature levels
present in NISP: the optics and mechanical structure are operated at a
cryogenic temperature of $\sim$135 K, the detector array at around 95 K, its
read-out electronics again at 135 K. The choice of material and design were
therefore also important to minimise the thermal gradients and simplify the
associated thermal control required to achieve the targeted thermal stability
of the mechanical structure – and to avoid having to add a dedicated NISP
focusing mechanism to retain co-focality with the VIS instrument.

All these reasons led to the choice of sintered SiC with a stiffness of 420
GPa/3.15 g cm-3 and a thermal stability of 180 W m-1 K-1/$2.2\times 10^{-6}$
K-1 for the instrument’s main structure (Bougoin et al. 2017). A second,
smaller structure also made of SiC forms the protective cavity for the grism
and filter wheels.

The interface between the NISP instrument and the Euclid spacecraft was
designed to ensure a thermo-mechanical decoupling from the payload module to
minimise heat transfers from the satellite to the NISP instrument, and vice-
versa. The final concept is based on a hexapod system made of Invar that
ensures a quasi-isostatic mechanical link. The hexapod also reduces the total
conductance from the NISP main structure to the payload module baseplate to
$\simeq$ 0.035 W K-1 while providing NISP with the required stiffness.

###  3.2 Optics

Figure 3:  Beam path through the NISP optical assembly (NI-OA) in the
photometer mode, consisting of CoLA, CaLA, and a bandpass filter. The dichroic
element is located in the exit pupil of the telescope in front of NISP. The
three cones of rays, shown in different colours, correspond to the centre and
two opposing edges of the NISP field of view.

We refer to the optics of NISP as the near-infrared optical assembly (NI-OA).
It reduces the telescope’s F/20.4 focal ratio to F/10.4, halving the
magnification by a factor of two. This matches the illuminated optical field
to the physical dimensions of the FPA, and enables a more compact instrument
architecture.

####  3.2.1 Optical design

The optical design of NI-OA is shown in Fig. 3. The dichroic beam splitter in
the exit pupil of the telescope in front of NISP reflects the 530–920 nm range
into the VIS channel (not shown here, see Euclid Collaboration: Mellier et al.
2024; Euclid Collaboration: Cropper et al. 2024) and transmits the range $>$
920 nm into NISP – for more details see Fig. 2. The NI-OA consists of two
opto-mechanical groups (Gal et al. 2014; Grupp et al. 2014), namely the
corrector-lens assembly (CoLA) and the camera-lens assembly (CaLA). In between
are the filter and the grism wheels (see Fig. 1). Figure 3 schematically shows
the photometer mode with a filter in the beam path. The grism mode is set up
similarly.

In total NI-OA consists of four meniscus lenses. Since all materials must be
resistant to cosmic radiation (Grupp et al. 2013a), the choice of optical
glasses is very limited. While the CoLA lens L4 is made of fused silica, the
three CaLA lenses consist of CaF2 (L1) and S-FTM16 (L2 and L3). CaF2 has
unique optical properties, such as low dispersion and high thermal stability.
At the same time it is not a glass, but a brittle crystal with a cubic lattice
structure that is challenging to work with. Other substrate materials suitable
for the space environment would have resulted in a considerable loss in
optical performance.

The final design emerged from a more complex precursor in which CoLA formed a
multi-lens collimator so that the filter was in a parallel-beam path. To save
mass and volume, the number of lenses was gradually reduced, dispensing with
the parallel path. This increases somewhat the angle-of-incidence variations
across the filter surface, and thus the passband variations across the FOV.
These are present – and dominating – even if the filter was in a parallel
beam, see also Sect. 3.3 and Euclid Collaboration: Schirmer et al. (2022).

The four lenses have a spherical surface on the convex front side and an
aspherical surface on the concave back side. We found this system to have the
minimum number of degrees of freedom required to meet the high demands on
optical imaging quality. Additional aspherical surfaces on the convex sides
could improve the design even further or perhaps further reduce the required
number of lenses. However, aspherical convex surfaces of these large lenses
with diameters between 130 and 170 mm can in practice not be measured
interferometrically and thus are not manufacturable because computer-generated
holograms and Fizeau interferometers of the required size are not available in
industry.

Euclid’s wide-angle telescope is of a Korsch off-axis design: The rays hitting
the centre of NISP’s FPA do not enter the telescope perpendicularly, but with
an angle of $None$ to the optical axis of the primary mirror. This design is a
result of studies trying to combine both a FOV large enough for Euclid’s
survey with flatness of the FOV in order to have excellent image quality using
planar detectors. The need to also have a geometrically sufficiently large and
accessible focal plane for placement of instruments led to an off-axis
telescope design. One consequence of this off-axis configuration is the tilted
focal plane of NISP, clearly visible in Fig. 3.

####  3.2.2 Imaging quality requirements

The requirements for NI-OA’s optical imaging quality are predefined by the
telescope, which is designed to feed the instrument with a diffraction-limited
signal over the full off-centred FOV (Grupp et al. 2013b, 2014, 2016). Here we
refer to the Maréchal criterion (Eq. 30-53 in Gross et al. 2006), which
requires a wavefront-error root mean square (WFE RMS) value smaller than
$\lambda/14$ to be considered as diffraction limited. This requirement
emphasises the need for excellent mechanical thermal stability.

Accordingly, the NI-OA design must also be almost diffraction limited over the
entire FOV to preserve the imaging quality. In addition, it must maintain the
flatness of the FOV and it has to guarantee low ghost-image intensities (see
Sect. 5.3).

####  3.2.3 Filters and grisms with refractive power

In contrast to the telescope’s exclusively reflective mirror design, NI-OA’s
refractive lens design is not completely free from chromatic aberrations. With
the wide wavelength range of NISP – covering more than one octave – such
errors could not be completely avoided. This problem is however overcome by
dividing NISP-P into three (Tab. 1) and NISP-S into two (Tab. 2) wavelength
bands.

The three bandpass filters (Sect. 3.3) are made from ‘Suprasil 3001’ fused
silica. They have a diameter of 130 mm with a clear aperture of 126 mm, a
central thickness of 11.20 mm to 11.96 mm, and are the largest NIR filters
flown on an astronomy space mission to date. The filters’ exit surface is
planar, while their sky-facing entrance surface is spherically convex, with
curvature radii between 9968 mm and 10 027 mm. This slight optical power
compensates for the residual chromatic aberrations of the refractive NI-OA.
The filter substrates were glued into holders on metal-blade springs that
allow for compensation of differential thermal contraction, which may occur
between the Suprasil substrate and the metals of the filter wheel.

The four grisms (Sect. 3.4) are also made of fused silica and – for the same
reason as the filters – have a mildly powered spherical entrance surface. The
filter and grism blanks were jointly manufactured by Winlight (France), all
compared to a common curvature reference surface to achieve a high accuracy in
the slightly different target curvature radii for the different elements. The
latter facilitates co-focality of photometric and spectroscopic channels, that
is they share the same focal plane. For this reason it is not possible to use
both a filter and a grisms simultaneously, as this would result in strongly
defocused images.

####  3.2.4 Lens manufacturing

With a size of over 170 mm and a weight of more than 2.5 kg for the most
massive lens, NI-OA has the largest civilian lens system ever launched into
space. The manufacturing of this large and high-precision assembly required
extraordinarily sophisticated technical methods. This included an accurate
measurement of the refractive indices that affect the focal length and –
across the large FOV – the field curvature and thus the imaging quality.

The measurements were performed with NASA’s CHARMS cryo-refractometer (Grupp
et al. 2016) for all lens materials used, over a wide temperature (100 K–300
K) and a broad wavelength range (420 nm–3000 nm). The wide temperature range
is required because of NI-OA’s operating temperature of about 135 K, whereas
it is manufactured and aligned at room temperature. This also called for a
precise conversion of the lens dimensions from cold to warm, using precision
measurements of the temperature-dependent coefficient of thermal expansion
(CTE).

The eight optical surfaces – four spherical and four aspherical – were
produced using magnetorheological finishing in the last manufacturing step,
which was required to fulfil our specifications.

####  3.2.5 Assembly and Integration

Monte-Carlo tolerance analysis showed that the reduction of the optical design
to five refractive elements – four lenses and one filter/grism – in
combination with the large FOV and the aspherical lens surfaces leads to
particularly critical centring tolerances of each lens. These range from 10
$\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$ to 20 $\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$ from the
assembly of the components in the warm laboratory to operation under cold
conditions in a vacuum.

To overcome this challenge, we developed and tested an interferometric
alignment method based on multi-zonal computer-generated holograms. These
holograms generate multiple wavefronts with different focal lengths that build
a series of spots along a straight line. The thus-defined optical axis has an
extraordinary straightness with only tiny deviations in the sub-micron range,
that makes it possible to simultaneously align several optical elements on and
along this axis, using one wavefront-zone per element. This is the key feature
of our interferometric alignment method (for more details see Bodendorf et al.
2019b).

####  3.2.6 Common focus and test in warm environment

As stated, neither VIS nor NISP possess a refocusing mechanism. In-flight
focusing is solely achieved by adjusting the tip-tilt and piston of the
secondary mirror – a fine-tuning of the focus is done in zero gravity during
commissioning in space. Hence the focus offset between both instruments must
be almost zero in space, and within NISP the three imaging (Tab. 1) and four
spectroscopy modes (Tab. 2) must have identical focal lengths. To avoid
mechanically stressful and time-consuming iterative cool-down circles to find
the common focus, a unique combination of MZ-CGHs and a coordinate-measuring
machine was used to determine NISP’s back-focal distance – and thus the
position of the focal plane – with an accuracy of single microns. With the
precise knowledge of the refractive indices and the CTEs we performed these
measurements in a warm environment, these agreed with the corresponding
simulations of the instrument-model at these temperatures. This confirmation
allowed us to correctly predict the properties also at cold. The procedure is
described in Grupp et al. (2019).

####  3.2.7 Cryogenic optical performance test

Figure 4:  NI-OA, consisting of CoLA (left), CaLA (right), and a filter dummy,
mounted on an Invar structure in between, ready for the cryogenic test. The
baffle in front of NI-OA, an aperture stop, is mounted at the telescope’s exit
pupil.  Figure 5:  Optical performance of NI-OA at $\lambda=960$ nm,
determined at two positions corresponding to the field centre (top row) and a
corner of the NISP field of view (bottom row). The wavefront maps in the first
column are based on a Shack-Hartmann sensor measurement, the PSFs in the
second column are derived from these wavefronts, and the PSFs in the third
column are directly observed with a CCD camera. Note the logarithmic scale
over four orders of magnitude.

An estimate of NI-OA’s in-flight performance is only possible in cryogenic
conditions at operating temperatures of 133 K, in a vacuum, and had to done
before its integration into the NISP instrument. For this purpose, a temporary
mechanical Invar hexapod mount was developed to align CaLA and CoLA as shown
in Fig. 4. The assembly also included a filter dummy without coating – and
thus without filter functionality – as well as an aperture stop at the
telescope’s exit pupil, and thus formed an optically complete module for the
test.

The imaging quality was evaluated at several FOV positions with two
complementary approaches (Bodendorf et al. 2016), namely a wavefront
reconstruction based on a Shack-Hartmann sensor (SHS) measurement and a direct
observation of the PSF with a cooled low-noise charge-coupled device (CCD)
camera with additional optical magnification. All measurements were made with
a superluminescent-diode at $\lambda=960$ nm. Here we only present key
results. For more details see Bodendorf et al. (2019a), including the complete
cryogenic experimental setup and discussions of further results, such as the
flatness of the image plane.

The first column in Fig. 5 shows the wavefront in the centre and at the edge
of the FOV; central obscuration and spiders are caused by the measurement
setup. They mimick Euclid’s telescope, which has however not four, but only
three spider arms. The typical WFE RMS over the entire FOV range between
$\lambda/60$ and $\lambda/30$, which exceeds the diffraction limit (Eq. 30-53
in Gross et al. 2006) of $\lambda/14=69$ nm by a factor of roughly 2 to 4.

The second column of Fig. 5 shows the PSF derived from the wavefront shown in
the first column, and the third column shows the PSF as measured by the CCD
camera. Due to the large intensity range of four orders of magnitude we
averaged 40 individual images to reduce the noise at low intensities present
in individual camera measurement images. The slight visible blur is due to
minor mechanical offsets between images – both measurements methods are fully
consistent, even in the fine structures of the aperture’s complex diffraction
pattern.

Lastly, in Fig. 6, we show the encircled energy (EE) derived from the SHS-
based PSF in Fig. 5, for different field positions. The EE is the proportion
of the total energy that lies within a circle of radius $R$ around the centre
of the PSF. For comparison, we also display the ideal case for an aberration-
free pupil function. The radius is given in physical units and in pixels. The
right panel in the figure shows that at $\lambda=960$ nm about $2/3$ of the
total energy are contained within a radius of 0.5 pixel, greatly beneficial
for the detection of faint compact sources. This is just a few percent, at
most, below the ideal diffraction-limited case, showing that NI-OA has almost
perfect optical performance. The EE determined from the direct CCD-camera
measurements (not shown) is consistent with the SHS-based result. We note that
with a pixel pitch of 18 $\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$, the NISP detectors
undersample the PSF in the sense of the Nyquist-Shannon theorem.

After integration into NISP the optical quality and proper focus were tested
in a complex cryo-setup at LAM, confirming the previous predictions and
measurements at NI-OA-level (Costille et al. 2019b).

To summarise, the NI-OA meets the highest demands on optical imaging quality
with only minimal deviations from the ideal diffraction-limited case
(Bodendorf et al. 2019a). This provides the basis for NISP’s excellent image
and data quality.

Figure 6:  Left: EE of the NI-OA at $\lambda=960$ nm based on SHS
measurements. Shown in red is the EE for the field centre, and in blue for the
field edge. The ideal aberration-free or diffraction-limited case is given by
the dashed black line. Right: An enlarged section of the full range of radii
on the left. The radii for the 50% and 80% EE values are expressed as a
percentage of the diffraction-limited case. The $x$-axis is represented in
physical units and in pixels.

###  3.3 Filters

NISP provides three photometric passbands, $Y_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$,
$J_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$, and $H_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$, between 950
and $2021$ nm. The properties of the filter substrates are described in Sect.
3.2.3. The current best estimates of the passband edges are listed in Table 1
and plotted in Fig. 7. A filter change is effected by the filter-wheel
assembly (FWA) shown in the left panel of Fig. 8. In addition, the FWA has a
light-tight closed position for various calibrations and to protect the
detectors during field slews, and an open position to allow spectroscopic
observations.

Figure 7: Total spectral response curves, accounting for mirrors, the dichroic
element, all optical elements in NISP, as well as the detectors’ mean quantum
efficiency. Top panel: The three filter passbands are shown together with the
approximate emission curves of the five calibration lamps. Bottom panel: Shown
are the blue and red spectral passbands for the $1^{\text{st}}$-order. The
etalon spectrum used for wavelength calibration on ground is overlaid as the
grey curve at the bottom. The log-scaled spectrum of one of our compact
planetary nebulae for in-flight wavelength calibration is shown in purple
(Euclid Collaboration: Paterson et al. 2023). All calibrator spectra are
arbitrarily scaled in this figure.

Figure 8:  Flight models of the filter-wheel assembly (FWA) (left) and the
grism-wheel assembly (GWA) (right) before integration into NISP. Both wheels
contain the same cryo-motor and bearing system, but have their individual
mechanical design. Each contains an open position to allow light from the
respectively other mode to pass. The FWA has one closed position, blocking the
telescope beam into NISP for dark and flatfield exposures, and one filter each
for the $Y_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$, $J_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$, and
$H_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$ passbands. The GWA has three grisms for the
$RG_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$ passband, at three orientations, and one for
the $BG_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$ passband.

The bandpass-forming dielectric interference layers were coated onto the
substrates by formerly Optics Balzers Jena (Germany), now Materion Optics,
using SiO2 and Nb2O5 as alternating low- and high-index materials,
respectively. These coatings have very low sensitivity to radiation-induced
ageing. The pessimistic upper limit is 2% throughput loss until the end of the
mission, with the actual change likely to be much smaller. The top layer of
the layer stacks is always hard SiO2, providing physical protection and
allowing for cleaning. The plasma-assisted reactive magnetron sputtering
(PARMS) process was used to deposit between 72 and 188 layers per side,
resulting in near-rectangular passband shapes. The stack height is about $20$
$\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$, with a good layer-thickness homogeneity of
$\sim$ 0.25% across the filter substrates. A pilot study based on ion-assisted
deposition yielded an insufficient homogeneity of $\sim 1\%$.

The stacks defining the high- and low-pass passband edges could in principle
be separated on the substrates’ entrance and exit surfaces. Owing to the wide
wavelength-interval blocking requirements this would have resulted in stacks
of considerably different thickness. This carried the risk of bending the
substrate – and hence degraded optical performance – because of compressive
stresses from the coating process, and due to different CTE of the layer stack
and the substrate. Hence the stacks were modified to have similar thickness on
both substrate surfaces, between 19 $\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$ and 22
$\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$ depending on the filter. The maximum
difference of the coating-stack heights on any filter is 1.2
$\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$.

While the NISP passband edges are defined by the filter coatings, the out-of-
band blocking of photons down to 0.3 $\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$ and up to
3.0 $\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$ is the combined effort of the filter
coatings, the dichroic, the NI-OA, the telescope mirrors, and the detectors
(see the chromatic selection function in Fig. 2). Within the NISP’s main
0.9–2.0 $\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$ range, the out-of-band blocking factor
– or total spectral response – is typically on the order of a few $10^{-4}$
compared to the in-band transmission. Outside the NISP wavelength range the
blocking factor is $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-9}$ or better. In practice this means
that the out-of-band contamination of the NISP photometric measurements is at
most 2 mmag, and more typically $0.2$ mmag.

The as-built passband boundaries are given in Table 1, and their spatial
variations from coating inhomogeneities and angle-of-incidence variations, are
shown in Fig. 9. More information about the passbands, including tabulated
curves, as well as the underlying measurements can be found in our detailed
study of the NISP photometric system and its knowledge uncertainties in Euclid
Collaboration: Schirmer et al. (2022).

Please note that filter changes occur by rotation of the FWA. The FWA
positioning is not forced by a clutch or a similar device, but NISP works
without an extra mechanism and positions the FWA – and GWA – by commanding a
certain number of motor steps, then keeping a position simply by bearing
friction. Therefore this positioning can vary by a few 0$\aas@@fstack{\circ}$1
of wheel angle between different instances of positioning a given filter.
Since the NISP filters are having slight optical power, this impacts the exact
distortion of the field – correspondingly this can slightly vary between
exposures.

Figure 9:  Variation of the passbands’ cut-on (left) and cut-off (right) wavelengths with field position. The grey squares in the background mark the 4$\times$4 detector grid, with the SCA positions shown in yellow. The white square shows the centre of the FOV, with its applicable passband wavelengths listed in Table 1. Note: This is the view from the sky towards the FPA, see Fig. 22 for FPA coordinate system details.  Table 1: NISP photometry passband characteristics (from Euclid Collaboration: Schirmer et al. 2022). The passbands have similar width in $\Delta\lambda$/$\lambda$. The ‘50% cut-on/off’ wavelengths refer to the FWHM passband edges of the total spectral response. $\sigma_{\mathrm{50}}$ is the uncertainty in the cut-on/off wavelengths, the first number refers to the field-of-view centre, the second to the corners of the field. $\sigma_{\mathrm{cen}}$ is the uncertainty in the passband central wavelength. A visualisation of the spatial cut-on/off wavelength shifts is shown in Fig. 9. Filter | 50% cut-on | 50% cut-off | centre | $\sigma_{\mathrm{50}}$ | $\sigma_{\mathrm{cen}}$
---|---|---|---|---|---
| [nm] | [nm] | [nm] | [nm] | [nm]
$Y_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$ | 949.6 | 1212.3 | 1080.9 | 0.8/0.8 | 0.6
$J_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$ | 1167.6 | 1567.0 | 1367.3 | 0.8/0.9 | 0.6
$H_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$ | 1521.5 | 2021.4 | 1771.4 | 0.8/0.9 | 0.6

###  3.4 Grisms

Figure 10: Schematic cross section of a NISP grism with the blazed dispersion
grating (dark blue), the prism (light blue), and the passband filter (yellow).
Prism angle $A$, groove height $H$, and blaze angle $\beta$ are listed along
other fundamental grism characteristics in Table 2.

For its spectrometric measurements, NISP uses three ‘red’ and one ‘blue’
grism, referred to as RGS000/180/270 and BGS000, respectively. Their main
characteristics are summarised in Table 2. The grisms are mounted in the GWA,
shown in the right panel of Fig. 8, which is itself enclosed inside a
cryogenic cavity made of SiC together with the FWA. The grisms, whose cross-
section are shown in Fig. 10, combine three different optical functions
(Costille et al. 2019a). First, light dispersion: this is provided by the
grism itself, a combination of a blazed dispersion grating and a prism, shown
as dark blue and light blue in Fig. 10, respectively. The grism places the
1st-order spectra of sources in the same detector region as the imaging
filters, allowing the use of a common focal plane for both channels (Sect.
3.3). Second, focusing: a contribution to an optimal focus is provided by the
convex surface of the base of the prism (see Sect. 3.2). Third, bandpass
filtering: a multi-layer coating deposited onto the surface of the base of the
prism (yellow in Fig. 10) defines the spectroscopic passbands, together with
the transmission characteristics of the NI-OA and the dichroic. This results
in FWHM wavelength ranges of $926$–$1366$ nm and $1206$–$1892$ nm for the
$BG_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$ and $RG_{\scriptscriptstyle\rm E}$ passbands,
respectively, as shown in Fig. 7.

Table 2: Optical properties of the flight model of the NISP grisms. Parameters | Red grisms | Blue grism
---|---|---
RGS000/180 | RGS270 | BGS000
FWHM bandpass [$\mathrm{nm}$] |  $1206$–$1892$ |  $926$–$1366$
Prism angle $A$ | $$$\pm$$$ | $$$\pm$$$
Mean groove height $H$ [$\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$] | $3.16\pm 0.08$ | $2.25\pm 0.1$
Mean blaze angle $\beta$ | $None$ | $None$ | $None$
Mean pitch $P$ of grooves [$\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$] | $72.55$ | $72.96$ | $66.22$
Groove density [$\mathrm{grooves}\mathrm{/}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}$] | $13.75$ | $13.7$ | $15.1$
Averaged $0^{\text{st}}$-order transmission |  $2.4$% |  $2.3$% |  $2.0$%
Averaged $1^{\text{st}}$-order transmission |  $84.7$% |  $84.3$% |  $84.2$%
Un-deflected wavelength [$\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}$] |  $\simeq$ 1.2 |  $\simeq$ 0.9
Spectral resolution $\left|{d\lambda}/{dx}\right|$ [nm/pix] | 1.372 | – | 1.239
Resolving power $\mathcal{R}$ |  $>$ 480 | – |  $>$ 400
for $None$ diameter object |  |  |

The grisms’ complex optomechanical design was derived through a research &
development programme funded by the Centre National d’Etude Spacial (CNES)
from 2010 onward, including the first delivery of the grisms’ qualification
models and up to the flight models in 2017. The main complexities were the
grism size of $140\text{\,}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{m}$ diameter, the low groove
frequency of the grating at $<$ 16 grooves mm-1, and a small blaze angle of