∎

11institutetext: A. Madugalla22institutetext: Dept. of Software Systems and
Cybersecurity, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
22email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>33institutetext: Y. Huang44institutetext:
Dept. of Software Systems and Cybersecurity, Monash University, Melbourne,
Australia
44email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>55institutetext: J. Grundy 66institutetext:
Dept. of Software Systems and Cybersecurity, Monash University, Melbourne,
Australia
66email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>77institutetext: M.H. Cho 88institutetext:
Dept. of Software Systems and Cybersecurity, Monash University, Melbourne,
Australia
88email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>99institutetext: L.K. Gamage1010institutetext:
Dept. of Software Systems and Cybersecurity, Monash University, Melbourne,
Australia
1010email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>1111institutetext: Y.P.
Lau1212institutetext: Dept. of Software Systems and Cybersecurity, Monash
University, Melbourne, Australia
1212email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>1313institutetext: T. Leao
1414institutetext: Dept. of Software Systems and Cybersecurity, Monash
University, Melbourne, Australia
1414email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>1515institutetext: S. Thiele
1616institutetext: Dept. of Software Systems and Cybersecurity, Monash
University, Melbourne, Australia
1616email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
# Engineering Adaptive Information Graphics for Disabled Communities: A Case
Study with Public Space Indoor Maps

Anuradha Madugalla  Yutan Huang  John Grundy  Min Hee Cho  Lasith Koswatta
Gamage  Tristan Leao  Sam Thiele

(Received: date / Accepted: date)

###### Abstract

Most software applications contain graphics such as charts, diagrams and maps.
Currently, these graphics are designed with a “one size fits all" approach and
do not cater to the needs of people with disabilities. Therefore, when using
software with graphics, a colour-impaired user may struggle to interpret
graphics with certain colours, and a person with dyslexia may struggle to read
the text labels in the graphic. Our research addresses this issue by
developing a framework that generates adaptive and accessible information
graphics for multiple disabilities. Uniquely, the approach also serves people
with multiple simultaneous disabilities. To achieve these, we used a case
study of public space floorplans presented via a web tool and worked with four
disability groups: people with low vision, colour blindness, dyslexia and
mobility impairment. Our research involved gathering requirements from 3
accessibility experts and 80 participants with disabilities, developing a
system to generate adaptive graphics that address the identified requirements,
and conducting an evaluation with 7 participants with disabilities. The
evaluation showed that users found our solution easy to use and suitable for
most of their requirements. The study also provides recommendations for front-
end developers on engineering accessible graphics for their software and
discusses the implications of our work on society from the perspective of
public space owners and end users.

###### Keywords:

accessible graphics, adaptive graphics, SVG, public space floorplans, disabled
communities

##  1 Introduction

Information graphics such as charts, diagrams, and maps are used in software
applications to convey complex information concisely and in an easy-to-
understand format burmark2002visual . For this reason, they are heavily used
in software focusing on fields such as entertainment, education, health, and
finance. However, these are currently designed for an "average" user and do
not address the specific needs of minority groups, such as disabled users who
represent 15% of the world population Disabili33_online . Therefore, these
groups face difficulties in accessing the information graphics. Disabled
communities can be people with sensory and speech impairments (blind, deaf),
intellectual impairments (cognitive impaired, dyslexia), physical impairments
(wheelchair users, motor impaired) and more. Researchers have identified this
problem and have developed solutions to generate more accessible graphics for
different disabled groups. These include graphics presented with audio cues
and 3D graphics for the vision impaired butler2021technology ;
madugalla2020creating , multi-modal graphic presentation with audio and
gestural information for dyslexia pollak2005dyslexia , and using shapes, and
patterns instead of colours on graphics for the colour impaired R13 . However,
all these solutions focus only on a single disability, and to the best of the
authors’ knowledge, there are no solutions that cater well enough for multiple
disabilities.

In this research, we aim to address multiple disabilities using the concept of
adaptivity. Adaptivity has traditionally focused on device-driven
characteristics like size, format, and screen resolution Adaptive2_online .
Recently, UI research has also started to adapt UI layout, themes, and textual
content gustafson2015adaptive ; luy2021toolkit . However, adaptivity for
disabilities is yet to be explored for graphics. The lack of focus on graphic
adaptivity can also be attributed to the challenges in adapting the currently
most used graphic format, raster. We overcome this barrier by focusing on the
other most common graphic type, vector. We specifically concentrate on
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), as this is a standard graphics format. This
research presents an approach to designing accessible graphics for multiple
disabilities using adaptive SVG graphics. It involves requirements gathering,
development and a preliminary evaluation with disabled users to achieve this.
In this study, we specifically focus on four types of disabilities to achieve
this. These are,

  1. 1.

Low Vision: People who have permanent vision loss that cannot be corrected
with prescription glasses

  2. 2.

Colour Impairment: People who struggle to perceive colour differences due to
complete or partial loss of cone systems

  3. 3.

Dyslexia: People who struggle with tasks associated with language processing:
reading, spelling and associating speech patterns to letters

  4. 4.

Mobility Impairment: People who experience a permanent or temporary reduction
in their ability to navigate their environment

We chose these categories as they are some of the most common disabilities
Disabili8_online  and as authors had pre-established connections with
organisations that work with these individuals.

The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In the next section, we
present a motivating example of our work, followed by related work. The
section 4 discusses our approach for generating accessible graphics and
sections 5, 6 and 7 contain the three steps of this approach: requirement
elicitation, system design, and development/implementation, respectively.
Section 8 includes a preliminary evaluation, Sections 9 and 10 have threats to
validity and recommendations, respectively, and the last section summarises
the paper while presenting suggestions for future work.

##  2 Motivation

Consider the example of an indoor map from a retail centre website as shown in
Figure 1 (a). Currently, this map is designed for an average user by following
a “one size fits all" approach and ignores the specific characteristics and
capacities of many people with disabilities. For instance, 1) someone with
red-green colour blindness won’t be able to separate most colour-coded shop
categories in this map (Figure 1 (b), 2) a low vision user will struggle to
read the small fonts used for the store names, 3) a person with dyslexia would
face difficulties in reading the used font family, 4) for a wheelchair user,
the issues will be around the lack of critical information such as the
location of lifts, ramps and corridor widths. These problems limit their
access to information, making it challenging to navigate these spaces
independently. This is discrimination against disability and a violation of
laws in many countries Disabili8_online . Due to this importance of public
space maps, we decided to use the case study of indoor maps in our study.

Figure 1: A floorplan diagram (a) Original graphic (b) View of a person with
Deuteranopia (Red-Green colour blindness)

###  2.1 Key Challenges

Researchers have sought to address this challenge by developing accessible
graphics based on each disability. This has led to a collection of standalone
solutions with their own device and platform constraints, making it
challenging to combine these. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive
solution that addresses multiple disabilities, ideally in a single graphic.
One challenge in this approach is that it may lead to an overly complicated
graphic that is cluttered and complex. A second challenge is a need for
compromises when requirements between groups clash with each other, e.g.
colour preferences change between different types of colour-blinded users;
people with ADHD may prefer layered information with less information in each
layer, but someone with memory issues such as elderly may choose less layered
information. Therefore, while it is imperative to address the various needs of
disabled users, this can not be achieved with a single graphic in a
conventional sense. Our research seeks to address this problem by developing
an approach that supports integrating complex requirements into the SVG’s XML
back-end and reveals only the necessary information per group adaptively. In
doing this, we plan to answer the following research questions:

  1. 1.

RQ1: What are the requirements from an inclusive information graphic?

  2. 2.

RQ2: How to address these requirements adaptively via a single solution?

  3. 3.

RQ3: To what extent does the disabled community accept our adaptive graphics
solution?

##  3 Background

###  3.1 Graphic Accessibility

Many researchers have explored accessible graphics for users with vision
issues. They have devised solutions that involve different combinations of
audio cues, tactile displays, 3D models and vibration to make graphics
accessible for legally blind users butler2021technology ;
madugalla2020creating ; calle2020designing . These technologies help users
explore graphics with their hands, allowing them to build a mental graphic
model. Colour-impaired users are also addressed under graphic accessibility,
and these solutions focus on presenting a selection of colour scheme options
for colour-blind users to choose from R12 , and using information other than
colour to present visual information, such as shapes, sizes, and patterns R13
.

Accessible graphics are explored for people with dyslexia, where studies
explore using multi-modal graphics presentations, such as audio, gestural
information, and written language, on top of traditional visual
representations pollak2005dyslexia . Another group of users that benefit from
accessible graphics are people with mobility impairment, which involves motor
impairment, wheelchair users, cane users, crutch users and others whose
reduced mobility presents difficulties in performing everyday physical tasks
such as interacting with graphics sarsenbayeva2022methodological . Independent
tools like head-based point trackers and eye-based interaction graphical user
interfaces (GUI) have been developed to help motor-impaired users. However,
these tools are yet to be explicitly implemented for graphics
istance1996providing ; cicek2020designing . Most of these involved developing
prototypes and evaluating with end-users via surveys, interviews and focus
groups. While there are all these individual solutions, there is still no
solution that caters to multiple disabilities.

###  3.2 Map Accessibility

Maps are essential for navigating unfamiliar spaces engel2020travelling . Map-
based navigation solutions have focused on various disabilities, such as
vision-impaired, cognitive-impaired, and mobility-impaired zahabi2023design ;
rink2023walking . In these studies, based on the focused user group, the
supported interaction methods changed significantly. For wheelchair users,
solutions supported enabling voice commands and avoiding manual interaction to
free the hands to push their wheelchairs barbosa2018trailcare . Audio and
tactile cues were used in interactions with blind users madugalla2020creating
. For the hearing impaired, a combination of visual and tactile feedback was
provided rodriguez2017gawa .

The outdoor maps in these studies used GIS data, such as OpenStreetMap and
PostGIS, to directly build accessible maps taylor2016customizable ; R17 .
Indoor maps use Bluetooth beacons and WiFi to extract user locations in
buildings and map them to floorplans provided by buildings chang2008mobile .
However, the accuracy of indoor map localisation requires significant
improvement zahabi2023design . Due to these reasons, there is less work on
indoor maps than on outdoor maps. Most of this research involved a design
guideline generation stage based on existing application reviews or via direct
interactions with end-users. Many recruited end-users of the target group and
conducted usability evaluations to validate their concepts or applications.
The predominant method employed for these assessments was user or field
testing, during which end-users were tasked with using the interface to
navigate indoor or outdoor settings zahabi2023design . The evaluator then
assessed their performance and gathered their subjective feedback on the
solution, typically through surveys or interviews conducted at the end of the
study. This work needs to be extended to cater to multiple disabilities.

###  3.3 Adaptivity

Adaptivity is used by many researchers when different types of requirements
need to be addressed in a single solution. It is used in areas such as User
Interface (UI) design to adapt content based on human needs and features.
There have been studies on developing adaptive UI for chronic diseases
awada2018adaptive ; wangadaptive , age machado2018conceptual ;
gregor2002designing , vision impaired iqbal2018usability ; khan2018blindsense
and on multiple vulnerable groups, such as colour impairment, low vision and
dyslexia luy2021toolkit . However, all these different forms of adaptivity
focus on web elements such as textual content, layout, and colour in UI, and
none has focused on making graphics adaptive.

This can be attributed mainly to the challenges in accessing and editing the
currently most used graphic format: raster. Raster (PNG, JPG) uses pixel-based
representation, meaning pixel-level changes must be made to implement
adaptivity on any graphical elements, such as layout, colour, and fonts
madugalla2020creating . This requires advanced image processing mechanisms,
and even after using such methods, the graphic can still be distorted due to
the granular, pixel-level changes marriott2002fast ; Rastervs52_online. A
possible solution is to explore adaptivity with vector graphics.

###  3.4 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)

SVG is a type of vector graphic that uses a set of XML-based tags to position
lines, shapes and other geometric features on a plane. Compared to raster,
vector such as SVG has several advantages, such as faster download speeds due
to reduced size, and the ability to scale in high resolution without allowing
distortions marriott2002fast ; eisenberg2014svg . In generating adaptive
graphics, SVG’s XML-based back-end will support direct manipulation of the
graphic via its tags and allow modification of colors, and fonts via tag
attributes.

Researchers focusing on vision-impaired users have started exploring SVGs to
generate accessible graphics. In one solution, using SVG’s XML back-end, a
colour-filled graphic was converted to a simple line graphic, which was then
directly printed as a tactile graphic krufka2007visual . Another embedded
supplemental information within the SVG tags of a map, which was then
interpreted by assistive technology devices such as screen readers R14 .
However, SVG is yet to be explored to generate adaptive graphics for multiple
disabilities.

##  4 Our Approach

Our study was conducted in three stages, as shown in Figure 2: requirements
elicitation, system development and a preliminary evaluation. Our requirements
elicitation stage consisted of gathering information from a detailed
literature review, interviewing three experienced accessibility experts, and
conducting a survey with 80 disabled users. By obtaining requirements from
both experts and disabled users, we sought to conduct a more rigorous
requirement elicitation baez2018agile . We used these requirements to create a
novel SVG-based adaptable graphics generation system. The final prototype
adaptive SVG-based map system was evaluated with a user study involving
interviews with seven disabled users.

Figure 2: Research design

###  4.1 Case Study of Public Space Floorplans

Based on this research design, we developed adaptive graphics for a public
space floorplans case study. Public spaces encompass a large variety,
including educational: libraries, public transport: train stations,
entertainment: museums, and commercial: resorts. Floor plans are used to pre-
plan visits to these spaces and navigate once inside the building. As these
are designed for average users, most people with disabilities face challenges
in accessing them, which leads to issues in navigating these spaces
independently. We applied our research design on these floorplans to generate
accessible versions of these graphics.

##  5 Requirements Elicitation

Our requirement elicitation consisted of three steps: 1) reviewing related
work, 2) interviewing representatives of key disability support groups, and 3)
surveying disabled users.

###  5.1 Reviewing Related Work

Not much work has been conducted on designing graphics for the multiple
disabled groups. By analysing prior work from building environments and web
design, we identified the following requirements/guidelines:

  1. 1.

Highlight features that are deemed important for accessible design, such as
ramps, tactile flooring, accessible toilets, and support desks RN1

  2. 2.

Support multiple disabilities: Some may have more than one disability
luy2021toolkit

  3. 3.

Use accessible colour schemes R21

  4. 4.

Use icons when possible instead of text muftah2020investigating

  5. 5.

Keep unnecessary elements to a minimum R16

  6. 6.

Group elements with a similar focus together R16

  7. 7.

Keep everything on one page and reduce/avoid scrolling R16

  8. 8.

Ensure map controls do not overlap the map: otherwise, it is challenging for
visually impaired users to locate these R16

###  5.2 Mock-ups and Expert Feedback

Based on the guidelines from related work, we developed mock-ups, some of
which are shown in Figure 3. We presented users with individually activated
layers where each layer had highlights for accessibility information related
to one specific type of disability. Our mock-up supported multiple layers to
overlap in order to support users with multiple conditions. We utilised the
IBM accessible colour scheme as the default palette and used graphical icons
as an alternative method of conveying information.

Figure 3: Mock-ups of Adaptive Floorplans

To obtain feedback on our initial mock-ups, we conducted informal interviews
with three executives from disability support groups. These were the manager
of Monash University disability support services, an executive officer from
AUSPELD, and an executive of Ability First Australia. The interviews involved
presenting the mock-ups to the participants and asking for general feedback on
our colour schemes, floorplan elements, and text labels.

Their feedback indicated that these experts approved of our layer-based design
and highlights based on disability. They did not perceive an issue in the
colour schemes or icons used. However, they had suggestions on how these can
be further improved, and these are listed as additional requirements below.

  1. 1.

Adding more information about accessibility impediments such as heavy doors
and staircases as these are essential for mobility and sight-challenged users

  2. 2.

Using an inclusive language: “accessible" rather than “disabled", when
describing toilets

  3. 3.

Use simplified language in all user interactions

Using the understanding gained from related work and these discussions, we
designed and conducted a detailed survey of disabled users, as presented in
the next section.

###  5.3 User Survey

####  5.3.1 Survey Design

We wanted to understand how people with disabilities used floorplans, and by
asking questions about their issues and suggestions for improvements, we
extracted their requirements for a floorplan graphic that adapts to their
needs. A link to the detailed survey can be found here
[https://tinyurl.com/4kf6j4hv]

  1. 1.

Demographics: Age, gender, country, disabilities, how long were they disabled,
methods used for navigation support

  2. 2.

Experiences in public spaces: Types of public spaces they visited and how they
planned these visits

  3. 3.

Floorplans: How frequently these were used, methods of accessing, issues in
using and suggestions for improvements

####  5.3.2 Recruitment

We recruited participants using the probability cluster sampling technique
denscombe2017ebook . We advertised our study on three main channels. One was
via social media platforms, including social media groups of people with
disabilities. The second channel was via organisations, namely AUSPELD (the
Australian Federation of Specific Educational Learning Difficulties
Associations), University disability support units, an eye hospital in China
and a disability school in China. The third channel was advertising on
Prolific, an online platform that helps researchers recruit participants from
a pool of pre-registered participants. These multiple venues helped us obtain
80 responses, which is considered a significantly large data set when working
with disabled users.

####  5.3.3 Data Collection

According to Denscombe’s categorisation, we chose the method of an internet
survey which was launched as a web questionnaire denscombe2017ebook . We used
the Qualtrics platform for this. For the participants from the eye hospital
and the disability school in China, we translated the survey into Mandarin. A
representative at these locations obtained responses from participants in a
face-to-face discussion and shared these responses with us. A research team
member translated the answers into English and entered them into the Qualtrics
platform.

####  5.3.4 Data Analysis

We analysed our data using a mixed-method approach. We had 6 close-ended
questions, mainly focusing on demographics and 11 open-ended questions
focusing on experiences with public spaces and floor plans. We used
descriptive statistics from the quantitative field for close-ended questions.
For the open-ended questions, we used thematic analysis. We first used open
coding to assign codes for each response, then categorised these codes and
lastly, grouped them by themes. The results of these analyses are described
below.

Demographics The demographic distribution of our participants is shown in
Table 1. Under disabilities, we have 1) Single disability: participants with
one of our four chosen disabilities, and 2) Multiple disabilities:
participants with more than one of these disabilities and possibly other
disabilities. As shown in Table 1, there were 34/80 participants with multiple
disabilities. If a person had colour impairment along with another
disability/ies, we did not count them in the colour vision category; instead,
we included them in this category.

Table 1: Demographics of Participants Gender |  | Disability |  | Countries |
---|---|---|---|---|---
Male | 37 | Low vision issues | 16 | China | 29
Female | 42 | Dyslexia | 12 | USA | 12
Others | 1 | Mobility Impaired | 14 | UK | 12
Age |  | Color Impaired | 4 | Sth Korea | 9
<30 | 44 | Multi. Disabilities | 34 | Australia | 8
31-50 | 27 | Mobility | Aids | Poland | 3
51+ | 9 | Canes | 12 | Sth Africa | 2
Duration |  | Scooters | 7 | Others | 5
<2 Yrs. | 5 | Wheelchairs | 5 |  |
3-10 Yrs. | 22 | Guides | 4 |  |
11-20 Yrs. | 20 | Combined | 14 |  |
21+ Yrs. | 32 |  |  |  |

Public spaces:  We found that our participants visited a range of public
spaces, including shopping centres, supermarkets, parks, hospitals, etc. Out
of these, shopping centres and supermarkets were the most visited. The
distribution of visits between these places for 80 participants is shown in
Table 2.

Table 2: Participants’ Visits to Public Spaces Type of Space | Often | Periodically | Rarely
---|---|---|---
Shopping Centres |  10 |  27 |  2
Supermarkets |  24 |  3 |  2
Parks |  7 |  4 |  1
Hospitals |  5 |  3 |  2
Libraries |  3 |  4 |  1
Museums |  1 |  3 |  4

34% of our participants pre-planned their visits to these spaces, while 65%
did not, as they only visited familiar public spaces or had an accompanying
friend/relative when visiting new places. Those who pre-planned searched for
floorplans and other information using 1) online technology [websites, mobile
apps, search engines and public reviews] and 2) human assistance [friends and
relatives]. They used pre-planning to find “shortest routes" and “wheelchair
access, lifts, exits and disabled access toilets". They considered pre-
planning helpful to “avoid and anticipate any challenges" and “because visits
[to unknown places] make me anxious".

Usage of maps: We asked our participants if they used floorplans or maps
during their visits to these complex public spaces. There was a close split
between Yes and No responses, with a few stating they used floorplans very
often. The reasons for using these were identified as a travel aid to navigate
new places and to locate emergency exits. All our participants with colour
blindness, low vision, or mobility impaired (wheelchair users) said they used
floorplans often. For dyslexia, it was a split between yes and no.

Methods of accessing maps:  Most participants found floorplans onsite at
building entrances, elevators, handouts and information desks. Some found them
online from websites, via apps created for these spaces, and one mentioned
emailing the organisations. Some used a combination of onsite and online
methods, and a few did not use floorplans as they were hard to find.

Required information: Most of our participants required information about the
layout of the public spaces from the floorplans where they searched for
locations of shops and toilets. Additionally, they searched for facilities
such as elevators, ramps, entrances and exits, accessible parking areas,
accessible seating, information desks, water filling stations, location and
count of stairs, and terrain information. Many also searched for navigation
information such as shortest paths, accessible paths or a general path to a
destination.

Issues in current maps:  Most of our participants faced several problems in
using the floorplans while some did not have any issues. Some identified 1)
Technological issues such as bugs, not being updated, missing functionalities
and general unavailability. But most reported 2) Design issues such as Font
issues: small fonts, hard to follow font styles; Colour issues:  non-colour
blind friendly colour usages, confusing use of colours and personal dislike to
adopted colour schemes; Information overload: \- overwhelming design, “if
there are massive legends … or if there are a lot of semi-randomly coloured
lines I kinda just skip over them in my head". Few also reported they found
maps hard to understand as graphics are blurred for them, didn’t understand
graphics in general, and 1 participant mentioned, “I’m too old to understand
the map".

Suggestions for improvements: Key suggestions included three categories.
Category 1 was design changes: colour changes to use more accessible colours,
clearly distinctive colours; font changes to use larger fonts and different
font styles, and enlarging maps to fit user needs. Category 2 was Content
changes: such as changing the level of information to simplify content to make
it easier to read, replacing text with icons and using more straightforward
vocabulary as well as adding more accessibility information and highlighting
them, e.g. ramps, accessible toilets, emergency exits, size of doors etc.
Category 3 was Technological changes: such as having regular updates and bug
fixes, adding new features such as voice-over, intelligent voice assistants
and using 3D maps.

###  5.4 Identified Requirements

The requirements we identified from our three-step process are shown in Figure
4. These were categorised into four categories: Color, Text, Layout,
Interaction, Availability and Content. As shown in the figure, each of these
requirements are numbered as R1…Rn. We will use these numbers as [Rx] to refer
to specific requirements when we explain our design decisions.

Figure 4: Requirements from Related work [RW], Discussion [DIS] and Survey
[SUR]

##  6 Prototype development

We created a workflow, as shown in Figure 5, to generate accessible and
adaptive graphics and implemented it with an SVG map of a large retail centre
from a university [R15].

Figure 5: Adaptive Graphic Generation Framework

###  6.1 Pre-processing

SVG files have an XML-based back-end, which allows direct manipulation of the
graphic without causing any distortions on the visual aspect. However, SVG can
be created by different tools, e.g. Inkscape, and CAD. Based on the used tool
and the creator’s design decisions, the XML can be simple or quite complicated
madugallagenerating . Therefore, this step focuses on cleaning the SVG to
remove unnecessary data layers to generate a cleaned SVG as shown in Figure 5.

###  6.2 Graphic Generation Stage

This step accepts the cleaned SVG and any metadata associated with that file
as input. For example, in generating an accessible university map, we received
SVGs of building plans for the retail centre and metadata about rooms in them
from the Monash Building and Planning department. These metadata included room
names, categories, and departments/faculties to which the rooms belong. In
this scenario, the metadata was not incorporated into the original SVG as it
would make the SVG’s XML too complicated. We coded our parser in the Python
programming language, and it performed two main tasks. Task 1 was combining
the SVG with metadata (currently in CSV format) and generating a more detailed
SVG. Task 2 was adding pre-defined adaptive features to the new SVG. The
output of the Parser was an adaptive SVG. The pre-defined adaptive features
that we added to the SVGs are listed below.

  1. 1.

HTML elements that support accessibility: HTML usually acts as the container
for SVG, with other web technologies such as JavaScript and CSS providing
additional support for SVG presentation. Most HTML and SVG elements support
accessibility features such as tooltips and screen readers. However, this is
not true for all HTML and SVG elements R15 . Therefore, we conducted a
preliminary evaluation across web browsers and screen readers to find the
elements that work best and included these in our accessible SVG structure,
e.g. <aria-describedby> chosen over <desc> tag, as it was compatible with all
screen readers [R12].

  2. 2.

HTML Focus Feature: HTML focus refers to which item on the screen (a button,
menu, text) currently receives input from the keyboard. The screen readers and
tooltips will present the information in ‘HTML Focus’ when interacting with
HTML pages. We used this feature to help screen readers access Accessibility
layer-based information [R12- support for screenreaders].

  3. 3.

Colours: We used IBM Design’s colour blind safe palette R21  as the basis for
our solution and generated a half-fill colour mechanism to increase the number
of colour options as shown in Figure 6 [R1,R2] We also supported allowing
users to change these colours at run time to suit their personal preferences.

  4. 4.

Patterns: According to WCAG 2.0, Guideline 111, when colour differences are
used to convey information, patterns should optionally be available to depict
the same information R26 . Therefore, in our adaptive graphic structure, we
added support for patterns as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Full-fill and half-fill colours and Pattern fill

  5. 5.

SVG Layers and Bit Fields : We use SVG layers to provide adaptive information
based on disabilities. Our Accessibility Layers represent each disability, and
switching them on or off helps to present building information based on
disabilities, e.g. for the mobility impaired, the stairs are hidden, and
elevators are highlighted. To support users with multiple disabilities, our
layered architecture allows these layers to be overlapped intelligently. We
used the Bit field data structure, which is popular in the C Programming
language, to switch on and off these layers [R17,19,20,22].

After integrating these features into SVG, we could generate an adaptive SVG.
In Figure 7, we have given an extraction of this adaptive SVG, and it presents
the use of “data-layer-bit-field" for disability-based layers, ’data-layer-
state’ to show activated/de-activated layers, “tab-index" for focus and
<title>, <desc> for element details.

Figure 7: XML structure for an Adaptive SVG for a Toilet in a Floorplan

###  6.3 Graphic Presentation

This step involved developing the web tool, which accepted the adaptive SVG
created in the Graphic Generation stage.

####  6.3.1 Design and Structure:

To address requirements, we designed our tool with three main pages, as shown
in Figure 8. Page 1 was the main screen with the map (Figure
LABEL:fig_mainUI), page 2 was the “User profile" page (Figure
LABEL:fig_UserProfile), and page 3 was for the keyboard shortcuts (Figure
LABEL:fig_Keyboard). We designed the UI of page 1 in a grid layout, with the
different panels grouping similar key features [R9], and we took steps to use
a simple and inclusive language [R23, 24]. A user profile can be created by
clicking ’Open User Profile’ and moving to page 2. The shortcuts can be found
by clicking the “Open Keyboard Shortcuts’ and opening page 3.

We implemented this tool using the React framework [R16]. It was based on a
use case of the Monash University building map provided by the Monash
University Building and Planning Department. In the tool, to explore the
adaptive features, a user must create a profile with disability information as
shown in Figure LABEL:fig_UserProfile. This will enable/disable certain SVG
layers, and it will lead to a version of the floorplan that is adapted to fit
the specified disability [R17, 22]). The UI of this web tool contained five
simple components, and these are listed below and are shown in Figure
LABEL:fig_mainUI [R6, 7, 8, 10].

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 8: The web tool
Available at :https://accessible-svg.github.io/floorplan-viewer/

  1. 1.

SVG Panel: Assigned the largest block on the UI and shows the graphical view
of the SVG. Users can interact with this graphic by clicking on elements and
using the control panel below [R18].

  2. 2.

SVG control Panel: Contains features to control the floor plan, like the
panning and zooming buttons or the ability to load in a new SVG [R11].

  3. 3.

Information Panel: Whenever a graphical element is selected with either the
keyboard or the mouse, the element’s title, description, and any associated
icons describing the element are displayed [R5].

  4. 4.

Menu Panel: Contains the buttons to open the dialogue menus, define user
disabilities, and explore keyboard shortcuts. We added these under separate
screens to follow guideline 3 of R16  and reduce scrolling.

  5. 5.

Legend Panel: The legend contains different element types and their assigned
colour details. Any changes made to the colour options below are reflected in
the legend as well.

  6. 6.

Options Panel: Groups different options to tweak the colour, font, or apply
patterns to the floor plan [R1,2,3,4].

####  6.3.2 Using the Web Tool:

To ensure all UI components were accessible via keyboard and screen readers,
we used an aria-specific react library for elements like drop-down menus,
radio buttons, tables, and switch buttons. To make the legend panel accessible
for screen readers, we added tab indexes. Similarly, the control buttons were
embedded with additional aria-label tags to describe their function, as they
are icon-based buttons. The information panel displayed the information
related to any element selected via keyboard or mouse. In using this tool, a
user will first answer the user profile questionnaire, which will lead to
activating necessary SVG layers and adapting the map accordingly. A user with
multiple disabilities can answer “Yes" to more than one question, and this
will lead to activating multiple layers as needed.

##  7 Evaluation

After the framework was completed, we evaluated the adaptive SVG and the Web
tool, as these were the components of our framework that involved direct
interactions with disabled users. For this, we conducted semi-structured
interviews with seven disabled users to get feedback from potential users.

###  7.1 Design and Recruitment

In this evaluation, we requested our participants to explore our adaptive SVG-
based floorplans via our web tool and evaluate them. This involved first
playing an introductory video of the web tool and answering any clarification
questions participants may have to give them an idea of how to interact with
it. All participants found the video helpful in understanding the tool’s
functionality. Then, we provided a task list, as shown in Table 3, and asked
the participants to perform these tasks by interacting with our prototype
tool. We then interviewed participants and each interview took approximately
45 minutes.

Table 3: Tasks to interact with web tool Task 1: Open “User profile", and
select options that suit the participant
---
Task 2: Open the user profile and answer "yes" to “Do you experience a
mobility impairment?”. You’ll see that accessible entries are represented with
blue, as seen on the legend and the map. Change the colour of the accessible
entries to black.
Task 3: Change the font of the text labels to OpenDyslexic using tool
functions
Task 4: Can you download the SVG at this link. Now, can you switch the floor
plan to the new SVG?
Task 5: Return to the original floorplan by clicking refresh. Turn on the
“pattern mode" in the web tool and identify three elevators
Task 6: Starting at the Support Center (labelled by G163), can you identify a
route to the nearest Accessible Toilet?

We advertised our study via social media platforms, the university disability
support centre, and personal contacts. We received seven responses and
conducted Zoom-based online interviews with them.

###  7.2 Data Analysis

We audio-recorded each interview and transcribed these later using Zoom’s
transcription feature. We used a mixed-method approach to analyse the data. We
had four demographic questions, six tasks, feedback on these tasks and
questions on general feedback for UI. We conducted descriptive statistical
analysis on demographic questions and task completion. The feedback on tasks
and general UI were analysed using thematic analysis.

####  7.2.1 Demographics

The results of the demographics analysis are shown in Table 4. We had seven
participants and at least one representative from our target participant
groups.

Table 4: Demographics of Interview Participants Gender |  | Age |  | Disability |  | Duration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---
Male | 2 | <30 | 4 | Low vision | 3 | <5 yrs. | 1
Female | 5 | 30+ | 3 | Wheelchair | 1 | 5-10 yrs. | 1
|  |  |  | Colour Impaired | 1 | 11-20 yrs. | 2
|  |  |  | Motor Impaired | 2 | 21+ yrs. | 3

####  7.2.2 Task Completion

The participants were given six tasks, as shown in Table 3, and most of our
participants completed these six tasks successfully. The ease of completion of
each task is shown in Figure 9 below, with different colours indicating
participant disabilities.

Figure 9: Ease of task completion for interview participants

In task 1, our participants mentioned that the user profile function was easy
to find, and the impairment-related selections were easily accessible.
However, a participant with low vision suggested making the user profile
button more significant and evident. For task 2, six participants completed
the task quickly, and one participant could not complete the task. Those who
completed the task easily mentioned that they had no problem changing colours
for different legends. However, the participant who failed to complete the
task was colour-impaired; he stated that he “could not identify similar
colours (blue/purple) when they are used to represent different elements". For
task 3, all participants completed the task easily; they stated that the font
button was easy to find, and all fonts were recognisable and reader-friendly.
For task 4, six participants completed the task easily, and one participant
found it moderately difficult to complete the task. Those who completed it
easily stated that the procedures of the whole task were straightforward,
while the motor-impaired participant who found this task difficult felt that
there were too many steps and that the process was tiring. For task 5, three
participants completed the task easily, and four participants found it
moderately difficult to complete the task. However, those who completed it
easily stated that the locations were easy and obvious to find. Alternatively,
the reasons for the moderate difficulty were: 1) the colours representing
certain locations were overlapping, 2) the “pattern mode" of the web tool was
difficult to use, and 3) Certain locations were too small on the web tool,
making them confusing to find. The participants who struggled with this task
were three vision-impaired participants and one colour-impaired participant,
suggesting that the patterns were hard to use when you had a vision issue. For
task 6, all participants completed the task easily; they identified multiple
routes on the floor plan and chose the shortest route or the first route seen.
Apart from the one participant who could not complete task 2, all participants
completed the other tasks with ease or moderate difficulty.

####  7.2.3 Feedback on UI and SVG

Feedback: We asked our participants about their thoughts on the web tool UI,
and all participants said that the UI was “easy to use", “easy to follow", and
“tidy and skilful". We also asked them if the web tool provided help to them,
and all seven of our participants said yes. The reasons for yes were that 1)
the web tool helped them find different locations, 2) the legends with
different colours were helpful, and 3) the tool was convenient and easy to
use. All our participants with mobility issues liked the tool’s features,
highlighting accessible toilets and entries using different colours. They
mentioned that they would always use the floor plans to look for lifts and
accessible toilets when they go out, and this web tool made it easier to find
these: “The legends were very helpful with places like lifts, toilets, and
stairs, the colours made it easier to distinguish different areas". We can
conclude that our participants were generally satisfied with the web tool.

Improvements: Regarding suggestions for improvement, some of our colour-blind
participants suggested using a brighter colour palette like blue or orange.
They recommended refraining from using similar colours like blue and purple as
it makes separating elements with similar colours difficult. Six of our
participants felt the pattern mode of the web tool was difficult to use and
“hard to play with". They thought it made the text labels hard to read at
times. One participant suggested making the User Profile button more apparent,
and one suggested adding hover text for icon buttons in the SVG control panel.
To help with navigation, they suggested displaying the shortest routes with
bright colours and highlighting accessible routes with ramps and accessible
parking areas.

##  8 Threats and Limitations

In our requirement gathering survey, we translated the survey and the
responses to Mandarin and back when gathering responses from the eye hospital
and the disability school in China. We ensured that the ethics committee was
aware of this, and several team members went through responses after receiving
the translated responses. But we acknowledge that even with these measures,
minor mistakes may happen in translations.

Another threat is in the evaluation of the tool. We had only seven
participants in this evaluation, and while they have significant distribution
between disabilities, a more detailed evaluation would be beneficial. It may
also be beneficial to obtain feedback from the experts in this stage, similar
to the requirement-gathering stage.

Our work presented a detailed evaluation from the point of view of disabled
end users. However, it would also be beneficial to obtain feedback from front-
end developers who would be the ones using our adaptive graphic generation
framework. Therefore, future studies can focus on getting feedback from font
end developers on the structure of the adaptive SVGs and the adaptive graphic
generation framework.

This study focused on four types of most common disabled groups. While our
technical framework will be able to address more types of disabilities, a new
requirement-gathering exercise will need to be conducted for these other
disabilities. More work is also needed to solve the situation where these
disabilities conflict with each other, e.g., one obscures the other, or the
overall amount of information becomes excessive. It can also explore
integrating the shortest path-finding function into the tool, as this is
critical in navigating complex public spaces.

We chose maps for our case study as they had a significant real-world impact
on disabled communities. But there are other types of information graphics,
such as charts and diagrams, that are used more in software applications.
Future work can, therefore, explore using our framework and guidelines to
generate accessible and adaptive versions of other types of information
graphics.

Lastly, while our graphic generation framework provides an excellent one-stop
solution to support multiple disabilities, it is still at the proof of concept
stage. Therefore more work is needed to explore the possibility of
standardising some of these adaptivity aspects so that they are not vendor or
tool-dependent.

##  9 Recommendations

Implications for front-end developers: Front-end developers can utilise our
findings to aid them in engineering graphics and other online content
accessible to people with disabilities. While this paper focuses on developing
adaptive public space plans, the approach can be used to make different types
of information graphics such as charts (bar, pie), diagrams (Venn, flow, mind
maps), other maps (political, thematic, public space) that are used in
different domains such as education, health, finance, legal, defence,
entertainment more accessible. Some guidelines to be followed in engineering
graphics for special groups are shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Guidelines in Engineering Graphics for Disabled |  Provide sufficient contrast using colours and patterns. In using patterns, ensure they are simple and do not overlap with text
---|---
Low |  Always provide the ability to manually zoom in/out without causing any distortion to graphics
Vision |  Provide support for screen readers and keyboard accessibility
|  Use colour impaired-friendly colours
Color |  Ensure there is high contrast, or use monochrome colours (using multiple shades of a single colour)
Impaired |  Do not place reliance only on colour to convey information; instead, combine it with text and symbols
|  Use icons instead of labels as much as possible
Dyslexia |  Keep the graphic simple and, if required, present it in multiple layers
Use dyslexia-friendly fonts when possible
Use a simple language
|  Graphics such as maps require,
Mobility |  \- Locations of ramps, lifts, accessible toilets
Impaired |  \- Paths with wider corridors
\- Sufficient turning cycles
\- Less crowded areas

Implications for public spaces owners: Our requirement gathering survey has
detailed information on types of public spaces used by disabled users,
frequency of use, methods they use to access information about these spaces,
issues and suggestions. Public space owners can use our data to understand how
disabled groups consume their spaces and take steps to make these more
accessible by trying to solve the issues they have reported and by integrating
some of their suggestions. Such initiatives will create satisfied consumers
who will visit these spaces more and may recommend them to peers, e.g. a
wheelchair user who found it easy to locate lifts and ramps at retail would
recommend it to other wheelchair users. This would give a competitive
advantage to these public space owners over others.

Implications for end users: The described case study will help make public
spaces more accessible for disabled users, helping them to pre-plan their
visits to these spaces and navigate independently once inside. Since our
approach can be used to make other types of graphics accessible as well, it
will contribute to creating more graphics accessible for disabled users.

##  10 Summary

In this study, we propose an approach used to generate adaptive and accessible
graphics for people with multiple disabilities, specifically for low vision,
colour blindness, dyslexia and mobility impairment. Our research consisted of
a requirements elicitation stage involving informal interviews with
accessibility experts and surveys with disabled users. After analysing these
requirements, we developed a framework to generate adaptive SVG-based graphics
and applied this using a case study of complex indoor environment floorplans.
Finally, we evaluated our approach by using a preliminary evaluation with
seven disabled users. The approach shows potential for creating more
accessible graphics for various disabled users using adaptive SVG-based
graphics.

##  11 Declarations

Conflict of Interests: The authors declared that they have no conflict of
interest.

Data Availability Statement: The data sets generated during and/or analysed
during the current study are available from the corresponding author at
reasonable request.

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# New results on the spectroscopy of X, Y, Z states from LHC experiments

A. Augusto Alves Jr, on behalf of LHCb Collabration
Universita degli studi di Roma “La Sapienza” and INFN sezione di Roma
P.le Aldo Moro, 2 - 00185 Roma - Italy

Presented at 5th International Workshop on Charm Physics
Honolulu, Hawaii, May 17 2012

###### Abstract

The main results from LHC experiments on XYZ charmonium-like candidates are
summarized.

##  1 Introduction

According to our current understanding, the forces responsible to bind quarks
into hadrons are described by the non-Abelian field theory called Quantum
Chromodynamics (QCD). In QCD-motivated quark potential models, the quarkonia
states are described as a quark-antiquark pair bound by an interquark force
with a short- distance behavior that is approximately Coulombic, plus an
increasing confining potential that dominates at large separations. In one of
the simplest approaches, the energy levels can be determined by solving the
corresponding non-relativistic Schrodinger equation in order to obtain the
expected masses of the charmonium spectrum, characterized by the radial
quantum number n and the relative orbital angular momentum between the quark
and the antiquark, L. In particular, all predicted states lying under the
$\mathrm{D}\kern 1.99997pt\overline{\kern-1.99997pt\mathrm{D}}{}$ mass
threshold have been observed[1, 2, 3, 4].

On the other hand, the possible existence of more sophisticated states than
mesons and baryons, like the multiquark states, hybrid mesons and mesonic
molecules has been discussed since the early days of the quark model[2, 5, 6,
7, 8].

In the last decade, considerable experimental evidence has been collected
about the existence of new states, lying in the charmonium mass range, but not
fitting well the charmonium mass spectrum picture[9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
Most of the observations also suggested that these candidates are exotic.
These studies have been performed at Babar and Belle, two experiments which
took data at the $\mathrm{e}^{+}\mathrm{e}^{-}$ Beauty Factories at SLAC
(Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, USA) and KEK (High-Energy Accelerator
Research Organization, Japan), respectively. Confirmations have also come from
the CDF experiment, collecting data from $\mathrm{p}\overline{}\mathrm{p}$
interactions at Fermilab,USA.

In these notes the main results from LHC experiments on XYZ charmonium-like
candidates are summarized. In Section 1 the main features of the LHCb detector
are presented. Section 2 is dedicated to the discussion of the measurements of
the $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ mass and cross-section in the LHCb and CMS experiments.
In Section 4, the results of the search for the $\mathrm{X}(4140)$ and
$\mathrm{X}(4274)$ states in
$\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi$ decays at LHCb are presented. The conclusions are presented in
Section 5.

##  2 LHCb and CMS detectors

LHCb is an experiment dedicated to heavy flavour physics at the LHC[16]. Its
primary goal is to search for indirect evidence of new physics in CP violation
and rare decays of beauty and charm hadrons.

LHCb detector is a single-arm spectrometer (see figure 1) with a forward
angular coverage from approximately 10 mrad to 300 (250) mrad in the bending
(non-bending) plane, corresponding to a pseudorapidity range of 2 $<\eta<$ 5\.
In fact, the detector geometry is optimized to cover the region where the
$\mathrm{b}\overline{}\mathrm{b}$ cross-section peaks in such way that, even
if just covering about 4% of the solid angle, the LHCb detects about 40% of
heavy quark hadrons produced in the proton-proton colisions.

Figure 1: YZ view of the LHCb detector.

The spectrometer consists of a vertex locator, a warm dipole magnet, a
tracking system, two RICH detectors, a calorimeter system and a muon system.
The track momenta are measured to a precision of $\delta p/p$ between 0.35%
and 0.5%. The Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector (RICH) system provides excellent
charged hadron identification in a momentum range 2-100 GeV/c. The calorimeter
system identifies high transverse energy hadron, electron and photon
candidates and provides information for the trigger. The muon system provides
information for the trigger and muon identification with an efficiency of
about 95% for a misidentification rate of about 1-2 % for momenta above 10
GeV/c.

The luminosity for the LHCb experiment can be tuned by changing the beam focus
at its interaction point independently from the other interaction points,
allowing LHCb to maintain the optimal luminosity in order not to saturate the
trigger or to damage the delicate sub-detectors parts. In fact, due this
capability, LHCb was able to keep its luminosity at the constant value of
$3.5\times 10^{32}\,{\rm cm^{-2}s^{-1}}$ during most of 2011 data taking.

The trigger chain is composed by a first level hardware trigger and two levels
of software triggers. LHCb uses hadrons, muons, electrons and photons
throughout the trigger chain, maximizing the trigger efficiency on all heavy
quark decays and making the experiment sensitive to many different final
states.

In 2010 and 2011, the detector recorded about $1.1\,{\rm fb^{-1}}$ integrated
luminosity in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV, corresponding to
90% of the luminosity delivered by the Large Hadron Collider(LHC) to LHCb.

The CMS is a multi-purpose experiment at LHC, designed with the main goal of
search for new physics phenomena at large transverse momentum scales. CMS
cover a rapidity range up to $\arrowvert\eta\arrowvert<2.5$ and since -̱quark
production peaks at large rapidities, CMS is most able to search for
charmonium-like candidates produced primary in the proton-proton collisions.
For a complete description of the CMS detector see [17].

##  3 $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ mass and cross-section measurements at LHC and CMS

The $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ resonance was discovered in 2003 by the Belle
collaboration in the
$\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}\mathrm{X}(3872)$,
$\mathrm{X}(3872)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-}$ decay chain [18]. Its existence was confirmed by the
CDF[19], D$\emptyset$ [20] and BaBar[21] collaborations.

The $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ mass is currently known with <
1.0${\mathrm{\,Me\kern-1.00006ptV\\!/}c^{2}}$ precision, the dipion mass
spectrum in the decay
$\mathrm{X}(3872)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-}$ [22, 23] has been studied and the $\mathrm{X}(3872)$
quantum numbers have been constrained to be either $J^{PC}=2^{-+}$ or $1^{++}$
[24] and are still not established. However, despite the cumulated
experimental and theoretical effort, the nature of the $\mathrm{X}(3872)$
remains uncertain. Among the possible interpretations for this state currently
discussed in the literature, one can remark the mesonic molecule, the hybrid
meson and the tetraquark hypotesis. The conventional charmonium interpretation
is not excluded.

Figure 2: Invariant mass distribution of
${\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-}$(black points with statistical error bars) and same-
sign ${\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{+}$(blue filled histogram) candidates. The solid red
curve is the result of the fit described in the text. The inset shows a zoom
of the $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ region.

In LHCb the analysis is performed on $34.7\mbox{\,pb}^{-1}$ dataset collected
in 2010 in $\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ =
7$\mathrm{\,Te\kern-1.00006ptV}$. The $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ signal has been
isolated applying tight cuts in order to reduce the combinatorial background,
generated when a correctly reconstructed
${\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip 2.0mu}$ meson is combined
with a random $\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-}$ pair from the primary
$\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}$ interaction. The selection cuts are optimized using
reconstructed
$\uppsi(2S)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-}$ decays, as well as “same-sign pion” candidates
satisfying the same criteria as used for the $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ and
$\uppsi(2S)$ selection. A further background suppression is reached applying
the requirement Q < 300 ${\mathrm{\,Me\kern-1.00006ptV\\!/}c^{2}}$, where
$Q=\mathrm{M}_{\upmu^{+}\upmu^{-}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-}}-\mathrm{M}_{\upmu^{+}\upmu^{-}}-\mathrm{M}_{\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-}}$.
See [25] for a detailed discussion on the selection procedure.

The masses of the $\uppsi(2S)$ and $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ mesons are determined
from an extended unbinned maximum likelihood fit of the reconstructed
${\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip 2.0mu}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-}$
mass in the interval
$3.60<\mathrm{M}_{{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-}}<3.95{\mathrm{\,Ge\kern-1.00006ptV\\!/}c^{2}}$. The
$\uppsi(2S)$ and $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ signals are described with a non-
relativistic Breit-Wigner function convolved with a Gaussian resolution
function. The intrinsic width of the $\uppsi(2S)$ is fixed to the PDG value
and the $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ width is fixed to zero in the nominal fit. The
ratio of the mass resolutions for the $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ and the $\uppsi(2S)$
is fixed to the value $\sigma_{\mathrm{X}(3872)}/\sigma_{\uppsi(2S)}=1.31$.
The background shape is described by the functional form
$\mathrm{f}(\mathrm{M})\propto(\mathrm{M}-\mathrm{M}_{{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}}-2\mathrm{M}_{\uppi})^{\mathrm{c}_{0}}\mathrm{e}^{(-\mathrm{c}_{1}\mathrm{M}-\mathrm{c}_{2}\mathrm{M}^{2})}$.The
results of the fit are summarized in the table 1.

Fit parameter | $\uppsi(2S)$ | $\mathrm{X}(3872)$
---|---|---
Number of signal events | $3998\pm 83$ | $565\pm 62$
Mass [ ${\mathrm{\,Me\kern-1.00006ptV\\!/}c^{2}}$ ] | $3686.10\pm 0.06$ | $3871.88\pm 0.48$
Mass resolution [ ${\mathrm{\,Me\kern-1.00006ptV\\!/}c^{2}}$ ] | $2.54\pm 0.06$ | $3.33\pm 0.08$
S/B in $\pm 3\sigma$ window | 1.5 | 0.15
Number of background events | $73094\pm 282$ | –
Table 1: Fit results on LHCb $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ studies.

At LHCb, the same sample used to measure the $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ mass has been
used to perform $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ production studies. The product of the
inclusive production cross-section
$\upsigma(\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}\rightarrow\mathrm{X}(3872)+\cdots)$ and the
branching fraction ${\cal
B}(\mathrm{X}(3872)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-})$ is determined according the expression

$\upsigma(\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}\rightarrow\mathrm{X}(3872)+\cdots)\times{\cal
B}(\mathrm{X}(3872)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-})=\frac{\mathrm{N}^{corr}_{\mathrm{X}(3872)}}{\xi\times\mathcal{L}_{\rm
int}\times{\cal B}({\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\rightarrow\upmu^{+}\upmu^{-})}$

where $\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{X}(3872)}$ is the efficiency-corrected signal
yield, $\upxi$ is a correction factor to the simulation-derived efficiency
that accounts for known differences between data and simulation, ${\cal
B}({\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\rightarrow\upmu^{+}\upmu^{-})=(5.93\pm 0.06)\times 10^{-2}$ is the
${\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\rightarrow\upmu^{+}\upmu^{-}$ branching fraction, and $\mathcal{L}_{\rm
int}$ is the integrated luminosity. See [25] for detailed discussion about the
calibration procedure and the treatment of the different sources of systematic
uncertainty. The studies are performed just considering candidates lying
inside the fiducial region for the measurement defined by

$2.5<y<4.5\text{ and }5<p_{T}<20{\mathrm{\,Ge\kern-1.00006ptV\\!/}c}$

where $y$ and $p_{T}$ are the rapidity and transverse momentum of the
$\mathrm{X}(3872)$. The X(3872) production cross section at LHCb is measured
to be

$\upsigma(\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}\rightarrow\mathrm{X}(3872)+\cdots)\times{\cal
B}(\mathrm{X}(3872)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-})=4.7\pm 1.1\mathrm{(stat)}\pm
0.7\mathrm{(syst)}\rm\,nb$

The CMS Collabration also performed studies on the $\mathrm{X}(3872)$
production. CMS uses a dataset of 40$\mbox{\,pb}^{-1}$ collected in
$\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$
=7$\mathrm{\,Te\kern-1.00006ptV}$ to measure the ratio of the branching
fractions of $\uppsi(2S)$ $\rightarrow$
${\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip 2.0mu}$ $\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-}$
and $\mathrm{X}(3872)$ $\rightarrow$
${\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip 2.0mu}$ $\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-}$
which is defined as

$R=\frac{\sigma({\rm
pp}\rightarrow\mathrm{X}(3872)+\cdots)\times\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{X}(3872)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-})}{\upsigma({\rm
pp}\rightarrow\mathrm{X}(3872)+\cdots)\times\mathcal{B}(\uppsi(2S)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\uppi^{+}\uppi^{-})}$

inside the fiducial region defined by

$\mbox{$p_{\rm T}$}>8{\mathrm{\,Ge\kern-1.00006ptV\\!/}c}\text{ and }|y|<2.2$

.

The result of the CMS analysis is

$R=0.087\pm 0.017\mathrm{(stat)}\pm 0.009\mathrm{(syst)},$

where the first error refers to the statistical uncertainty and the second
error contains the sum of all systematic uncertainties, as described in [26],
added in quadrature. See [26] for a detailed discussion of the selection
procedure and uncertainties estimation.

##  4 Search for the X(4140) state in
$\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi$ decays

The CDF collaboration has reported a $3.8\sigma$ evidence for the
$\mathrm{X}(4140)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi$ state using data collected in proton-antiproton collisions at the
Tevatron ($\sqrt{s}$ = 1.96 TeV)[27]. In a preliminary update on the analysis
[28], the CDF collaboration reported $115\pm 12$
$\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi$ events and $19\pm 6$ $\mathrm{X}(4140)$ candidates with a
statistical significance of more than $5\sigma$. The mass and width were
determined to be $4143.4^{+2.9}_{-3.0}\pm 0.6$MeV/$c^{2}$ and
$15.3^{10.4}_{-6.1}\pm 2.5$ MeV/$c^{2}$, respectively. The relative branching
ratio was measured to be
$\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}\mathrm{X}(4140))\times\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{X}(4140)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi)/\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi)=0.149\pm 0.039\mathrm{(stat)}\pm 0.024\mathrm{(syst)}$.

Since a charmonium state at this mass is expected to have much larger width
because of open flavor decay channels, the decay rate of the
$\mathrm{X}(4140)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi$ mode, so near to kinematic threshold, should be small and
unobservable. Due to these issues, the CDF’s report rejuvenated the
discussions on exotic hadronic states. It was cogitated that the
$\mathrm{X}(4140)$ resonance could be a molecular state [29, 30, 31], a
tetraquark state [32, 33], a hybrid state [34, 35] or even a rescattering
effect [15, 16].

The CDF data also suggested the presence of a second state, referred here as
$\mathrm{X}(4274)$ with mass $4274.4^{+8.4}_{-6.4}\pm 1.9$ MeV/$c^{2}$ and
width $32.3^{+21.9}_{-15.3}\pm{7.6}$ MeV/$c^{2}$. The corresponding event
yield was $22\pm 8$ with $3.1\sigma$ significance. This observation has also
received attention in the literature [36, 37]. On the other hand, the Belle
experiment found no evidence for the $\mathrm{X}(4140)$ and $\mathrm{X}(4274)$
states[38, 39].

Figure 3: Distribution of the mass difference
$M({\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi)-M({\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip 2.0mu})$. Fit
of the $\mathrm{X}(4140)$ signal on top of a smooth background is superimposed
(solid red line). The dashed blue (dotted blue) line on top illustrates the
expected $\mathrm{X}(4140)$ ($\mathrm{X}(4274)$) signal yield from the CDF
measurement. The top and bottom plots differ by the background function
(dashed black line) used in the fit: (a) a background efficiency-corrected
three-body phase-space; (b) background efficiency-corrected quadratic
function.

The LHCb analysis[40, 41] starts reconstructing a $\mathrm{B}^{+}$ candidate
as five-track $(\mu^{+}\mu^{-}\mathrm{K}^{+}\mathrm{K}^{-}\mathrm{K}^{+})$
vertex using well reconstructed and identified muons and kaons candidates. The
$\mathrm{B}^{+}$ candidates are required to have $p_{T}>4.0$ GeV/$c$ and a
decay time of at least 0.25 ps. The invariant mass of the
$(\mu^{+}\mu^{-}\mathrm{K}^{+}\mathrm{K}^{-}\mathrm{K}^{+})$ combination is
evaluated after the muon pair is constrained to the
${\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip 2.0mu}$ mass, and all final
state particles are constrained to a common vertex. Further background
suppression is provided using the likelihood ratio discriminator method.

The
$\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi$ invariant mass distribution, with at least one $\mathrm{K}^{+}$
$\mathrm{K}^{-}$ combination having an invariant mass within $\pm 15$
MeV/$c^{2}$ of the nominal $\phi$ mass was fitted by a Gaussian and a
quadratic function resulting in $346\pm 20$ $\mathrm{B}^{+}$ events with a
mass resolution of $5.2\pm 0.3$ MeV/$c^{2}$.

The $\mathrm{X}(4140)$ state was searched selecting events within $\pm 15$
MeV/$c^{2}$ of the $\phi$ mass. Figure 3 shows the mass difference
$M({\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi)-M({\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip 2.0mu})$
distribution without ${\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip 2.0mu}$
or $\phi$ mass constraints. No narrow structure is observed near the
threshold. The fit results are $N_{\mathrm{X}(4140)}^{(a)}=6.9\pm 4.9$ or
$N_{\mathrm{X}(4140)}^{(b)}=0.6\pm 7.1$, depending on the background shape
used.

The CDF’s fit model was used to quantify the compatibility of the two
measurements and considering the LHCb
$\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi$ yield, the efficiency ratio, and the CDF value for
$\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}\mathrm{X}(4140))/\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi)$, one concludes that LHCb should have observed $35\pm 9\pm 6$
events, where the first uncertainty is statistical from the CDF data and the
second includes both the CDF and LHCb systematic uncertainties. The LHCb
results disagree with the CDF observation by $\sim 2.7\sigma$. In the case of
the $\mathrm{X}(4274)$ candidate, the same procedure predicts that LHCb should
have observed $53\pm 19$ $\mathrm{X}(4274)$ candidates. The final results are
the following upper limits at 90%CL

$\frac{\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}\mathrm{X}(4140))\times\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{X}(4140)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi)}{\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi)}<0.07,$
$\frac{\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}\mathrm{X}(4274))\times\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{X}(4274)\rightarrow{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi)}{\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{B}^{+}\rightarrow\mathrm{K}^{+}{\mathrm{J}\mskip-3.0mu/\mskip-2.0mu\uppsi\mskip
2.0mu}\phi)}<0.08.$

##  5 Conclusions

A selection of results on XYZ states spectroscopy at the LHC have been
summarized. Many new results are expected from the analysis of the 2011 and
2012 datasets and as well from the news studies currently on-going.

The LHC experiments are in a privileged position to explore the production
mechanisms and spectra of the XYZ states, delivering competitive results in
the heavy flavor sector.

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