# The space of twisted cubics

Katharina Heinrich  Department of Mathematics, KTH Royal Institute of
Technology. SE 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden<EMAIL_ADDRESS>,  Roy Skjelnes
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and  Jan Stevens  Department of Mathematical Sciences,
Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg. SE 412 96
Gothenburg, Sweden<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
###### Abstract.

We consider the Cohen-Macaulay compactification of the space of twisted cubics
in projective $n$-space. This compactification is the fine moduli scheme
representing the functor of CM-curves with Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$. We show
that the moduli scheme of CM-curves in projective $3$-space is isomorphic to
the twisted cubic component of the Hilbert scheme. We also describe the
compactification for twisted cubics in $n$-space.

###### Key words and phrases:

Hilbert schemes, twisted cubics, Cohen-Macaulay curves, Fitting ideals

###### 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification:

14C05, 14D22, 14H10, 14A20

##  1\. Introduction

The main purpose of the present article is to provide a natural and functorial
compactification of the space of twisted cubics in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$. The
representing object is a smooth and irreducible projective scheme that is
equal to the twisted cubic component of the Hilbert scheme.

A twisted cubic is a smooth rational curve of degree three. The family of such
curves in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ is twelve dimensional. Finding a compactification
of the parameter space with control over the degenerations is a fundamental
question. An immediate answer is provided by the Hilbert scheme. In their
celebrated work [PS85] Piene and Schlessinger described the Hilbert scheme
$\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ of space curves with Hilbert
polynomial $3t+1$. It consists of two smooth components. One component
$\mathrm{H}$, the twisted cubic component, contains the twisted cubics as an
open subset. The other component has as generic member the union of a planar
cubic and a point outside the plane.

An appealing feature of the Hilbert scheme is that it represents a functor,
and thereby comes with universal defining properties. It gives a description
of the families of curves including their degenerations. Its disadvantage is
clear from the description above — it parametrizes also objects that are
geometrically quite different from twisted cubics. Kontsevich’s moduli space
of stable maps $\overline{\mathscr{M}_{0,0}}(\mathbb{P}^{3},3)$ is another
functorial compactification of the space of twisted cubics [Kon95, CK11]. The
representing stack has been a marvelous tool for enumerative problems, but the
geometry of this compactification is quite different from the twisted cubic
component $\mathrm{H}$.

An interpolation between the Hilbert scheme and the Kontsevich moduli space
was introduced by Hønsen [Høn05]. We refer to it as the space of CM-curves. A
Cohen-Macaulay scheme $X$ of pure dimension one, together with a finite
morphism $X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$ that generically is an immersion is
a CM-curve (see Section 2). The functor of CM-curves in $\mathbb{P}^{n}$ with
a fixed Hilbert polynomial is represented by a proper algebraic space
([Høn05], [Hei14]).

In the present article we use the space of CM-curves with Hilbert polynomial
$3t+1$ to compactify the space of twisted cubics. The most interesting case is
that of curves in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$. Our main result (see Theorems 2.16 and
5.3) gives in particular a modular description of the twisted cubic component
$\mathrm{H}$:

######  Theorem.

Let $\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ be the space of CM-curves in
$\mathbb{P}^{3}$ (over an algebraically closed field of arbitrary
characteristic) with Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$, and let
$\mathrm{H}\subset\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ denote the
twisted cubic component of the Hilbert scheme. The space
$\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ is a smooth and irreducible projective
scheme of dimension 12. We have an isomorphism

$\phi\colon\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}\longrightarrow\mathrm{H}.$

The map $\phi$ yielding the isomorphism is obtained by giving the image of the
finite map $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ the scheme structure
determined by the zero’th Fitting ideal
$\operatorname{Fitt}^{0}(i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X})$. This construction is
discussed in detail in [Tei77]. It commutes with base change, but the
resulting structure depends on the target of the morphism. Another important
ingredient in our story is an explicit description of CM-curves in the plane.
The space of CM-curves in $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ having Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$ is
identified with the space parametrising families of plane cubic curves,
together with a section that passes through singular points of the family. We
use a duality result by de Jong and van Straten relating Cohen-Macaulay ring
extensions with the endomorphism ring of dual modules [JS90], which allows us
to reconstruct the curve $X$ from its image and the singular section. For
projective $n$-space with $n>3$ we identify a blow up of
$\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ with the twisted cubic component of
$\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$, based on the description of the
Hilbert space in [CK11].

Other compactifications of the space of twisted cubics are known, see e.g.
[EPS87, VX02, CK11]. The connections between different compactifications have
been studied by [CK11] and by [Che08], the latter starting from the Kontsevich
space. Freiermuth and Trautmann [FT04] studied (in characteristic 0) the
moduli space of stable sheaves on $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ supported on cubic curves
and found that it has two smooth components, one of which is isomorphic to the
twisted cubic component $\mathrm{H}$ of the Hilbert scheme, see Appendix B.
Their identification also uses Fitting ideals. Our results are valid in
arbitrary characteristic; to this end we extend the results of [PS85] to also
include characteristic 2 and 3, see Appendix A.

In general one cannot expect that a component of the space of CM-curves is
isomorphic to a component of the corresponding Hilbert scheme — this already
fails for $\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ with $n>3$. Therefore the
situation with Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$ in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ appears to be
quite special. Only the case with Hilbert polynomial $2t+2$ is similar and can
be studied analogously. In characteristic zero it is known ([Har82, CCN11])
that the Hilbert scheme $\operatorname{Hilb}^{2t+2}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ consists
of two smooth components. With the arguments in this article one can show that
$\mathrm{CM}^{2t+2}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ is isomorphic to the component whose
generic point correspond to a pair of skew lines. In both cases only the
simplest type of non-isomorphism occurs. This is no longer true for the case
of quartic elliptic space curves. The irreducible component $\mathrm{H}$ of
the Hilbert scheme $\operatorname{Hilb}^{4t}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ containing the
points corresponding to these curves is explicitly known by the work of
Avritzer and Vainsechner [VA92]; the Hilbert scheme consists of two components
[Got08, LR11]. We expect that there exists a map from the component
$\mathrm{H}$ to the space of CM-curves. The picture is much more complicated
for rational normal curves of degree 4, with Hilbert polynomial $4t+1$. We
hope that the study of the space of CM-curves can help in the study of the
Hilbert scheme.

Acknowledgments. We are grateful for the comments of the anonymous referee
that helped us to clarify certain arguments, and to improve the presentation
of the article.

##  2\. Cohen-Macaulay curves

In this section we define the space of CM-curves in general, and thereafter
determine the dimension and prove smoothness when the Hilbert polynomial is
$3t+1$.

###  2.1. The image of a finite map

The schematic closure of a quasi-compact morphism of schemes $f\colon
X\longrightarrow Y$ is the closed subscheme of $Y$ determined by the kernel of
the induced map $\mathscr{O}_{Y}\longrightarrow f_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}$. When
$f\colon X\longrightarrow Y$ is a finite morphism the ideal defining the
schematic image is also given by the annihilator ideal
$\operatorname{Ann}_{Y}(f_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X})$.

###  2.2. Fitting ideals

The $n$’th Fitting ideal sheaf of a coherent $\mathscr{O}_{X}$-module $E$ we
denote by $\operatorname{Fitt}^{n}_{X}(E)$, or simply
$\operatorname{Fitt}^{n}(E)$. We refer to [Nor76] or [Eis95] for definitions
and their basic properties. We will be particularly interested in the 0’th
Fitting ideal, inspired by the discussion by Teissier in [Tei77]. The ideal
sheaf $\operatorname{Fitt}^{0}_{X}(E)$ is obtained from the maximal minors of
the matrix in a presentation of the module $E$.

###  2.3. CM-curves

We recall the notion of CM-curves as introduced by Hønsen [Høn05]. Let
$\mathbb{P}^{n}$ denote the projective $n$-space over a fixed algebraically
closed field $k$. A finite morphism $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$
is a CM-curve if

  1. (1)

the scheme $X$ is Cohen-Macaulay and is of pure dimension one,

  2. (2)

the morphism $i$ is, apart from a finite set, an isomorphism onto its
schematic image.

The Hilbert polynomial of a CM-curve $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$
is the Hilbert polynomial of the coherent sheaf $i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}$ on
$\mathbb{P}^{n}$.

###  2.4. Functor of Cohen-Macaulay curves

Let $p(t)=at+b$ be a numerical polynomial. For a scheme $S$ we let
$\mathrm{CM}^{p(t)}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}(S)$ denote the set of isomorphism classes
of pairs $(X,i)$ where $i\colon
X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}_{S}=\mathbb{P}^{n}\times S$ is a finite
morphism of $S$-schemes, and where $X\longrightarrow S$ is flat, and for every
geometric point in $S$ the fiber is a CM-curve with Hilbert polynomial
$p(t)=at+b$. Two pairs $(X,i)$ and $(X^{\prime},i^{\prime})$ are isomorphic if
there exists an $S$-isomorphism $\alpha\colon X\longrightarrow X^{\prime}$
commuting with the maps $i$ and $i^{\prime}$. We have that
$\mathrm{CM}^{p(t)}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ is a contravariant functor from the
category of locally Noetherian schemes, over our fixed field $k$, to Sets.

######  Theorem 2.5 (Hønsen, Heinrich).

The functor $\mathrm{CM}^{p(t)}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ of CM-curves in
$\mathbb{P}^{n}$ having Hilbert polynomial $p(t)=at+b$, is representable by a
proper algebraic space.

The Theorem is proven in [Høn05] for schemes defined over an arbitrary field.
A different construction and proof is given in [Hei14] where it is shown that
the functor is representable by a proper algebraic space of finite type over
$\operatorname{Spec}\mathbb{Z}$.

###  2.6. Tangent space to $\mathrm{CM}$

With $\mathbb{P}^{n}$ over a field $k$ and the polynomial $p(t)$ fixed, we
write $\mathrm{CM}(R)$ for
$\mathrm{CM}^{p(t)}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}(\operatorname{Spec}(R))$ for any
$k$-algebra $R$. Given a pair $\xi=(X,i)$ in $\mathrm{CM}(k)$ we define the
functor $\mathrm{CM}_{\xi}$ [Høn05, 3.4] on the category of local artinian
$k$-algebras by

$\mathrm{CM}_{\xi}(R)=\\{(X_{R},i_{R})\in\mathrm{CM}(R)\mid(X_{R},i_{R})\text{
maps to }\xi\in\mathrm{CM}(k)\\}\;.$

This is in fact a deformation functor.

For a morphism $i\colon X\longrightarrow Y$ Buchweitz [Buc81] considers six
deformation functors, one of them being $\operatorname{Def}_{X/Y}$, the
functor of deformations of $X$ over $Y$, where one deforms $X$ and the
morphism $i$, but not the target $Y$. Its tangent space is
$T^{1}_{X/Y}=\mathbb{E}\text{xt}^{1}_{\mathscr{O}_{X}}(\mathbb{L}^{\bullet}_{X/Y},\mathscr{O}_{X})$,
where $\mathbb{L}^{\bullet}_{X/Y}$ is the cotangent complex [Ill72].

The functor $\mathrm{CM}_{\xi}$ is the functor
$\operatorname{Def}_{X/\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ of deformations of $X$ over
$\mathbb{P}^{n}$, the completion of the local ring of the point $(X,i)\in
CM(k)$ is the versal deformation of $X$ over $\mathbb{P}^{n}$ and the tangent
space is $\mathrm{CM}_{\xi}(k[\varepsilon])$, where $\varepsilon^{2}=0$. In
our specific situation we shall compute this tangent space by directly
describing infinitesimal deformations of $(X,i)$.

###  2.7. Conductor

Let $D=i(X)$ denote the schematic image of a CM-curve $i\colon
X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$. We have the short exact sequence

(2.7.1) $0\longrightarrow\mathscr{O}_{D}\longrightarrow
i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}\longrightarrow\mathscr{K}=i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}/\mathscr{O}_{D}\longrightarrow
0$

of sheaves on $D$. The target double point scheme [KLU92, p.204] of $i\colon
X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$ is the closed subscheme $N_{X}\subseteq D$
defined by the ideal sheaf

$\operatorname{Ann}_{D}(\mathscr{K})=\operatorname{Ann}_{D}(i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}/\mathscr{O}_{D}).$

This ideal sheaf equals the conductor of $\mathscr{O}_{D}$ in
$i_{*}\mathscr{O}_{X}$. By definition the underlying set $|N_{X}|$ of points
in $D$ is a finite set, and the open set $D\setminus N_{X}$ is isomorphic to
$X\setminus i^{-1}(N_{X})$.

###  2.8. Twisted cubics

The easiest example of a space of CM-curves is that of plane curves of degree
$d$, which is a space that coincides with the Hilbert scheme. One of the
easiest interesting, non-planar examples is the case of CM-curves with Hilbert
polynomial $3t+1$. In what follows we will assume that $\mathbb{P}^{n}$ is the
projective $n$-space defined over an algebraically closed field.

######  Proposition 2.9.

Let $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$ be a CM-curve where $i$ is not a
closed immersion. Assume that the Hilbert polynomial of
$i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}$ is $3t+1$. Then the image $D=i(X)$ is a plane cubic
curve, and there is exactly one point $P\in D$ over where the morphism $i$
fails to be an isomorphism.

###### Proof.

The Hilbert polynomial of the skyscraper sheaf
$\mathscr{K}=i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}/\mathscr{O}_{D}$ is a positive constant
$\ell>0$; it is non-zero since by assumption the map $i$ is not a closed
immersion. The Hilbert polynomial of $D$ is then $p(t)=3t+1-\ell.$ Hartshorne
proved [Har94, Theorem 3.1] that the arithmetic genus $p_{a}=1-p(0)$ of the
space curve $D\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{3}$ is bounded above by
$p_{a}\leq\frac{1}{2}(d-1)(d-2)$, where $d$ is the degree of $D$, with
equality if and only if $D$ is a plane curve. The same proof applies for
$D\subset\mathbb{P}^{n}$, arbitrary $n\geq 3$. It follows that $\ell=1$.

The support of $\mathscr{K}$ is then one point on $D$. The equality
$p_{a}=\frac{1}{2}(d-1)(d-2)$ implies that the curve $D$ is planar. ∎

######  Lemma 2.10.

Let $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$ be a CM-curve with Hilbert
polynomial $3t+1$. Then $H^{1}(X,i^{*}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}(1))=0$ and
$\dim_{k}H^{0}(X,i^{*}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}(1))=4$.

###### Proof.

Assume first that $i$ is a closed immersion. Define the index of speciality
$e(X)$ of a Cohen-Macaulay curve $X\subset\mathbb{P}^{n}$ as the largest
integer $e$ such that $H^{0}(X,\omega_{X}(-e))\neq 0$, where $\omega_{X}$ is
the dualizing sheaf. E. Schlessinger proves that $-2\leq e(X)\leq\deg(X)-3$
[Sch99, Cor. 3.4]. This Corollary applies as a (locally) Cohen-Macaulay curve
is a quasi ACM subscheme of dimension 1 [Sch99, Cor. 2.7]. In our case
$e(X)\leq 0$ and therefore
$0=H^{0}(X,\omega_{X}(-1))=H^{1}(X,\mathscr{O}_{X}(1))$, where
$\mathscr{O}_{X}(1)=i^{*}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}(1)$. As the Hilbert
polynomial is $3t+1$ we then also have that
$\dim_{k}H^{0}(X,\mathscr{O}_{X}(1))=4$.

If the morphism $i$ is not a closed immersion then by Proposition 2.9 the
image of $X$ is a planar cubic $D$. Tensoring the exact sequence (2.7.1) with
$\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}(1)$ gives the exact sequence

$0\longrightarrow\mathscr{O}_{D}(1)\longrightarrow
i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}(1)\longrightarrow\mathscr{K}\longrightarrow 0$

of sheaves on $\mathbb{P}^{n}$. We have that
$\dim_{k}H^{0}(D,\mathscr{O}_{D}(1))=3$ and that
$H^{1}(D,\mathscr{O}_{D}(1))=0$ as $D$ is a planar cubic. It then follows from
the exact sequence that $H^{1}(\mathbb{P}^{n},i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}(1))=0$
and that $\dim_{k}H^{0}(\mathbb{P}^{n},i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}(1))=4$. The
projection formula gives that
$i_{*}\mathscr{O}_{X}(1)=i_{*}(i^{*}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}(1))$, and
since the morphism $i$ is finite the result follows. ∎

######  Proposition 2.11.

Let $i_{R}\colon X_{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}_{R}$ be a CM-curve with
Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$. Assume that $R$ is a local ring.

  1. (1)

We have that $H^{0}(X_{R},i_{R}^{*}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}_{R}}(1))$ is a
free $R$-module of rank 4.

  2. (2)

Let $j_{R}\colon
X_{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}_{R}=\operatorname{Proj}(R[y_{0},y_{1},y_{2},y_{3}])$
be the morphism obtained by fixing a basis of
$H^{0}(X_{R},i_{R}^{*}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}_{R}}(1))$. Then $j_{R}$ is a
closed immersion.

  3. (3)

There is finite morphism $h_{R}\colon
j_{R}(X_{R})\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}_{R}$ induced by a linear map
$R[x_{0},\ldots,x_{n}]\longrightarrow R[y_{0},\ldots,y_{3}]$, such that
$i_{R}=h_{R}\circ j_{R}$.

  4. (4)

The pairs $(X_{R},i_{R})$ and $(j_{R}(X_{R}),h_{R})$ are equal as points of
the CM-functor.

###### Proof.

Let $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ be the curve over the closed
point of $\operatorname{Spec}(R)$. By Lemma 2.10 we have that
$H^{r}(X,i^{*}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}(1))=0$ for $r>0$. Let $f_{R}\colon
X_{R}\longrightarrow\operatorname{Spec}(R)$ be the structure map. It follows
by cohomology and base change [EGA III, Corollaire (7.9.9)] that
${f_{R}}_{*}i_{R}^{*}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}_{R}}(1)$ is free, and
therefore by Lemma 2.10 free of rank 4.

A choice of basis $(s_{0},s_{1},s_{2},s_{3})$ of global sections of
$j_{R}^{*}\mathscr{O}(1)$ gives a morphism $j_{R}\colon
X_{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}_{R}=\operatorname{Proj}(R[y_{0},y_{1},y_{2},y_{3}])$
such that $s_{i}=j_{R}^{*}(y_{i})$, $i=0,\ldots,3$. The coordinates
$(x_{0}:\dots:x_{n})$ on $\mathbb{P}^{n}_{R}$ give rise to global sections
$i_{R}^{*}(x_{i})$ of $i_{R}^{*}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}_{R}}(1)$, which
can be expressed linearly in the basis $(s_{0},s_{1},s_{2},s_{3})$. This
defines the map $h_{R}$.

To show that the finite morphism $j_{R}$ is a closed immersion it suffices to
show that the induced map $j\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ over the
closed point of $\operatorname{Spec}(R)$ is a closed immersion. If $j$ is not
a closed immersion then we have by Proposition 2.9 that the image is contained
in a plane in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$. This contradicts the fact that the global
sections $s_{0}=j^{*}(y_{0})$, …, $s_{3}=j^{*}(y_{3})$ are linearly
independent. It follows from the construction that the pairs
$(j_{R}(X_{R}),h_{R})$ and $(X_{R},i_{R})$ are isomorphic. ∎

###  2.12. Tangent space calculations

The purpose of the rest of the present section is to prove that the CM-spaces
with Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$ are smooth. Smoothness is proven by showing
that the dimension of the tangent space at the most special point equals the
dimension of a generic, smooth point. Later we will see that the most special
situation is a projection of the curve $X\subset\mathbb{P}^{3}$ given by the
graded ideal $I=(u^{2},uy-x^{2},xu)\subset k[x,y,u,w]$. Thus, for the moment
we focus on this particular ideal. The canonical morphism
$k[x,y,w]\longrightarrow k[x,y,u,w]/I$ of graded rings determines the finite
morphism

(2.12.1) $i_{1}\colon
X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}=\operatorname{Proj}(k[x,y,w]).$

As such we have a CM-curve in $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ with Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$.
We will also view $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ as a closed subscheme in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$
given by the homogeneous ideal $(z)\subset k[x,y,z,w]$. The finite morphism
(2.12.1) composed with the closed immersion gives a finite morphism

(2.12.2) $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3},$

and thus a CM-curve in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$.

######  Lemma 2.13.

Let $X\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{3}$ be the closed subscheme given by the graded
ideal $I=(u^{2},uy-x^{2},xu)\subseteq k[x,y,u,w]$, and let $i\colon
X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ be the finite morphism (2.12.2). The
completion of the local ring of the point $(X,i)$ in
$\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ is the power series ring
$R=k[[a_{1},\ldots,a_{8},b_{9},\ldots,b_{12}]]$. The universal family over
$\operatorname{Spec}(R)$ is given by the pair $(X_{R},i_{R})$, where $X_{R}$
is given by the homogeneous ideal $J\subseteq R[x,y,u,w]$ generated by the
maximal minors of

(2.13.1) $\begin{pmatrix}x+a_{2}w&a_{7}y+a_{6}w&u\\\
y+a_{1}w&u+a_{5}x+a_{4}y+a_{3}w&x+a_{8}w\end{pmatrix},$

and the morphism $i_{R}\colon
X_{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}_{R}=\operatorname{Proj}(R[x,y,z,w])$ is
determined by the linear map
$i_{R}^{*}(x,y,z,w)=(x,y,b_{9}x+b_{10}y+b_{11}w+b_{12}u,w)$.

###### Proof.

We need to describe all deformations of the pair $(X,i)$. By Proposition 2.11
we may assume for a deformation $(X_{R},i_{R})$ over a local ring $R$ that the
scheme $X_{R}$ is embedded in some $\mathbb{P}^{3}_{R}$ and the morphism
$i_{R}$ is induced by a linear map. We start with infinitesimal deformations.
The embedded deformations of the curve
$X\subset\mathbb{P}^{3}=\operatorname{Proj}(k[x,y,u,w])$ are described in
Lemma A.5, and are given by the maximal minors of

$\begin{pmatrix}x+a_{2}w&a_{7}y+a_{6}w&u+a_{12}x+a_{11}y+a_{10}u+a_{9}w\\\
y+a_{1}w&u+a_{5}x+a_{4}y+a_{3}w&x+a_{8}w\end{pmatrix},$

over the polynomial ring $k[a_{1},\ldots,a_{12}]$. The morphism $i\colon
X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ is determined by the linear map
$i^{*}(x,y,z,w)=(x,y,0,w)$. This map is deformed by perturbing all possible
entries. We need 16 variables $b_{1},\ldots,b_{16}$ to perturb every component
as a linear expression in $x,y,u,w$.

As we are allowed to perform coordinate transformations in the source of $i$,
we can use the invertible map sending $x$ to the first component of the
deformed map, $y$ to the second, $u$ to $u$ and $w$ to the fourth component.
By performing these transformations the map simplifies to the linear map
$i_{R}^{*}$ determined by

$i_{R}^{*}(x,y,z,w)=(x,y,b_{9}x+b_{10}y+b_{11}w+b_{12}u,w)\;.$

The matrix displayed above, describing the embedded deformations of the curve,
then changes. But, after a linear change in the $a_{i}$’s, depending on the
$b_{j}$’s we can take this matrix to be of the same form. The remaining
available transformations can be used to make the $(1,3)$-entry of the matrix
displayed into $u$. After another linear change of coordinates in the
$a_{i}$’s the infinitesimal deformations are given by the matrix (2.13.1) and
the morphism $i_{R}$. These formulas define a deformation over the completion
of the polynomial ring $k[a_{1},\ldots,a_{8},b_{9},\ldots,b_{12}]$ in the
ideal $(a_{1},\ldots,a_{8},b_{9},\ldots b_{12})$.

∎

The next two lemmas will be used to describe the space of $\mathrm{CM}$
curves, with polynomial $3t+1$, in the plane and in $\mathbb{P}^{n}$ with
$n>3$ respectively.

######  Lemma 2.14.

Let $X\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{3}$ be the closed subscheme given by the graded
ideal $I=(u^{2},uy-x^{2},xu)\subseteq k[x,y,u,w]$, and let $i_{1}\colon
X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}$ be the morphism (2.12.1). The completion of
the point $(X,i_{1})$ in $\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$ is given by the
power series ring $R_{1}=k[[a_{1},\ldots,a_{8}]]$. The universal family over
$\operatorname{Spec}(R_{1})$ is given by the pair $(X_{R_{1}},i_{1})$, where
$X_{R_{1}},$ is given by the ideal $J\subseteq R_{1}[x,y,u,w]$ generated by
the maximal minors of (2.13.1) and the morphism $i_{R_{1}}\colon
X_{R_{1}}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R_{1}},$ is the one obtained from
$i_{1}$.

###### Proof.

We proceed as in the proof of Lemma 2.13. Now we perturb the map $i_{1}$ in
all possible ways, and we can use coordinate transformations in the source to
undo these perturbations. ∎

######  Lemma 2.15.

As above we let $X\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{3}$ be the closed subscheme given by
the graded ideal $I=(u^{2},uy-x^{2},xu)\subseteq k[x,y,u,w]$, but now we let
$i_{2}\colon
X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}=\operatorname{Proj}(k[x,y,w,z_{1},\ldots,z_{n-2}])$
($n>3$) be the morphism determined by the linear map that sends $z_{i}\mapsto
0$ (for $i=1,\ldots,n-2$) and is the identity on $x,y$ and $w$.

The completion of the point $(X,i_{2})$ in
$\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ is given by the power series ring
$R_{2}=k[[a_{1},\ldots,a_{8},b_{1,1},\dots,b_{1,4},b_{2,1},\dots,b_{n-2,4}]]$.
The universal family over $\operatorname{Spec}(R_{2})$ is given by the pair
$(X_{R_{2}},j_{2})$, where $X_{R_{2}}$ is given by the maximal minors of
(2.13.1) and the morphism $i_{R_{2}}\colon
X_{R_{2}}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$ is determined by the linear map that
is the identity on $x,y$ and $w$, and that sends $(z_{1},\ldots,z_{n-2})$ to

$(b_{1,1}x+b_{1,2}y+b_{1,3}w+b_{1,4}u,\dots,b_{n-2,1}x+b_{n-2,2}y+b_{n-2,3}w+b_{n-2,4}u).$

###### Proof.

Similar to the proof of Lemma 2.13. ∎

######  Proposition 2.16.

Let $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ denote the projective 3-space. The space
$\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ is smooth and irreducible of dimension
12.

###### Proof.

Let $(X,i)$ be a field valued point of
$\mathrm{CM}=\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ By Proposition 2.11 we may
assume that $X$ is embedded in some $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ and that the morphism $i$
is the restriction of a rational map
$h\colon\mathbb{P}^{3}\dashrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$. In particular, $X$
itself is a curve on the twisted cubic component. Furthermore, the same holds
for all infinitesimal deformations.

If $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ is a closed immersion, then we may
assume that $h$ is the identity and remains so under deformation. Consequently
the infinitesimal deformations of $i\colon X\subset\mathbb{P}^{3}$ are the
embedded deformations of $X$. Therefore the tangent space at the point $(X,i)$
is isomorphic to the tangent space to the twisted cubic component in the point
$X$, which has dimension 12 [PS85, p. 766].

Assume now that $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ is not a closed
immersion. By perturbing the coefficients defining the rational map $h$ we can
deform the morphism $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ to a closed
immersion. Therefore the space $\mathrm{CM}$ is connected, and consequently to
prove the proposition it suffices to show that the tangent space at any point
has dimension 12.

As the image $i(X)=D$ spans a plane, the map $h$ is the projection from a
point $Q$. Because $i$ fails to be an isomorphism over exactly one point of
$D$, the point $Q$ does not lie on two different tangent or secant lines.
Considered as a point on the twisted cubic component, the curve
$X\subset\mathbb{P}^{3}$ cannot be the most degenerate curve, which is a
triple line given by the square of the ideal of a line [Har82, Section 1.b].
Such a curve has everywhere embedding dimension 3, so is not locally planar.
Every other Cohen-Macaulay curve on the twisted cubic component degenerates to
triple line on a quadric cone. For such a curve the center $Q$ of the
projection does not lie on the tangent plane to the cone containing the line.
All maps $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ with $X$ a triple line on a
cone and $i$ generically an isomorphism are projectively equivalent, so it
suffices to compute the tangent space in one specific example, for which we
take the curve $(X,i)$ of Lemma 2.13. By specialization the dimension of the
tangent space at any point is bounded from above by the dimension of the
tangent space at this $(X,i)$, which is 12.

∎

######  Corollary 2.17.

Let $\mathbb{P}^{n}$ denote the projective $n$-space (where $n>3$). The space
$\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ is smooth and irreducible of dimension
$4n$.

###### Proof.

Let $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$ be a CM-curve. If $i$ is a closed
immersion it follows from Lemma 2.10 that the curve $X$ is contained in some
$\mathbb{P}^{3}$, and from Proposition 2.11 that infinitesimal deformations of
$i(X)\subset\mathbb{P}^{n}$ are the embedded deformations of $X$. The
dimension of the tangent space is the dimension of
$H^{0}(X,\mathscr{N}_{X/\mathbb{P}^{n}})$, which can be computed as the sum of
the dimensions of $H^{0}(X,\mathscr{N}_{X/\mathbb{P}^{3}})$ and
$H^{0}(X,\mathscr{N}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}/\mathbb{P}^{n}}\otimes\mathscr{O}_{X})$,
where $\mathscr{N}$ stands for the normal sheaf. The dimension is
$12+4(n-3)=4n$.

If $i$ is not a closed immersion then we have by Proposition 2.9 that the
image is planar. Arguing as in the proof Proposition 2.16 we see that the
space $\mathrm{CM}$ is connected and that to conclude the proof it suffices to
compute the dimension of the tangent space in the explicit example of Lemma
2.15. There the dimension is $4n$. ∎

######  Remark 2.18.

We note that the space $\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ is smooth and
irreducible of dimension $4n$, for all $n\geq 3$. The case $n=2$ will be
described quite explicitly in Section 4. In particular, the space
$\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$ is smooth of dimension 8. This can also
be shown using Lemma 2.14.

######  Remark 2.19.

For CM-curves $(X,i)$ with Hilbert polynomial $2t+2$ the analogue of
Proposition 2.9 holds: if the map $i$ is not a closed immersion, then the
image $D=i(X)$ is a singular plane conic, and there is exactly one point $P\in
D$ over which the morphism $i$ fails to be an isomorphism. If $i\colon
X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ is a closed immersion, then the curve is not
arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay, but one can still show that
$\mathrm{CM}^{2t+2}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ is smooth and irreducible of dimension
$8$.

##  3\. Plain double points

In this section we focus on CM-curves where the non-isomorphism locus is the
simplest possible. The following definition is motivated by Proposition 2.9.

######  Definition 3.1.

Let $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$ be a CM-curve, and let
$D\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{n}$ denote its schematic closure. A point $P$ in $D$ is
a plain double point if the $\mathscr{O}_{D,P}$-module
$\mathscr{K}\otimes_{\mathscr{O}_{D}}{\mathscr{O}_{D,P}}$ has length one,
where $\mathscr{K}=i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}/\mathscr{O}_{D}$.

######  Remark 3.2.

The definition of a plain double point requires the double point locus of a
map $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$ to be as simple as possible. The
point $P$ is always a singular point of the image, as a birational morphism
onto a smooth curve is an isomorphism (apply this argument to a suitable
affine neighbourhood of $P$). But the singularity might be of higher type. For
instance, let $X$ be three lines in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ meeting in one point, not
lying in a plane, and let $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}$ be a
general projection. Then the image $D=i(X)$ consists of three lines in the
plane through one point $P$. The point $P\in D$ is a plain double point of the
CM-curve $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}$. However the singularity
$P\in D$ is a triple point and not a (planar) double point.

###  3.3. The condition (R.C.)

In the following the Ring Condition (R.C.) of De Jong and Van Straten [JS90]
plays an important role. We recall the setup. Let $(R,\mathfrak{m})$ be a
local ring, let $A$ be a local $R$-algebra, flat and Gorenstein over $R$. An
$A$-module $M$ is Cohen-Macaulay over $R$ if it is flat and
$\overline{M}=M\otimes_{R}R/\mathfrak{m}$ is Cohen-Macaulay. Write
$\overline{A}$ for $A\otimes_{R}R/\mathfrak{m}$. If furthermore the
codimension $\dim\overline{A}-\dim_{\overline{A}}\overline{M}$ is zero we say
that $M$ is maximally Cohen-Macaulay (MCM) over $R$. A fractional ideal is a
finitely generated sub-module $M$ of the total fraction ring $QA$ of $A$,
containing a non-zero divisor. By [JS90, Propopsition 1.7] the duality functor
$M\mapsto\operatorname{Hom}_{A}(M,A)$ is an inclusion reversing involution on
the category of fractional MCM’s over $R$, commuting with specialisation for
MCM’s. In this situation we have the following result [JS90, Propopsition
1.8].

######  Proposition 3.4.

Let $A$ be an $R$-algebra, flat and Gorenstein over $R$, let $B$ be a
fractional MCM $A$-module over $R$ and let $C=\operatorname{Hom}_{A}(B,A)$ be
its dual module. Then $B$ is a ring (with ring structure induced from
$B\subset QA$) if and only if the natural inclusion map

(3.4.1)
$\operatorname{Hom}_{A}(C,C)\hookrightarrow\operatorname{Hom}_{A}(C,A)$

is an isomorphism.

A submodule $C$ of a ring $A$, that is an ideal, satisfies the Condition
(R.C.) if the natural inclusion map (3.4.1) is an isomorphism.

######  Proposition 3.5.

Let $(X_{R},i_{R})\in\mathrm{CM}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}(\operatorname{Spec}R)$ with
$R$ a local ring whose residue field is algebraically closed. Let $i\colon
X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}$ denote the induced curve over the closed point
in $R$, and assume that $P\in\mathbb{P}^{2}$ is a plain double point. Let
$\xi\in\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R}$ be the image of the point $P$ under the natural
inclusion $\mathbb{P}^{2}\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R}$. Then $\xi$ is a point
on the schematic image $D_{R}\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R}$ of $X_{R}$, and we
have a presentation

(3.5.1)
$\oplus_{i=1}^{2}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R},\xi}\mathrel{\mathop{\relbar\joinrel\relbar\joinrel\relbar\joinrel\longrightarrow}\limits^{\begin{pmatrix}g&f\\\
s&t\end{pmatrix}}}\oplus_{i=1}^{2}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R},\xi}\longrightarrow
i_{R*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X_{R},\xi}\longrightarrow 0.$

where $s$ and $t$ are elements in the maximal ideal of
$\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R},\xi}$ and $g$ and $f$ lie in the ideal
$\mathfrak{n}_{R}=(s,t)$. Furthermore, we have the equality of ideals
$\mathfrak{n}_{R}=\operatorname{Ann}_{D_{R}}(i_{R*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{R}}/\mathscr{O}_{D_{R}})$.

###### Proof.

Let $\mathfrak{n}$ denote the maximal ideal of the local ring
$A=\mathscr{O}_{D,P}$, and set $B=i_{*}\mathscr{O}_{X,P}$. It follows that
$\mathfrak{n}$ equals the annihilator ideal $\operatorname{Ann}_{A}(B/A)$,
which equals the conductor ideal $\\{a\in A\mid aB\subseteq A\\}$. The fact
that $B$ is a ring gives by Proposition 3.4 that
$B=\operatorname{Hom}_{A}(\mathfrak{n},A)$ is isomorphic to
$\operatorname{Hom}_{A}(\mathfrak{n},\mathfrak{n})$.

We may assume that the plain double point $P$ is $(0:0:1)$, so the maximal
ideal $\mathfrak{n}$ is the ideal $(x,y)$. As $P$ is a plain double point the
$A$-module $B$ is generated by two elements, say $1$ and $u$. The element $u$
corresponds to an endomorphism
$\mu_{u}\colon\mathfrak{n}\longrightarrow\mathfrak{n}$. We get that
$\mu_{u}(x)=-\bar{g}$ and $\mu_{u}(y)=-\bar{f}$ for some $\bar{f}$ and
$\bar{g}$ in $\mathfrak{n}$. In other words we have that $ux+\bar{g}=0$ and
$uy+\bar{f}=0$. We get a surjective map $A\oplus A\longrightarrow B$ given by
$(a_{1},a_{2})\mapsto a_{1}+a_{2}u$. The kernel contains the elements
$(\bar{g},x)$ and $(\bar{f},y)$ and they in fact generate the kernel: the
image of $(a,1)$ is $a+u$, which is not zero as $u\notin A$. We have therefore
the presentation

(3.5.2)
$\oplus_{i=1}^{2}A\mathrel{\mathop{\relbar\joinrel\relbar\joinrel\relbar\joinrel\longrightarrow}\limits^{\begin{pmatrix}\bar{g}&\bar{f}\\\
x&y\end{pmatrix}}}\oplus_{i=1}^{2}A\longrightarrow B\longrightarrow 0.$

As $B$ is a Cohen-Macaulay ${\mathscr{O}}_{\mathbb{P}^{2},P}$-module of
codimension one, generated by $1$ and $u$, it has a free resolution of length
one. Therefore we have a presentation over ${\mathscr{O}}_{\mathbb{P}^{2},P}$,
obviously given by the same matrix, with $\bar{f}$ and $\bar{g}$ lifts to
${\mathscr{O}}_{\mathbb{P}^{2},P}$. The determinant $x\bar{f}-y\bar{g}$ of the
matrix defines the scheme-theoretic image $i(X)=D$ locally around $P$. By
assumption $X_{R}\longrightarrow\operatorname{Spec}(R)$ is flat and it follows
that the presentation over $\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2},P}$ can be lifted to a
presentation over $\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R},\xi}$, where $\xi$ is the
image of $P$, see e.g. [Art76]. Thus, there are elements $s,t,g,f$ in
$\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R},\xi}$ that specialize to
$x,y,\bar{g},\bar{f}$ in $\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2},P}$, respectively,
giving us the exact sequence

(3.5.3)
$\oplus_{i=1}^{2}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R},\xi}\mathrel{\mathop{\relbar\joinrel\relbar\joinrel\relbar\joinrel\longrightarrow}\limits^{\begin{pmatrix}g&f\\\
s&t\end{pmatrix}}}\oplus_{i=1}^{2}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R},\xi}\longrightarrow
i_{R*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{R},\xi}\longrightarrow 0.$

The ideal $I$ of the schematic image $D_{R}\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R}$ in
$\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R},\xi}$ is given by the kernel of the ring
homomorphism
$\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R},\xi}\longrightarrow\mathscr{O}_{X_{R},\xi}$.
It contains $\operatorname{Fitt}^{0}(i_{R*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X_{R},\xi})$, which
is the principal ideal $(sf-gt)$. As the map $i_{R}$ is generically an
embedding, any other element in the kernel would have to be supported at
$\xi$, but as the ideal $(sf-gt)$ has no embedded components the equality of
ideals $I=(sf-tg)$ follows. So the matrix appearing in (3.5.3) also defines a
presentation of $i_{R*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{R},\xi}$ as
$\mathscr{O}_{D_{R},\xi}$-module and the ideal $\mathfrak{n}_{R}=(s,t)$ is the
annihilator ideal
$\mathfrak{n}_{R}=\operatorname{Ann}_{D_{R}}(i_{R*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{R},\xi}/\mathscr{O}_{D_{R},\xi})$.
Furthermore, as the elements $s$ and $t$ specialize to $x$ and $y$ we have
that $\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2},\xi}/\mathfrak{n}_{R}=R$. Thus
$\mathfrak{n}_{R}$ is flat. By the condition (R.C.) the element $u\in
i_{R*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{R},\xi}$ corresponds to an endomorphism
$\mu_{u}:\mathfrak{n}_{R}\longrightarrow\mathfrak{n}_{R}$, with
$\mu_{u}(s)=-g$ and $\mu_{u}(t)=-f$. This means that $g,f\in\mathfrak{n}_{R}$.
∎

######  Corollary 3.6.

Let $I$ be the defining ideal of
$\operatorname{Spec}(\mathscr{O}_{D_{R},\xi})$ in
$\operatorname{Spec}({\mathscr{O}}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R},\xi})$. Then we have
that

  1. (1)

The ideal $I=\operatorname{Fitt}^{0}(i_{R*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X_{R},\xi})$. In
particular, the ideal $I$ is principal and we have an inclusion of ideals
$I\subseteq\mathfrak{n}_{R}^{2}$.

  2. (2)

The $R$-algebra $\mathscr{O}_{D_{R},\xi}$ is flat.

  3. (3)

The scheme defined by the annihilator ideal
$\operatorname{Ann}(i_{R*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{R}}/\mathscr{O}_{D_{R}})_{\xi}$ in
$\operatorname{Spec}(\mathscr{O}_{D_{R},\xi})$ is isomorphic to
$\operatorname{Spec}R$.

###### Proof.

All three assertions are established in the proof of the above proposition. ∎

######  Remark 3.7.

The Ring Condition (R.C.) for the ideal $\mathfrak{n}$ or $\mathfrak{n}_{R}$
is equivalent to the condition that the entries of the first row of the matrix
in (3.5.2) or (3.5.1) lie in the ideal $\mathfrak{n}$, respectively
$\mathfrak{n}_{R}$. This is the content in this special case of Catanese’s
Rank Condition (R.C.) [Cat84]; for the terminology see also [JS90, Remark
1.13].

##  4\. Singular sections of cubics

We give in this section an explicit description of the space of CM-curves in
the plane having Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$. The space of such CM-curves is
identified with plane cubics together with a singular section.

###  4.1. Critical locus

Let $\varphi\colon X\longrightarrow S$ be a flat morphism of schemes, of
relative pure dimension $d$. The critical locus of the morphism $\varphi$ is
the closed subscheme $C(\varphi)\subseteq X$ given by the ideal sheaf
$\operatorname{Fitt}^{d}(\Omega^{1}_{X/S})$, where $\Omega^{1}_{X/S}$ is the
sheaf of differentials, see [Tei77]. A section $\sigma\colon S\longrightarrow
X$ of the morphism $\varphi\colon X\longrightarrow S$ is a singular section if
it factorizes via the critical locus $C(\varphi)$. Thus, in the commutative
diagram

${C(\varphi)}$${X}$${S}$${S}$$\scriptstyle{\varphi}$$\scriptstyle{=}$$\scriptstyle{\sigma}$

the singular section is represented by a dashed arrow.

######  Example 4.2.

Let $R$ be a ring, and let $f\in R[x_{1},\ldots,x_{n}]$ be an element in the
polynomial ring defining a flat family $X$ of hypersurfaces over
$\operatorname{Spec}(R)=S$. One then computes, see e.g. [Tei77, Example 1, p.
588] that $n-1$’st Fitting ideal of $\Omega_{X/S}$ is generated by the partial
derivatives of $f$. Thus we have that ideal of the critical locus is

$\left(f,\frac{\partial f}{\partial x_{1}},\ldots,\frac{\partial f}{\partial
x_{n}}\right)\subseteq R[x_{0},\ldots,x_{n}].$

###  4.3. Singular cubics

Let $SC$ denote the functor parametrising cubics in $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ with a
singular section. That is, the $S$-valued points of $SC$ are pairs
$(D,\sigma)$ where $D\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{2}_{S}=\mathbb{P}^{2}\times S$ is a
flat family of cubics over $S$, and where $\sigma\colon S\longrightarrow D$ is
a singular section.

######  Lemma 4.4.

The critical locus $C(\varphi)$ of the universal family of cubics
$\varphi\colon
Z\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{2}\times\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}\longrightarrow\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$,
represents the functor $SC$. The scheme $C(\varphi)$ is smooth, projective and
of dimension 8.

###### Proof.

Let $S$ be a scheme, and let $s\colon S\longrightarrow C(\varphi)$ be a
morphism. The morphism $s$ is determined by a pair $(\sigma,t)$, where
$\sigma\colon S\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}$ and $t\colon
S\longrightarrow\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$ are morphisms that
together factorize through the closed subscheme
$C(\varphi)\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{2}\times\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$.
The morphism $t\colon
S\longrightarrow\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$ is equivalent with
having a cubic $D_{S}\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{2}_{S}=\mathbb{P}^{2}\times S$, flat
over $S$. The morphism $\sigma\colon S\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}$ is the
same as having a section of $\mathbb{P}^{2}_{S}\longrightarrow S$. Now, as our
pair $(\sigma,t)$ is a point of the critical locus $C(\varphi)$ it means that
the partial derivatives of the cubic vanish over $\sigma$. In other words the
section $\sigma\colon S\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}_{S}$ factors through the
critical locus of the cubic $D_{S}\longrightarrow S$. And conversely, given a
flat family $D\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{2}_{S}$ of cubics over $S$ with singular
section $\sigma\colon S\longrightarrow D\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{2}_{S}$ we obtain
morphisms $\sigma\colon S\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}$ and $t\colon
S\longrightarrow\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$ that together
factorize through $C(\varphi)$.

From Example 4.2 we get that the ideal of the critical locus is locally
defined by the partial derivatives of the cubic. It follows from local
calculations that $C(\varphi)$ is smooth of dimension $11-3=8$. ∎

######  Proposition 4.5.

The functor $\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$ of CM-curves in
$\mathbb{P}^{2}$ having Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$ is equivalent to the functor
$SC$ of cubics with singular section. In particular
$\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$ is represented by the scheme
$C(\varphi)$, given as the critical locus of the universal family of cubics in
the plane.

###### Proof.

First we define a morphism
$\phi\colon\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}\longrightarrow SC$. Given a
scheme $S$ and an $S$-valued point $i_{S}\colon
X_{S}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}_{S}$ of
$\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$, we let
$D_{S}\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{2}_{S}$ be the schematic image of $X_{S}$ and
$N_{S}\subseteq D_{S}$ the subscheme defined by the annihilator of
$i_{S*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{S}}/\mathscr{O}_{D_{S}}$. Let $R$ be the local ring of
a closed point of $S$ and denote by $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}$
the curve over this closed point. By Proposition 2.9 the image $D=i(X)$ is a
cubic curve and there is one unique point $P\in D$ where the induced map
$i\colon X\longrightarrow D$ is not an isomorphism. The point $P$ is a plain
double point. By Corollary 3.6 we have that schematic image
$D_{R}\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R}$ is flat over $R$, and that the subscheme
$N_{R}\subseteq D_{R}$ defined by the annihilator of
$i_{R*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{R}}/\mathscr{O}_{D_{R}}$, determines a singular section
of $D_{R}\longrightarrow\operatorname{Spec}(R)$. Thus $(D_{S},N_{S})$ is a
flat family of cubics in $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ with a singular section.

Next we define a morphism $\theta\colon
SC\longrightarrow\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$. Let $(D_{S},N_{S})$ be
a flat family of cubics in $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ with a singular section. We have
that $D_{S}$ is given by a cubic form $Q\in\mathscr{O}_{S}[x,y,w]$. Consider
an open affine set $U\subset S$ on which the section $N_{U}$ is given by two
linear independent forms $s$ and $t$. As the section is singular we have that
the cubic form $Q\in\mathscr{O}_{U}[x,y,w]$ can be written as
$Q=s^{2}f_{1}+st(f_{2}-g_{1})-t^{2}g_{2}$. Consider now a matrix factorisation
of $Q$

(4.5.1) $M=\begin{pmatrix}g_{1}s+g_{2}t&f_{1}s+f_{2}t\\\ s&t\end{pmatrix}.$

We can view the matrix $M$ as the presentation matrix of a sheaf
$\mathscr{F}_{U}$ on $\mathbb{P}^{2}_{U}$. That is, we have the global
presentation

$\oplus_{i=1}^{2}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{U}}(-2)\mathrel{\smash{\mathop{\longrightarrow}\limits^{M}}}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{U}}\oplus\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}_{U}}(-1)\longrightarrow\mathscr{F}_{U}\to
0.$

With generators $1,u$ of $\mathscr{F}_{U}$ we have the relations
$(u+g_{1})s+g_{2}t=0$ and $f_{1}s+(u+f_{2})t=0$. By formally eliminating $s$
and $t$ we obtain a third relation $(u+f_{2})(u+g_{1})=g_{2}f_{1}$. These
relations can be written as the maximal minors of the matrix

(4.5.2) $\begin{pmatrix}s&-g_{2}&u+f_{2}\\\ t&u+g_{1}&-f_{1}\end{pmatrix}.$

The maximal minors define a arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay curve
$X_{U}\subset\mathbb{P}^{3}_{U}=U\times\operatorname{Proj}(k[x,y,u,w])$, flat
over $U$. For each point in $U$, the fiber is a curve with Hilbert polynomial
$3t+1$, and the curve does not pass through the point $(0:0:1:0)$. Projection
from $(0:0:1:0)$ induces a map $i_{U}\colon
X_{U}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}_{U}$, that is an isomorphism onto its image
$D_{U}$ outside the section $N_{U}$.

A different choice of the sections $s$ and $t$ and of the matrix factorization
gives a curve isomorphic to $X_{U}$. The image of $X_{U}$ in
$\mathbb{P}^{2}_{U}$ and the section $N_{U}$ is independent of these choices,
and it follows that the curves defined for different open sets $U\subseteq S$
glue together to a curve $i_{S}\colon X_{S}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}_{S}$,
and thus an $S$-valued point of $\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$.

We next show that the two morphisms constructed are inverses of each other.
For this we may assume that the base is the spectrum of a local ring $R$. Let
$(D_{R},N_{R})$ be a flat family of cubics with a singular section. Let
$i_{R}\colon X_{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R}$ be the CM-curve we get by
applying the morphism $\theta$ to the pair $(D_{R},N_{R})$. From the
construction we have that $\phi\circ\theta$ is the identity, and we verify
that $\theta\circ\phi$ is the identity. Outside the section $N_{R}$ the two
curves $X_{R}$ and $D_{R}$ are isomorphic, so in particular $X_{R}\setminus
i_{R}^{-1}(N_{R})$ is determined by the pair $(D_{R},N_{R})$. Over the closed
fiber we have that non-isomorphism locus is one point $P\in\mathbb{P}^{2}$,
and we let $\xi\in\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R}$ be the image of $P$ under the natural
inclusion. By Proposition 3.5 we have that the ideal $\mathfrak{n}_{R}$ of the
section $N_{R}\subset D_{R}$ is contained in the ideal defining $\xi$. Let
$A=\mathscr{O}_{R,\xi}$ and $B=(i_{R*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{R}})_{\xi}$. The last
statement of Proposition 3.5 tells us that the ideal $\mathfrak{n}_{R}$ is the
annihilator ideal $\operatorname{Ann}_{A}(B/A)$. Hence $\mathfrak{n}_{R}$ is
the dual module $\operatorname{Hom}_{A}(B,A)$. By Proposition 3.4 we then have
that the $A$-algebra $B$ is the endomorphism ring
$\operatorname{Hom}_{A}(\mathfrak{n}_{R},\mathfrak{n}_{R})$. Thus the
structure sheaf $i_{R*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{R}}$ is determined, up to isomorphism,
by the pair $(D_{R},N_{R})$. It follows that $\theta\circ\phi$ is the
identity. ∎

######  Remark 4.6.

The proof could have been shortened using Zariski Main Theorem. We have chosen
to give an explicit proof that we believe is more illuminating.

######  Remark 4.7.

There is a natural map from $C(\varphi)$ to
$\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}=\mathbb{P}^{9}$, obtained by
composing the closed immersion with the projection. This is a map from the
space of cubics with a singular section $SC$ to the Hilbert scheme forgetting
the singular section. The image will be the set of singular cubics in the
plane. Outside the locus of cubics with multiple components the map is the
normalization, see [Tei77, Theorem 5.5.1]. Over the set corresponding to
multiple components the map is a proper modification.

###  4.8. Remarks on conics

It turns out that the situation with CM-curves in $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ having
Hilbert polynomial $2t+2$ can be treated quite analogously to the situation
with twisted cubics. For readability we did not merge those similar arguments
in the above text. We claim that they show that the space
$\mathrm{CM}^{2t+2}_{\mathbb{P}^{2}}$ of CM-curves in the plane having Hilbert
polynomial $2t+2$ equals the space of plane conics with a singular section.

##  5\. The space of twisted cubics

This section contains our main contribution that identifies the space of CM-
curves in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ having Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$ with one specific
component of the Hilbert scheme of twisted cubics in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$. We also
treat the case $n>3$.

######  Lemma 5.1.

Let $i_{R}\colon X_{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}_{R}$ be an element of
$\mathrm{CM}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}^{3t+1}(\operatorname{Spec}(R))$, where $R$ is a
local ring. Suppose that the induced map $i\colon
X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ over the closed point in $R$ is not a closed
immersion. Then the closed subscheme $Z\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{3}_{R}$ defined by
the 0’th Fitting ideal sheaf of $i_{R*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X_{R}}$ is flat over
$\operatorname{Spec}(R)$, with Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$.

###### Proof.

The image of the CM-curve $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ over the
closed fiber is by Proposition 2.9 a plane cubic. We may assume that the image
lies in the plane
$\Pi=\\{z=0\\}\subset\mathbb{P}^{3}=\operatorname{Proj}(k[x,y,z,w])$ and that
the plain double point is $(0:0:0:1)$. From Proposition 2.11 it follows that
we may assume that the curve $X$ lies in
$\mathbb{P}^{3}=\operatorname{Proj}(k[x,y,u,w])$ and that the morphism $i$ is
induced by the linear map that sends $(x,y,z,w)$ to $(x,y,0,w)$. In particular
we assume that the curve $X$ does not pass through the point $(0:0:1:0)$. We
compose the map $i_{R}\colon X_{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}_{R}$ with the
rational projection $\mathbb{P}_{R}^{3}\dashrightarrow\Pi_{R}$. This provides
us with an element of $\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\Pi}(R)$ and the image of $X_{R}$
is by Proposition 4.5 a cubic $D_{R}\subset\Pi_{R}$ together with a singular
section $N_{R}$. After a change of coordinates we may assume that the section
is given by $s=x$ and $t=y$. Then the maximal minors of (4.5.2) (with
$f_{2}=0$) that generate the ideal of $X_{R}$ in
$\mathbb{P}^{3}=\operatorname{Proj}(k[x,y,u,w])$ are

$(xu+g,yu+f,u(u+g_{1})-f_{1}g_{2}),$

where $g=g_{1}x+g_{2}y$ and $f=xf_{1}$. The cubic $D_{R}\subset\Pi_{R}$ is
given by $Q=f_{1}x^{2}-g_{1}xy-g_{2}y^{2}\in R[x,y,w]$. The map $i_{R}\colon
X_{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}_{R}$ is then obtained from the linear map
$i^{*}$ that sends $z$ to $\alpha w+\beta u+\gamma y+\delta x$ with $\alpha$,
$\beta$, $\gamma$ and $\delta$ in the maximal ideal of $R$. By a coordinate
change in the image, making $z-\alpha w-\gamma y-\delta x$ the new
$z$-coordinate we bring the map into the final form: $i^{*}$ sends $z$ to
$\beta u$ and the identity on $x,y$ and $w$.

We now compute a presentation of $X_{R}$ over $\mathbb{P}^{3}_{R}$. In (4.5.1)
we have a presentation of $X_{R}$ over $\mathbb{P}^{2}_{R}$. We identify the
plane with the subscheme in $\mathbb{P}^{3}_{R}$ defined by $z=0$. We have
that $i_{*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{R}}$ is generated by two elements $1$ and $u$ over
$\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}_{R}}$. To obtain a presentation we need only to
add the relations coming from the action of $z$. We have that $z\cdot 1=\beta
u$, and therefore $z\cdot u=\beta u^{2}$. We rewrite $\beta u^{2}$ using the
relation $u^{2}+ug_{1}-f_{1}g_{2}=0$. Therefore we have the presentation

$\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}(-1)\oplus
3\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}(-2)\mathrel{\smash{\mathop{\longrightarrow}\limits^{M}}}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}\oplus\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}(-1)\longrightarrow
i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X_{R}}\longrightarrow 0$

with $M$ the matrix

(5.1.1) $\begin{pmatrix}z&-\beta f_{1}g_{2}&g_{1}x+g_{2}y&f_{1}x\\\
-\beta&z+\beta g_{1}&x&y\end{pmatrix}.$

A computation shows that the 0’th Fitting ideal
$I=\operatorname{Fitt}^{0}(i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X_{R}})$ is generated by four
elements $I=(Q,F_{1},F_{2},F_{3})$, where $Q=Q(x,y,w)$ is our recurring cubic,
and where

$\displaystyle F_{1}$ $\displaystyle=z^{2}+\beta g_{1}z-\beta^{2}f_{1}g_{2}$
$\displaystyle F_{2}$ $\displaystyle=zx+\beta g_{1}x+\beta g_{2}y$
$\displaystyle F_{3}$ $\displaystyle=zy+\beta f_{1}x.$

As $R[x,y,w]/(Q)$ is a flat family of cubics the $R$-module of degree $n$
forms is locally free of rank $3n$. From the leading terms of $F_{1},F_{2}$
and $F_{3}$ it follows that the $R$-module of degree $n$ forms in the graded
quotient ring $R[x,y,z,w]/(Q,F_{1},F_{2},F_{3})$ is locally free of rank
$3n+1$, adding only the free component with basis $zw^{n-1}$ to the forms
determined by the cubic $Q$ alone. Therefore $Z$ is flat over $R$. ∎

###  5.2. The twisted cubic component

The Hilbert scheme $\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ of closed
subschemes in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ having Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$ consists of
two smooth components. This was proven by Piene and Schlessinger [PS85] when
the base field has characteristic not 2 nor 3, but their result is valid in
any characteristic, see Proposition A.1. One of these components is 12
dimensional and contains an open subset that parametrizes twisted cubics in
$\mathbb{P}^{3}$. We refer to the component $\mathrm{H}$ as the twisted cubic
component.

######  Theorem 5.3.

Let $\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ be the space of CM-curves in
$\mathbb{P}^{3}$ (over an algebraically closed field of arbitrary
characteristic) with Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$, and let
$\mathrm{H}\subset\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ denote the
twisted cubic component of the Hilbert scheme. We have a morphism

$\phi\colon\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}\longrightarrow\mathrm{H},$

taking an $S$-valued point $(X,i)$ to the closed subscheme in
$\mathbb{P}^{3}_{S}$ determined by the zero’th Fitting ideal
$\operatorname{Fitt}^{0}(i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X})$. The morphism $\phi$ is
furthermore an isomorphism.

###### Proof.

To show that the morphism $\phi$ is well-defined it suffices to check it over
an affine base scheme $S=\operatorname{Spec}(R)$. If the map $i_{R}\colon
X_{R}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}_{R}$ is a closed immersion there is nothing
to prove as the 0’th Fitting ideal then is the defining ideal of the image of
the closed immersion. If the map is not a closed immersion it follows from
Lemma 5.1 that the 0’th Fitting ideal defines a flat subscheme with
appropriate Hilbert polynomial. We have therefore a morphism $\phi$ from
$\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ to the Hilbert scheme
$\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$. As
$\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ is irreducible it follows that the
morphism factorizes and gives a morphism from
$\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ to the twisted cubic component
$\mathrm{H}$.

Let $Z\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{3}$ be a closed subscheme corresponding to a point
on the twisted cubic component $\mathrm{H}$. There is a divisor $\delta$ on
$\mathrm{H}$ corresponding to singular planar cubics together with a spatial
embedded point. If $Z$ corresponds to a point on $\mathrm{H}$ but not on the
divisor $\delta$ then the closed immersion $i\colon
Z\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ is a CM-curve. If $Z$ is a point on the
divisor, then it is a plane cubic, lying in a plane
$\Pi\subset\mathbb{P}^{3}$, with an embedded point at a singular point $P$ of
the cubic, see ([PS85, Lemma 2]). By Proposition 4.5 there is a (unique) CM-
curve $i_{\Pi}\colon X\longrightarrow\Pi$ such that the image of $X$ is the
singular cubic and the map $i_{\Pi}$ is not an isomorphism onto its image at
$P$. Let $i$ be the composed map $i\colon
X\longrightarrow\Pi\subset\mathbb{P}^{3}$. Then the image by $\phi$ of the
curve $(X,i)$ is $Z\subset\mathbb{P}^{3}$. More explicitly, the scheme $Z$ is
projectively equivalent to the scheme given by the ideal $I=(xz,yz,z^{2},Q)$
where $Q=Q(x,y,w)$ is a cubic form singular at $(0:0:1)$, see ([PS85, Lemma
2]). As in the proof of Lemma 5.1 the curve $X$ is given by the maximal minors
of the matrix 4.5.2 and we have a presentation 5.1.1 with $\beta=0$. The
$0$’th Fitting ideal is the ideal $(Q,z^{2},zx,zy)$. It follows that the
morphism $\phi\colon\mathrm{CM}\longrightarrow\mathrm{H}$ is bijective, and
isomorphism follows by the Zariski Main Theorem [Mum88, III §9] as both spaces
are smooth of dimension 12. ∎

######  Remark 5.4.

Freiermuth and Trautmann studied the moduli scheme of stable sheaves supported
on cubic space curves [FT04]. In characteristic zero there exists a projective
coarse moduli space $M^{p}_{X}$ for semi-stable sheaves on a smooth projective
variety $X$ with a fixed Hilbert polynomial $p$. For $p(t)=3t+1$ and
$X=\mathbb{P}^{3}$ all sheaves in $M=M^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$ are stable.
The result of [FT04] is that the projective variety $M$ consists of two
nonsingular, irreducible, rational components $M_{0}$ and $M_{1}$ of dimension
12 and 13, intersecting transversally in a smooth variety of dimension 11, see
also Appendix B.

The component $M_{0}$ is isomorphic to the twisted cubic component
$\mathrm{H}$ of the Hilbert scheme. The identification also uses Fitting
ideals. If $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$ is a CM-curve, with
Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$, then the module $i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}$ is a
stable sheaf supported on a cubic. Thus, by forgetting the algebra structure
of $i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X}$ we get that our morphism
$\phi\colon\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}\longrightarrow\mathrm{H}$
factorizes through the moduli scheme of stable sheaves.

######  Example 5.5.

The following example shows that the 0’th Fitting ideal does not always give a
morphism from $\mathrm{CM}$ to the Hilbert scheme. Indeed, we show that here
the family of closed subschemes determined by the 0’th Fitting ideal is not
flat.

We start with a genus 2 curve embedded with the linear system $|5P|$, where
$P$ is a Weierstrass point. More precisely, we look at the curve
$X\subset\mathbb{P}^{3}$ given by the homogeneous ideal generated by the
maximal minors of

$\begin{pmatrix}x&u&y^{2}+w^{2}\\\ y&x&u^{2}\end{pmatrix}.$

The projection from $X$ to the plane $\mathbb{P}^{2}$ in the coordinates
$x,y,w$ is finite. Let another $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ be given by the homogenous
coordinate ring $k[x,y,z,w]$, and consider the family of maps $i_{t}\colon
X_{t}\cong X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{3}$, $t\in T=\mathbb{A}^{1}$,
determined by the linear map sending $(x,y,z,w)$ to $(x,y,tu,w)$.

In the affine chart $\\{w=1\\}$ we get that $i_{t*}\mathscr{O}_{X}$ has
presentation

$\begin{pmatrix}z&0&-tx(y^{2}+1)&0&x^{2}&-y-y^{3}\\\ -t&z&0&x^{2}&-y&0\\\
0&-t&z&-y&0&x\end{pmatrix}.$

The 0’th Fitting ideal is then the ideal generated by

$\displaystyle z^{3}-t^{3}x(y^{2}+1),\quad z^{2}x-t^{2}y(y^{2}+1),$
$\displaystyle zx^{3}-ty^{2}(y^{2}+1),\qquad x^{5}-y^{3}(y^{2}+1),$
$\displaystyle(yz-tx^{2})x,\quad(yz-tx^{2})y,\quad(yz-tx^{2})z,\quad(yz-
tx^{2})t.$

The family determined by this ideal is not flat, as $yz-tx^{2}$ is a
$t$-torsion element. For $t\neq 0$ we have the generator $yz-tx^{2}$ in the
ideal, making the three first generators on the last row above superfluous.

The family above gives an $T=\mathbb{A}^{1}$-valued point
$(X_{T}=X\times\mathbb{A}^{1},i_{T})$ of
$\mathrm{CM}^{5t-1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$. Then by taking the 0’th Fitting ideal
of $i_{T*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X_{T}}$ we get a closed subscheme
$Z\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{3}_{\mathbb{A}^{1}}$ which is not a flat family, and in
particular the Hilbert polynomial of a fiber is not constant.

###  5.6. Higher codimension

The twisted cubic component $\mathrm{H}_{n}$ of the Hilbert scheme
$\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ for $n>3$ has been described by
Chung and Kiem [CK11]; their proof works in any characteristic. The component
$\mathrm{H}_{n}$ is isomorphic to a component of the relative Hilbert scheme
for the $\mathbb{P}^{3}$-bundle $\mathbb{P}\mathscr{U}\longrightarrow
G_{4}^{n+1}$, where $\mathscr{U}$ is the universal rank 4 vector bundle on the
Grassmannian $G_{4}^{n+1}$ [CK11, Proposition 3.3]. Chung and Kiem also
describe a morphism $\mathrm{H}_{n}\longrightarrow M_{0}$ to a component of
the moduli scheme $M^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ of stable sheaves and show that
this morphism realises $\mathrm{H}_{n}$ as the blow-up of $M_{0}$ along the
smooth locus of stable sheaves with planar support [CK11, Proposition 1.3]. We
have a similar result for the space of CM-curves.

We remark that the construction with the Fitting ideal does not give a
morphism from $\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ to
$\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ if $n>3$. Indeed, if the image
of a CM-curve $X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$ is a planar curve then the
$0$’th Fitting ideal gives a scheme with Hilbert polynomial $3t+n-2$. By a
coordinate transformation we may assume that the plane containing the image
$i(X)$ is given by $z_{1}=\dots=z_{n-2}=0$ and that the non-isomorphism locus
on the image $i(X)$ is the point $(0:\dots:0:1)$. A presentation of
$i_{*}\mathscr{O}_{X}$ as $\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$-module is then given
by the matrix

$\begin{pmatrix}z_{1}&0&\dots&z_{n-2}&0&g&f\\\
0&z_{1}&\dots&0&z_{n-2}&x&y\end{pmatrix}.$

The $0$’th Fitting ideal is the ideal
$I=(z_{i}^{2},z_{i}z_{j},z_{i}x,z_{i}y,yg-xf)$ for $1\leq i\leq n-2$ and
$i<j\leq n-2$. There is a $\mathbb{P}^{n-3}$ of $\mathbb{P}^{3}$’s containing
the plane $z_{1}=\dots=z_{n-2}=0$ and each of these $\mathbb{P}^{3}$’s
contains a subscheme $Z$ with Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$ with the planar
singular cubic as 1-dimensional subscheme.

######  Proposition 5.7.

The twisted cubic component $\mathrm{H}_{n}$ of the Hilbert scheme
$\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$, $n>3$, is isomorphic to the
blow-up of $\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ in the locus of CM-curves
with planar scheme-theoretic image.

###### Proof.

Let $(X_{S},i_{S})$ be an $S$-valued point of
$\mathrm{CM}=\mathrm{CM}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$. By Proposition 2.11 we have
that $H^{0}(X_{S},i_{S}^{*}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}_{S}}(1))$ is locally
free $\mathscr{O}_{S}$-module of rank 4. Let $G=G_{4}^{n+1}$ be the
Grassmannian of rank 4 quotients of the free module
$H^{0}(\mathbb{P}^{n},\mathscr{O}(1))$ of rank $n+1$. We define the subfunctor
$\widetilde{\mathrm{CM}}$ of $\mathrm{CM}\times G$ by setting, for any scheme
$S$

$\widetilde{\mathrm{CM}}(S)=\\{((X_{S},i_{S}),Q_{S})\mid i^{*}_{S}\text{
factors through }Q_{S}\\}\;.$

The condition that the map $i_{S}^{*}\colon
H^{0}(\mathbb{P}^{n}_{S},\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}_{S}}(1))\longrightarrow
H^{0}(X_{S},i_{S}^{*}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}_{S}}(1))$ factors through
$H^{0}(\mathbb{P}^{n}_{S},\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}_{S}}(1))\longrightarrow
Q_{S}$ is a closed condition on $S$. And consequently
$\widetilde{\mathrm{CM}}$ is represented by a closed subspace of the product.
We have that the projection
$\sigma\colon\widetilde{\mathrm{CM}}\longrightarrow\mathrm{CM}$ is an
isomorphism over the open set where the corresponding curves $i_{S}\colon
X_{S}\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}_{S}$ are closed immersions.

To study this morphism $\sigma$ we first describe $\mathrm{CM}$ in a
neighbourhood of a curve $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$ whose image
is a planar curve. We may assume that the plane is given as
${z_{1}=\cdots=z_{n-2}=0}$, that $X$ is given by an ideal $I$ in $k[x,y,u,w]$,
and that the map $i$ is given by
$i^{*}(x,y,z_{1},\dots,z_{n-2},w)=(x,y,0,\dots,0,w)$. It follows from Lemma
2.15 and by arguing as in the proof of Lemma 5.1 that we may assume that a
neighborhood of the curve $i\colon X\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n}$ is given by
perturbing the ideal $I\subset k[x,y,u,w]$ and perturbing the map $i^{*}$ to
the map $j^{*}$ that sends $(x,y,z_{1},\dots,z_{n-2},w)$ to
$(x,y,b_{1,1}x+b_{1,2}y+b_{1,3}w+b_{1,4}u,\dots,b_{n-2,1}x+b_{n-2,2}y+b_{n-2,3}w+b_{n-2,4}u,w)$.
The locus of CM-curves with planar scheme-theoretic image is locally given by
the equations $b_{1,4}=b_{2,4}=\cdots=b_{n-2,4}=0$.

An affine chart of the Grassmannian is obtained by choosing four global
sections of $H^{0}(\mathbb{P}^{n},\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}(1))$ that form
a basis of $H^{0}(X,i^{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}(1))$. The affine chart
is then the affine space representing linear maps from the remaining $n-3$
global sections to $H^{0}(X,i^{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}(1))$. By
choosing the global sections $x,y,w,z_{1}$ the universal family over the
affine chart is then the map that sends
$z_{i}\mapsto\lambda_{i,1}x+\lambda_{i,2}y+\lambda_{i,3}w+\lambda_{i,4}z_{1}$,
for every $i=2,\ldots,n-2.$ The condition that the map $j^{*}$ factors through
the quotient map on the affine chart of the Grassmannian is that
$b_{k,m}=\lambda_{k,m}+\lambda_{k,4}b_{1,m}$ for $2\leq k\leq n-2$, $m=1,2,3$
and $b_{k,4}=\lambda_{k,4}b_{1,4}$ for $2\leq k\leq n-2$. The last $n-3$
equations show that the morphism $\sigma$ is the blow up of the locus of CM-
curves with planar scheme-theoretic image.

Let $\mathscr{U}$ be the universal quotient bundle over $G$. By [CK11] the
Hilbert scheme $\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}$ is isomorphic to
the relative Hilbert scheme
$\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}\mathscr{U}}\longrightarrow
G_{4}^{n+1}$, with fibres isomorphic to
$\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$. We define a morphism from
$\widetilde{\mathrm{CM}}$ to the Hilbert scheme
$\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}\mathscr{U}/G}\longrightarrow G$ by
sending a pair $((X_{S},i_{S}),Q_{S})$ to the closed subscheme in
$\mathbb{P}\mathscr{U}$ determined by the zero’th Fitting ideal of
$i_{S*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{S}}$ over $Q_{S}$.

By Theorem 5.3 the space of $\mathrm{CM}$ curves in each fibre is isomorphic
to the twisted cubic component of the fibre of the Hilbert scheme
$\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}\mathscr{U}/G}\longrightarrow G$. By
[CK11] the twisted cubic component $\mathrm{H}_{n}$ is the irreducible smooth
scheme in $\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}\mathscr{U}}\longrightarrow
G_{4}^{n+1}$ where the fibers are twisted cubic components
$\mathrm{H}\subset\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$. ∎

###  5.8. The Hilbert scheme component with two skew lines

The Hilbert scheme $\operatorname{Hilb}^{2t+2}$ of closed subschemes in
$\mathbb{P}^{3}$ over a field of characteristic zero, having Hilbert
polynomial $2t+2$ consists of two smooth components. The smoothness of these
components was observed in [Har82], and a proof was given by Chen, Coskun, and
Nollet in [CCN11]. One of these components $H_{3}$ is smooth of dimension 8
and a generic point correspond to a pair of skew lines. We claim that with the
arguments presented in the present article, one can prove that we have a
morphism $\phi\colon\mathrm{CM}^{2t+2}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}\longrightarrow H_{3}$
sending a $S$-valued point $(X,i)$ to the closed subscheme in
$\mathbb{P}^{3}\times S$ defined by the 0’th Fitting ideal sheaf
$\operatorname{Fitt}^{0}(i_{*}{\mathscr{O}}_{X})$. The morphism is an
isomorphism.

##  Appendix A The Hilbert scheme of twisted cubics

The main purpose of this section is to prove the following result.

######  Proposition A.1 (Piene-Schlessinger).

Let $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ denote the projective 3-space over a field in any
characteristic. The Hilbert scheme $\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}$ is the union
of two nonsingular rational varieties $H$ and $H^{\prime}$, of dimension 12
and 15; their intersection is non-singular, transversal, and rational of
dimension 11.

######  Remark A.2.

The statement about the structure of the Hilbert scheme in characteristic
different from 2 and 3 is found [PS85]. The reason for avoiding these
characteristics lies in the deformation computation in Section 5 of their
paper; this is not needed for the results in the rest of the paper. Our
characteristic free Lemma A.8 given below, replaces Lemma 6 (loc. cit.), from
where the proposition then follows.

######  Remark A.3.

Piene and Schlessinger reduce the computation of the local structure of the
Hilbert scheme to a deformation computation for a saturated homogeneous ideal
in $k[x,y,z,w]$ by their Comparison Theorem in [PS85, Sect. 3].

A detailed explanation of this type of deformation computation is given in
[Ste95], which furthermore contains an easier example of two intersecting
lines with an embedded point at the origin, relevant for the $2t+2$-case.

###  A.4. Tangent space calculations

We start by reproving the following, known, explicit description of the
following open affine chart of the Hilbert scheme $\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}$
of closed subschemes in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ with Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$, a
result we relied on in Section 2.

######  Lemma A.5.

Let $Z\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{3}$ be the closed subscheme given by the graded
ideal $I=(u^{2},uy-x^{2},xu)\subseteq k[x,y,u,w]$. An affine open chart around
the corresponding point in the Hilbert scheme $\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}$ is
given by the polynomial ring $A=k[a_{1},\ldots,a_{12}]$. The maximal minors of

$\begin{pmatrix}x+a_{2}w&a_{7}y+a_{6}w&u+a_{12}x+a_{11}y+a_{10}u+a_{9}w\\\
y+a_{1}w&u+a_{5}x+a_{4}y+a_{3}w&x+a_{8}w\end{pmatrix}$

generate an ideal $I(a)\subset A[x,y,u,w]$ that determines the restriction of
the universal family to $\operatorname{Spec}(A)$.

###### Proof.

The first order deformations are determined by the global sections of the
normal sheaf $H^{0}(Z,N_{Z/\mathbb{P}^{3}})$. It is convenient to work in the
affine chart $\\{w=1\\}$. As the ideal is determinantal, we can compute as
described in [Sch73]. The sections of the normal sheaf are then generated by
the following six deformations induced by perturbing the matrix

$\begin{pmatrix}x+\varepsilon_{11}&\varepsilon_{12}&u+\varepsilon_{13}\\\
y+\varepsilon_{21}&u+\varepsilon_{22}&x+\varepsilon_{23}\end{pmatrix}\;.$

We describe an infinitesimal deformation by its action on the vector
$(u^{2},yu-x^{2},xu)$ of generators of the ideal. Written out this action
reads

$\displaystyle\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{11}}$
$\displaystyle=(0,-x,u)$
$\displaystyle\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{12}}$
$\displaystyle=(-x,0,-y)$
$\displaystyle\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{13}}$
$\displaystyle=(u,y,0)$
$\displaystyle\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{21}}$
$\displaystyle=(0,u,0)$
$\displaystyle\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{22}}$
$\displaystyle=(u,0,x)$
$\displaystyle\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{23}}$
$\displaystyle=(0,-x,0).$

We can also multiply the generators by linear functions. We have to consider
the action on the generators modulo the ideal $(u^{2},yu-x^{2},xu)$. We find
that
$u\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{11}}=u\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{21}}=u\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{22}}=u\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{23}}=x\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{21}}=(0,0,0)$.
The remaining actions are as follows

$\displaystyle
u\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{13}}=-x\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{11}}=-x\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{23}}=y\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{21}}=(0,x^{2},0)$
$\displaystyle
x\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{22}}=-u\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{12}}=(0,0,x^{2})\quad
y\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{22}}=-x\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{12}}=(x^{2},0,y^{2})$
$\displaystyle
x\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{13}}=-y\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{23}}=(0,xy,0)\quad-y\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{12}}=(xy,0,y^{2})\quad$

and lastly we have that
$y\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{11}}=-x\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{13}}+x\textstyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\varepsilon_{22}}$.
We therefore get 6 additional first order deformations. As deformations of
determinantal varieties are unobstructed we homogenize with respect to the
variable $w$ and write a 12-dimensional family by choosing appropriate
representatives. With new names for the deformation variables this can be
presented as the claimed maximal minors. ∎

######  Proposition A.6.

Let $Z\subseteq\mathbb{P}^{3}$ be the closed subscheme given by the graded
ideal $I=(z^{2},zx,zy,Q)\subseteq k[x,y,z,w]$, where $Q=Q(x,y,w)$ is a cubic
form. If $Q$ is singular at $(0:0:1)$ then the tangent space of $I$ in the
Hilbert scheme has dimension 16. If $Q$ is smooth at $(0:0:1)$, then the
tangent space has dimension 15.

###### Proof.

Write $Q=Q(x,y,w)=xf-yg$ in $A=k[x,y,z,w]$. We then have the free resolution

$0\longleftarrow A/I\longleftarrow
A\mathrel{\smash{\mathop{\longleftarrow}\limits^{\varphi}}}A(-2)^{3}\oplus
A(-3)\mathrel{\smash{\mathop{\longleftarrow}\limits^{R}}}A(-3)^{3}\oplus
A(-4)$

where $\varphi=(zx,zy,z^{2},Q)$ is the map given by the generators of the
ideal. The relation matrix $R$ is then

$\begin{pmatrix}0&z&-y&-f\\\ -z&0&x&g\\\ y&-x&0&0\\\ 0&0&0&z\end{pmatrix}\;.$

Again it is convenient to work in the affine chart $\\{w=1\\}$. We compute
deformations as described in [Art76, Section I.6] and [Ste95]. We obtain
generators for the global sections of the normal sheaf
$N_{Z/\mathbb{A}^{3}}$as the syzygies of the transpose of the relation matrix
$R$, but computed modulo the ideal $I=(zx,zy,z^{2},Q)$. We give the generators
of the normal sheaf by their action on the vector $\varphi$ of generators of
the ideal. If $Q=xf-yg$ is singular at $(0:0:1)$ then neither $f$ nor $g$ have
non-zero constant term. It follows that generators of the normal sheaf are

$\displaystyle(z,0,0,0),\quad(0,z,0,0),\quad(0,0,z,0),\quad(0,0,0,z),$
$\displaystyle(0,0,0,x),\quad(0,0,0,y),\quad(x,y,0,0),\quad(g,f,0,0).$

As the degree of a perturbation can be at most that of the element of
$\varphi$, so $2,2,2,3$ respectively, and one has to compute modulo the ideal
$I$, we get 8 additional deformations by multiplying the last four generators
above with the variables $x$ and $y$. It follows that the dimension of the
Zariski tangent space to $\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}$ is 16. If $Q$ has linear
terms, the last generator $(g,f,0,0)$ is not present, and $(z,0,0,0)$ is to be
replaced by $(z,0,0,f)$, and $(0,z,0,0)$ by $(0,z,0,-g)$. Then the dimension
of the Zariski tangent space is 15. ∎

######  Remark A.7.

The ideal $(zx,zy,z^{2},Q)$ with $Q$ smooth at the origin gives a plane cubic
through the origin with an embedded point at the origin, so on the curve. It
is also possible to have a plane cubic and a point in its plane but not on the
cubic. Such a curve is not a small deformation of a curve in the intersection
of the two components of the Hilbert scheme. Consider the plane cubic
$z=x^{3}+y^{3}+w^{3}=0$ and a point at $(0:0:t:1)$. For $t\neq 0$ the
homogeneous ideal is generated by

$zx,zy,z(z-tw),zw^{2}-t(x^{3}+y^{3}+w^{3})$

but if we specialize to $t=0$ we also need the equations
$x(x^{3}+y^{3}+w^{3})$ and $y(x^{3}+y^{3}+w^{3})$. The result is the non-
saturated ideal

$zx,zy,z^{2},zw^{2},x(x^{3}+y^{3}+w^{3}),y(x^{3}+y^{3}+w^{3})\;.$

This is a case where the Comparison Theorem of [PS85] does not apply.

######  Lemma A.8.

The graded ideal $I=(z^{2},zx,zy,x^{3})\subseteq k[x,y,z,w]$ has a universal
deformation space given by the ideal

$J=(b_{12}c_{13},b_{12}c_{14},b_{12}c_{15},b_{12}c_{16})$

in $A=k[a_{1},\ldots,a_{11},b_{12},c_{13},\ldots,c_{16}]$. The universal
family is given by the ideal in $(A/J)[x,y,z,w]$ generated by the four
elements

$\displaystyle\tilde{z}\tilde{x}+b_{12}\tilde{a}_{3}\tilde{x}-b_{12}\tilde{a}_{6}\tilde{y},\quad\tilde{z}\tilde{y}-b_{12}\tilde{x}(\tilde{x}+a_{8}w),$
$\displaystyle\tilde{z}^{2}+c_{16}\tilde{z}w+b_{12}\tilde{a}_{3}\tilde{z}-b_{12}^{2}\tilde{a}_{6}(\tilde{x}+a_{8}w)$
$\displaystyle\tilde{x}^{3}+\tilde{a}_{3}\tilde{x}\tilde{y}-\tilde{a}_{6}\tilde{y}^{2}+a_{8}\tilde{x}^{2}w+c_{13}\tilde{x}w^{2}+c_{14}\tilde{y}w^{2}+c_{15}\tilde{z}w^{2}+c_{15}c_{16}w^{3},$

where $\tilde{x}=x+a_{2}w$, $\tilde{y}=y+a_{1}w$,
$\tilde{z}=z+a_{11}w+a_{9}x+a_{10}y$, $\tilde{a}_{3}=a_{3}w+a_{4}y+a_{5}x$ and
$\tilde{a}_{6}=a_{6}w+a_{7}y$.

###### Proof.

We compute again in the chart $\\{w=1\\}$. By Proposition A.6 there are 16
first order deformations, which we have to lift to higher order, as described
in [Art76, Section I.6] and [Ste95]. We present these pertubations in the
following way:

$\displaystyle zx+a_{2}z+a_{9}x^{2}+a_{10}xy+a_{11}x$ $\displaystyle
zy+a_{1}z+a_{9}xy+a_{10}y^{2}+a_{11}y-b_{12}x^{2}$ $\displaystyle
z^{2}+(c_{16}+2a_{11})z$ $\displaystyle
x^{3}+(a_{3}+a_{4}xy+a_{5}x)xy-(a_{6}+a_{7}y)y^{2}\qquad\qquad\qquad$
$\displaystyle{}\qquad\qquad\qquad+(a_{8}+3a_{2})x^{2}+c_{13}x+c_{14}y+c_{15}z$

To avoid long formulas we continue the computation with less variables. First
of all, we use coordinate transformations to simplify. Explicitly, we set
$\tilde{x}=x+a_{2}$, $\tilde{y}=y+a_{1}$, and
$\tilde{z}=z+a_{11}+a_{9}x+a_{10}y$. This is no loss of generality as one can
substitute in the final formulas. Moreover, to ensure a finite computation, we
use only deformations of negative weight. The computation in [PS85] shows that
not all deformation variables occur in the equations for the base space. We
put $\tilde{a}_{3}=a_{3}+a_{4}y+a_{5}x$, $\tilde{a}_{6}=a_{6}+a_{7}y$ and
compute with the variables $\tilde{a}_{3}$ and $\tilde{a}_{6}$, We give the
variable $\tilde{z}$ weight 2 enabling us to give $b_{12}$ weight 1. The
infinitesimal deformation now becomes

$\displaystyle\tilde{z}\tilde{x},\quad\tilde{z}\tilde{y}-b_{12}\tilde{x}^{2},\quad\tilde{z}^{2}+c_{16}\tilde{z},$
$\displaystyle\tilde{x}^{3}+\tilde{a}_{3}\tilde{x}\tilde{y}-\tilde{a}_{6}\tilde{y}^{2}+a_{8}\tilde{x}^{2}+c_{13}\tilde{x}+c_{14}\tilde{y}+c_{15}\tilde{z}$

We have to extend these generators of the ideal to higher order (in the
deformation variables). To ensure flatness we have to lift the equations
$\varphi R=0$ to $\widetilde{\varphi}\widetilde{R}=0$. We therefore compute
the new relation matrix and then adjust the generators. The result of our
computation is a vector $\widetilde{\varphi}$ with components

$\displaystyle\tilde{z}\tilde{x}+b_{12}\tilde{a}_{3}\tilde{x}-b_{12}\tilde{a}_{6}\tilde{y}$
$\displaystyle\tilde{z}\tilde{y}-b_{12}\tilde{x}(\tilde{x}+a_{8})$
$\displaystyle\tilde{z}^{2}+c_{16}\tilde{z}+b_{12}\tilde{a}_{3}\tilde{z}-b_{12}^{2}\tilde{a}_{6}(\tilde{x}+a_{8})$
$\displaystyle\tilde{x}^{3}+\tilde{a}_{3}\tilde{x}\tilde{y}-\tilde{a}_{6}\tilde{y}^{2}+a_{8}\tilde{x}^{2}+c_{13}\tilde{x}+c_{14}\tilde{y}+c_{15}\tilde{z}+c_{15}c_{16}$

with relation matrix $\widetilde{R}$

$\begin{pmatrix}-b_{12}(\tilde{x}+a_{8})&\tilde{z}+c_{16}&-\tilde{y}&-\tilde{x}(\tilde{x}+a_{8})-c_{13}\\\
-\tilde{z}-c_{16}-b_{12}\tilde{a}_{3}&b_{12}\tilde{a}_{6}&\tilde{x}&-c_{14}-\tilde{a}_{3}\tilde{x}+\tilde{a}_{6}\tilde{y}\\\
\tilde{y}&-\tilde{x}&0&-c_{15}\\\ 0&0&b_{12}&\tilde{z}\end{pmatrix}\;.$

Modulo terms of degree three in the deformation variables we have

$\widetilde{\varphi}\widetilde{R}\equiv(b_{12}c_{16}\tilde{x}^{2},0,b_{12}c_{13}\tilde{x}+b_{12}c_{14}\tilde{y}+b_{12}c_{15}\tilde{z},b_{12}c_{14}\tilde{x}^{2})\;.$

These terms cannot be cancelled by additional higher order terms of $\varphi$,
so the (quadratic) obstruction to lift the deformation is given by the ideal

$J=(b_{12}c_{13},b_{12}c_{14},b_{12}c_{15},b_{12}c_{16})$. As the product
$\widetilde{\varphi}\widetilde{R}$ is in fact equal to zero modulo the ideal
$J$, the family given is indeed the universal family. ∎

######  Remark A.9.

Compared with [PS85] our formulas differ (apart from the names and signs of
the variables) in two respects. Our $a_{5}$ is not present in [PS85], as there
it was transformed away by a coordinate transformation, which does not work in
characteristic 3. But the main difference is the absence of a factor 2 in
front of $\tilde{a}_{3}$ — it is put there in [PS85] to complete the square in
the third generator, transforming the term $b_{12}\tilde{a}_{3}z$ away; this
cannot be done in characteristic two.

######  Remark A.10.

The naming of the deformation variables is chosen such that the variables
$a_{1},\ldots,a_{11}$ represent deformations in the intersection of the two
components of the Hilbert scheme, the variable $b_{12}$ is in the direction of
the twisted cubic component and the variables $c_{13},\ldots,c_{16}$ represent
deformations in the direction of the other component.

##  Appendix B The moduli space of stable sheaves

In this section we relate the moduli space of stable sheaves on
$\mathbb{P}^{3}$ with Hilbert polynomial $3t+1$ to the Hilbert scheme. The
definition of (semi-)stability is recalled in [FT04, Section 2]. Note that
they work over a fixed, algebraically closed field of characteristic zero.

Every stable sheaf $\mathscr{F}$ on $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ with Hilbert polynomial
$3t+1$ has a free resolution of the form [FT04]

$0\leftarrow\mathscr{F}\leftarrow\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}\oplus\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}(-1)\mathrel{\smash{\mathop{\longleftarrow}\limits^{A}}}\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}(-1)\oplus
3\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}(-2)\mathrel{\smash{\mathop{\longleftarrow}\limits^{B}}}2\mathscr{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}(-3)\leftarrow
0$

Any flat deformation of $\mathscr{F}$ is obtained by perturbing the matrices
$A$ and $B$ to $\widetilde{A}$ and $\widetilde{B}$ such that
$\widetilde{A}\widetilde{B}=0$.

We consider again the most singular point on the intersection of both
components of $M^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$, which is the sheaf
$\mathscr{F}=i_{*}\mathscr{O}_{X}$ with $(X,i)$ the CM-curve of Lemma 2.13. It
has a presentation with matrices

$A=\begin{pmatrix}z&0&0&-x^{2}\\\ 0&z&x&y\end{pmatrix}\qquad\text{and}\qquad
B=\begin{pmatrix}0&x^{2}\\\ -x&-y\\\ z&0\\\ 0&z\end{pmatrix}.$

######  Lemma B.1.

Let $\mathscr{F}$ be the stable sheaf with presentation matrix $A$ above. An
affine open chart around the corresponding point in the moduli space
$M^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$, is given by the ideal
$J=(b_{12}c_{13},b_{12}c_{14})$ in
$k[a_{1},\ldots,a_{11},b_{12},c_{13},c_{14}]$. The universal family over that
affine chart has a presentation with matrices

$\widetilde{A}=\begin{pmatrix}\tilde{z}&-b_{12}\tilde{a}_{6}(\tilde{x}+a_{8})&\tilde{a}_{3}\tilde{x}-\tilde{a}_{6}\tilde{y}+c_{14}&-\tilde{x}(\tilde{x}+a_{8})-c_{13}\\\
-b_{12}&\tilde{z}+b_{12}\tilde{a}_{3}&\tilde{x}&\tilde{y}\end{pmatrix}$

and

$\widetilde{B}=\begin{pmatrix}-\tilde{a}_{3}\tilde{x}+\tilde{a}_{6}\tilde{y}-c_{14}&\tilde{x}(\tilde{x}+a_{8})+c_{13}\\\
-\tilde{x}&-\tilde{y}\\\ \tilde{z}&b_{12}(\tilde{x}+a_{8})\\\
b_{12}\tilde{a}_{6}&\tilde{z}+b_{12}\tilde{a}_{3}\end{pmatrix}$

where again $\tilde{x}=x+a_{2}w$, $\tilde{y}=y+a_{1}w$,
$\tilde{z}=z+a_{11}w+a_{9}x+a_{10}y$, $\tilde{a}_{3}=a_{3}w+a_{4}y+a_{5}$ and
$\tilde{a}_{6}=a_{6}w+a_{7}y$.

The map
$M^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}\longrightarrow\operatorname{Hilb}^{3t+1}_{\mathbb{P}^{3}}$
is given by identity map on the variables
$a_{1},\ldots,a_{11},b_{12},c_{13},c_{14}$.

###### Proof.

Infinitesimal deformations of the matrices $A$ and $B$ can be found by direct
computation, see also [FT04, Section 7]. Then one has to try to lift the
equation $AB=0$. The result is as stated. One has

$\widetilde{A}\widetilde{B}=\begin{pmatrix}-c_{13}b_{12}\tilde{a}_{6}&c_{14}b_{12}(\tilde{x}+a_{8})-c_{13}b_{12}\tilde{a}_{3}\\\
c_{14}b_{12}&-c_{13}b_{12}\end{pmatrix}$

Therefore the obstruction to lift the equation is given by the ideal
$J=(b_{12}c_{13},b_{12}c_{14})$.

On the component $c_{13}=c_{14}=0$ the map to the Hilbert scheme is induced by
taking the Fitting ideal. This does not work on the component $b_{12}=0$.
Freiermuth and Trautmann show that the larger component is isomorphic to the
relative universal cubic in the bundle of hyperplanes of $\mathbb{P}^{3}$
[FT04, 6.5]. The map to the Hilbert scheme associates to a pair consisting of
a cubic in a hyperplane and a point on it the scheme consisting of this cubic
with an embedded point at this point. ∎

######  Remark B.2.

The matrix $\widetilde{A}$, restricted to the component $c_{13}=c_{14}=0$,
gives a presentation of $i_{R*}\mathscr{O}_{X_{R}}$ with $(X_{R},i_{R})$ the
universal family of Lemma 2.13. To see this we use a coordinate transformation
from the coordinates in the Lemma. We set $\tilde{x}=x+a_{2}w$,
$\tilde{y}=y+a_{1}w$, $\tilde{z}=z-b_{11}w-b_{10}y-b_{9}x$,
$\tilde{a}_{3}=a_{3}w+a_{4}y+a_{5}x$ and $\tilde{a}_{6}=a_{6}w+a_{7}y$. We
furthermore put $\tilde{a}_{8}=a_{8}-a_{2}$. Then the curve becomes in the
chart $\\{w=1\\}$

$\begin{pmatrix}\tilde{x}&\tilde{a}_{6}&u\\\
\tilde{y}&u+\tilde{a}_{3}&\tilde{x}+\tilde{a}_{8}\end{pmatrix}$

and the morphism $i_{R}^{*}$ is
$(\tilde{x},\tilde{y},\tilde{z})\mapsto(\tilde{x},\tilde{y},b_{12}u)$.

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