students, in our study) by engaging them early-on in the design process and in
shaping the data flows with respect to privacy. We believe the CPT can provide
future researchers with great flexibility in exploring appropriate interactive
systems of privacy-aware data-enabled objects for studying different contexts
(e.g., schools, hospitals, train stations).

Fifth, we found that the 18 written reports and the 75 individual reflections
captured both their personal subjective experiences and also reflections from
the in-class feedback and discussions with others. For example, P49 in G15,
reflecting on feedback from their tutors in the course, noted that their
system design could be used for different purposes: “We got feedback that our
product could also be used to analyze eating habits of pets. Which was a very
nice idea in my opinion, and not something I would have thought of at first.”
However, we are aware that the written reports can only present design teams’
after-thoughts, reflections and considerations. Future studies might consider
conducting in-class observations and interviews to study the students’ unaware
behaviours, thoughts and in-situ reflections for privacy design.

Finally, our eight-week design explorations, from designing to prototyping to
deploying, still resulted in severe time pressure for the design teams. Due to
the limited time, we noticed that some of the design teams often built similar
forms and functions for data-enabled objects to investigate the same context.
For example, some design teams limited themselves to building bottle-based or
stove-based sensors for studying kitchen activities, not considering that many
other everyday objects could also be used. Therefore, a future work could
provide some templates or design explorations that focus on inspiring
designers to identify diverse forms and functions, and speculate about
contextually-relevant data before designing their data-enabled objects.

##  9\. Conclusion

Data has become a new material for design researchers to use in understanding
people’s daily lives from different perspectives (Bogers et al., 2016, 2018).
However, with more and more sensor-augmented research objects or “data-enabled
objects” being employed in the design ethnographic process, privacy issues are
on the rise. To deal with these privacy issues, we developed the Connected
Peekaboo Toolkit (CPT), a combination of open-source hardware and software,
for supporting design researchers in building privacy-aware camera-based data-
enabled objects for different ethnographic contexts. With the CPT, we are now
in a position not only to adapt the data collection to the research needs, but
also to undertake a careful assessment of the privacy balance, and to do so
with the direct involvement of participants. Our results of applying the CPT
in Design Research show that it successfully supported 18 different teams of
student designers (75 students in total) to build 18 design explorations,
which were deployed and evaluated in different households. By using the CPT to
design specific data-enabled objects, the design teams could explore privacy
design for data-enabled objects through reflective practice. We compared their
design outcomes and reflections to come up with a synthesis of various design
aspects that can be considered in seeking to balance the tension between
privacy and ethnographic needs.

In summary, this work offers three major contributions.

First, we have conceptually introduced “data-enabled objects” as a new type of
research object that extends the quality of research products (Odom et al.,
2016) and captures additional contextual data for design ethnography. We also
have identified general data privacy challenges during the design ethnographic
process. Three data privacy challenges—engagement, empowerment, and
enactment—guide design researchers in addressing data privacy issues by
employing participant-in-the-loop data collection.

Second, we present the Connected Peekaboo Toolkit (CPT), that provides design
researchers three privacy-aware design features—built-in connectivity,
programmability, and data sharing interfaces—for practically designing an in-
situ data-capturing collaboration between researchers, data-enabled objects
and participants for design ethnography. The CPT allows design researchers to
customize the data-capturing system to meet the privacy and research needs of
both participants and researchers. Our results show that many privacy issues
can only be found through in-situ deployment. The CPT facilitates a reflective
process for design researchers to contextualize data privacy needs for
different participants and homes, and to effectively adapt data collection to
meet these needs.

Third, we describe a framework of five design-space elements—forms,
observational perspectives, notification of data capturing, interaction mode
of data capturing, and data processing—for design researchers to use in
designing and deploying data-enabled objects in capturing and using data for
design ethnography with the respect to privacy. The framework elements were
identified from the 18 design explorations, and they provide future design
researchers with actionable guidelines to design and facilitate participants’
engagement with data collection before, during and after design ethnography.

Taken together, our contributions present an optimistic outlook on privacy-
aware practices in design ethnography. We claim that privacy need not be an
obstacle but can be a driver for design researchers to (1) identify more
varied privacy needs, opportunities, and considerations for designing privacy-
aware ethnographic research data, and (2) engage participants in data-enabled,
deliberately participatory ethnographic practices.

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See pages 1,2,3 of projects.pdf