2020 082 19 May

$p_{\rm T}$ and ESE dependence of D-meson $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ harmonics

ALICE Collaboration††thanks: See Appendix A for the list of collaboration
members ALICE Collaboration

The elliptic and triangular flow coefficients $v_{2}$ and $v_{3}$ of prompt
${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ mesons were measured at
midrapidity ($|y|<0.8$) in Pb–Pb collisions at the centre-of-mass energy per
nucleon pair of $\sqrt{s_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle NN}}=5.02\leavevmode\nobreak\
\mathrm{TeV}$ with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The D mesons were
reconstructed via their hadronic decays in the transverse momentum interval
$1<p_{\rm T}<36\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$ in central (0–10%) and
semi-central (30–50%) collisions. Compared to pions, protons, and ${\rm
J}/\psi$ mesons, the average D-meson $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ harmonics are compatible
within uncertainties with a mass hierarchy for $p_{\rm T}\lesssim
3\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$, and are similar to those of charged
pions for higher $p_{\rm T}$. The coupling of the charm quark to the light
quarks in the underlying medium is further investigated with the application
of the event-shape engineering (ESE) technique to the D-meson $v_{2}$ and
$p_{\rm T}$-differential yields. The D-meson $v_{2}$ is correlated with
average bulk elliptic flow in both central and semi-central collisions. Within
the current precision, the ratios of per-event D-meson yields in the ESE-
selected and unbiased samples are found to be compatible with unity. All the
measurements are found to be reasonably well described by theoretical
calculations including the effects of charm-quark transport and the
recombination of charm quarks with light quarks in a hydrodynamically
expanding medium.

##  1 Introduction

The formation of a strongly coupled colour-deconfined medium in ultra-
relativistic heavy-ion collisions, called quark–gluon plasma (QGP), has been
established both at RHIC and LHC energies [1, 2]. The QGP behaves as a near-
perfect fluid with small shear viscosity over entropy density ratio, $\eta/s$,
undergoing an expansion that can be described by relativistic hydrodynamics
[3].

In heavy-ion collisions, heavy quarks (charm and beauty) are predominantly
produced via hard-scattering processes on a time scale shorter than the QGP
formation time [4, 5], and therefore they experience all the stages of the
system evolution, interacting with the medium constituents via both elastic
(collisional) [6] and inelastic (gluon radiation) [7, 8, 9] processes. The
measurement of the suppression of the yield of heavy-flavour hadrons in
central nucleus–nucleus collisions relative to pp collisions scaled by the
number of nucleon–nucleon collisions at both RHIC [10, 11, 12, 13, 14] and LHC
energies [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21] provides compelling evidence of heavy-
quark energy loss in deconfined strongly interacting matter.

Additional insights into the QGP properties can be obtained by measuring the
azimuthal anisotropy of heavy-flavour hadrons. In non-central nucleus–nucleus
collisions the initial spatial anisotropy of the overlap region is converted
via multiple interactions into an azimuthally anisotropic distribution in the
momentum space of the produced particles [22, 23]. This anisotropy is
characterised in terms of the Fourier coefficients
$v_{\mathrm{n}}=\langle\cos[\mathrm{n}(\varphi-\Psi_{\mathrm{n}})]\rangle$,
where $\varphi$ is the azimuthal angle of the particle and $\Psi_{\mathrm{n}}$
is the azimuthal angle of the symmetry plane for the nth-order harmonic [23,
24]. The values of the Fourier coefficients depend on the geometry of the
collision, the fluctuations in the distributions of nucleons and gluons within
the nuclei [25], and the dynamics of the expansion. The second order flow
coefficient $v_{\mathrm{2}}$, called elliptic flow, is related to the almond-
shaped geometry of the overlap region between the colliding nuclei and,
consequently, is the largest contribution to the anisotropy in non-central
collisions. The third harmonic coefficient $v_{\mathrm{3}}$, named triangular
flow, originates from event-by-event fluctuations in the initial distribution
of nucleons and gluons in the overlap region [26]. In particular, the
measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of heavy-flavour hadrons at low
$p_{\rm T}$ can help quantify the extent to which charm and beauty quarks
participate in the collective expansion of the medium [27], as well as the
fraction of heavy-flavour hadrons hadronising via recombination with flowing
light quarks [28, 29]. At high $p_{\rm T}$, instead, the charm hadron
azimuthal anisotropy can constrain the path-length dependence of heavy-quark
in-medium energy loss [30, 31]. Precise measurements of heavy-flavour
$v_{\mathrm{n}}$ coefficients are useful to constrain the parameters of models
that implement the heavy-quark transport in the QGP. In this context, the
heavy-quark spatial diffusion coefficient $D_{s}$ in the QGP is particularly
interesting, since it is related to the relaxation (equilibration) time of
heavy quarks $\tau_{\mathrm{Q}}=(m_{\mathrm{Q}}/T)D_{s}$, where
$m_{\mathrm{Q}}$ is the quark mass and $T$ is the medium temperature [32].

Further investigation into the dynamics of heavy quarks in the medium can be
performed with the event-shape engineering (ESE) technique [33], which allows
for selection of events with the same centrality but different initial
geometry on the basis of the magnitude of the average bulk flow. In fact,
hydrodynamic calculations show that the average flow of the bulk of soft
hadrons is proportional to the initial-state eccentricities [34] for small
values of $\eta/s$ [3, 35, 36]. By classifying the events with the ESE
technique it is possible to investigate the correlation between the flow
coefficients of D mesons and soft hadrons. According to the available
calculations [37, 38, 34], the initial system ellipticity is converted into
parton flow with a similar efficiency for bulk and charm quarks, despite the
different production mechanisms, dynamics, and hadronisation of heavy quarks
and light partons forming the bulk of the medium. Moreover, the measurement of
the D-meson spectra in events with different average eccentricity provides
information about the possible correlation between the radial and elliptic
flows at low-intermediate $p_{\rm T}$, and the charm-quark energy loss and the
elliptic flow at high $p_{\rm T}$. The correlation with the radial flow is
expected to be present from the observation of the scaling of the flow
harmonics with the particle mass [39], while the correlation with the in-
medium energy loss would be motivated by the different path traversed by the
charm quark in the medium in the case of an isotropic or an eccentric system.

A positive D-meson $v_{2}$ is observed at both RHIC [10, 40, 41] and the LHC
[42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48]. The comparison of the D-meson $v_{2}$ with the
charged-pion $v_{2}$ and with theoretical models [49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,
56, 57] indicates that charm quarks participate in the collective expansion of
the medium and that both collisional processes and the recombination of charm
and light quarks contribute to the observed elliptic flow. Furthermore, a
positive ${\rm D^{0}}$-meson $v_{3}$ was measured by the CMS Collaboration
[47]. The $p_{\rm T}$-differential yields and $v_{2}$ of D mesons were
measured by the ALICE Collaboration in samples of events selected on the basis
of the average bulk elliptic flow with the ESE technique [48]. A correlation
between the D-meson $v_{2}$ and the $v_{2}$ of the bulk of light hadrons was
observed, while the ratio of the $p_{\rm T}$-differential yields in ESE-
selected samples to the yields measured without any ESE selection was found to
be compatible with unity within the large uncertainties.

In this Letter, the measurement of the non-strange D-meson flow harmonics
performed on a large sample of Pb–Pb collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle NN}}=5.02$ TeV collected by ALICE in 2018 is
reported. With this data sample, the D-meson $v_{2}$ is measured with the
Scalar Product (SP) method in an extended $p_{\rm T}$ interval and with
smaller uncertainties with respect to the previous results obtained with the
Event Plane (EP) method described in [46, 48] in the 30–50% centrality class.
The results obtained with the SP and the EP method were found to be compatible
between each other, as reported in previous publications [43]. The measurement
of the D-meson $v_{2}$ coefficient in the 0–10% centrality class and $v_{3}$
coefficient in the 0–10% and 30–50% centrality classes are also presented. In
addition, the measurement of the $v_{2}$ and the modification of the $p_{\rm
T}$ distributions in the ESE-selected samples is reported in narrower classes
of the average event flow with respect to [48]. The measurements are compared
to theoretical calculations in order to assess information about the
participation of the charm quark in the collective motion of the system and
its interactions with the QGP constituents.

##  2 Detector and data sample

A detailed description of the ALICE apparatus and data acquisition framework
can be found in [58, 59]. The main detectors used for this analysis are the
Inner Tracking System (ITS) [60], the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) [61], and
the Time-Of-Flight (TOF) detector [62]. The ITS is a six-layer silicon
detector which provides the event selection, the reconstruction of primary and
secondary vertices, and the tracking of charged particles. The TPC detector is
used for the track reconstruction and the particle identification (PID) via
the measurement of the specific energy loss ${\rm d}E/{\rm d}x$, while the TOF
detector provides PID via the measurement of the flight time of the particles.
These detectors are located inside a solenoid providing a uniform magnetic
field of 0.5 T parallel to the LHC beam direction and cover the pseudorapidity
interval $|\eta|<$ 0.9. A minimum-bias interaction trigger was provided by the
coincidence of signals in the two scintillator arrays of the V0 detector [63],
covering the full azimuth in the pseudorapidity regions $-3.7<\eta<-1.7$ (V0C)
and $2.8<\eta<5.1$ (V0A). An online selection based on the V0 signal
amplitudes was applied in order to enhance the sample of central and mid-
central collisions through two separate trigger classes. Background events
from beam–gas interactions were removed offline using the time information
provided by the V0 and the neutron Zero-Degree Calorimeters (ZDC) [64]. Only
events with a primary vertex reconstructed within $\pm 10$ cm from the centre
of the detector along the beam line were considered in the analysis.

Events were divided into centrality classes, defined in terms of percentiles
of the hadronic Pb–Pb cross section, using the amplitudes of the signals in
the V0 arrays. The number of events in each centrality class considered for
this analysis (0–10% and 30–50%) is about $100\times 10^{6}$ and $85\times
10^{6}$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $\simeq
130\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mu\mathrm{b}^{-1}$ and $\simeq 56\leavevmode\nobreak\
\mu\mathrm{b}^{-1}$, respectively [65]. In order to apply the ESE technique,
the events in each centrality class were further divided into samples with
different average elliptic anisotropy of final-state particles, selected
according to the magnitude of the second-order harmonic reduced flow vector
$q_{2}$ [36], defined as

$q_{2}=|\boldsymbol{Q}_{2}|/\sqrt{M},$ (1)

where $M$ is the number of tracks used in the $|\boldsymbol{Q}_{2}|$
calculation selected as described below, and

$\boldsymbol{Q}_{2}=\sum_{k=1}^{M}e^{i2\varphi_{k}}$ (2)

is a vector built from the azimuthal angles ($\varphi_{k}$) of the considered
particles. The $\boldsymbol{Q}_{2}$ vector was measured using charged tracks
reconstructed in the TPC with $|\eta|<0.8$ and $0.2<p_{\rm
T}<5\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$ to exploit the $\varphi$ resolution
of the TPC and the large multiplicity at midrapidity, which are crucial to
maximise the selectivity of $q_{2}$ with respect to the final state flow
eccentricity [66, 48]. The denominator in Eq. 1 is introduced to remove the
dependence of $|\boldsymbol{Q}_{2}|$ on $\sqrt{M}$ in the absence of flow
[36]. The tracks used to form the D-meson candidates were excluded from the
computation of $q_{2}$ to partially remove autocorrelations between D mesons
and $q_{2}$. The effect of residual autocorrelations between the D mesons and
$q_{2}$ was studied in [48] by computing $q_{2}$ from the azimuthal
distribution of the energy deposition measured in the V0A detector, and hence
introducing a pseudorapidity gap of two units between the D mesons and
$q_{2}$. The $v_{\mathrm{2}}$ values obtained with the $q_{2}$ calculated with
TPC tracks and using the V0 detector were found to be compatible with a
reduction of the eccentricity discriminating power of the two detectors
without allowing for a firm conclusion on the magnitude of non-flow
contamination. The same study was repeated for the data sample used for this
analysis, leading to the same conclusions.

The selection of the events according to the average elliptic flow of the
event was performed by defining $q_{2}$ percentiles in 1%-wide centrality
intervals as described in [48] and [67] to avoid the introduction of biases in
the centrality (multiplicity) distribution of the selected events. The ESE-
selected classes defined for the analyses presented in this paper correspond
to the 20% of events with smallest and largest $q_{2}$, respectively, and will
be indicated as “small-$q_{2}$” and “large-$q_{2}$”. In case of no ESE
selection, the term “unbiased” will be used.

##  3 Analysis technique

The charmed mesons were reconstructed at midrapidity via the decay channels
${\rm D}^{0}\to{\rm K}^{-}\pi^{+}$ (with branching ratio, $\mathrm{BR}=3.89\pm
0.04\%$), ${\rm D}^{+}\to{\rm K}^{-}\pi^{+}\pi^{+}$ ($\mathrm{BR}=8.98\pm
0.28\%$), and ${\rm D}^{*+}\to{\rm D}^{0}\pi^{+}$ ($\mathrm{BR}=67.7\pm
0.5\%$) and their charge conjugates [68]. ${\rm D^{0}}$ and ${\rm D^{+}}$
candidates were built combining pairs and triplets of tracks with the proper
charge, $p_{\rm T}>0.4\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$, $|\eta|<$ 0.8, a
fit quality $\chi^{2}$/ndf $<$ 2 in the TPC (where ndf is the number of
degrees of freedom involved in the track fit procedure), at least 70 (out of
159) associated space points in the TPC, and a minimum number of two hits in
the ITS, with at least one in the two innermost layers. ${\rm D^{*+}}$
candidates were formed by combining ${\rm D^{0}}$ candidates with low-$p_{\rm
T}$ tracks, referred to here as “soft pions”, which were required to have
$p_{\rm T}>$ 0.1 $\mathrm{GeV}/c$, $|\eta|<$ 0.8, and at least three
associated hits in the ITS. These selections limit the D-meson acceptance in
rapidity, which drops to zero for $|y|>0.6$ for $p_{\rm
T}=1\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$ and $|y|>0.8$ for $p_{\rm
T}>5\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$. A $p_{\rm T}$-dependent fiducial
acceptance cut, $|y_{\mathrm{D}}|<y_{\rm fid}(p_{\rm T})$, was therefore
applied, defined as a second-order polynomial function increasing from 0.6 to
0.8 in the range $1<p_{\rm T}<5\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$, and fixed
to 0.8 for $p_{\rm T}>5\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$.

The D-meson candidate selection approach adopted to reduce the combinatorial
background is similar to that used in previous analyses [43, 46]. The analysis
procedure searches for decay vertices displaced from the primary vertex,
exploiting the mean proper decay lengths of about 123 and 312 $\mathrm{\mu m}$
for ${\rm D^{0}}$ and ${\rm D^{+}}$ mesons, respectively [68]. The variables
mainly used to distinguish between signal and background candidates are based
on the separation between the primary and decay vertices, the displacement of
the tracks from the primary vertex, and the pointing angle of the
reconstructed D-meson momentum to the primary vertex, and are the same as
described in [69, 21]. In the strong decay of the ${\rm D^{*+}}$ meson the
primary vertex cannot be differentiated from the secondary vertex. Therefore
the geometrical selections were applied on the secondary vertex topology of
the produced ${\rm D^{0}}$ mesons. The optimisation of the selection criteria
for each D-meson species was performed as a function of $p_{\rm T}$ and
independently for the two centrality classes. Further reduction of the
combinatorial background was obtained by applying PID for the daughter tracks
with the TPC and TOF detectors. A selection in units of resolution ($\pm
3\,\sigma$) was applied on the difference between the measured and expected
signals of pions and kaons for both ${\rm d}E/{\rm d}x$ and time-of-flight.
The same selections are applied both for the unbiased and the ESE-selected
measurements.

The D-meson elliptic and triangular flow coefficients, $v_{2}$ and $v_{3}$,
were measured using the Scalar Product (SP) method [36, 70, 71]. For each
D-meson candidate, the $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ coefficients can be expressed in terms
of the $Q_{\mathrm{n}}$ vectors, introduced in Sec. 2, as

$v_{\mathrm{n}}\\{\mathrm{SP}\\}=\langle\langle\boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{n}}\cdot\frac{\boldsymbol{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\rm
A*}}{M^{\rm
A}}\rangle\rangle\bigg{/}\sqrt{\frac{\langle\frac{\boldsymbol{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\rm
A}}{M^{\rm A}}\cdot\frac{\boldsymbol{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\rm B*}}{M^{\rm
B}}\rangle\langle\frac{\boldsymbol{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\rm A}}{M^{\rm
A}}\cdot\frac{\boldsymbol{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\rm C*}}{M^{\rm
C}}\rangle}{\langle\frac{\boldsymbol{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\rm B}}{M^{\rm
B}}\cdot\frac{\boldsymbol{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\rm C*}}{M^{\rm C}}\rangle}},$ (3)

where u${}_{\mathrm{n}}=e^{i\mathrm{n}\varphi_{\mathrm{D}}}$ is the unit flow
vector of the D-meson candidate with azimuthal angle $\varphi_{\mathrm{D}}$
and the symbol "*" denotes the complex conjugation. The denominator is called
the resolution ($R_{\rm n}$) and is calculated with the formula introduced in
[36], where the three subevents, indicated as A, B, and C, are defined by the
particles measured in the V0C, V0A, and TPC detectors, respectively.
$\boldsymbol{Q}^{k}_{\mathrm{n}}$ is the subevent flow vector corresponding to
the nth-order harmonic for the subevent $k$, and $M^{k}$ represents the
subevent multiplicity. This is defined as the sum of the amplitudes measured
in each channel for the V0A and the V0C. For the V0A and V0C detectors, the
$Q_{\mathrm{n}}$ vectors were calculated from the azimuthal distribution of
the energy deposition, and their components are given by

$Q_{\mathrm{n},x}^{\text{V0A or V0C}}=\sum_{k=1}^{N_{\rm
sectors}}w_{k}\cos(\mathrm{n}\varphi_{k}),\quad Q_{\mathrm{n},y}^{\text{V0A or
V0C}}=\sum_{k=1}^{N_{\rm sectors}}w_{k}\sin(\mathrm{n}\varphi_{k}),$ (4)

where the sum runs over the 32 sectors ($N_{\rm sectors}$) of the V0A or V0C
detector, $\varphi_{k}$ is the azimuthal angle of the centre of the sector
$k$, and $w_{k}$ is the amplitude measured in sector $k$, once the gain of the
single channels is equalised and the recentering is applied to correct effects
of non-uniform acceptance [72]. For the TPC detector, the $Q_{\mathrm{n}}$
vectors were computed using Eq. 2. The single bracket $\langle\rangle$ in Eq.
3 refers to an average over all the events, while the double brackets
$\langle\langle\rangle\rangle$ denote the average over all particles in the
considered $p_{\rm T}$ interval and all events. The $R_{\rm n}$ is obtained as
a function of the collision centrality.

The $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ of the D mesons cannot be directly measured using Eq. 3
as ${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ cannot be identified on a
particle-by-particle basis. Therefore, a simultaneous fit to the invariant-
mass spectrum and the $v^{\mathrm{tot}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ distribution as a
function of the invariant mass ($M_{\mathrm{D}}$) was performed in each
$p_{\rm T}$ interval for ${\rm D^{0}}$ and ${\rm D^{+}}$ candidates separately
in order to measure the raw yields and the flow coefficients. For the ${\rm
D^{*+}}$ case the distributions are studied as a function of the mass
difference $\Delta M=M(\mathrm{K}\pi\pi)-(\mathrm{K}\pi)$. The measured
anisotropic flow coefficient, $v^{\mathrm{tot}}_{\mathrm{n}}$, can be written
as a weighted sum of the $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ of the D-meson candidate,
$v^{\mathrm{sig}}_{\mathrm{n}}$, and that of background,
$v^{\mathrm{bkg}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ [73] as

$v^{\mathrm{tot}}_{\mathrm{n}}(M_{\mathrm{D}})=v^{\mathrm{sig}}_{\mathrm{n}}\frac{N^{\mathrm{sig}}}{N^{\mathrm{sig}}+N^{\mathrm{bkg}}}(M_{\mathrm{D}})+v^{\mathrm{bkg}}_{\mathrm{n}}(M_{\mathrm{D}})\frac{N^{\mathrm{bkg}}}{N^{\mathrm{sig}}+N^{\mathrm{bkg}}}(M_{\mathrm{D}}),$
(5)

where $N^{\mathrm{sig}}$ and $N^{\mathrm{bkg}}$ are the raw signal and
background yields, respectively. The fit function for the invariant-mass
distributions was composed of a Gaussian term to describe the signal and an
exponential distribution for the background for ${\rm D^{0}}$ and ${\rm
D^{+}}$ candidates, while for the ${\rm D^{*+}}$ candidates the background was
described by the function $a\sqrt{\Delta M-m_{\pi}}e^{b(\Delta M-m_{\pi})}$,
where $a$ and $b$ are free parameters. In the case of the ${\rm D^{0}}$
invariant mass the contribution of signal candidates with the reflected
K-$\pi$ mass assignment was taken into account with an additional term. Its
invariant-mass distribution was parameterised with a double-Gaussian
distribution based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulations [74, 48, 69, 46, 43]. In
the MC simulation, the underlying Pb–Pb events at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle NN}}=5.02\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{TeV}$
were simulated using the HIJING v1.383 generator [75] and $\rm c\overline{c}$
or $\rm b\overline{b}$ pairs were added with the PYTHIA 6.4.25 generator [76]
with Perugia-2011 tune [77]. In the simultaneous fit, the $v_{\mathrm{n}}$
parameter for the candidates with wrong K-$\pi$ mass assignment was set to be
equal to $v^{\mathrm{sig}}_{\mathrm{n}}$, provided that the origin of these
candidates are real ${\rm D^{0}}$ mesons. The $v^{\mathrm{sig}}_{\mathrm{n}}$
is measured from the fit to the $v^{\mathrm{tot}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ distribution
with the function of Eq. 5, where $v^{\mathrm{bkg}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ is a linear
function for ${\rm D^{+}}$ and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ mesons, and ${\rm D^{0}}$ mesons
with $p_{\rm T}>4\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$. For the ${\rm D^{0}}$
candidates with $p_{\rm T}<4\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$, a second-
order polynomial function was used instead. Figure 1 shows the simultaneous
fit to the invariant-mass spectrum and $v_{2}^{\mathrm{tot}}(M_{\mathrm{D}})$
in the $p_{\rm T}$ intervals 3–4 $\mathrm{GeV}/c$ for ${\rm D^{0}}$, 5–6
$\mathrm{GeV}/c$ for ${\rm D^{+}}$, and 8–10 $\mathrm{GeV}/c$ for ${\rm
D^{*+}}$ in the 30–50% centrality class.

Figure 1: Simultaneous fits to the invariant-mass spectrum and $v_{2}$
($M_{\rm{D}}$) of ${\rm D^{0}}$ (left panel), ${\rm D^{+}}$ (middle panel),
and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ (right panel) meson candidates in the $3<p_{\rm
T}<4\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$, $5<p_{\rm T}<6\leavevmode\nobreak\
\mathrm{GeV}/c$, and $8<p_{\rm T}<10\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$
intervals, respectively, for the 30–50% centrality class. The solid blue and
the dotted red curves represent the total and the combinatorial-background fit
functions, respectively. For the ${\rm D^{0}}$ candidates, the green dashed
curve represents the contribution of the reflected signal.

The reconstructed D-meson signal is a mixture of prompt D mesons from
$c$-quark hadronisation or strong decays of excited charmonium or open-charm
states, and D mesons from beauty-hadron decays, called “feed-down" in the
following. The $v^{\mathrm{sig}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ is therefore a linear
combination of prompt ($v^{\mathrm{prompt}}_{\mathrm{n}}$) and feed-down
($v^{\mathrm{feed\text{-}down}}_{\mathrm{n}}$) contributions, and can be
expressed as

$v^{\mathrm{sig}}_{\mathrm{n}}=f_{\mathrm{prompt}}v^{\mathrm{prompt}}_{\mathrm{n}}+(1-f_{\mathrm{prompt}})v^{\mathrm{feed\text{-}down}}_{\mathrm{n}},$
(6)

where $f_{\mathrm{prompt}}$ is the fraction of promptly produced D mesons
estimated as a function of $p_{\rm T}$ with the theory-driven method described
in [21]. This method uses (i) FONLL calculations [78, 79] for the production
cross section of beauty hadrons, (ii) the beauty-hadron decay kinematics from
the EvtGen package [80], (iii) the product of efficiency and acceptance $({\rm
Acc}\times\varepsilon)$ from Monte Carlo simulations, and (iv) a hypothesis on
the nuclear modification factor of feed-down D mesons.

The anisotropic flow coefficients of promptly produced D mesons were obtained
assuming
$v^{\mathrm{feed\text{-}down}}_{\mathrm{n}}=v^{\mathrm{prompt}}_{\mathrm{n}}/2$.
The hypothesis is based on the measurement of the non-prompt ${\rm J}/\psi$
performed by CMS [19] and on the available model calculations [49, 81, 82],
that indicate
$0<v^{\mathrm{feed\text{-}down}}_{\mathrm{n}}<v^{\mathrm{prompt}}_{\mathrm{n}}$.

For the measurement of the modification of the $p_{\rm T}$-differential
distributions of D mesons in the ESE-selected samples compared to the unbiased
sample, the raw yields were extracted via fits to the invariant-mass
distributions of ${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ candidates
and normalised to the corresponding number of events in the corresponding ESE-
selected sample. The same functions adopted in the simultaneous fits for the
invariant-mass distributions were used. The extracted raw yields were not
corrected for the efficiency in the ratio calculation, under the assumption
that the reconstruction and selection efficiencies do not depend on $q_{2}$.
This assumption was previously verified in [48].

##  4 Systematic uncertainties

The D-meson $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ coefficients are affected by the systematic
uncertainties due to (i) the signal extraction from the invariant-mass and
$v^{\mathrm{tot}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ distributions, (ii) the beauty feed-down
contribution, (iii) on the selection of the centrality interval in which
$R_{\rm n}$ is calculated, and (iv), for the ESE-selected samples, the
uncertainties due to possible bias caused by the presence of auto-correlation
effects between the subevents used for $R_{\rm n}$ and $q_{2}$ calculations.

The uncertainty due to the simultaneous fit was estimated by repeating the fit
several times with different configurations. In particular, the lower and
upper limits of the fit range, the bin width, and the background fit functions
used for the invariant-mass and $v^{\mathrm{tot}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ distributions
were varied. For each configuration the D-meson $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ was
calculated and the absolute systematic uncertainty for each $p_{\rm T}$
interval was assigned as the r.m.s. of the $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ distribution
obtained from the different trials. The absolute systematic uncertainty values
on the $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ are reported in Table 1 and they depend on the D-meson
species, the $p_{\rm T}$ interval and the ESE-selected class. This source of
uncertainty was considered as uncorrelated among the $p_{\rm T}$ intervals and
the centrality classes for the two harmonics. The correlation between the
small-$q_{2}$/large-$q_{2}$ and the unbiased case was investigated and the
outcome indicated that this uncertainty source is uncorrelated between the
different $q_{2}$-selected samples.

For the $p_{\rm T}$-differential yield ratios in ESE-selected samples, the
uncertainty for the signal extraction was estimated using the same approach
described above, directly on the ratio of the yields in the ESE-selected and
unbiased samples, leading to a systematic uncertainty value from 0.7$\%$ to
5$\%$, depending on the $p_{\rm T}$ and the D-meson species.

Table 1: Summary of systematic uncertainties on the measurement of the D-meson $v_{\mathrm{2}}$, in the unbiased and ESE-selected samples, and $v_{\mathrm{3}}$ in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle NN}}=5.02\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{TeV}$. The range of the uncertainties on the fitting procedure and feed-down subtraction are quoted as absolute uncertainties, while those on the $R_{\rm n}$ as relative uncertainty. Systematic uncertainty source |  $v_{\mathrm{2}}$ |  $v_{\mathrm{3}}$ |  $v_{\mathrm{2}}$ small-$q_{2}$ |  $v_{\mathrm{2}}$ large-$q_{2}$
---|---|---|---|---
| 0–10%
$M$ and $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ fits |  0.005–0.03 |  0.006–0.03 |  0.006–0.01 |  0.006–0.01
Feed-down |  0.002–0.01 |  0.0007–0.01 |  0.0003–0.006 |  0.003–0.016
$R_{\rm n}$ determination |  3.5$\%$ |  negl. |  3.5$\%$ |  3.5$\%$
Autocorrelations on $R_{\rm 2}$ and $q_{2}$ |  - |  - |  3.5$\%$ |  1$\%$
| 30–50%
$M$ and $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ fits |  0.006–0.025 |  0.01–0.05 |  0.006–0.015 |  0.004–0.015
Feed-down |  0.0004–0.02 |  0.003–0.018 |  0.003–0.01 |  0.004–0.029
$R_{\rm n}$ determination |  0.5$\%$ |  0.5$\%$ |  0.5$\%$ |  0.5$\%$
Autocorrelations on $R_{\rm 2}$ and $q_{2}$ |  - |  - |  0.5$\%$ |  0.5$\%$

The systematic uncertainty source related to the beauty feed-down correction
has two main contributions. The first is due to the $f_{\mathrm{prompt}}$
calculation and it was studied by varying the quark mass and the
renormalisation and factorisation scales in the FONLL calculations, the
$R_{\rm AA}^{\mathrm{feed\text{-}down}}$ hypothesis as reported in [21]. The
second contribution is due to the assumption of
$v^{\mathrm{feed\text{-}down}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ =
$v^{\mathrm{prompt}}_{\mathrm{n}}$/2, previously described in Sec. 3, and was
estimated by assuming a flat distribution of
$v^{\mathrm{feed\text{-}down}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ between 0 and
$v^{\mathrm{prompt}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ and by varying the central value of
$v^{\mathrm{feed\text{-}down}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ by $\pm
v^{\mathrm{prompt}}_{\mathrm{n}}$/$\sqrt{12}$. The values of the absolute
systematic uncertainty from the beauty feed-down correction are reported in
Table 1 and they depend on the D-meson species, the $p_{\rm T}$ interval and
the ESE-selected class. The uncertainty due to the beauty feed-down correction
was assumed to be fully correlated among the $p_{\rm T}$ bins for the measured
$v_{\mathrm{n}}$ coefficients in the same centrality class.

The non-flow effects are naturally suppressed because of the pseudorapidity
gap of at least 0.9 units between the pseudorapidity interval used for the
D-meson reconstruction, and the V0C used for the $Q_{\mathrm{n}}$-vector
determination. Furthermore, the auto-correlation effect due to the usage of
the TPC tracks for the $q_{2}$ estimate has been discussed in Sec. 2 and the
related systematic uncertainty was found to be negligible, as described in
[48].

The contribution of the $R_{\rm n}$ to the systematic uncertainty is due to
the centrality dependence. The central value of $R_{\rm n}$ was estimated
using the three subevent formula, as described in Sec. 3, averaged over the
events in the 0–10% and 30–50% intervals. The uncertainty was evaluated as the
difference of the centrality integrated $R_{\rm n}$ values with those obtained
as weighted averages of $R_{\rm n}$ values in narrow centrality intervals
using the D-meson yields as weights. A systematic uncertainty of 3.5$\%$ and
0.5$\%$ was assigned on $R_{\rm 2}$ in the 0–10% and 30–50% centrality classes
and for all ESE-selected samples. For the $R_{3}$, an uncertainty of 0.5$\%$
was assigned in the 30–50% interval while it was found to be negligible for
the 0–10% class. The uncertainty associated with the resolution factor is
smaller for the third harmonic than for the second harmonic, due to the milder
centrality dependence of $R_{3}$ compared with that of $R_{2}$.

For the ESE-selected samples an additional source of systematic uncertainty on
the resolution originates from auto-correlations due to the usage of the TPC
tracks both for $q_{2}$ and $R_{\rm 2}$ determination. This potential bias is
assessed by replacing the ratio $\langle\boldsymbol{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\rm
V0C}/M^{\rm V0C}\cdot\boldsymbol{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\rm TPC*}/M^{\rm
TPC}\rangle$/$\langle\boldsymbol{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\rm V0A}/M^{\rm
V0A}\cdot\boldsymbol{Q}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\rm TPC*}/M^{\rm TPC}\rangle$ in Eq. 3
with the one from the $q_{2}$-integrated analysis, following the same approach
used for the ${\rm J}/\psi$ azimuthal anisotropy measurement [83]. In this
case, the systematic uncertainty was estimated to be $3.5\%$ for the
small-$q_{2}$ and $1\%$ for the large-$q_{2}$ samples in the 0–10% centrality
class, and $0.5\%$ for both $q_{2}$-selected classes in the 30–50% centrality
class, as reported in Table 1. The last two sources of systematic uncertainty,
related to the resolution, are considered to be fully correlated among the
different $p_{\rm T}$ intervals.

For the analysis of the $p_{\rm T}$-differential yield ratios in ESE-selected
and unbiased samples the reconstruction efficiency was verified to be
independent of $q_{2}$. Consequently, it cancels out in the ratio of the two
ESE-selected classes.

##  5 Results

###  5.1 Unbiased flow harmonics

Figure 2 shows the average $v_{2}$ (top panels) and $v_{3}$ (bottom panels)
coefficients of prompt ${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ mesons
measured in the unbiased sample as a function of $p_{\rm T}$ in the 0–10%
(left panels) and 30–50% (right panels) centrality classes. The average
$v_{\mathrm{n}}$ of prompt ${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm D^{*+}}$
mesons was computed by using the inverse squared absolute statistical
uncertainties as weights, after having compared their compatibility [67]. The
systematic uncertainties were propagated to the average by considering the
contributions from the centrality dependence of the $R_{\rm n}$ resolution and
the correction for the beauty feed-down component in the D-meson yields as
correlated among the D-meson species. The D-meson $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ harmonics
are compared to the corresponding coefficients measured for charged pions and
protons at midrapidity ($|y|<0.5$) [39] as well as to inclusive ${\rm J}/\psi$
mesons at forward rapidity ($2.5<y<4$) [84].

Figure 2: Average $v_{2}$ (top panels) and $v_{3}$ (bottom panels)
coefficients of prompt ${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ mesons
as a function of $p_{\rm T}$ for Pb–Pb collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle NN}}=5.02\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{TeV}$ in
the 0–10% (left panels) and 30–50% (right panels) centrality classes. The
$v_{2}$ and $v_{3}$ of $\pi^{\pm}$, $\mathrm{p+\bar{p}}$ [39] and inclusive
${\rm J}/\psi$ mesons [84] measured at the same centre-of-mass energy and in
the same centrality classes are shown for comparison.

The D-meson elliptic flow increases significantly from central to semi-central
collisions, as expected from the increasing eccentricity of the interaction
region. Conversely, the triangular flow is compatible in the two centrality
classes within the large uncertainties, following the milder centrality
dependence of the third flow harmonic observed for light-flavour particles
[39]. For $p_{\rm T}<3\text{--}4\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$ ($p_{\rm
T}<4\text{--}5\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$) the measured D-meson
$v_{2}$ ($v_{3}$) is lower than that of pions and protons. This observation is
consistent within uncertainties with the hypothesis of a mass hierarchy,
$v_{\mathrm{n}}(\mathrm{D})<v_{\mathrm{n}}(\mathrm{p})<v_{\mathrm{n}}(\pi)$,
in the low $p_{\rm T}$ region ($p_{\rm T}\lesssim 3\leavevmode\nobreak\
\mathrm{GeV}/c$). In semi-central events the $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ coefficients of
${\rm J}/\psi$ mesons seem to follow the mass hierarchy ($v_{\mathrm{n}}({\rm
J}/\psi)<v_{\mathrm{n}}(\mathrm{D})$). In central events the data suggests a
similar behaviour, however within the current uncertainties no firm
conclusions can be drawn. This observation can be explained by the interplay
between the anisotropic flow and the isotropic expansion of the system (radial
flow), which imposes an equal velocity boost to all particles. For $4\lesssim
p_{\rm T}\lesssim 6\text{--}8\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$, the D-meson
$v_{\mathrm{n}}$ coefficients are similar to those of charged pions and lower
than those of protons. This observation is consistent with a scaling of the
$v_{\mathrm{n}}$ coefficients with the number of constituent quarks, which
supports the hypothesis of particle production via quark coalescence [85]. In
the same $p_{\rm T}$ interval, for the 30–50% centrality class the larger
values of $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ for D mesons compared to ${\rm J}/\psi$ mesons can
be explained by (i) the hadronisation via coalescence together with the larger
flow coefficients of up and down quarks compared to that of charm quarks [28]
and (ii) the fraction of ${\rm J}/\psi$ mesons coming from beauty-hadron
decays [86, 87], which are expected to have lower $v_{2}$ and $v_{3}$ than
charmed mesons [88, 26]. In the 0–10% centrality class, the current
experimental uncertainties do not allow for firm conclusions on the expected
difference for ${\rm J}/\psi$ and D mesons. The measured $v_{\mathrm{n}}$
coefficients for all the hadron species are compatible within uncertainties
for $p_{\rm T}\gtrsim 8\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$. Similar values of
$v_{\mathrm{n}}$ coefficients are expected, because in this kinematic range
the charm-quark mass is small compared to the momentum, and because the path-
length dependence of the in-medium parton energy loss is similar for
high-$p_{\rm T}$ charm quarks and gluons.

Figure 3: Average $v_{2}$ (top panels) and $v_{3}$ (bottom panels)
coefficients of prompt ${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ mesons
as a function of $p_{\rm T}$ for Pb–Pb collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle NN}}=5.02\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{TeV}$ in
the 0–10% (left panels) and 30–50% (right panels) centrality classes compared
with model calculations [89, 56, 34, 49, 55, 53, 26, 90, 57, 91, 92, 37, 93,
94, 95].

In Fig. 3, the average D-meson $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ coefficients are compared to
theoretical calculations that include the charm-quark transport in a
hydrodynamically expanding medium. The theoretical uncertainties, where
available, are displayed with a coloured band. In the TAMU [89], POWLANG HTL
[56, 34], PHSD [53], Catania [94, 95], and BAMPSel [49] calculations the
interactions between the charm quarks and the medium constituents are modelled
with collisional processes, while the MC@sHQ+EPOS2 [26], LBT [90, 57], LIDO
[91, 92], BAMPSel+rad [55], DAB-MOD(M&T) [37, 93], and LGR [96] models include
also radiative processes. The difference in the variants of the BAMPS model
indicates that in this model elastic collisions are the dominant process that
imparts a positive D-meson $v_{2}$ in the low and intermediate $p_{\rm T}$
region. All the models except for BAMPS include the hadronisation of the charm
quark via coalescence, in addition to the fragmentation mechanism. Initial-
state event-by-event fluctuations are included in the POWLANG HTL, LIDO, PHSD,
MC@sHQ+EPOS2, LBT, and DAB-MOD(M&T) models, which are therefore the only ones
that provide predictions for the triangular flow. Although the models differ
in several aspects related to the interactions both in the QGP and in the
hadronic phase as well as to the medium expansion, most of them provide a fair
description of the measured $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ harmonics. The largest difference
is observed in the $2<p_{\rm T}<6\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$ interval
for the $v_{2}$ in the 30–50% centrality class, where most of the models
provide a prediction lower than the measured points. This is more evident for
the LIDO model, which shows a deviation of $5.4\,\sigma$, and BAMPSel+rad,
which underestimates the measured $v_{2}$ by about a factor two with more than
$10\,\sigma$ significance. In contrast to this, BAMPSel overestimates the
measurement by about $3\,\sigma$. The underestimation of the data by the
BAMPSel+rad model can be eventually due to the missing implementation of the
charm-quark coalescence with light quarks from the medium, which seems to be
necessary in the description of the measured $v_{2}$. In the same $p_{\rm T}$
range, the DAB-MOD model overestimates the measured $v_{2}$ in the 0–10%
centrality class by $3.7\,\sigma$. These discrepancies expressed in number of
standard deviations were computed combining the probability to observe a
deviation from the null hypothesis (i.e. the model prediction) for all the
measured points in the $2<p_{\rm T}<6\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$
interval, considering both the experimental (statistical and systematic) and
the theoretical uncertainties, when available.

Table 2: Summary of $\chi^{2}/\mathrm{ndf}$ values obtained for the different model predictions compared with the measured D-meson $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ harmonics. Model |  $p_{\rm T}$ ($\mathrm{GeV}/c)$ | $\chi^{2}/\mathrm{ndf}$
---|---|---
| $v_{\mathrm{2}}$ |  | $v_{\mathrm{3}}$ |  global
|  0–10% |  30–50% |  |  0–10% |  30–50% |
BAMPSel [49] |  [1–24] |  - |  31.7/11 |  |  - |  - |  -
BAMPSel+rad [55] |  [1–24] |  - |  203.6/11 |  |  - |  - |  -
Catania [94, 95] |  [1–12] |  3.1/7 |  14.0/8 |  |  15.1/7 |  8.1/4 |  40.3/26
DAB-MOD(M&T) [37, 93] |  [1–8] |  24.6/7 |  9.8/6 |  |  16.1/7 |  7.1/3 |  57.6/23
LBT [90, 57] |  [1–36] |  18.2/11 |  15.8/12 |  |  24.9/11 |  8.4/7 |  67.4/41
LIDO [91, 92] |  [1–24] |  10.7/10 |  62.0/11 |  |  17.8/10 |  12.5/6 |  102.9/37
LGR [96] |  [1–24] |  - |  15.5/11 |  |  - |  - |  -
MC@sHQ+EPOS2 [26] |  [1–36] |  - |  15.7/12 |  |  - |  - |  -
PHSD [53] |  [1–24] |  13.2/10 |  19.6/11 |  |  7.9/10 |  8.6/6 |  48.9/37
POWLANG HTL [56, 34] |  [1–12] |  9.6/7 |  13.5/8 |  |  14.6/7 |  8.3/4 |  45.9/26
TAMU [89] |  [1–12] |  - |  8.15/9 |  |  - |  - |  -

The global agreement between the data and the theoretical models was evaluated
by computing the $\chi^{2}/\mathrm{ndf}$, as done in [46]. The values are
reported in Table 2. All the centrality classes and $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ harmonics
were considered when the model predictions were available. Compared to the
results in [46], for almost all the models the $\chi^{2}/\mathrm{ndf}$ is
found to be higher than unity, most likely because of the improved precision
of the measurement. The models that describe the data with
$\chi^{2}/\mathrm{ndf}<2$ are MC@sHQ+EPOS2, LBT, LGR, PHSD, POWLANG, Catania,
and TAMU which is more in agreement with the data compared to [46], thanks to
the improved description of the charm-quark coalescence in its latest version
[89]. These models use a value of heavy-quark spatial diffusion coefficient in
the range $1.5<2\pi D_{s}T_{\mathrm{c}}<7$ at the critical temperature
$T_{\mathrm{c}}=155\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{MeV}$ [97], which is
consistent with the interval obtained in [46]. It is however important to
consider that not all the theoretical models provide predictions for all the
$v_{\mathrm{n}}$ harmonics in all the centrality classes reported in this
article, hence the global interpretation of these comparisons could not be
conclusive.

###  5.2 Event-shape engineered flow harmonics and $\boldsymbol{p_{\rm
T}}$-differential yields

The average $v_{2}$ of prompt ${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm D^{*+}}$
mesons measured in the ESE-selected samples is shown in Fig. 4 for the 0–10%
(top row) and the 30–50% (bottom row) centrality classes. The measurements in
the small-$q_{2}$ sample are reported in the left column, those in the
large-$q_{2}$ sample in the right column, while the measurements in the
unbiased samples recomputed in the same $p_{\rm T}$ intervals of the ESE
analysis are in the middle column. A reduced $p_{\rm T}$ range ($2<p_{\rm
T}<16\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$) and wider $p_{\rm T}$ intervals
compared to the unbiased $v_{2}$ measurement were adopted due to the limited
size of the ESE-selected samples. The average $v_{2}$ among the three D-meson
species was computed as described in Sec. 5.1. In Fig. 5 the ratio between the
average D-meson $v_{2}$ measured in the ESE-selected samples with respect to
that in the unbiased sample is depicted. The statistical uncertainties of the
ratio were calculated taking into consideration the degree of correlation
between the measurements in the ESE-selected and unbiased samples. The
systematic uncertainties arising from the centrality dependence of $R_{\rm
n}$, the non-flow contaminations among sub-events, and the correction for the
beauty feed-down contribution were considered as fully correlated.

Figure 4: Average of prompt ${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm D^{*+}}$
meson $v_{2}$ as a function of $p_{\rm T}$ in Pb–Pb collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle NN}}=5.02\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{TeV}$ in
the small-$q_{2}$, large-$q_{2}$ (see text for details), and unbiased samples,
for the 0–10% (top panels) and 30–50% (bottom panels) centrality classes,
compared to model calculations [34, 91, 37, 93, 94, 95]. In the LIDO, DAB-MOD,
and Catania predictions, the ESE selection is performed with a $q_{2}$
estimator, while in the POWLANG model the elliptic eccentricity $\epsilon_{2}$
is used. Figure 5: Ratio of the average prompt ${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$,
and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ meson $v_{2}$ coefficients measured in the small-$q_{2}$
(left panels) and large-$q_{2}$ (right panels) selected samples with respect
to that of the unbiased sample as a function of $p_{\rm T}$ in Pb–Pb
collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle NN}}=5.02\leavevmode\nobreak\
\mathrm{TeV}$ for the 0–10% (top panels) and 30–50% (bottom panels) centrality
classes, compared to model calculations [34, 91, 37, 93, 95].

The D-meson $v_{2}$ was found to be on average about 50% higher (lower) in the
20% of the events with largest (smallest) $q_{2}$ in both the 0–10% and 30–50%
centrality classes. No significant centrality dependence was found within the
current uncertainties. The corresponding variation of the average $q_{2}$ in
the small-$q_{2}$ (large-$q_{2}$) sample with respect to the unbiased one was
found to be about 65% (75%) and 60% (65%) for the 0–10% and 30–50% centrality
class, respectively. This confirms the correlation between the D-meson
azimuthal anisotropy and the collective expansion of the bulk matter already
observed in [48]. This modification of the $v_{2}$ coefficient was found to be
independent of $p_{\rm T}$ within uncertainties, which might suggest that the
ESE selection is related to a global property of the events (i.e. a property
that is independent of the measured particle and is related to the entire
event). A similar trend was also observed for light-flavour particles [66].

Figures 4 and 5 also compare the measured $v_{2}$ and $v_{2}$ ratios between
ESE-selected and unbiased samples to the POWLANG, LIDO, DAB-MOD, and Catania
theoretical predictions. For the POWLANG model, both the predictions obtained
with the transport coefficients from weak coupling (Hard Thermal Loop, HTL
[98]) and from lattice QCD calculations (lQCD [99]) are reported. For the DAB-
MOD model, a version based on the heavy-quark transport (M&T [32]) and a
parametric model for the heavy-quark energy loss ($E_{\mathrm{loss}}$ [100])
were considered. In the LIDO, DAB-MOD, and Catania models the ESE selection is
performed with a $q_{2}$ estimator computed starting from generated quantities
[91, 93, 95], while in the POWLANG model the elliptic eccentricity
$\epsilon_{2}$ is directly used [34]. The $v_{2}$ measured in the
small-$q_{2}$ sample is described by all the available models within the
uncertainties. On the contrary, in the 30–50% centrality class the LIDO, DAB-
MOD, and Catania models underestimate the measurement in the large-$q_{2}$
sample, which is instead well described by the POWLANG HTL prediction. In the
case of POWLANG lQCD, the theoretical prediction is compatible with the
measured $v_{2}$ for $p_{\rm T}<4\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$ and
lower for higher $p_{\rm T}$. The DAB-MOD calculations give a better
description of the experimental data with the M&T approach for $p_{\rm
T}<5\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$ and in the $E_{\mathrm{loss}}$ case
for $p_{\rm T}>5\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$. When the ratios between
the $v_{2}$ in the ESE-selected and the unbiased samples are considered, the
models seem to better describe the measured values, owing to similar
discrepancies between theoretical predictions and experimental data in the
ESE-selected and unbiased samples which lead to similar ratio values in the
different models. In the small-$q_{2}$ samples the model predictions are more
similar to each other and the discrepancies are less significant, also due to
the larger experimental uncertainties. Interestingly, different
implementations of the same model with the studied transport parameterisations
(i.e. POWLANG HTL vs. POWLANG lQCD, and DAB-MOD(M&T) vs. DAB-MOD($E_{\rm
loss}$)) give similar predictions, suggesting that the effect of the ESE
selection is more related to the initial geometry and the underlying
hydrodynamic expansion rather than the dynamic evolution of the heavy quarks
in the medium.

Figure 6: Average of the ratio of $p_{\rm T}$-differential ${\rm D^{0}}$,
${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ yields measured in the ESE-selected samples
to those in the unbiased sample in Pb–Pb collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle NN}}=5.02\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{TeV}$
for the 0–10% (top panels) and 30–50% (bottom panels) centrality classes,
compared to the POWLANG [34] and LIDO [91, 92] predictions.

To study a possible interplay between the azimuthal anisotropy of the event
and the charm-quark radial flow (at low/intermediate $p_{\rm T}$) and in-
medium energy loss (at high $p_{\rm T}$), the ratio of the measured per-event
yields of prompt ${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ mesons in
the ESE-selected and unbiased samples has been calculated as a function of
$p_{\rm T}$ in the range $2<p_{\rm T}<24\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$.
The average D-meson ratios, computed by using the inverse of the squared
relative statistical uncertainties as weights, are compared to the POWLANG and
LIDO models in Fig. 6. The POWLANG model predicts a hardening (softening) of
the $p_{\rm T}$ distributions in the large (small)-$q_{2}$ class of events due
to an interplay between the radial and elliptic flows, while no significant
modification is predicted by the LIDO model. Within the current precision, the
measured per-event yield ratios and are found compatible with unity, and hence
to the LIDO model predictions, and with the POWLANG model in the case of lQCD,
while the measured effect seems to be lower than the effect predicted with HTL
transport coefficients.

##  6 Conclusions

The elliptic and triangular flow of ${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm
D^{*+}}$ mesons was measured with the SP method at midrapidity ($|y|<0.8$) as
a function of $p_{\rm T}$ in central (0–10%) and semi-central (30–50%) Pb–Pb
collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm\scriptscriptstyle NN}}=5.02\leavevmode\nobreak\
\mathrm{TeV}$.

Compared to other particle species, the average D-meson $v_{\mathrm{n}}$
harmonics were found to be compatible with the hypothesis of a mass hierarchy
for $p_{\rm T}\lesssim 3\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$ as observed for
light-flavour hadrons [39]. At intermediate $p_{\rm T}$, the D-meson
$v_{\mathrm{n}}$ is similar to those of charged pions, lower than those of
protons, and higher than those of ${\rm J}/\psi$ mesons, supporting the
hypothesis of charm-quark hadronisation via coalescence. Moreover, the
contribution to the hadronisation of charm quarks from coalescence with light
quarks from the medium seems to be necessary in the theoretical models to
quantitatively reproduce the measured D-meson $v_{\mathrm{n}}$. For $p_{\rm
T}\gtrsim 8\leavevmode\nobreak\ \mathrm{GeV}/c$, the D-meson $v_{2}$ and
$v_{3}$ are compatible within uncertainties with the values measured for the
other particle species, indicating a similar path-length dependence of the
energy loss of high-$p_{\rm T}$ charm quarks and gluons. The comparison of the
measured D-meson $v_{\mathrm{n}}$ with theoretical calculations suggests that
the interactions with the hydrodynamically expanding medium impart a positive
$v_{2}$ and $v_{3}$ to the charm quarks.

The elliptic flow and the modification of the $p_{\rm T}$ distributions of
${\rm D^{0}}$, ${\rm D^{+}}$, and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ mesons were also investigated
with the event-shape engineering technique. The D-meson $v_{2}$ was found to
be larger (smaller) in events with larger (smaller) $q_{2}$, confirming the
correlation with average bulk elliptic flow. The ratios of the $p_{\rm
T}$-differential yields measured in the ESE-selected samples and the unbiased
sample were found to be compatible with unity. The measurements in the ESE-
selected samples are qualitatively described by theoretical calculations and
provide new constraints to models based on charm-quark transport in a
hydrodynamically expanding medium and charm-quark energy loss in the QGP.

## Acknowledgements

The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil; Ministry of Education of China (MOEC) , Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China; Ministry of Science and Education and Croatian Science Foundation, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences, the VILLUM FONDEN and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology , Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, National Science Centre and WUT ID-UB, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russian Science Foundation and Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America.

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##  Appendix A The ALICE Collaboration

S. Acharyaorg141&D. Adamováorg95&A. Adlerorg74&J. Adolfssonorg81&M.M.
Aggarwalorg100&G. Aglieri Rinellaorg34&M. Agnelloorg30&N.
Agrawalorg10,org54&Z. Ahammedorg141&S. Ahmadorg16&S.U. Ahnorg76&Z.
Akbarorg51&A. Akindinovorg92&M. Al-Turanyorg107&S.N. Alamorg40,org141&D.S.D.
Albuquerqueorg122&D. Aleksandrovorg88&B. Alessandroorg59&H.M. Alfandaorg6&R.
Alfaro Molinaorg71&B. Aliorg16&Y. Aliorg14&A. Aliciorg10,org26,org54&N.
Alizadehvandchaliorg125&A. Alkinorg2,org34&J. Almeorg21&T. Altorg68&L.
Altenkamperorg21&I. Altsybeevorg113&M.N. Anaamorg6&C. Andreiorg48&D.
Andreouorg34&A. Andronicorg144&M. Angelettiorg34&V. Anguelovorg104&C.
Ansonorg15&T. Antičićorg108&F. Antinoriorg57&P. Antonioliorg54&N.
Apadulaorg80&L. Aphecetcheorg115&H. Appelshäuserorg68&S. Arcelliorg26&R.
Arnaldiorg59&M. Arratiaorg80&I.C. Arseneorg20&M. Arslandokorg104&A.
Augustinusorg34&R. Averbeckorg107&S. Azizorg78&M.D. Azmiorg16&A.
Badalàorg56&Y.W. Baekorg41&S. Bagnascoorg59&X. Baiorg107&R. Bailhacheorg68&R.
Balaorg101&A. Balbinoorg30&A. Baldisseriorg137&M. Ballorg43&S.
Balouzaorg105&D. Banerjeeorg3&R. Barberaorg27&L. Barioglioorg25&G.G.
Barnaföldiorg145&L.S. Barnbyorg94&V. Barretorg134&P. Bartaliniorg6&C.
Bartelsorg127&K. Barthorg34&E. Bartschorg68&F. Baruffaldiorg28&N.
Bastidorg134&S. Basuorg143&G. Batigneorg115&B. Batyunyaorg75&D.
Bauriorg49&J.L. Bazo Albaorg112&I.G. Beardenorg89&C. Beattieorg146&C.
Beddaorg63&N.K. Beheraorg61&I. Belikovorg136&A.D.C. Bell Hechavarriaorg144&F.
Belliniorg34&R. Bellwiedorg125&V. Belyaevorg93&G. Bencediorg145&S.
Beoleorg25&A. Bercuciorg48&Y. Berdnikovorg98&D. Berenyiorg145&R.A.
Bertensorg130&D. Berzanoorg59&M.G. Besoiuorg67&L. Betevorg34&A.
Bhasinorg101&I.R. Bhatorg101&M.A. Bhatorg3&H. Bhattorg49&B.
Bhattacharjeeorg42&A. Bianchiorg25&L. Bianchiorg25&N. Bianchiorg52&J.
Bielčíkorg37&J. Bielčíkováorg95&A. Bilandzicorg105&G. Biroorg145&R.
Biswasorg3&S. Biswasorg3&J.T. Blairorg119&D. Blauorg88&C. Blumeorg68&G.
Bocaorg139&F. Bockorg96&A. Bogdanovorg93&S. Boiorg23&J. Bokorg61&L.
Boldizsárorg145&A. Bolozdynyaorg93&M. Bombaraorg38&G. Bonomiorg140&H.
Borelorg137&A. Borissovorg93&H. Bossiorg146&E. Bottaorg25&L. Bratrudorg68&P.
Braun-Munzingerorg107&M. Bregantorg121&M. Brozorg37&E. Brunaorg59&G.E.
Brunoorg106&M.D. Bucklandorg127&D. Budnikovorg109&H. Bueschingorg68&S.
Bufalinoorg30&O. Bugnonorg115&P. Buhlerorg114&P. Buncicorg34&Z.
Butheleziorg72,org131&J.B. Buttorg14&S.A. Bysiakorg118&D. Caffarriorg90&M.
Caiorg6&A. Calivaorg107&E. Calvo Villarorg112&J.M.M. Camachoorg120&R.S.
Camachoorg45&P. Cameriniorg24&F.D.M. Canedoorg121&A.A. Caponorg114&F.
Carnesecchiorg26&R. Caronorg137&J. Castillo Castellanosorg137&A.J.
Castroorg130&E.A.R. Casulaorg55&F. Catalanoorg30&C. Ceballos Sanchezorg75&P.
Chakrabortyorg49&S. Chandraorg141&W. Changorg6&S. Chapelandorg34&M.
Chartierorg127&S. Chattopadhyayorg141&S. Chattopadhyayorg110&A.
Chauvinorg23&C. Cheshkovorg135&B. Cheynisorg135&V. Chibante Barrosoorg34&D.D.
Chinellatoorg122&S. Choorg61&P. Chochulaorg34&T. Chowdhuryorg134&P.
Christakoglouorg90&C.H. Christensenorg89&P. Christiansenorg81&T.
Chujoorg133&C. Cicaloorg55&L. Cifarelliorg10,org26&L.D. Cilladiorg25&F.
Cindoloorg54&M.R. Ciupekorg107&G. Claiorg54orgI&J. Cleymansorg124&F.
Colamariaorg53&D. Colellaorg53&A. Colluorg80&M. Colocciorg26&M.
Concasorg59orgII&G. Conesa Balbastreorg79&Z. Conesa del Valleorg78&G.
Continorg24,org60&J.G. Contrerasorg37&T.M. Cormierorg96&Y. Corrales
Moralesorg25&P. Corteseorg31&M.R. Cosentinoorg123&F. Costaorg34&S.
Costanzaorg139&P. Crochetorg134&E. Cuautleorg69&P. Cuiorg6&L.
Cunqueiroorg96&D. Dabrowskiorg142&T. Dahmsorg105&A. Daineseorg57&F.P.A.
Damasorg115,org137&M.C. Danischorg104&A. Danuorg67&D. Dasorg110&I.
Dasorg110&P. Dasorg86&P. Dasorg3&S. Dasorg3&A. Dashorg86&S. Dashorg49&S.
Deorg86&A. De Caroorg29&G. de Cataldoorg53&J. de Cuvelandorg39&A. De
Falcoorg23&D. De Gruttolaorg10&N. De Marcoorg59&S. De Pasqualeorg29&S.
Deborg50&H.F. Degenhardtorg121&K.R. Dejaorg142&A. Delofforg85&S.
Delsantoorg25,org131&W. Dengorg6&P. Dhankherorg49&D. Di Bariorg33&A. Di
Mauroorg34&R.A. Diazorg8&T. Dietelorg124&P. Dillensegerorg68&Y. Dingorg6&R.
Diviàorg34&D.U. Dixitorg19&Ø. Djuvslandorg21&U. Dmitrievaorg62&A.
Dobrinorg67&B. Dönigusorg68&O. Dordicorg20&A.K. Dubeyorg141&A.
Dublaorg90,org107&S. Dudiorg100&M. Dukhishyamorg86&P. Dupieuxorg134&R.J.
Ehlersorg96&V.N. Eikelandorg21&D. Eliaorg53&B. Erazmusorg115&F.
Erhardtorg99&A. Erokhinorg113&M.R. Ersdalorg21&B. Espagnonorg78&G.
Eulisseorg34&D. Evansorg111&S. Evdokimovorg91&L. Fabbiettiorg105&M.
Fagginorg28&J. Faivreorg79&F. Fanorg6&A. Fantoniorg52&M. Faselorg96&P.
Fecchioorg30&A. Felicielloorg59&G. Feofilovorg113&A. Fernández Téllezorg45&A.
Ferreroorg137&A. Ferrettiorg25&A. Festantiorg34&V.J.G. Feuillardorg104&J.
Figielorg118&S. Filchaginorg109&D. Finogeevorg62&F.M. Fiondaorg21&G.
Fiorenzaorg53&F. Flororg125&A.N. Floresorg119&S. Foertschorg72&P.
Fokaorg107&S. Fokinorg88&E. Fragiacomoorg60&U. Frankenfeldorg107&U.
Fuchsorg34&C. Furgetorg79&A. Fursorg62&M. Fusco Girardorg29&J.J.
Gaardhøjeorg89&M. Gagliardiorg25&A.M. Gagoorg112&A. Galorg136&C.D.
Galvanorg120&P. Ganotiorg84&C. Garabatosorg107&J.R.A. Garciaorg45&E. Garcia-
Solisorg11&K. Gargorg115&C. Gargiuloorg34&A. Garibliorg87&K. Garnerorg144&P.
Gasikorg105,org107&E.F. Gaugerorg119&M.B. Gay Ducatiorg70&M. Germainorg115&J.
Ghoshorg110&P. Ghoshorg141&S.K. Ghoshorg3&M. Giacaloneorg26&P.
Gianottiorg52&P. Giubellinoorg59,org107&P. Giubilatoorg28&A.M.C.
Glaenzerorg137&P. Glässelorg104&A. Gomez Ramirezorg74&V.
Gonzalezorg107,org143&L.H. González-Truebaorg71&S. Gorbunovorg39&L.
Görlichorg118&A. Goswamiorg49&S. Gotovacorg35&V. Grabskiorg71&L.K.
Graczykowskiorg142&K.L. Grahamorg111&L. Greinerorg80&A. Grelliorg63&C.
Grigorasorg34&V. Grigorievorg93&A. Grigoryanorg1&S. Grigoryanorg75&O.S.
Groettvikorg21&F. Grosaorg30,org59&J.F. Grosse-Oetringhausorg34&R.
Grossoorg107&R. Guernaneorg79&M. Guittiereorg115&K. Gulbrandsenorg89&T.
Gunjiorg132&A. Guptaorg101&R. Guptaorg101&I.B. Guzmanorg45&R. Haakeorg146&M.K.
Habiborg107&C. Hadjidakisorg78&H. Hamagakiorg82&G. Hamarorg145&M. Hamidorg6&R.
Hanniganorg119&M.R. Haqueorg63,org86&A. Harlenderovaorg107&J.W.
Harrisorg146&A. Hartonorg11&J.A. Hasenbichlerorg34&H. Hassanorg96&Q.U.
Hassanorg14&D. Hatzifotiadouorg10,org54&P. Hauerorg43&L.B. Havenerorg146&S.
Hayashiorg132&S.T. Heckelorg105&E. Hellbärorg68&H. Helstruporg36&A.
Herghelegiuorg48&T. Hermanorg37&E.G. Hernandezorg45&G. Herrera Corralorg9&F.
Herrmannorg144&K.F. Hetlandorg36&H. Hillemannsorg34&C. Hillsorg127&B.
Hippolyteorg136&B. Hohlwegerorg105&J. Honermannorg144&D. Horakorg37&A.
Hornungorg68&S. Hornungorg107&R. Hosokawaorg15,org133&P. Hristovorg34&C.
Huangorg78&C. Hughesorg130&P. Huhnorg68&T.J. Humanicorg97&H.
Hushnudorg110&L.A. Husovaorg144&N. Hussainorg42&S.A. Hussainorg14&D.
Hutterorg39&J.P. Iddonorg34,org127&R. Ilkaevorg109&H. Ilyasorg14&M.
Inabaorg133&G.M. Innocentiorg34&M. Ippolitovorg88&A. Isakovorg95&M.S.
Islamorg110&M. Ivanovorg107&V. Ivanovorg98&V. Izucheevorg91&B. Jacakorg80&N.
Jacazioorg34,org54&P.M. Jacobsorg80&S. Jadlovskaorg117&J. Jadlovskyorg117&S.
Jaelaniorg63&C. Jahnkeorg121&M.J. Jakubowskaorg142&M.A. Janikorg142&T.
Jansonorg74&M. Jercicorg99&O. Jevonsorg111&M. Jinorg125&F.
Jonasorg96,org144&P.G. Jonesorg111&J. Jungorg68&M. Jungorg68&A. Juskoorg111&P.
Kalinakorg64&A. Kalweitorg34&V. Kaplinorg93&S. Karorg6&A. Karasu Uysalorg77&D.
Karatovicorg99&O. Karavichevorg62&T. Karavichevaorg62&P. Karczmarczykorg142&E.
Karpechevorg62&A. Kazantsevorg88&U. Kebschullorg74&R. Keidelorg47&M.
Keilorg34&B. Ketzerorg43&Z. Khabanovaorg90&A.M. Khanorg6&S. Khanorg16&A.
Khanzadeevorg98&Y. Kharlovorg91&A. Khatunorg16&A. Khuntiaorg118&B.
Kilengorg36&B. Kimorg61&B. Kimorg133&D. Kimorg147&D.J. Kimorg126&E.J.
Kimorg73&H. Kimorg17&J. Kimorg147&J.S. Kimorg41&J. Kimorg104&J. Kimorg147&J.
Kimorg73&M. Kimorg104&S. Kimorg18&T. Kimorg147&T. Kimorg147&S. Kirschorg68&I.
Kiselorg39&S. Kiselevorg92&A. Kisielorg142&J.L. Klayorg5&C. Kleinorg68&J.
Kleinorg34,org59&S. Kleinorg80&C. Klein-Bösingorg144&M. Kleinerorg68&A.
Klugeorg34&M.L. Knichelorg34&A.G. Knospeorg125&C. Kobdajorg116&M.K.
Köhlerorg104&T. Kolleggerorg107&A. Kondratyevorg75&N. Kondratyevaorg93&E.
Kondratyukorg91&J. Konigorg68&S.A. Konigstorferorg105&P.J. Konopkaorg34&G.
Kornakovorg142&L. Koskaorg117&O. Kovalenkoorg85&V. Kovalenkoorg113&M.
Kowalskiorg118&I. Králikorg64&A. Kravčákováorg38&L. Kreisorg107&M.
Krivdaorg64,org111&F. Krizekorg95&K. Krizkova Gajdosovaorg37&M. Krügerorg68&E.
Kryshenorg98&M. Krzewickiorg39&A.M. Kuberaorg97&V. Kučeraorg34,org61&C.
Kuhnorg136&P.G. Kuijerorg90&L. Kumarorg100&S. Kunduorg86&P. Kurashviliorg85&A.
Kurepinorg62&A.B. Kurepinorg62&A. Kuryakinorg109&S. Kushpilorg95&J.
Kvapilorg111&M.J. Kweonorg61&J.Y. Kwonorg61&Y. Kwonorg147&S.L. La
Pointeorg39&P. La Roccaorg27&Y.S. Laiorg80&M. Lamannaorg34&R. Langoyorg129&K.
Lapidusorg34&A. Lardeuxorg20&P. Larionovorg52&E. Laudiorg34&R. Lavickaorg37&T.
Lazarevaorg113&R. Leaorg24&L. Leardiniorg104&J. Leeorg133&S. Leeorg147&S.
Lehnerorg114&J. Lehrbachorg39&R.C. Lemmonorg94&I. León Monzónorg120&E.D.
Lesserorg19&M. Lettrichorg34&P. Lévaiorg145&X. Liorg12&X.L. Liorg6&J.
Lienorg129&R. Lietavaorg111&B. Limorg17&V. Lindenstruthorg39&A.
Lindnerorg48&C. Lippmannorg107&M.A. Lisaorg97&A. Liuorg19&J. Liuorg127&S.
Liuorg97&W.J. Llopeorg143&I.M. Lofnesorg21&V. Loginovorg93&C. Loizidesorg96&P.
Loncarorg35&J.A. Lopezorg104&X. Lopezorg134&E. López Torresorg8&J.R.
Luhderorg144&M. Lunardonorg28&G. Luparelloorg60&Y.G. Maorg40&A.
Maevskayaorg62&M. Magerorg34&S.M. Mahmoodorg20&T. Mahmoudorg43&A.
Maireorg136&R.D. Majkaorg146org*&M. Malaevorg98&Q.W. Malikorg20&L.
Malininaorg75orgIII&D. Mal’Kevichorg92&P. Malzacherorg107&G.
Mandaglioorg32,org56&V. Mankoorg88&F. Mansoorg134&V. Manzariorg53&Y.
Maoorg6&M. Marchisoneorg135&J. Marešorg66&G.V. Margagliottiorg24&A.
Margottiorg54&J. Marguttiorg63&A. Marínorg107&C. Markertorg119&M.
Marquardorg68&C.D. Martinorg24&N.A. Martinorg104&P. Martinengoorg34&J.L.
Martinezorg125&M.I. Martínezorg45&G. Martínez Garcíaorg115&S.
Masciocchiorg107&M. Maseraorg25&A. Masoniorg55&L. Massacrierorg78&E.
Massonorg115&A. Mastroserioorg53,org138&A.M. Mathisorg105&O.
Matonohaorg81&P.F.T. Matuokaorg121&A. Matyjaorg118&C. Mayerorg118&F.
Mazzaschiorg25&M. Mazzilliorg53&M.A. Mazzoniorg58&A.F. Mechlerorg68&F.
Meddiorg22&Y. Melikyanorg62,org93&A. Menchaca-Rochaorg71&E.
Meninnoorg29,org114&A.S. Menonorg125&M. Meresorg13&S. Mhlangaorg124&Y.
Miakeorg133&L. Michelettiorg25&L.C. Migliorinorg135&D.L. Mihaylovorg105&K.
Mikhaylovorg75,org92&A.N. Mishraorg69&D. Miśkowiecorg107&A. Modakorg3&N.
Mohammadiorg34&A.P. Mohantyorg63&B. Mohantyorg86&M. Mohisin Khanorg16orgIV&Z.
Moravcovaorg89&C. Mordasiniorg105&D.A. Moreira De Godoyorg144&L.A.P.
Morenoorg45&I. Morozovorg62&A. Morschorg34&T. Mrnjavacorg34&V.
Mucciforaorg52&E. Mudnicorg35&D. Mühlheimorg144&S. Muhuriorg141&J.D.
Mulliganorg80&A. Mulliriorg23,org55&M.G. Munhozorg121&R.H. Munzerorg68&H.
Murakamiorg132&S. Murrayorg124&L. Musaorg34&J. Musinskyorg64&C.J.
Myersorg125&J.W. Myrchaorg142&B. Naikorg49&R. Nairorg85&B.K. Nandiorg49&R.
Naniaorg10,org54&E. Nappiorg53&M.U. Naruorg14&A.F. Nassirpourorg81&C.
Nattrassorg130&R. Nayakorg49&T.K. Nayakorg86&S. Nazarenkoorg109&A.
Neaguorg20&R.A. Negrao De Oliveiraorg68&L. Nellenorg69&S.V. Nesboorg36&G.
Neskovicorg39&D. Nesterovorg113&L.T. Neumannorg142&B.S. Nielsenorg89&S.
Nikolaevorg88&S. Nikulinorg88&V. Nikulinorg98&F. Noferiniorg10,org54&P.
Nomokonovorg75&J. Normanorg79,org127&N. Novitzkyorg133&P. Nowakowskiorg142&A.
Nyaninorg88&J. Nystrandorg21&M. Oginoorg82&A. Ohlsonorg81,org104&J.
Oleniaczorg142&A.C. Oliveira Da Silvaorg130&M.H. Oliverorg146&C.
Oppedisanoorg59&A. Ortiz Velasquezorg69&A. Oskarssonorg81&J.
Otwinowskiorg118&K. Oyamaorg82&Y. Pachmayerorg104&V. Pacikorg89&S.
Padhanorg49&D. Paganoorg140&G. Paićorg69&J. Panorg143&S. Panebiancoorg137&P.
Pareekorg50,org141&J. Parkorg61&J.E. Parkkilaorg126&S. Parmarorg100&S.P.
Pathakorg125&B. Paulorg23&J. Pazziniorg140&H. Peiorg6&T. Peitzmannorg63&X.
Pengorg6&L.G. Pereiraorg70&H. Pereira Da Costaorg137&D. Peresunkoorg88&G.M.
Perezorg8&S. Perrinorg137&Y. Pestovorg4&V. Petráčekorg37&M.
Petroviciorg48&R.P. Pezziorg70&S. Pianoorg60&M. Piknaorg13&P. Pillotorg115&O.
Pinazzaorg34,org54&L. Pinskyorg125&C. Pintoorg27&S. Pisanoorg10,org52&D.
Pistoneorg56&M. Płoskońorg80&M. Planinicorg99&F. Pliquettorg68&M.G.
Poghosyanorg96&B. Polichtchoukorg91&N. Poljakorg99&A. Poporg48&S. Porteboeuf-
Houssaisorg134&V. Pozdniakovorg75&S.K. Prasadorg3&R. Preghenellaorg54&F.
Prinoorg59&C.A. Pruneauorg143&I. Pshenichnovorg62&M. Puccioorg34&J.
Putschkeorg143&S. Qiuorg90&L. Quagliaorg25&R.E. Quishpeorg125&S.
Ragoniorg111&S. Rahaorg3&S. Rajputorg101&J. Rakorg126&A.
Rakotozafindrabeorg137&L. Ramelloorg31&F. Ramiorg136&S.A.R. Ramirezorg45&R.
Raniwalaorg102&S. Raniwalaorg102&S.S. Räsänenorg44&R. Rathorg50&V.
Ratzaorg43&I. Ravasengaorg90&K.F. Readorg96,org130&A.R. Redelbachorg39&K.
Redlichorg85orgV&A. Rehmanorg21&P. Reicheltorg68&F. Reidtorg34&X. Renorg6&R.
Renfordtorg68&Z. Rescakovaorg38&K. Reygersorg104&A. Riabovorg98&V.
Riabovorg98&T. Richertorg81,org89&M. Richterorg20&P. Riedlerorg34&W.
Rieglerorg34&F. Riggiorg27&C. Risteaorg67&S.P. Rodeorg50&M. Rodríguez
Cahuantziorg45&K. Røedorg20&R. Rogalevorg91&E. Rogochayaorg75&D. Rohrorg34&D.
Röhrichorg21&P.F. Rojasorg45&P.S. Rokitaorg142&F. Ronchettiorg52&A.
Rosanoorg56&E.D. Rosasorg69&K. Roslonorg142&A. Rossiorg28,org57&A.
Rotondiorg139&A. Royorg50&P. Royorg110&O.V. Ruedaorg81&R. Ruiorg24&B.
Rumyantsevorg75&A. Rustamovorg87&E. Ryabinkinorg88&Y. Ryabovorg98&A.
Rybickiorg118&H. Rytkonenorg126&O.A.M. Saarimakiorg44&S. Sadhuorg141&S.
Sadovskyorg91&K. Šafaříkorg37&S.K. Sahaorg141&B. Sahooorg49&P. Sahooorg49&R.
Sahooorg50&S. Sahooorg65&P.K. Sahuorg65&J. Sainiorg141&S. Sakaiorg133&S.
Sambyalorg101&V. Samsonovorg93,org98&D. Sarkarorg143&N. Sarkarorg141&P.
Sarmaorg42&V.M. Sartiorg105&M.H.P. Sasorg63&E. Scapparoneorg54&J.
Schambachorg119&H.S. Scheidorg68&C. Schiauaorg48&R. Schickerorg104&A.
Schmahorg104&C. Schmidtorg107&H.R. Schmidtorg103&M.O. Schmidtorg104&M.
Schmidtorg103&N.V. Schmidtorg68,org96&A.R. Schmierorg130&J. Schukraftorg89&Y.
Schutzorg136&K. Schwarzorg107&K. Schwedaorg107&G. Scioliorg26&E.
Scomparinorg59&J.E. Segerorg15&Y. Sekiguchiorg132&D. Sekihataorg132&I.
Selyuzhenkovorg93,org107&S. Senyukovorg136&D. Serebryakovorg62&A.
Sevcencoorg67&A. Shabanovorg62&A. Shabetaiorg115&R. Shahoyanorg34&W.
Shaikhorg110&A. Shangaraevorg91&A. Sharmaorg100&A. Sharmaorg101&H.
Sharmaorg118&M. Sharmaorg101&N. Sharmaorg100&S. Sharmaorg101&O.
Sheibaniorg125&K. Shigakiorg46&M. Shimomuraorg83&S. Shirinkinorg92&Q.
Shouorg40&Y. Sibiriakorg88&S. Siddhantaorg55&T. Siemiarczukorg85&D.
Silvermyrorg81&G. Simatovicorg90&G. Simonettiorg34&B. Singhorg105&R.
Singhorg86&R. Singhorg101&R. Singhorg50&V.K. Singhorg141&V. Singhalorg141&T.
Sinhaorg110&B. Sitarorg13&M. Sittaorg31&T.B. Skaaliorg20&M. Slupeckiorg44&N.
Smirnovorg146&R.J.M. Snellingsorg63&C. Sonccoorg112&J. Songorg125&A.
Songmoolnakorg116&F. Soramelorg28&S. Sorensenorg130&I. Sputowskaorg118&J.
Stachelorg104&I. Stanorg67&P.J. Steffanicorg130&E. Stenlundorg81&S.F.
Stiefelmaierorg104&D. Stoccoorg115&M.M. Storetvedtorg36&L.D.
Strittoorg29&A.A.P. Suaideorg121&T. Sugitateorg46&C. Suireorg78&M.
Suleymanovorg14&M. Suljicorg34&R. Sultanovorg92&M. Šumberaorg95&V.
Sumberiaorg101&S. Sumowidagdoorg51&S. Swainorg65&A. Szaboorg13&I.
Szarkaorg13&U. Tabassamorg14&S.F. Taghaviorg105&G. Taillepiedorg134&J.
Takahashiorg122&G.J. Tambaveorg21&S. Tangorg6,org134&M. Tarhiniorg115&M.G.
Tarzilaorg48&A. Tauroorg34&G. Tejeda Muñozorg45&A. Telescaorg34&L.
Terlizziorg25&C. Terrevoliorg125&D. Thakurorg50&S. Thakurorg141&D.
Thomasorg119&F. Thoresenorg89&R. Tieulentorg135&A. Tikhonovorg62&A.R.
Timminsorg125&A. Toiaorg68&N. Topilskayaorg62&M. Toppiorg52&F. Torales-
Acostaorg19&S.R. Torresorg37&A. Trifiróorg32,org56&S. Tripathyorg50,org69&T.
Tripathyorg49&S. Trogoloorg28&G. Trombettaorg33&L. Tropporg38&V.
Trubnikovorg2&W.H. Trzaskaorg126&T.P. Trzcinskiorg142&B.A.
Trzeciakorg37,org63&A. Tumkinorg109&R. Turrisiorg57&T.S. Tveterorg20&K.
Ullalandorg21&E.N. Umakaorg125&A. Urasorg135&G.L. Usaiorg23&M. Valaorg38&N.
Valleorg139&S. Valleroorg59&N. van der Kolkorg63&L.V.R. van Doremalenorg63&M.
van Leeuwenorg63&P. Vande Vyvreorg34&D. Vargaorg145&Z. Vargaorg145&M. Varga-
Kofaragoorg145&A. Vargasorg45&M. Vasileiouorg84&A. Vasilievorg88&O. Vázquez
Doceorg105&V. Vecherninorg113&E. Vercellinorg25&S. Vergara Limónorg45&L.
Vermuntorg63&R. Vernetorg7&R. Vértesiorg145&L. Vickovicorg35&Z.
Vilakaziorg131&O. Villalobos Baillieorg111&G. Vinoorg53&A. Vinogradovorg88&T.
Virgiliorg29&V. Vislaviciusorg89&A. Vodopyanovorg75&B. Volkelorg34&M.A.
Völklorg103&K. Voloshinorg92&S.A. Voloshinorg143&G. Volpeorg33&B. von
Hallerorg34&I. Vorobyevorg105&D. Voscekorg117&J. Vrlákováorg38&B.
Wagnerorg21&M. Weberorg114&S.G. Weberorg144&A. Wegrzynekorg34&S.C.
Wenzelorg34&J.P. Wesselsorg144&J. Wiechulaorg68&J. Wikneorg20&G. Wilkorg85&J.
Wilkinsonorg10,org54&G.A. Willemsorg144&E. Willsherorg111&B.
Windelbandorg104&M. Winnorg137&W.E. Wittorg130&J.R. Wrightorg119&Y.
Wuorg128&R. Xuorg6&S. Yalcinorg77&Y. Yamaguchiorg46&K. Yamakawaorg46&S.
Yangorg21&S. Yanoorg137&Z. Yinorg6&H. Yokoyamaorg63&I.-K. Yooorg17&J.H.
Yoonorg61&S. Yuanorg21&A. Yuncuorg104&V. Yurchenkoorg2&V. Zaccoloorg24&A.
Zamanorg14&C. Zampolliorg34&H.J.C. Zanoliorg63&N. Zardoshtiorg34&A.
Zarochentsevorg113&P. Závadaorg66&N. Zaviyalovorg109&H. Zbroszczykorg142&M.
Zhalovorg98&S. Zhangorg40&X. Zhangorg6&Z. Zhangorg6&V. Zherebchevskiiorg113&D.
Zhouorg6&Y. Zhouorg89&Z. Zhouorg21&J. Zhuorg6,org107&Y. Zhuorg6&A.
Zichichiorg10,org26&G. Zinovjevorg2&N. Zurloorg140&

## Affiliation notes

org*Deceased

orgIItalian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable
Economic Development (ENEA), Bologna, Italy

orgIIDipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy

orgIIIM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of
Nuclear, Physics, Moscow, Russia

orgIVDepartment of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

orgVInstitute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Poland

## Collaboration Institutes

org1A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute)
Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia

org2Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine

org3Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics
and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India

org4Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia

org5California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California,
United States

org6Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China

org7Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

org8Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana,
Cuba

org9Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City
and Mérida, Mexico

org10Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche
“Enrico Fermi’, Rome, Italy

org11Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, United States

org12China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China

org13Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and
Informatics, Bratislava, Slovakia

org14COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

org15Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States

org16Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

org17Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of
Korea

org18Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

org19Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California,
United States

org20Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

org21Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen,
Norway

org22Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università ’La Sapienza’ and Sezione INFN,
Rome, Italy

org23Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy

org24Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy

org25Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

org26Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN,
Bologna, Italy

org27Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN,
Catania, Italy

org28Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN,
Padova, Italy

org29Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo
Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy

org30Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

org31Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell’Università del
Piemonte Orientale and INFN Sezione di Torino, Alessandria, Italy

org32Dipartimento di Scienze MIFT, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy

org33Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari,
Italy

org34European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland

org35Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia

org36Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied
Sciences, Bergen, Norway

org37Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical
University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

org38Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia

org39Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-
Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

org40Fudan University, Shanghai, China

org41Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea

org42Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India

org43Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-
Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

org44Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland

org45High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico

org46Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

org47Hochschule Worms, Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation
(ZTT), Worms, Germany

org48Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering,
Bucharest, Romania

org49Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India

org50Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India

org51Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia

org52INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy

org53INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

org54INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

org55INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

org56INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy

org57INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

org58INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy

org59INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy

org60INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy

org61Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

org62Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

org63Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht,
Netherlands

org64Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice,
Slovakia

org65Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, India

org66Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech
Republic

org67Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania

org68Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt,
Frankfurt, Germany

org69Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Mexico City, Mexico

org70Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS),
Porto Alegre, Brazil

org71Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
City, Mexico

org72iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa

org73Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea

org74Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik,
Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, Germany

org75Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia

org76Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic
of Korea

org77KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey

org78Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis, Irène Joliot-Curie, Orsay, France

org79Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université
Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France

org80Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United
States

org81Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics,
Lund, Sweden

org82Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan

org83Nara Women’s University (NWU), Nara, Japan

org84National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science,
Department of Physics , Athens, Greece

org85National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland

org86National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha
National Institute, Jatni, India

org87National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan

org88National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia

org89Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

org90Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands

org91NRC Kurchatov Institute IHEP, Protvino, Russia

org92NRC «Kurchatov» Institute - ITEP, Moscow, Russia

org93NRNU Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia

org94Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United
Kingdom

org95Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež u Prahy,
Czech Republic

org96Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States

org97Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States

org98Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia

org99Physics department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,
Croatia

org100Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

org101Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India

org102Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India

org103Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen,
Germany

org104Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg,
Heidelberg, Germany

org105Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

org106Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy

org107Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI
Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany

org108Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

org109Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia

org110Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute,
Kolkata, India

org111School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham,
United Kingdom

org112Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad
Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru

org113St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

org114Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria

org115SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes,
France

org116Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

org117Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia

org118The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Cracow, Poland

org119The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States

org120Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico

org121Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil

org122Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

org123Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil

org124University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

org125University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States

org126University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

org127University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

org128University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

org129University of South-Eastern Norway, Tonsberg, Norway

org130University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States

org131University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

org132University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

org133University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

org134Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France

org135Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon,
Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

org136Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg,
France, Strasbourg, France

org137Université Paris-Saclay Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU,
Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Saclay, France

org138Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy

org139Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

org140Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy

org141Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute,
Kolkata, India

org142Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

org143Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States

org144Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik,
Münster, Germany

org145Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary

org146Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States

org147Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea