superconductors are also highly expected. Besides Na doped T-carbon
superconductor, are there any other superconductors with much higher
superconducting transition temperature in T-carbon doped with other elements,
such as IIIA group elements as well as in double or triple doped T-carbon?
Topological superconductivity is a hot topic for topological quantum
computation. Whether it is possible to achieve both topological states and
superconductivity in T-carbon-based materials so that to realize Majorana
fermions is worthy of further study.

The peculiar global graphitization of T-carbon with the tensile strain was
rarely reported in other carbon materials, which provided a strategy to
improve the ductility and failure strain of other carbon materials. The reason
for the high ductility of T-carbon is attributed to the $sp^{2}$ dominated
networks, which exhibit a comparable or even higher failure stress compared to
the original $sp^{3}$ networks of T-carbon above the critical temperature.
Therefore, appropriate methods should be implemented to improve the mechanical
strength of $sp^{2}$ networks or reduce the mechanical strength of $sp^{3}$.

The studies on other carbon materials also enlightens the further researches
of T-carbon. Nanodiamonds inherit many properties of bulk diamonds, but as the
size decreases, quantum effects become significant, which makes nanodiamonds
exhibit many unique characteristics, such as strong absorption in the visible
region. The physical properties of nanodiamonds can be tuned by impurities on
the surface or in cores of nanodiamonds [354]. Similarly, the nanostructures
of T-carbon may exhibit many novel characters beyond bulk T-carbon, which
requires further study. In the past decades, the autoelectron emission has
attracted much attention in various carbon nanostructures, aiming at making a
field-emission cathode. Carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, the nanodiamond
powder-based coatings were revealed to have good applications in the field-
emission cathode [355], which can be extended to T-carbon.

To achieve practical applications of T-carbon, the most essential issue is to
massively produce T-carbon. How to improve the current experimental routes or
adopt new experimental methods to synthesize massive T-carbon should be the
focus of future experiments. The CVD method is widely used in the mass
production of carbon allotropes including diamond, carbon nanotubes, graphene
and so on [356, 357, 358]. For example, about 10 tonnes of diamond films are
produced annually by CVD [359]. There are many types of CVD methods, among
others the PECVD has been used for the synthesis of T-carbon. More CVD-based
T-carbon synthesis schemes can be implemented by attempting different CVD
experimental conditions, including energy supply, temperature range, pressure
range, heated gas or ionization plasma used as carbon-containing precursors,
substrate selection and the pretreatment of the samples [356]. In addition,
high-quality T-carbon samples could be grown in a carbon-hydrogen chemical
vapor transport system with minimum experimental effort [360, 361].

High temperature preparation techniques such as arc discharge or laser
irradiation are suitable for the synthesis of T-carbon. For instance, CNTs can
be formed by arc discharge deposition and pulsed laser deposition, and diamond
can be obtained directly from carbon by nanosecond laser irradiation in air
[357, 362]. The chemical technologies are also feasible for the synthesis of
carbon allotropes. The reaction of potassium with CO2 results in the formation
of 3D honeycomb-like graphene [363]. The impact of the pressure of 25–45 GPa
and temperature of 800–900 ℃ was found to decompose ankerite Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2
to form diamond [364]. Choosing suitable carbon-containing precursors in
suitable reaction conditions may produce T-carbon by chemical technologies.
Furthermore, one could try if there is a feasible way to obtain a large number
of C4 units, and then use them as superatoms to further synthesize T-carbon.
Therefore, more experimental attempts to massively prepare T-carbon would come
soon, which will lead to more experimental and theoretical works on T-carbon
in future.

## Acknowledgments

This work is supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant
No. 2018YFA0305800), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences (Grants No. XDB28000000), the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant No.11834014), and Beijing Municipal Science and
Technology Commission (Grant No. Z191100007219013).

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