2017 237 11 September J/$\psi$ elliptic flow in Pb–Pb collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV ALICE Collaboration††thanks: See Appendix A for
the list of collaboration members ALICE Collaboration

We report a precise measurement of the J/$\psi$ elliptic flow in Pb–Pb
collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}~{}=~{}5.02$ TeV with the ALICE detector at
the LHC. The J/$\psi$ mesons are reconstructed at mid-rapidity ($|y|<0.9$) in
the dielectron decay channel and at forward rapidity ($2.5<y<4.0$) in the
dimuon channel, both down to zero transverse momentum. At forward rapidity,
the elliptic flow $v_{2}$ of the J/$\psi$ is studied as a function of
transverse momentum and centrality. A positive $v_{2}$ is observed in the
transverse momentum range $2<p_{\rm T}<8$ GeV/$c$ in the three centrality
classes studied and confirms with higher statistics our earlier results at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$ TeV in semi-central collisions. At mid-rapidity, the
J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ is investigated as a function of transverse momentum in semi-
central collisions and found to be in agreement with the measurements at
forward rapidity. These results are compared to transport model calculations.
The comparison supports the idea that at low $p_{\rm T}$ the elliptic flow of
the J/$\psi$ originates from the thermalization of charm quarks in the
deconfined medium, but suggests that additional mechanisms might be missing in
the models.

Extreme conditions of temperature and pressure created in ultra-relativistic
heavy-ion collisions enable exploration of the phase diagram region where
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) predicts the existence of a deconfined state, the
Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) [1, 2]. Heavy quarks are produced through hard-
scattering processes prior to the formation of the QGP and experience the
evolution through interactions in the medium. Therefore, the measurement of
bound states of heavy quarks, such as the J/$\psi$, is expected to provide
sensitive probes of the strongly-interacting medium [3]. Theoretical
calculations based on lattice QCD predict a J/$\psi$ suppression to be induced
by the screening of the color force in a deconfined medium which becomes
stronger as the temperature increases [4, 5]. In a complementary way to this
static approach, J/$\psi$ suppression can be also interpreted as the result of
dynamical interactions with the surrounding partons [6, 7, 8]. Within these
scenarios, the J/$\psi$ suppression, experimentally quantified via the nuclear
modification factor, $R_{\rm{AA}}$ (the ratio between the yields in Pb–Pb to
$pp$ collisions normalised by the number of nucleon–-nucleon collisions), is
expected to become stronger (smaller $R_{\rm{AA}}$) with higher initial
temperatures of the QGP, hence with higher collision energies. However, the
$R_{\rm{AA}}$ of inclusive 111Inclusive J/$\psi$ include prompt J/$\psi$
(direct and decays from higher mass charmonium states) and non-prompt J/$\psi$
(feed down from b-hadron decays). In this Letter, all J/$\psi$ measurements
refer to inclusive J/$\psi$ production unless otherwise stated. J/$\psi$ with
transverse momentum $\mbox{$p_{\rm T}$}<8$ GeV/c observed by the ALICE
Collaboration in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$ TeV [9] and
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV [10] is larger than what has been measured at
lower energies at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) [11, 12, 13, 14]
and exhibits almost no centrality dependence. Furthermore, in central
collisions the measured $R_{\rm{AA}}$ values decrease from low to high $p_{\rm
T}$ [15, 16]. The J/$\psi$ $R_{\rm{AA}}$ enhancement from RHIC to LHC energies
can be explained by theoretical models [17, 18, 7, 19, 8, 6] which include a
dominant contribution from J/$\psi$ (re)generation through (re)combination of
thermalized charm quarks in the medium, during or at the phase boundary of the
deconfined phase 222The terms (re)generation and (re)combination denote the
two possible mechanisms of J/$\psi$ generation by combination of charm quarks
at the QGP phase boundary and the continuous dissociation and recombination of
charm quarks during the QGP evolution..

Additional observables are required to better constrain theoretical models and
study the interplay between suppression and regeneration mechanisms [20]. The
azimuthal anisotropy of the final-state particle momentum distribution is
sensitive to the geometry and the dynamics of the early stages of the
collisions. The spatial anisotropy in the initial matter distribution due to
the nuclear overlap region in non-central collisions is transferred to the
final momentum distribution via multiple collisions in a strongly coupled
system [21]. The beam axis and the impact parameter vector of the colliding
nuclei define the reaction plane. The second coefficient ($v_{2}$) of the
Fourier expansion of the final state particle azimuthal distribution with
respect to the reaction plane is called elliptic flow.

Within the transport model scenario [7, 19], (re)generated J/$\psi$ inherit
the flow of the (re)combined charm quarks. If charm quarks do thermalize in
the QGP, then (re)generated J/$\psi$ can exhibit a large elliptic flow. In
contrast, only a small azimuthal anisotropy, due to the shorter in-plane
versus out-of-plane pathlength, is predicted for the surviving primordial
J/$\psi$. The ALICE and CMS collaboration have measured a positive elliptic
flow of D mesons in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV [22, 23].
The comparison of J/$\psi$ and D-meson $v_{2}$ could help to constrain the
dynamics of charm quarks in the medium and the theoretical model calculations
[24, 25, 26].

At RHIC, the STAR Collaboration measured, in Au–Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm
NN}}=200$ GeV, a J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ consistent with zero, albeit with large
uncertainties [27]. At the LHC a first indication of positive J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$
was observed by the ALICE Collaboration in semi-central Pb–Pb collisions at
$\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$ TeV with a $2.7\sigma$ significance for inclusive
J/$\psi$ with $2<p_{\rm T}<6$ GeV/$c$ at forward rapidity [28]. The CMS
Collaboration also reported a positive $v_{2}$ for prompt J/$\psi$ at high
$p_{\rm T}$ and mid-rapidity [29]. A precision measurement of the J/$\psi$
$v_{2}$ in Pb–Pb collisions at the highest LHC energy will provide valuable
insights on the J/$\psi$ production mechanisms and on the thermalization of
charm quarks. Indeed, the higher energy density of the medium should favor
charm quark thermalization, and thus increase its flow. In addition, the
larger number of produced $\rm{c\bar{c}}$ pairs should increase the fraction
of J/$\psi$ formed by regeneration mechanisms, both leading to an increase of
the observed J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$.

In this Letter, we report ALICE results on inclusive J/$\psi$ elliptic flow in
Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV for two rapidity ranges. At
forward rapidity ($2.5<y<4.0$) the J/$\psi$ are measured via the
$\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$ decay channel and at mid-rapidity ($|y|<0.9$) via the
$e^{+}e^{-}$ decay channel. The results are presented as a function of $p_{\rm
T}$ in the range $0<p_{\rm T}<12$ GeV/$c$. For the dimuon channel different
collision centralities are also investigated.

The ALICE detector is described in [30]. At forward rapidity the production of
quarkonia is measured with the muon spectrometer 333In the ALICE reference
frame, the muon spectrometer covers a negative $\eta$ range and consequently a
negative $y$ range. We have chosen to present our results with a positive $y$
notation, due to the symmetry of the collision system. consisting of a front
absorber stopping the hadrons followed by five tracking stations comprising
two planes of cathode pad chambers each, with the third station inside a
dipole magnet. The tracking apparatus is completed by a triggering system made
of four planes of resistive plate chambers downstream of an iron wall. At mid-
rapidity quarkonium production is measured with the central barrel detectors
[31]. Tracking within $|\eta|<0.9$ is performed by the Inner Tracking System
(ITS) [32] and the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) [33]. The specific ionization
energy loss ($\text{d}E/\text{d}x$) in the gas of the TPC is used for particle
identification (PID). In addition the Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD) is used to
locate the interaction point. The SPD corresponds to the two innermost layers
of the ITS covering respectively $|\eta|<2.0$ and $|\eta|<1.4$. The V0
counters [34], consisting of two arrays of 32 scintillator sectors each
covering $2.8\leq\eta\leq 5.1$ (V0-A) and $-3.7\leq\eta\leq-1.7$ (V0-C), are
used as trigger and centrality detectors [35, 36]. As described later, the
SPD, TPC, V0-A, and V0-C are also used as event plane detectors. All of these
detectors have full azimuthal coverage.

The data were collected in 2015. The analysis at mid-rapidity uses minimum
bias (MB) Pb–Pb collisions. The MB trigger requires a signal in both V0-A and
V0-C and is fully efficient for the centrality range 0–90%. At forward
rapidity, the analysis uses opposite-sign dimuon (MU) triggered Pb–Pb
collisions. The MU trigger requires a MB trigger and at least a pair of
opposite-sign track segments in the muon trigger system, each with a $p_{\rm
T}$ above the threshold of the on-line trigger algorithm, set to provide 50%
efficiency for muon tracks with $\mbox{$p_{\rm T}$}=1$ GeV/$c$. The beam-
induced background was further reduced offline using the V0 and the zero
degree calorimeter (ZDC) timing information. The contribution from
electromagnetic processes was removed by requiring a minimum energy deposited
in the neutron ZDCs [37]. The resulting data samples correspond to integrated
luminosities of about 13 $\mu$b-1 and 225 $\mu$b-1 at mid- and forward
rapidity, respectively.

J/$\psi$ candidates are formed by combining pairs of opposite-sign tracks
reconstructed in the geometrical acceptance of the muon spectrometer or
central barrel. The reconstructed tracks in the muon tracker are required to
match a track segment in the muon trigger system above the aforementioned
$p_{\rm T}$ threshold. At mid-rapidity the tracks must pass a $p_{\rm T}$ cut
of $1$ GeV/$c$ and an electron selection criterion based on the expected
$\text{d}E/\text{d}x$ [33].

The dimuon $v_{2}$ is calculated using event plane (EP) based methods. The
angle of the reaction plane of the collision is estimated, event by event, by
the second harmonic EP angle $\Psi$ [38], which is obtained from the azimuthal
distribution of reconstructed tracks in the TPC or track segments in the SPD
for the mid- and forward rapidity analyses, respectively. Effects of non-
uniform acceptance in the EP determination are corrected using the methods
described in [39]. At mid-rapidity, the EP was calculated for each electron
pair subtracting the contribution of the pair tracks to remove auto-
correlations.

The J/$\psi$ $p_{\rm T}$ results were obtained, as proposed in [40], by
fitting the distribution of $v_{2}=\langle\cos 2(\varphi-\Psi)\rangle$ versus
the invariant mass ($m_{\ell\ell}$) of the dilepton pair, with $\varphi$ being
its azimuthal angle. The total flow $v_{2}(m_{\ell\ell})$ is the combination
of the signal and the background flow and can be expressed as

$v_{2}(m_{\ell\ell})=v_{2}^{\rm sig}\alpha(m_{\ell\ell})+v_{2}^{\rm
bkg}(m_{\ell\ell})[1-\alpha(m_{\ell\ell})],$ (1)

where $v_{2}^{\rm sig}$ and $v_{2}^{\rm bkg}$ are the elliptic flow of the
J/$\psi$ signal (S) and of the background (B), respectively (see bottom panels
of Fig. 1). The signal fraction
$\alpha(m_{\ell\ell})=S(m_{\ell\ell})/(S(m_{\ell\ell})+B(m_{\ell\ell}))$ was
extracted from fits to the invariant mass distribution (see top panels of Fig.
1) in each $p_{\rm T}$ and centrality class.

Figure 1:  (color online) Invariant mass distribution (top) and $\langle\cos
2(\varphi-\Psi)\rangle$ as a function of $m_{\ell\ell}$ (bottom) of opposite-
sign dimuons (left) with $2<p_{\rm T}<4$ GeV/$c$ and $2.5<y<4$ and dielectrons
(right) with $2<p_{\rm T}<6$ GeV/$c$ and $|y|<0.9$, in semi-central (20–40%)
Pb–Pb collisions.

At forward rapidity, the J/$\psi$ peak ($S$-term of $\alpha(m_{\ell\ell})$) is
fit with an extended Crystal Ball function or a pseudo-Gaussian, both composed
of a Gaussian core with non-Gaussian tails [41]. The underlying continuum
($B$-term of $\alpha(m_{\ell\ell})$) is described with the ratio of second- to
third-order polynomials, a pseudo-Gaussian with a width quadratically varying
with mass, or Chebyshev polynomials of order six. The background flow
$v_{2}^{\rm bkg}$ was parametrized using a second-order polynomial, a
Chebyshev polynomial of order four, or the product of a first order polynomial
and an exponential function. At mid rapidity, the underlying continuum was
estimated combining opposite-sign electrons from different events (using an
event-mixing technique) or combining same-sign electrons from the same event.
After removing the underlying continuum, the J/$\psi$ signal was obtained by
counting the number of dielectrons or from a fit with a MC-generated shape.
The background flow was parametrized using a second-, third- or fifth-order
polynomial depending on the $p_{\rm T}$ class. Additionally, the PID and
track-quality selection criteria were varied as part of the systematic
uncertainty evaluation.

The J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ and its statistical uncertainty in each $p_{\rm T}$ and
centrality class were determined as the average of the $v_{2}^{\rm sig}$
obtained by fitting $v_{2}(m_{\ell\ell})$ using Eq. 1 with the various
$\alpha(m_{\ell\ell})$ and $v_{2}^{\rm bkg}(m_{\ell\ell})$ parametrizations in
several invariant mass ranges, while the corresponding systematic
uncertainties were defined as the RMS of these results. A similar method was
used to extract the uncorrected (for detector acceptance and efficiency)
average transverse momentum of the reconstructed J/$\psi$ in each centrality
and $p_{\rm T}$ class, which is used to locate the data points when plotted as
a function of $p_{\rm T}$. Consistent $v_{2}$ values were obtained using an
alternative method [38] in which the J/$\psi$ raw yield is extracted, as
described before, in bins of $(\varphi-\Psi)$ and $p_{\rm T}$ is evaluated by
fitting the data with the function $\frac{dN}{d(\varphi-\Psi)}=A[1+2v_{2}\cos
2(\varphi-\Psi)]$, where $A$ is a normalization constant.

Non-flow effects (J/$\psi$-EP correlations not related to the the initial
geometry symmetry plane, such as higher-mass particle decays or jets) were
estimated to be small with respect to the other uncertainties by repeating the
analysis at forward rapidity using the EP determined in either V0-A
($\Delta\eta=5.3$) or V0-C (no $\eta$ gap) detector.

The finite resolution in the EP determination smears out the azimuthal
distributions and lowers the value of the measured anisotropy [38]. The SPD-
and TPC-based EP resolutions were determined by applying the 3 sub-event
method [38]. For the SPD (TPC), the 3 sub-events were obtained using V0-A,
V0-C and SPD, with $\Delta\eta_{\rm V0A-SPD}=1.4$ ($\Delta\eta_{\rm
V0A-TPC}=1.9$), $\Delta\eta_{\rm V0A-V0C}=4.5$ and $\Delta\eta_{\rm
SPD-V0C}=0.3$ ($\Delta\eta_{\rm TPC-V0C}=0.8$) pseudo-rapidity gaps. A
systematic uncertainty of $1\%$ on the EP determination was estimated
exploiting the availability of different sub-events, built from the
multiplicity measurement in the V0-A or V0-C, track segments in the SPD, and
tracks in the TPC. The EP resolution for each wide centrality class was
calculated as the average of the values obtained in finer classes weighted by
the number of reconstructed $J/\psi$. Table 1 shows the corresponding
resolution for each centrality class, applied to the forward rapidity results.
For the mid-rapidity result, the TPC EP resolution is $0.880\pm 0.009$ (syst)
in the centrality class 20–40%.

Centrality | $\langle N_{\rm part}\rangle$ | EP resolution
---|---|---
5–20% | 287 $\pm$ 4 | $0.873\pm 0.009$
20–40% | 160 $\pm$ 3 | $0.910\pm 0.009$
40–60% | 70 $\pm$ 2 | $0.832\pm 0.008$
Table 1:  Average number of participants $\langle N_{\rm{part}}\rangle$ and
SPD EP resolution for each centrality class (expressed in percentage of the
nuclear cross section) [36]. The quoted uncertainties are systematic.

At forward rapidity, the J/$\psi$ reconstruction efficiency depends on the
detector occupancy, which could bias the $v_{2}$ measurement. This effect was
evaluated by embedding azimuthally isotropic simulated decays into real
events. The resulting $v_{2}$ does not deviate from zero by more than 0.006 in
the centrality and $p_{\rm T}$ classes considered. This value is used as a
conservative systematic uncertainty on all measured $v_{2}$ values.

Figure 2 shows J/$\psi$ $v_{2}(p_{\rm T})$ at forward and mid-rapidity in
semi-central (20–40%) Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV. The
$p_{\rm T}$ ranges are 0–2, 2–4, 4–6, 6–8, and 8–12 GeV/$c$ and 0–2, 2–6, and
4–12 GeV/$c$ at forward and mid-rapidity, respectively. The vertical bars
indicate the statistical uncertainties, while the boxes indicate the
uncorrelated systematic uncertainties. The global relative systematic
uncertainty on the EP resolution is 1.0% and is correlated with $p_{\rm T}$.
At forward rapidity, a positive $v_{2}$ is observed for semi-central
collisions (20–40%). Including statistical and systematic uncertainties the
significance of a non-zero $v_{2}$ is as large as $6.6\sigma$ in the $p_{\rm
T}$ class 4–6 GeV/$c$. The J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ increases with $p_{\rm T}$ up to
$v_{2}=0.113\pm 0.015(\rm{stat})\pm 0.008(\rm{syst})$ at $4<p_{\mathrm{T}}<6$
GeV/$c$. The J/$\psi$ $v_{2}(p_{\rm T})$ at mid-rapidity is similar to that at
forward rapidity, albeit with large uncertainties. At mid-rapidity, the
J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ in the range $2<p_{\mathrm{T}}<6$ GeV/$c$ is $v_{2}=0.129\pm
0.080(\rm{stat})\pm 0.040(\rm{syst})$.

Figure 2:  (color online) Inclusive J/$\psi$ $v_{2}(p_{\rm T})$ at forward and
mid-rapidity for semi-central (20–40%) Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm
NN}}=5.02$ TeV. Calculations from transports model by [25] and [8] are also
shown.

Transport model calculations including a large J/$\psi$ (re)generation
component (about 50% for semi-central collisions) from deconfined charm quarks
in the medium [25, 42, 8] are also shown in Fig. 2. In the model by Du _et
al._ [25] (TM1) the $v_{2}$ of inclusive J/$\psi$ (hashed and double-hashed
bands at forward and mid-rapidity) has three origins. First, thermalized charm
quarks in the medium transfer a significant elliptic flow to (re)generated
J/$\psi$. Second, primordial J/$\psi$ traverse a longer path through the
medium when emitted out-of-plane than in-plane resulting in a small apparent
$v_{2}$ (pair dissociation by interactions with the surrounding color
charges). Third, when the b quarks thermalize their flow will be transferred
to b-hadrons at hadronization and to non-prompt J/$\psi$ from the b-hadron
decay. The second component (survival provability of primordial J/$\psi$) is
represented as a short-dashed line to highlight the small J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ in
the absence of heavy-quark collective flow. The model by Zhou _et al._ [8]
(TM2) includes an additional non-collective J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ component, which
arises from the modification of the quarkonium production in the presence of a
strong magnetic field in the early stage of the heavy-ion collision [43]. The
calculations of TM2 are shown at forward rapidity with (shaded band) and
without (long-dashed line) the non-collective J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ component. As
for TM1, the $v_{2}$ resulting from the different in-plane than out-of-plane
survival probability of primordial J/$\psi$ is shown as a dash-dotted line.

TM1 [25] is able to describe qualitatively the J/$\psi$ $R_{\rm{AA}}$
measurements by ALICE reported in [10]. The model also agrees with ALICE
J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ measurements at forward rapidity at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$
TeV [28] and at mid-rapidity at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV. However, at high
$p_{\rm T}$ ($p_{\rm T}>4$ GeV/$c$), clear discrepancies are observed between
the model and the J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ at forward rapidity and $\sqrt{s_{\rm
NN}}=5.02$ TeV. Some tension is also seen between the calculations of this
model and the $R_{\rm{AA}}$ measurement by ALICE in this higher $p_{\rm T}$
range in [10]. At lower $p_{\rm T}$ the model reproduces the magnitude of the
measurement by a dominant contribution of J/$\psi$ elliptic flow inherited
from thermalized charm quarks. However, the overall shape of the $v_{2}(p_{\rm
T})$ is missed and the $v_{2}$ at high $p_{\rm T}$ is underestimated. This
disagreement suggests a missing mechanism in the model. Similar conclusions
can be derived from the comparison to TM2 [8]. The addition of the $v_{2}$
arising from a possible strong magnetic field in the early stage of heavy-ion
collisions [43] improves the comparison with the measured J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ at
forward rapidity, especially at high $p_{\rm T}$. Such non-collective
component was able to reproduce the prompt J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ at high $p_{\rm
T}$ measured by CMS in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$ TeV [29].

Figure 3 presents the $p_{\rm T}$ dependence of the J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ at
forward rapidity for three centrality classes, 5–20%, 20–40%, and 40–60%. As
in semi-central (20–40%) collisions, a significant $v_{2}$ is also observed
for J/$\psi$ with $2<p_{\mathrm{T}}<8$ GeV/$c$ in the 5–20% and 40–60%
centrality classes. The $p_{\rm T}$ dependence of the J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ at
forward rapidity is consistent within uncertainties in the three centrality
classes presented here. The J/$\psi$ $v_{2}(p_{\rm T})$ appears to be maximum
for the 20–40% centrality class and tends to decrease for more central or
peripheral collisions. Interestingly, for identified light hadrons in Pb–Pb
collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$ TeV, the $v_{2}(p_{\rm T})$ is maximum
in the 40–60% centrality class and decreases for more central collisions [44].
This different behavior could be understood in the framework of transport
models by the increasing contribution of J/$\psi$ regeneration for more
central collisions [25, 42].

Also shown in Fig. 3 is the $v_{2}(p_{\rm T})$ of prompt D-mesons in Pb–Pb
collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV for the 30–50% centrality class
measured by ALICE at mid-rapidity [22]. The vertical bars indicate the
statistical uncertainties, the open boxes the uncorrelated systematic
uncertainties and the shaded boxes the feed-down uncertainties. Although the
centrality and rapidity ranges are different, it is clear that at low $p_{\rm
T}$ ($\mbox{$p_{\rm T}$}<4$ GeV/$c$) the $v_{2}$ of D mesons is higher than
that of J/$\psi$ mesons. The large values of the measured $v_{2}$ of both D
and J/$\psi$ mesons support the conclusion that both D and J/$\psi$ mesons
inherit their flow from thermalized charm quarks.

Figure 3:  (color online) Inclusive J/$\psi$ $v_{2}(p_{\rm T})$ at forward
rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV for three
centrality classes, 5–20%, 20–40%, and 40–60%. The average of ${\rm D^{0}}$,
${\rm D^{+}}$ and ${\rm D^{*+}}$ $v_{2}(p_{\rm T})$ at mid-y in the centrality
class 30–50% is also shown for comparison [22].

In summary, we report the ALICE measurements of inclusive J/$\psi$ elliptic
flow at forward and mid-rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm
NN}}=5.02$ TeV. At forward rapidity, the $p_{\rm T}$ dependence of the
J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ was measured in the 5–20%, 20–40%, and 40–60% centrality
classes for $p_{\rm T}<12$ GeV/$c$. For all the reported centrality classes a
significant J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ signal is observed in the intermediate region
$2<p_{\rm T}<8$ GeV/$c$. The results unambiguously establish for the first
time that J/$\psi$ mesons exhibit collective flow. At mid-rapidity, the
$p_{\rm T}$ dependence of the J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$ was measured in semi-central
20–40% collisions and is found to be similar to the measurement at forward
rapidity, albeit with larger uncertainties. At high $p_{\rm T}$, transport
models underestimate the measured J/$\psi$ $v_{2}$. The origin of such
discrepancy is currently not understood and suggests a missing mechanism in
the models. At low $p_{\rm T}$, the magnitude of the observed $v_{2}$ is
achieved within transport models implementing a strong J/$\psi$ (re)generation
component from (re)combination of thermalized charm quarks in the QGP. Thus,
the measurement of the J/$\psi$ elliptic flow combined with the $R_{\rm{AA}}$
provides substantial evidence for thermalized charm quarks and (re)generation
of J/$\psi$.

## Acknowledgements

The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians
for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and
the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex.
The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support
provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG)
collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding
agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I.
Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation
(ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS),
Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences and Nationalstiftung für Forschung,
Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High
Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional
de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Universidade Federal do
Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep) and
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil;
Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC), National Natural Science
Foundation of China (NSFC) and Ministry of Education of China (MOEC) , China;
Ministry of Science, Education and Sport and Croatian Science Foundation,
Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech
Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research — Natural Sciences, the
Carlsberg Foundation and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark;
Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l’Energie
Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des
Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
France; Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie
(BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany;
General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education,
Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation
Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE),
Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University
Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia;
Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico
Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for
Innovative Science and Technology , Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science
(IIST), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI and Japanese
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan;
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de
Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección
General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse
Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research
Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for
Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia
Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education
and National Science Centre, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology
Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of
Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic
Physics and Romanian National Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation,
Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education
and Science of the Russian Federation and National Research Centre Kurchatov
Institute, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the
Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South
Africa; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN),
Cubaenergía, Cuba, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion and Centro de
Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Spain;
Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW),
Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; National
Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA), Suranaree University of
Technology (SUT) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU
project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey;
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology
Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the
United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office
of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America.

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##  Appendix A The ALICE Collaboration

S. Acharyaorg137&D. Adamováorg94&J. Adolfssonorg34&M.M. Aggarwalorg99&G.
Aglieri Rinellaorg35&M. Agnelloorg31&N. Agrawalorg48&Z. Ahammedorg137&S.U.
Ahnorg79&S. Aiolaorg141&A. Akindinovorg64&M. Al-Turanyorg106&S.N.
Alamorg137&D.S.D. Albuquerqueorg122&D. Aleksandrovorg90&B. Alessandroorg58&R.
Alfaro Molinaorg74&Y. Aliorg15&A. Aliciorg27,org53,org12&A. Alkinorg3&J.
Almeorg22&T. Altorg70&L. Altenkamperorg22&I. Altsybeevorg136&C. Alves Garcia
Pradoorg121&C. Andreiorg87&D. Andreouorg35&H.A. Andrewsorg110&A.
Andronicorg106&V. Anguelovorg104&C. Ansonorg97&T. Antičićorg107&F.
Antinoriorg56&P. Antonioliorg53&R. Anwarorg124&L. Aphecetcheorg114&H.
Appelshäuserorg70&S. Arcelliorg27&R. Arnaldiorg58&O.W. Arnoldorg105,org36&I.C.
Arseneorg21&M. Arslandokorg104&B. Audurierorg114&A. Augustinusorg35&R.
Averbeckorg106&M.D. Azmiorg17&A. Badalàorg55&Y.W. Baekorg60,org78&S.
Bagnascoorg58&R. Bailhacheorg70&R. Balaorg101&A. Baldisseriorg75&M.
Ballorg45&R.C. Baralorg67,org88&A.M. Barbanoorg26&R. Barberaorg28&F.
Barileorg33&L. Barioglioorg26&G.G. Barnaföldiorg140&L.S. Barnbyorg93&V.
Barretorg131&P. Bartaliniorg7&K. Barthorg35&E. Bartschorg70&N. Bastidorg131&S.
Basuorg139&G. Batigneorg114&B. Batyunyaorg77&P.C. Batzingorg21&J.L. Bazo
Albaorg111&I.G. Beardenorg91&H. Beckorg104&C. Beddaorg63&N.K. Beheraorg60&I.
Belikovorg133&F. Belliniorg27,org35&H. Bello Martinezorg2&R.
Bellwiedorg124&L.G.E. Beltranorg120&V. Belyaevorg83&G. Bencediorg140&S.
Beoleorg26&A. Bercuciorg87&Y. Berdnikovorg96&D. Berenyiorg140&R.A.
Bertensorg127&D. Berzanoorg35&L. Betevorg35&A. Bhasinorg101&I.R. Bhatorg101&B.
Bhattacharjeeorg44&J. Bhomorg118&A. Bianchiorg26&L. Bianchiorg124&N.
Bianchiorg51&C. Bianchinorg139&J. Bielčíkorg39&J. Bielčíkováorg94&A.
Bilandzicorg36,org105&G. Biroorg140&R. Biswasorg4&S. Biswasorg4&J.T.
Blairorg119&D. Blauorg90&C. Blumeorg70&G. Bocaorg134&F. Bockorg35&A.
Bogdanovorg83&L. Boldizsárorg140&M. Bombaraorg40&G. Bonomiorg135&M.
Bonoraorg35&J. Bookorg70&H. Borelorg75&A. Borissovorg104,org19&M.
Borriorg126&E. Bottaorg26&C. Bourjauorg91&L. Bratrudorg70&P. Braun-
Munzingerorg106&M. Bregantorg121&T.A. Brokerorg70&M. Brozorg39&E.J.
Bruckenorg46&E. Brunaorg58&G.E. Brunoorg35,org33&D. Budnikovorg108&H.
Bueschingorg70&S. Bufalinoorg31&P. Buhlerorg113&P. Buncicorg35&O.
Buschorg130&Z. Butheleziorg76&J.B. Buttorg15&J.T. Buxtonorg18&J.
Cabalaorg116&D. Caffarriorg35,org92&H. Cainesorg141&A. Calivaorg63,org106&E.
Calvo Villarorg111&P. Cameriniorg25&A.A. Caponorg113&F. Carenaorg35&W.
Carenaorg35&F. Carnesecchiorg27,org12&J. Castillo Castellanosorg75&A.J.
Castroorg127&E.A.R. Casulaorg54&C. Ceballos Sanchezorg9&S. Chandraorg137&B.
Changorg125&W. Changorg7&S. Chapelandorg35&M. Chartierorg126&S.
Chattopadhyayorg137&S. Chattopadhyayorg109&A. Chauvinorg36,org105&C.
Cheshkovorg132&B. Cheynisorg132&V. Chibante Barrosoorg35&D.D.
Chinellatoorg122&S. Choorg60&P. Chochulaorg35&M. Chojnackiorg91&S.
Choudhuryorg137&T. Chowdhuryorg131&P. Christakoglouorg92&C.H.
Christensenorg91&P. Christiansenorg34&T. Chujoorg130&S.U. Chungorg19&C.
Cicaloorg54&L. Cifarelliorg12,org27&F. Cindoloorg53&J. Cleymansorg100&F.
Colamariaorg52,org33&D. Colellaorg35,org52,org65&A. Colluorg82&M.
Colocciorg27&M. Concasorg58orgI&G. Conesa Balbastreorg81&Z. Conesa del
Valleorg61&J.G. Contrerasorg39&T.M. Cormierorg95&Y. Corrales Moralesorg58&I.
Cortés Maldonadoorg2&P. Corteseorg32&M.R. Cosentinoorg123&F. Costaorg35&S.
Costanzaorg134&J. Crkovskáorg61&P. Crochetorg131&E. Cuautleorg72&L.
Cunqueiroorg95,org71&T. Dahmsorg36,org105&A. Daineseorg56&M.C.
Danischorg104&A. Danuorg68&D. Dasorg109&I. Dasorg109&S. Dasorg4&A.
Dashorg88&S. Dashorg48&S. Deorg49&A. De Caroorg30&G. de Cataldoorg52&C. de
Contiorg121&J. de Cuvelandorg42&A. De Falcoorg24&D. De Gruttolaorg30,org12&N.
De Marcoorg58&S. De Pasqualeorg30&R.D. De Souzaorg122&H.F. Degenhardtorg121&A.
Deistingorg106,org104&A. Delofforg86&C. Deplanoorg92&P. Dhankherorg48&D. Di
Bariorg33&A. Di Mauroorg35&P. Di Nezzaorg51&B. Di Ruzzaorg56&M.A. Diaz
Corcheroorg10&T. Dietelorg100&P. Dillensegerorg70&Y. Dingorg7&R. Diviàorg35&Ø.
Djuvslandorg22&A. Dobrinorg35&D. Domenicis Gimenezorg121&B. Dönigusorg70&O.
Dordicorg21&L.V.R. Doremalenorg63&A.K. Dubeyorg137&A. Dublaorg106&L.
Ducrouxorg132&S. Dudiorg99&A.K. Duggalorg99&M. Dukhishyamorg88&P.
Dupieuxorg131&R.J. Ehlersorg141&D. Eliaorg52&E. Endressorg111&H. Engelorg69&E.
Eppleorg141&B. Erazmusorg114&F. Erhardtorg98&B. Espagnonorg61&G.
Eulisseorg35&J. Eumorg19&D. Evansorg110&S. Evdokimovorg112&L.
Fabbiettiorg105,org36&J. Faivreorg81&A. Fantoniorg51&M. Faselorg95&L.
Feldkamporg71&A. Felicielloorg58&G. Feofilovorg136&A. Fernández
Téllezorg2&E.G. Ferreiroorg16&A. Ferrettiorg26&A. Festantiorg29,org35&V.J.G.
Feuillardorg75,org131&J. Figielorg118&M.A.S. Figueredoorg121&S.
Filchaginorg108&D. Finogeevorg62&F.M. Fiondaorg22,org24&M. Florisorg35&S.
Foertschorg76&P. Fokaorg106&S. Fokinorg90&E. Fragiacomoorg59&A.
Francesconorg35&A. Franciscoorg114&U. Frankenfeldorg106&G.G. Fronzeorg26&U.
Fuchsorg35&C. Furgetorg81&A. Fursorg62&M. Fusco Girardorg30&J.J.
Gaardhøjeorg91&M. Gagliardiorg26&A.M. Gagoorg111&K. Gajdosovaorg91&M.
Gallioorg26&C.D. Galvanorg120&P. Ganotiorg85&C. Garabatosorg106&E. Garcia-
Solisorg13&K. Gargorg28&C. Gargiuloorg35&P. Gasikorg105,org36&E.F.
Gaugerorg119&M.B. Gay Ducatiorg73&M. Germainorg114&J. Ghoshorg109&P.
Ghoshorg137&S.K. Ghoshorg4&P. Gianottiorg51&P. Giubellinoorg35,org106,org58&P.
Giubilatoorg29&E. Gladysz-Dziadusorg118&P. Glässelorg104&D.M. Goméz
Coralorg74&A. Gomez Ramirezorg69&A.S. Gonzalezorg35&V. Gonzalezorg10&P.
González-Zamoraorg10,org2&S. Gorbunovorg42&L. Görlichorg118&S.
Gotovacorg117&V. Grabskiorg74&L.K. Graczykowskiorg138&K.L. Grahamorg110&L.
Greinerorg82&A. Grelliorg63&C. Grigorasorg35&V. Grigorievorg83&A.
Grigoryanorg1&S. Grigoryanorg77&J.M. Gronefeldorg106&F. Grosaorg31&J.F.
Grosse-Oetringhausorg35&R. Grossoorg106&F. Guberorg62&R. Guernaneorg81&B.
Guerzoniorg27&K. Gulbrandsenorg91&T. Gunjiorg129&A. Guptaorg101&R.
Guptaorg101&I.B. Guzmanorg2&R. Haakeorg35&C. Hadjidakisorg61&H.
Hamagakiorg84&G. Hamarorg140&J.C. Hamonorg133&M.R. Haqueorg63&J.W.
Harrisorg141&A. Hartonorg13&H. Hassanorg81&D. Hatzifotiadouorg12,org53&S.
Hayashiorg129&S.T. Heckelorg70&E. Hellbärorg70&H. Helstruporg37&A.
Herghelegiuorg87&E.G. Hernandezorg2&G. Herrera Corralorg11&F.
Herrmannorg71&B.A. Hessorg103&K.F. Hetlandorg37&H. Hillemannsorg35&C.
Hillsorg126&B. Hippolyteorg133&B. Hohlwegerorg105&D. Horakorg39&S.
Hornungorg106&R. Hosokawaorg81,org130&P. Hristovorg35&C. Hughesorg127&T.J.
Humanicorg18&N. Hussainorg44&T. Hussainorg17&D. Hutterorg42&D.S.
Hwangorg20&S.A. Iga Buitronorg72&R. Ilkaevorg108&M. Inabaorg130&M.
Ippolitovorg83,org90&M.S. Islamorg109&M. Ivanovorg106&V. Ivanovorg96&V.
Izucheevorg112&B. Jacakorg82&N. Jacazioorg27&P.M. Jacobsorg82&M.B.
Jadhavorg48&S. Jadlovskaorg116&J. Jadlovskyorg116&S. Jaelaniorg63&C.
Jahnkeorg36&M.J. Jakubowskaorg138&M.A. Janikorg138&P.H.S.Y.
Jayarathnaorg124&C. Jenaorg88&M. Jercicorg98&R.T. Jimenez
Bustamanteorg106&P.G. Jonesorg110&A. Juskoorg110&P. Kalinakorg65&A.
Kalweitorg35&J.H. Kangorg142&V. Kaplinorg83&S. Karorg137&A. Karasu
Uysalorg80&O. Karavichevorg62&T. Karavichevaorg62&L. Karayanorg106,org104&P.
Karczmarczykorg35&E. Karpechevorg62&U. Kebschullorg69&R. Keidelorg143&D.L.D.
Keijdenerorg63&M. Keilorg35&B. Ketzerorg45&Z. Khabanovaorg92&P.
Khanorg109&S.A. Khanorg137&A. Khanzadeevorg96&Y. Kharlovorg112&A.
Khatunorg17&A. Khuntiaorg49&M.M. Kielbowiczorg118&B. Kilengorg37&B.
Kimorg130&D. Kimorg142&D.J. Kimorg125&H. Kimorg142&J.S. Kimorg43&J.
Kimorg104&M. Kimorg60&S. Kimorg20&T. Kimorg142&S. Kirschorg42&I. Kiselorg42&S.
Kiselevorg64&A. Kisielorg138&G. Kissorg140&J.L. Klayorg6&C. Kleinorg70&J.
Kleinorg35&C. Klein-Bösingorg71&S. Klewinorg104&A. Klugeorg35&M.L.
Knichelorg104,org35&A.G. Knospeorg124&C. Kobdajorg115&M. Kofaragoorg140&M.K.
Köhlerorg104&T. Kolleggerorg106&V. Kondratievorg136&N. Kondratyevaorg83&E.
Kondratyukorg112&A. Konevskikhorg62&M. Konyushikhinorg139&M. Kopcikorg116&M.
Kourorg101&C. Kouzinopoulosorg35&O. Kovalenkoorg86&V. Kovalenkoorg136&M.
Kowalskiorg118&G. Koyithatta Meethaleveeduorg48&I. Králikorg65&A.
Kravčákováorg40&L. Kreisorg106&M. Krivdaorg110,org65&F. Krizekorg94&E.
Kryshenorg96&M. Krzewickiorg42&A.M. Kuberaorg18&V. Kučeraorg94&C.
Kuhnorg133&P.G. Kuijerorg92&A. Kumarorg101&J. Kumarorg48&L. Kumarorg99&S.
Kumarorg48&S. Kunduorg88&P. Kurashviliorg86&A. Kurepinorg62&A.B.
Kurepinorg62&A. Kuryakinorg108&S. Kushpilorg94&M.J. Kweonorg60&Y.
Kwonorg142&S.L. La Pointeorg42&P. La Roccaorg28&C. Lagana Fernandesorg121&Y.S.
Laiorg82&I. Lakomovorg35&R. Langoyorg41&K. Lapidusorg141&C. Laraorg69&A.
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Leardiniorg104&S. Leeorg142&F. Lehasorg92&S. Lehnerorg113&J.
Lehrbachorg42&R.C. Lemmonorg93&E. Leograndeorg63&I. León Monzónorg120&P.
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Lisaorg18&V. Litichevskyiorg46&W.J. Llopeorg139&D.F. Lodatoorg63&P.I.
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Luhderorg71&M. Lunardonorg29&G. Luparelloorg59,org25&M. Lupiorg35&T.H.
Lutzorg141&A. Maevskayaorg62&M. Magerorg35&S.M. Mahmoodorg21&A.
Maireorg133&R.D. Majkaorg141&M. Malaevorg96&L. Malininaorg77orgII&D.
Mal’Kevichorg64&P. Malzacherorg106&A. Mamonovorg108&V. Mankoorg90&F.
Mansoorg131&V. Manzariorg52&Y. Maoorg7&M. Marchisoneorg132,org76,org128&J.
Marešorg66&G.V. Margagliottiorg25&A. Margottiorg53&J. Marguttiorg63&A.
Marínorg106&C. Markertorg119&M. Marquardorg70&N.A. Martinorg106&P.
Martinengoorg35&J.A.L. Martinezorg69&M.I. Martínezorg2&G. Martínez
Garcíaorg114&M. Martinez Pedreiraorg35&S. Masciocchiorg106&M. Maseraorg26&A.
Masoniorg54&E. Massonorg114&A. Mastroserioorg52&A.M. Mathisorg105,org36&P.F.T.
Matuokaorg121&A. Matyjaorg127&C. Mayerorg118&J. Mazerorg127&M.
Mazzilliorg33&M.A. Mazzoniorg57&F. Meddiorg23&Y. Melikyanorg83&A. Menchaca-
Rochaorg74&E. Meninnoorg30&J. Mercado Pérezorg104&M. Meresorg38&S.
Mhlangaorg100&Y. Miakeorg130&M.M. Mieskolainenorg46&D.L. Mihaylovorg105&K.
Mikhaylovorg64,org77&A. Mischkeorg63&A.N. Mishraorg49&D. Miśkowiecorg106&J.
Mitraorg137&C.M. Mituorg68&N. Mohammadiorg63&A.P. Mohantyorg63&B.
Mohantyorg88&M. Mohisin Khanorg17orgIII&E. Montesorg10&D.A. Moreira De
Godoyorg71&L.A.P. Morenoorg2&S. Morettoorg29&A. Morrealeorg114&A.
Morschorg35&V. Mucciforaorg51&E. Mudnicorg117&D. Mühlheimorg71&S.
Muhuriorg137&M. Mukherjeeorg4&J.D. Mulliganorg141&M.G. Munhozorg121&K.
Münningorg45&R.H. Munzerorg70&H. Murakamiorg129&S. Murrayorg76&L. Musaorg35&J.
Musinskyorg65&C.J. Myersorg124&J.W. Myrchaorg138&D. Nagorg4&B. Naikorg48&R.
Nairorg86&B.K. Nandiorg48&R. Naniaorg12,org53&E. Nappiorg52&A.
Narayanorg48&M.U. Naruorg15&H. Natal da Luzorg121&C. Nattrassorg127&S.R.
Navarroorg2&K. Nayakorg88&R. Nayakorg48&T.K. Nayakorg137&S.
Nazarenkoorg108&R.A. Negrao De Oliveiraorg35&L. Nellenorg72&S.V. Nesboorg37&F.
Ngorg124&M. Nicassioorg106&M. Niculescuorg68&J. Niedzielaorg138,org35&B.S.
Nielsenorg91&S. Nikolaevorg90&S. Nikulinorg90&V. Nikulinorg96&F.
Noferiniorg12,org53&P. Nomokonovorg77&G. Noorenorg63&J.C.C. Norisorg2&J.
Normanorg126&A. Nyaninorg90&J. Nystrandorg22&H. Oeschlerorg104,org19org*&A.
Ohlsonorg104&T. Okuboorg47&L. Olahorg140&J. Oleniaczorg138&A.C. Oliveira Da
Silvaorg121&M.H. Oliverorg141&J. Onderwaaterorg106&C. Oppedisanoorg58&R.
Oravaorg46&M. Oravecorg116&A. Ortiz Velasquezorg72&A. Oskarssonorg34&J.
Otwinowskiorg118&K. Oyamaorg84&Y. Pachmayerorg104&V. Pacikorg91&D.
Paganoorg135&G. Paićorg72&P. Palniorg7&J. Panorg139&A.K. Pandeyorg48&S.
Panebiancoorg75&V. Papikyanorg1&P. Pareekorg49&J. Parkorg60&S. Parmarorg99&A.
Passfeldorg71&S.P. Pathakorg124&R.N. Patraorg137&B. Paulorg58&H. Peiorg7&T.
Peitzmannorg63&X. Pengorg7&L.G. Pereiraorg73&H. Pereira Da Costaorg75&D.
Peresunkoorg83,org90&E. Perez Lezamaorg70&V. Peskovorg70&Y. Pestovorg5&V.
Petráčekorg39&V. Petrovorg112&M. Petroviciorg87&C. Pettaorg28&R.P.
Pezziorg73&S. Pianoorg59&M. Piknaorg38&P. Pillotorg114&L.O.D.L.
Pimentelorg91&O. Pinazzaorg53,org35&L. Pinskyorg124&D.B. Piyarathnaorg124&M.
Płoskońorg82&M. Planinicorg98&F. Pliquettorg70&J. Plutaorg138&S.
Pochybovaorg140&P.L.M. Podesta-Lermaorg120&M.G. Poghosyanorg95&B.
Polichtchoukorg112&N. Poljakorg98&W. Poonsawatorg115&A. Poporg87&H.
Poppenborgorg71&S. Porteboeuf-Houssaisorg131&V. Pozdniakovorg77&S.K.
Prasadorg4&R. Preghenellaorg53&F. Prinoorg58&C.A. Pruneauorg139&I.
Pshenichnovorg62&M. Puccioorg26&V. Puninorg108&J. Putschkeorg139&S.
Rahaorg4&S. Rajputorg101&J. Rakorg125&A. Rakotozafindrabeorg75&L.
Ramelloorg32&F. Ramiorg133&D.B. Ranaorg124&R. Raniwalaorg102&S.
Raniwalaorg102&S.S. Räsänenorg46&B.T. Rascanuorg70&D. Ratheeorg99&V.
Ratzaorg45&I. Ravasengaorg31&K.F. Readorg127,org95&K. Redlichorg86orgIV&A.
Rehmanorg22&P. Reicheltorg70&F. Reidtorg35&X. Renorg7&R. Renfordtorg70&A.
Reshetinorg62&K. Reygersorg104&V. Riabovorg96&T. Richertorg63,org34&M.
Richterorg21&P. Riedlerorg35&W. Rieglerorg35&F. Riggiorg28&C. Risteaorg68&M.
Rodríguez Cahuantziorg2&K. Røedorg21&E. Rogochayaorg77&D. Rohrorg35,org42&D.
Röhrichorg22&P.S. Rokitaorg138&F. Ronchettiorg51&E.D. Rosasorg72&P.
Rosnetorg131&A. Rossiorg29,org56&A. Rotondiorg134&F. Roukoutakisorg85&C.
Royorg133&P. Royorg109&A.J. Rubio Monteroorg10&O.V. Ruedaorg72&R. Ruiorg25&B.
Rumyantsevorg77&A. Rustamovorg89&E. Ryabinkinorg90&Y. Ryabovorg96&A.
Rybickiorg118&S. Saarinenorg46&S. Sadhuorg137&S. Sadovskyorg112&K.
Šafaříkorg35&S.K. Sahaorg137&B. Sahlmullerorg70&B. Sahooorg48&P. Sahooorg49&R.
Sahooorg49&S. Sahooorg67&P.K. Sahuorg67&J. Sainiorg137&S. Sakaiorg130&M.A.
Salehorg139&J. Salzwedelorg18&S. Sambyalorg101&V. Samsonovorg96,org83&A.
Sandovalorg74&A. Sarkarorg76&D. Sarkarorg137&N. Sarkarorg137&P.
Sarmaorg44&M.H.P. Sasorg63&E. Scapparoneorg53&F. Scarlassaraorg29&B.
Schaeferorg95&H.S. Scheidorg70&C. Schiauaorg87&R. Schickerorg104&C.
Schmidtorg106&H.R. Schmidtorg103&M.O. Schmidtorg104&M. Schmidtorg103&N.V.
Schmidtorg70,org95&J. Schukraftorg35&Y. Schutzorg35,org133&K. Schwarzorg106&K.
Schwedaorg106&G. Scioliorg27&E. Scomparinorg58&M. Šefčíkorg40&J.E.
Segerorg97&Y. Sekiguchiorg129&D. Sekihataorg47&I. Selyuzhenkovorg106,org83&K.
Senosiorg76&S. Senyukovorg133&E. Serradillaorg10,org74&P. Settorg48&A.
Sevcencoorg68&A. Shabanovorg62&A. Shabetaiorg114&R. Shahoyanorg35&W.
Shaikhorg109&A. Shangaraevorg112&A. Sharmaorg99&A. Sharmaorg101&M.
Sharmaorg101&M. Sharmaorg101&N. Sharmaorg99&A.I. Sheikhorg137&K.
Shigakiorg47&S. Shirinkinorg64&Q. Shouorg7&K. Shtejerorg9,org26&Y.
Sibiriakorg90&S. Siddhantaorg54&K.M. Sielewiczorg35&T. Siemiarczukorg86&S.
Silaevaorg90&D. Silvermyrorg34&G. Simatovicorg92&G. Simonettiorg35&R.
Singarajuorg137&R. Singhorg88&V. Singhalorg137&T. Sinhaorg109&B. Sitarorg38&M.
Sittaorg32&T.B. Skaaliorg21&M. Slupeckiorg125&N. Smirnovorg141&R.J.M.
Snellingsorg63&T.W. Snellmanorg125&J. Songorg19&M. Songorg142&F.
Soramelorg29&S. Sorensenorg127&F. Sozziorg106&I. Sputowskaorg118&J.
Stachelorg104&I. Stanorg68&P. Stankusorg95&E. Stenlundorg34&D.
Stoccoorg114&M.M. Storetvedtorg37&P. Strmenorg38&A.A.P. Suaideorg121&T.
Sugitateorg47&C. Suireorg61&M. Suleymanovorg15&M. Suljicorg25&R.
Sultanovorg64&M. Šumberaorg94&S. Sumowidagdoorg50&K. Suzukiorg113&S.
Swainorg67&A. Szaboorg38&I. Szarkaorg38&U. Tabassamorg15&J.
Takahashiorg122&G.J. Tambaveorg22&N. Tanakaorg130&M. Tarhiniorg61&M.
Tariqorg17&M.G. Tarzilaorg87&A. Tauroorg35&G. Tejeda Muñozorg2&A.
Telescaorg35&K. Terasakiorg129&C. Terrevoliorg29&B. Teyssierorg132&D.
Thakurorg49&S. Thakurorg137&D. Thomasorg119&F. Thoresenorg91&R.
Tieulentorg132&A. Tikhonovorg62&A.R. Timminsorg124&A. Toiaorg70&M.
Toppiorg51&S.R. Torresorg120&S. Tripathyorg49&S. Trogoloorg26&G.
Trombettaorg33&L. Tropporg40&V. Trubnikovorg3&W.H. Trzaskaorg125&B.A.
Trzeciakorg63&T. Tsujiorg129&A. Tumkinorg108&R. Turrisiorg56&T.S.
Tveterorg21&K. Ullalandorg22&E.N. Umakaorg124&A. Urasorg132&G.L. Usaiorg24&A.
Utrobicicorg98&M. Valaorg116,org65&J. Van Der Maarelorg63&J.W. Van
Hoorneorg35&M. van Leeuwenorg63&T. Vanatorg94&P. Vande Vyvreorg35&D.
Vargaorg140&A. Vargasorg2&M. Vargyasorg125&R. Varmaorg48&M. Vasileiouorg85&A.
Vasilievorg90&A. Vauthierorg81&O. Vázquez Doceorg105,org36&V.
Vecherninorg136&A.M. Veenorg63&A. Velureorg22&E. Vercellinorg26&S. Vergara
Limónorg2&R. Vernetorg8&R. Vértesiorg140&L. Vickovicorg117&S. Vigoloorg63&J.
Viinikainenorg125&Z. Vilakaziorg128&O. Villalobos Baillieorg110&A. Villatoro
Telloorg2&A. Vinogradovorg90&L. Vinogradovorg136&T. Virgiliorg30&V.
Vislaviciusorg34&A. Vodopyanovorg77&M.A. Völklorg103&K. Voloshinorg64&S.A.
Voloshinorg139&G. Volpeorg33&B. von Hallerorg35&I. Vorobyevorg105,org36&D.
Voscekorg116&D. Vranicorg35,org106&J. Vrlákováorg40&B. Wagnerorg22&H.
Wangorg63&M. Wangorg7&D. Watanabeorg130&Y. Watanabeorg129,org130&M.
Weberorg113&S.G. Weberorg106&D.F. Weiserorg104&S.C. Wenzelorg35&J.P.
Wesselsorg71&U. Westerhofforg71&A.M. Whiteheadorg100&J. Wiechulaorg70&J.
Wikneorg21&G. Wilkorg86&J. Wilkinsonorg104,org53&G.A.
Willemsorg35,org71&M.C.S. Williamsorg53&E. Willsherorg110&B.
Windelbandorg104&W.E. Wittorg127&R. Xuorg7&S. Yalcinorg80&K. Yamakawaorg47&P.
Yangorg7&S. Yanoorg47&Z. Yinorg7&H. Yokoyamaorg130,org81&I.-K. Yooorg19&J.H.
Yoonorg60&E. Yunorg19&V. Yurchenkoorg3&V. Zaccoloorg58&A. Zamanorg15&C.
Zampolliorg35&H.J.C. Zanoliorg121&N. Zardoshtiorg110&A. Zarochentsevorg136&P.
Závadaorg66&N. Zaviyalovorg108&H. Zbroszczykorg138&M. Zhalovorg96&H.
Zhangorg22,org7&X. Zhangorg7&Y. Zhangorg7&C. Zhangorg63&Z. Zhangorg7,org131&C.
Zhaoorg21&N. Zhigarevaorg64&D. Zhouorg7&Y. Zhouorg91&Z. Zhouorg22&H.
Zhuorg22&J. Zhuorg7&Y. Zhuorg7&A. Zichichiorg12,org27&M.B. Zimmermannorg35&G.
Zinovjevorg3&J. Zmeskalorg113&S. Zouorg7&

## Affiliation notes

org*Deceased

orgIDipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy

orgIIM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of
Nuclear, Physics, Moscow, Russia

orgIIIDepartment of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

orgIVInstitute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Poland

## Collaboration Institutes

org1A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute)
Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia

org2Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico

org3Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine

org4Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics
and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India

org5Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia

org6California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California,
United States

org7Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China

org8Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

org9Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana,
Cuba

org10Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas
(CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain

org11Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City
and Mérida, Mexico

org12Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche
“Enrico Fermi’, Rome, Italy

org13Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, United States

org14China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China

org15COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan

org16Departamento de Física de Partículas and IGFAE, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

org17Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

org18Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United
States

org19Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of
Korea

org20Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

org21Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

org22Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen,
Norway

org23Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università ’La Sapienza’ and Sezione INFN,
Rome, Italy

org24Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy

org25Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy

org26Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

org27Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN,
Bologna, Italy

org28Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN,
Catania, Italy

org29Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN,
Padova, Italy

org30Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Università and Gruppo
Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy

org31Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy

org32Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell’Università del
Piemonte Orientale and INFN Sezione di Torino, Alessandria, Italy

org33Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari,
Italy

org34Division of Experimental High Energy Physics, University of Lund, Lund,
Sweden

org35European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland

org36Excellence Cluster Universe, Technische Universität München, Munich,
Germany

org37Faculty of Engineering, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway

org38Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University,
Bratislava, Slovakia

org39Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical
University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

org40Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia

org41Faculty of Technology, Buskerud and Vestfold University College,
Tonsberg, Norway

org42Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-
Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

org43Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea

org44Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India

org45Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-
Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

org46Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland

org47Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

org48Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India

org49Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India

org50Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia

org51INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy

org52INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy

org53INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

org54INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

org55INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy

org56INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy

org57INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy

org58INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy

org59INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy

org60Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

org61Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud,
CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France

org62Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

org63Institute for Subatomic Physics of Utrecht University, Utrecht,
Netherlands

org64Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia

org65Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice,
Slovakia

org66Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague,
Czech Republic

org67Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India

org68Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania

org69Institut für Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt,
Frankfurt, Germany

org70Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt,
Frankfurt, Germany

org71Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster,
Münster, Germany

org72Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Mexico City, Mexico

org73Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS),
Porto Alegre, Brazil

org74Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
City, Mexico

org75IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France

org76iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa

org77Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia

org78Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

org79Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic
of Korea

org80KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey

org81Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université
Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France

org82Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United
States

org83Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia

org84Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan

org85National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Physics Department,
Athens, Greece

org86National Centre for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland

org87National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest,
Romania

org88National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Jatni, India

org89National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan

org90National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia

org91Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

org92Nikhef, Nationaal instituut voor subatomaire fysica, Amsterdam,
Netherlands

org93Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United
Kingdom

org94Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Řež
u Prahy, Czech Republic

org95Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States

org96Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia

org97Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States

org98Physics department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb,
Croatia

org99Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

org100Physics Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

org101Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India

org102Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India

org103Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen,
Germany

org104Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg,
Heidelberg, Germany

org105Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany

org106Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI
Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany

org107Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

org108Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia

org109Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India

org110School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham,
United Kingdom

org111Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad
Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru

org112SSC IHEP of NRC Kurchatov institute, Protvino, Russia

org113Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria

org114SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes,
France

org115Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

org116Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia

org117Technical University of Split FESB, Split, Croatia

org118The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Cracow, Poland

org119The University of Texas at Austin, Physics Department, Austin, Texas,
United States

org120Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico

org121Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil

org122Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

org123Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil

org124University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States

org125University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland

org126University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

org127University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States

org128University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

org129University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

org130University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

org131Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France

org132Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon,
Villeurbanne, Lyon, France

org133Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg,
France, Strasbourg, France

org134Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

org135Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy

org136V. Fock Institute for Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St.
Petersburg, Russia

org137Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, India

org138Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

org139Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States

org140Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Budapest, Hungary

org141Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States

org142Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

org143Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT),
Fachhochschule Worms, Worms, Germany