direct user-satellite communication. The discussion begins with an overview of
SatComs, covering its structure, various links utilized in SatComs, suitable
frequency bands, and satellite antenna design. Additionally, it includes a
comprehensive review of different ISLs, particularly focusing on hybrid FSO/RF
ISLs, with relevant works highlighted in this area. Furthermore, the survey
investigates channel models used in SatComs, covering both the satellite-
satellite link and user-satellite link channel models, with a particular
emphasis on those employed in OTFS-based satellite systems. The survey
emphasizes the advantages of employing multi-satellites instead of relying on
single-antenna single satellite or multi-antenna single satellite. This
exploration is supported by an in-depth examination of various studies within
the field of multi-satellite MIMO systems. Additionally, the survey explores
research on satellite collaboration to enhance system performance. It also
discusses the benefits of multi-small satellites compared to larger
satellites. Moreover, simulation results from state-of-the-art research
reinforce the benefits of utilizing multi-satellite MIMO systems. In
conclusion, this survey provides valuable insights into the potential of
multi-satellite MIMO systems to improve the capabilities of direct
communication between satellites and users.

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|  Zohre Mashayekh Bakhsh completed her B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering
- Telecommunication at Babol Nooshirvani University of Technology, Iran, in
2015. She pursued her master’s degree at K.N. Toosi University of Technology,
Iran, focusing on the application of beamforming in cognitive radio systems
and MIMO relay networks. She is currently working on the “Space MIMO” project
as a Ph.D. student at the 6GIC of the University of Surrey. Her research
revolves around multi-satellite MIMO systems to enable direct mobile-satellite
communications. Her research interests encompass Satellite Communications
(SatComs), MIMO technology, and Wireless Communications.
---|---
|  Yasaman Omid received a Bachelor’s degree in Electronics Engineering from
the University of Isfahan, and a Master’s degree from K. N. Toosi University
of Technology in Telecommunications Engineering with a focus on Massive MIMO
systems. She completed a PhD program in Telecommunications Engineering at
Queen Mary University of London with a focus on Intelligent Reflecting
Surfaces. She worked as a postdoctoral research fellow on the Space MIMO
project at the University of Surrey. Currently, she is a postdoctoral research
associate at Loughborough University, working on space-air-ground integrated
networks.
---|---
|  Gaojie Chen received the B.Eng. and B.Ec. Degrees in electrical information
engineering and international economics and trade from Northwest University,
China, in 2006, and the M.Sc. (Hons.) and PhD degrees in electrical and
electronic engineering from Loughborough University, Loughborough, U.K., in
2008 and 2012, respectively. After graduation, he took up academic and
research positions at DT Mobile, Loughborough University, University of
Surrey, University of Oxford, and University of Leicester, U.K. He is
currently an Assistant Professor with the Institute for Communication Systems,
5GIC & 6GIC, University of Surrey, U.K., and a Visiting Research Collaborator
with the Information and Network Science Lab, University of Oxford, U.K. His
current research interests include information theory, wireless
communications, satellite communications, cognitive radio, the Internet of
Things, secrecy communications, and random geometric networks. He received the
Exemplary Reviewer Awards of the IEEE Wireless Communications Letters in 2018,
the IEEE Transactions on Communications in 2019 and the IEEE Communications
Letters in 2020 and 2021; and Exemplary Editor Awards of the IEEE
Communications Letters and IEEE Wireless Communications Letters in 2021 and
2022, respectively. He served as an Associate Editor for the IEEE Journal on
Selected Areas in Communications - Machine Learning in Communications from
2021-2022. He serves as an Associate Editor for the IEEE Communications
Letters, IEEE Wireless Communications Letters and Electronics Letters (IET).
---|---
|  Farbod Kayhan received the B.Sc. degree in mathematics from the S.B.
University of Kerman, Iran, in 1999, the M.Sc. degree in modeling and
simulation of complex realities from the International Centre for Theoretical
Physics, Trieste, Italy, in 2003, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering and telecommunication from Politecnico di Torino, Italy, in 2007.
He has spent a one-year Postdoctoral position with the Department of Systems
Science of Kyoto University from 2007 to 2008. He was a Research Assistant
with Politecnico di Torino from 2009 to 2015 and a Research Associate with the
SIGCOM group at, the University of Luxembourg from 2015 to 2020. He was a
Lecturer of satellite communication at the 5G and 6G innovation center at the
University of Surrey from 2020 to 2023. He is currently a lead satcom 5G R&D
engineer at Telespazio, UK. His main research interests include modern coding
theory and combinatorial optimization with particular emphasis on iterative
channel and source coding and constellation space optimization, signal
processing, and satellite communication systems.
---|---
|  Yi Ma is a professor with the Institute for Communication Systems (ICS),
formerly the Centre for Communication Systems Research (CCSR), University of
Surrey, Guildford, U.K. He has extensive expertise in the areas of signal
processing, machine learning, and information theory, with their applications
in telecommunications.
---|---
|  Rahim Tafazolli (Senior Member, IEEE) is a Regius Professor of Electronic
Engineering, a Professor of Mobile and Satellite Communications, and the
Founder and the Director of 5GIC, 6GIC, and the Institute for Communication
System (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K. He has more than 30 years
of experience in digital communications research and teaching. He has authored
or co-authored more than 1000 research publications and is regularly invited
to deliver keynote talks and distinguished lectures at international
conferences and workshops.
---|---