qup |  50K |  Southern Pastaza Quechua |  1M |  Americas | Latn |  qup-2l |  99.7 | -
ify |  50K |  Keley-i Kallahan |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  ify |  99.9 | -
srq |  50K |  Sirionó |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  srq-3l |  98.9 | -
tbz |  50K |  Ditammari |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  gej-4l |  100 | 16.1
aeb |  50K |  Tunisian Arabic |  11M |  Africa | Arab |  abv-10l |  13.1 | -
sus |  50K |  Susu |  1M |  Africa | Latn |  bas-11l |  100 | 20.5
itv |  50K |  Itawit |  100K |  Asia | Latn |  bnj-6l |  99.9 | 28.9
cce |  50K |  Chopi |  800K |  Africa | Latn |  cce-8l |  99.4 | 33.3
qwh |  50K |  Huaylas Ancash Quechua |  300K |  Americas | Latn |  nhg-3l |  100 | 25.4
teo |  50K |  Teso |  2M |  Africa | Latn |  bla-7l |  100 | 14.4
lon |  50K |  Malawi Lomwe |  2M |  Africa | Latn |  cjk-14l |  99.5 | -
gun |  50K |  Mbyá Guaraní |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  gn-6l |  99.4 | -
ppk |  50K |  Uma |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  pmf-2l |  100 | -
ann |  50K |  Obolo |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  ann-3l |  100 | 26.3
laj |  50K |  Lango (Uganda) |  2M |  Africa | Latn |  adh-5l |  99.7 | 25.7
eza |  50K |  Ezaa |  600K |  Africa | Latn |  anw-8l |  99.7 | 29.2
caf |  50K |  Southern Carrier |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  bpr-7l |  99.9 | -
lex |  50K |  Luang |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  kje-6l |  100 | -
msm |  50K |  Agusan Manobo |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  atd-4l |  100 | 24.6
tuf |  50K |  Central Tunebo |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  tuf |  100 | -
quf |  50K |  Lambayeque Quechua |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  ae-Latn-10l |  99.5 | -
bzc |  50K |  Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy |  2M |  Africa | Latn |  apy-7l |  96.4 | 61.4
jbo |  50K |  Lojban |  0K |  Europe | Latn |  bi-6l |  98.0 | -
yss |  50K |  Yessan-Mayo |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bom-5l |  99.9 | -
tzj |  50K |  Tz’utujil |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  tzj |  100 | 13.4
qvc |  40K |  Cajamarca Quechua |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  qvc |  100 | 16.4
stp |  40K |  Southeastern Tepehuan |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  cbr-6l |  100 | -
wsk |  40K |  Waskia |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aom-10l |  97.7 | -
knj |  40K |  Akateko |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  knj-8l |  99.3 | 15.8
qvz |  40K |  Northern Pastaza Quichua |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  quw-5l |  100 | -
pad |  40K |  Paumari |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  anw-8l |  100 | -
cbi |  40K |  Cha’palaa |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cbi |  100 | -
tac |  40K |  Lowland Tarahumara |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  alp-2l |  99.9 | -
ngl |  40K |  Mozambique Lomwe |  2M |  Africa | Latn |  cjk-14l |  96.2 | -
kaq |  40K |  Capanahua |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  bgs-9l |  100 | -
jam |  40K |  Jamaican Creole English |  3M |  Americas | Latn |  bzj-9l |  99.9 | 57.9
cpy |  40K |  South Ucayali Ashéninka |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  apu-13l |  99.2 | 15.0
en-Cyrl |  40K |  English |  550M |  Europe | Cyrl |  az-RU-13l |  98.0 | 87.3
car |  40K |  Galibi Carib |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  car |  100 | -
gju |  40K |  Gujari |  1M |  Asia | Arab |  doi-Arab-5l |  98.9 | 51.3
pab |  40K |  Parecís |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  pab-2l |  99.9 | -
yuj |  40K |  Karkar-Yuri |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  amp-12l |  98.0 | -
jac |  40K |  Popti’ |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  ayo-4l |  98.1 | -
mjc |  40K |  San Juan Colorado Mixtec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  cta-4l |  99.6 | -
med |  40K |  Melpa |  100K |  Oceania | Latn |  cwt-4l |  100 | 13.6
qvs |  40K |  San Martín Quechua |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  qup-2l |  99.7 | -
urb |  40K |  Urubú-Kaapor |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  bhw-9l |  99.7 | -
bnp |  40K |  Bola |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  bch-10l |  99.0 | -
yle |  40K |  Yele |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bib-2l |  100 | -
acu |  40K |  Achuar-Shiwiar |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  acu-8l |  99.1 | -
cof |  40K |  Tsafiki |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  bmr-3l |  100 | -
poh |  40K |  Poqomchi’ |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  hni-8l |  100 | 12.6
gbi |  40K |  Galela |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  gbi-8l |  100 | 13.6
kto |  40K |  Kuot |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bkv-4l |  99.9 | -
bfz |  40K |  Mahasu Pahari |  1M |  Asia | Deva |  bfz-15l |  94.4 | -
cao |  40K |  Chácobo |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  auc-6l |  99.7 | -
myy |  40K |  Macuna |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cub-2l |  100 | -
aaz |  40K |  Amarasi |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  aaz-6l |  100 | 15.3
nch |  40K |  Central Huasteca Nahuatl |  200K |  Americas | Latn |  azz-7l |  95.7 | 19.2
ixl |  40K |  Ixil |  100K |  Americas | Latn |  ctp-4l |  100 | 15.1
rwo |  40K |  Rawa |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  gbi-8l |  99.9 | -
azg |  40K |  San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  azg-4l |  100 | -
yaq |  40K |  Yaqui |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  yaq |  99.6 | -
iou |  40K |  Tuma-Irumu |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  awx-2l |  97.0 | -
qvw |  40K |  Huaylla Wanca Quechua |  300K |  Americas | Latn |  qub-7l |  100 | 16.7
snn |  40K |  Siona-Tetete |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  azg-4l |  100 | -
sxu |  40K |  Central East Middle German |  2M |  Europe | Latn |  ang-7l |  99.9 | 64.3
bch |  40K |  Bariai |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bch-10l |  98.8 | -
bud |  40K |  Ntcham |  300K |  Africa | Latn |  amf-6l |  100 | 17.2
tih |  40K |  Timugon Murut |  5K |  Asia | Latn |  tih-2l |  99.8 | -
mcd |  40K |  Sharanahua |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cbt-2l |  100 | -
apn |  40K |  Apinayé |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  apn-3l |  91.4 | -
yaa |  40K |  Yaminahua |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  yaa |  100 | -
mqy |  40K |  Manggarai |  900K |  Asia | Latn |  abs-13l |  97.8 | 48.9
yka |  40K |  Yakan |  100K |  Asia | Latn |  bpr-7l |  99.8 | 23.6
rmc |  40K |  Central Romani |  100K |  Europe | Latn |  rmc-3l |  100 | 25.7
tfr |  40K |  Teribe |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  pxm-2l |  100 | -
tna |  40K |  Tacana |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  nhg-3l |  100 | -
nhy |  40K |  Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  nhy-3l |  99.7 | -
nfa |  40K |  Dhao |  5K |  Asia | Latn |  bhw-9l |  99.1 | -
zos |  40K |  Francisco León Zoque |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  ayo-4l |  98.4 | -
zpz |  40K |  Texmelucan Zapotec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  srq-3l |  100 | -
mqj |  40K |  Mamasa |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  kje-6l |  97.9 | 14.5
xsi |  40K |  Sio |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  kij-2l |  99.9 | -
srr |  40K |  Sereer |  1M |  Africa | Latn |  aa-13l |  81.6 | 21.4
hac |  40K |  Gurani |  400K |  Asia | Arab |  fay-14l |  68.6 | 52.1
yal |  40K |  Yalunka |  100K |  Africa | Latn |  bas-11l |  100 | 16.4
aey |  40K |  Amele |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aey-6l |  97.3 | -
lep-Tibt |  40K |  Lepcha |  50K |  Asia | Tibt |  lep-Tibt |  100 | 9.9
kia |  40K |  Kim |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  cut-5l |  99.9 | -
sef |  40K |  Cebaara Senoufo |  3M |  Africa | Latn |  ada-13l |  98.7 | 41.1
lac |  40K |  Lacandon |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  lac |  99.8 | -
rro |  40K |  Waima |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  apb-13l |  97.7 | -
cav |  40K |  Cavineña |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  aak-3l |  99.9 | -
bvz |  40K |  Bauzi |  5K |  Asia | Latn |  adz-3l |  100 | -
qxh |  40K |  Panao Huánuco Quechua |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  qub-7l |  99.5 | 17.3
mcf |  40K |  Matsés |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  con-3l |  100 | -
gvl |  40K |  Gulay |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  dzg-5l |  92.6 | -
alq |  40K |  Algonquin |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  alq-4l |  99.9 | -
gum |  40K |  Guambiano |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  cjp-4l |  100 | -
cr-Latn |  40K |  Cree |  200K |  Americas | Latn |  ach-10l |  24.2 | -
guh |  40K |  Guahibo |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  acu-8l |  100 | 10.8
sri |  40K |  Siriano |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cbv-6l |  99.2 | -
kvn |  40K |  Border Kuna |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  guo-2l |  100 | -
acn |  40K |  Longchuan Achang |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  acn-11l |  100 | 14.4
mxb |  40K |  Tezoatlán Mixtec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  kcg-9l |  98.9 | -
ppo |  40K |  Folopa |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  pab-2l |  98.2 | -
atd |  40K |  Ata Manobo |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  atd-4l |  70.9 | -
zam |  40K |  Cuixtla-Xitla Zapotec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  srq-3l |  100 | -
mti |  40K |  Maiwa (Papua New Guinea) |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  dgz-5l |  99.8 | -
jic |  40K |  Tol |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  jic-3l |  100 | -
cui |  40K |  Cuiba |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  acu-8l |  100 | -
ata |  40K |  Pele-Ata |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  ata-5l |  98.8 | -
cnk |  40K |  Khumi Chin |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  cdo-5l |  100 | 16.9
bnc |  40K |  Bontok |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bnc-8l |  99.6 | 15.5
con |  40K |  Cofán |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  con-3l |  100 | -
guo |  40K |  Guayabero |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  guo-2l |  100 | -
caa |  40K |  Chortí |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  caa |  100 | 12.5
toh |  30K |  Gitonga |  400K |  Africa | Latn |  cce-8l |  99.9 | 29.9
xon |  30K |  Konkomba |  900K |  Africa | Latn |  daa-3l |  98.6 | 17.3
rug |  30K |  Roviana |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  akb-4l |  99.9 | -
bbb |  30K |  Barai |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  asg-10l |  99.6 | -
chf |  30K |  Tabasco Chontal |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  chd-6l |  100 | 20.3
cub |  30K |  Cubeo |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cub-2l |  100 | -
tke |  30K |  Takwane |  2M |  Africa | Latn |  tke |  97.3 | -
ape |  30K |  Bukiyip |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aon-13l |  69.9 | -
tuo |  30K |  Tucano |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  meh-3l |  99.3 | -
npl |  30K |  Nahuatl, Southeastern Puebla |  300K |  Americas | Latn |  nhy-3l |  94.5 | -
mmx |  30K |  Madak |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  avt-12l |  98.4 | -
ifa |  30K |  Amganad Ifugao |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bnc-8l |  99.7 | -
boj |  30K |  Anjam |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  boj-4l |  100 | -
ter |  30K |  Terena-Kinikinao-Chane |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  enx-4l |  100 | -
mpx |  30K |  Misima-Paneati |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aui-14l |  97.5 | -
msk |  30K |  Mansaka |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  agn-14l |  100 | 34.2
sdh |  30K |  Southern Kurdish |  3M |  Asia | Arab |  fay-14l |  70.2 | -
ber-Arab |  30K |  Berber |  2M |  Africa | Arab |  abv-10l |  99.5 | 21.1
zia |  30K |  Zia |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  avt-12l |  96.2 | -
mna |  30K |  Mbula |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bmu-6l |  99.0 | -
apy |  30K |  Apalaí |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  apy-7l |  99.2 | -
kdi |  30K |  Kumam |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  adh-5l |  99.9 | 15.8
aon |  30K |  Bumbita Arapesh |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aon-13l |  76.9 | -
mpg |  30K |  Marba |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  agt-6l |  100 | 13.1
mlp |  30K |  Bargam |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  hni-8l |  98.4 | -
kyc |  30K |  Kyaka |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  avt-12l |  99.2 | -
huu |  30K |  Murui Huitoto |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  aak-3l |  100 | -
sll |  30K |  Salt-Yui |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aon-13l |  97.6 | -
quw |  30K |  Tena Lowland Quichua |  1M |  Americas | Latn |  quw-5l |  99.9 | -
bkq |  30K |  Bakairí |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  abr-5l |  99.2 | -
yaf |  30K |  Yaka-Pelende-Lonzo |  900K |  Africa | Latn |  jbu-8l |  99.6 | 27.3
ncl |  30K |  Michoacán Nahuatl |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  azz-7l |  98.8 | -
sgb |  30K |  Mag-Anchi Ayta |  5K |  Asia | Latn |  kqp-4l |  100 | -
rop |  30K |  Kriol |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bg-Latn-5l |  99.7 | -
rkb |  30K |  Rikbaktsa |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  apy-7l |  99.2 | -
kqc |  30K |  Doromu-Koki |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  adz-3l |  99.5 | -
kew |  30K |  West Kewa |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aau-14l |  95.4 | 11.5
snp |  30K |  Siane |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  knj-8l |  100 | -
cjp |  30K |  Cabécar |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cjp-4l |  100 | -
viv |  30K |  Iduna |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aui-14l |  99.5 | -
sim |  30K |  Mende (Papua New Guinea) |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  apb-13l |  98.2 | -
xsm |  30K |  Kasem |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  lia-3l |  100 | 12.2
iws |  30K |  Sepik Iwam |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  avt-12l |  98.8 | -
amm |  30K |  Ama (Papua New Guinea) |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  amm |  99.4 | -
opm |  30K |  Oksapmin |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  agg-5l |  98.8 | -
kgk |  30K |  Kaiwá |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  gn-6l |  98.8 | -
mta |  30K |  Cotabato Manobo |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  mta |  100 | 17.0
bef |  30K |  Benabena |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  avt-12l |  99.7 | 12.2
ura |  30K |  Urarina |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  bmr-3l |  100 | -
tim |  30K |  Timbe |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  bom-5l |  99.9 | -
ife |  30K |  Ifè |  100K |  Africa | Latn |  ife |  99.9 | 18.7
gqr |  30K |  Gor |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  dzg-5l |  93.0 | -
haz |  30K |  Hazaragi |  2M |  Asia | Arab |  fay-14l |  13.9 | 57.8
row |  30K |  Dela-Oenale |  5K |  Asia | Latn |  bhw-9l |  98.6 | -
lcm |  30K |  Tungag |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  apb-13l |  97.0 | -
wos |  30K |  Hanga Hundi |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aau-14l |  99.5 | -
agn |  30K |  Agutaynen |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  agn-14l |  99.9 | -
lew |  30K |  Ledo Kaili |  400K |  Asia | Latn |  kzf-3l |  100 | 18.0
mbc |  30K |  Macushi |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  mbc |  100 | -
byx |  30K |  Qaqet |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  acn-11l |  97.7 | -
apz |  30K |  Safeyoka |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  amp-12l |  99.2 | -
qxn |  30K |  Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua |  200K |  Americas | Latn |  qub-7l |  99.1 | 18.2
rgu |  30K |  Ringgou |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bhw-9l |  98.0 | -
for |  30K |  Fore |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  awb-4l |  99.7 | -
sny |  30K |  Saniyo-Hiyewe |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  amp-12l |  97.1 | -
mop |  30K |  Mopán Maya |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  chd-6l |  100 | -
men |  30K |  Mende (Sierra Leone) |  3M |  Africa | Latn |  men |  100 | 20.8
arl |  30K |  Arabela |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  arl |  100 | -
hvn |  30K |  Hawu |  100K |  Asia | Latn |  aom-10l |  100 | 15.8
bba |  30K |  Baatonum |  600K |  Africa | Latn |  bas-11l |  100 | 17.0
des |  30K |  Desano |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  des-4l |  99.9 | -
tue |  30K |  Tuyuca |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cbc-2l |  100 | -
ino |  30K |  Inoke-Yate |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  ata-5l |  100 | -
tod |  30K |  Toma |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  moa-2l |  100 | 16.9
ots |  30K |  Estado de México Otomi |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  kcg-9l |  99.9 | -
bpr |  30K |  Koronadal Blaan |  200K |  Asia | Latn |  bpr-7l |  97.3 | 13.6
aau |  30K |  Abau |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aau-14l |  98.2 | -
khz |  30K |  Keapara |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  gah-11l |  97.6 | -
bum |  30K |  Bulu (Cameroon) |  900K |  Africa | Latn |  bas-11l |  98.6 | 29.9
aer |  30K |  Eastern Arrernte |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aer |  100 | -
azz |  30K |  Highland Puebla Nahuatl |  200K |  Americas | Latn |  azz-7l |  99.7 | 13.5
dah |  30K |  Gwahatike |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aon-13l |  97.2 | -
yml |  30K |  Iamalele |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  fj-4l |  99.7 | -
bzh |  30K |  Mapos Buang |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  apb-13l |  97.5 | -
kgp |  30K |  Kaingang |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  bzj-9l |  100 | -
tpz |  30K |  Tinputz |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  ach-10l |  99.3 | -
bex |  30K |  Jur Modo |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  bbo-3l |  100 | 11.0
mek |  30K |  Mekeo |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  fj-4l |  99.1 | -
sbl |  30K |  Botolan Sambal |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  kqp-4l |  100 | 23.0
uvl |  30K |  Lote |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  ata-5l |  98.4 | -
abx |  30K |  Inabaknon |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  abx-11l |  96.4 | -
ese |  30K |  Ese Ejja |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  ese-2l |  100 | -
mcb |  30K |  Machiguenga |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  apu-13l |  100 | -
pma |  30K |  Paama |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  ktm-4l |  99.4 | -
qvm |  30K |  M-Y-L Quechua |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  qub-7l |  99.6 | 15.6
mbj |  30K |  Nadëb |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  bgp-13l |  99.2 | -
gso |  30K |  Southwest Gbaya |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  bas-11l |  100 | 16.8
chd |  30K |  Highland Oaxaca Chontal |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  chd-6l |  99.6 | -
ssx |  30K |  Samberigi |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aui-14l |  99.9 | -
zaa |  30K |  Sierra de Juárez Zapotec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  zaa-5l |  100 | -
bqp |  30K |  Busa |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  akp-4l |  99.7 | -
kgf |  30K |  Kulungtfu-Yuanggeng-Tobo |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  kgf-4l |  99.6 | -
tvk |  30K |  Southeast Ambrym |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  gaw-8l |  99.1 | -
pah |  30K |  Tenharim-Parintintin-Diahoi |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  gn-6l |  99.7 | -
mog |  30K |  Mongondow |  200K |  Asia | Latn |  awb-4l |  100 | 18.6
zas |  30K |  Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  jic-3l |  100 | -
zpl |  30K |  Lachixío Zapotec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cbr-6l |  99.4 | -
pib |  30K |  Yine |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  pib |  71.2 | -
omw |  30K |  South Tairora |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  amp-12l |  99.9 | -
faa |  30K |  Fasu |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  apr-8l |  99.6 | -
dob |  30K |  Dobu |  100K |  Oceania | Latn |  aui-14l |  99.1 | 13.2
dnw |  30K |  Western Dani |  200K |  Asia | Latn |  bmu-6l |  100 | 13.5
gor |  30K |  Gorontalo |  1M |  Asia | Latn |  bco-8l |  100 | 18.4
hak |  30K |  Hakka Chinese |  30M |  Asia | Latn |  cdo-5l |  91.6 | 28.0
poe |  30K |  San Juan Atzingo Popoloca |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  mix-4l |  99.5 | -
gwi |  30K |  Gwich’in |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  agr-3l |  99.9 | -
npy |  30K |  Napu |  5K |  Asia | Latn |  gah-11l |  100 | -
kpr |  30K |  Korafe-Yegha |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aom-10l |  97.6 | -
vid |  30K |  Vidunda |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  cwe-10l |  100 | 17.1
yva |  30K |  Yawa |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  wnc-3l |  100 | -
llg |  30K |  Lole |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bhw-9l |  94.6 | -
sps |  30K |  Saposa |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  apb-13l |  97.3 | -
wmw |  30K |  Mwani |  100K |  Africa | Latn |  bep-4l |  99.5 | 19.9
mif |  30K |  Mofu-Gudur |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  meq-3l |  100 | 16.1
fuf |  30K |  Pular |  3M |  Africa | Latn |  aa-13l |  99.9 | 20.9
kbq |  30K |  Kamano |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aau-14l |  98.8 | 11.8
fuv |  30K |  Nigerian Fulfulde |  12M |  Africa | Latn |  aa-13l |  98.1 | -
ptu |  30K |  Bambam |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  atq-2l |  99.7 | -
pri |  30K |  Paicî |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  ae-Latn-10l |  97.2 | -
en-Deva |  30K |  English |  550M |  Europe | Deva |  awa-14l |  97.1 | 75.9
ymm |  30K |  Maay |  3M |  Africa | Latn |  aa-13l |  99.8 | -
bmh |  30K |  Kein |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  acn-11l |  98.1 | -
zpo |  30K |  Amatlán Zapotec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  zaa-5l |  88.4 | -
smk |  30K |  Bolinao |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  br-4l |  99.0 | 28.6
amp |  30K |  Alamblak |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  amp-12l |  97.6 | -
mic |  30K |  Mi’kmaq |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  hni-8l |  100 | -
gkn |  30K |  Gokana |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  bcq-Latn-12l |  100 | 22.4
cbs |  30K |  Cashinahua |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cbs |  100 | -
gvc |  30K |  Kotiria |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  des-4l |  100 | -
xla |  30K |  Kamula |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  ktm-4l |  99.6 | -
sab |  30K |  Buglere |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  sab |  100 | -
spp |  30K |  Supyire Senoufo |  500K |  Africa | Latn |  spp |  100 | 12.0
gvn |  30K |  Kuku-Yalanji |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  gvn-6l |  99.6 | -
trc |  30K |  Copala Triqui |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  cut-5l |  88.0 | -
thk |  30K |  Tharaka |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  thk |  100 | 20.9
poy |  30K |  Pogolo |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  dov-9l |  100 | 15.7
gej |  30K |  Gen |  300K |  Africa | Latn |  gej-4l |  100 | 24.1
aak |  30K |  Ankave |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aak-3l |  100 | -
rnl |  30K |  Halam |  5K |  Asia | Latn |  akb-4l |  100 | -
kpf |  30K |  Komba |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  avt-12l |  98.6 | -
ghs |  30K |  Guhu-Samane |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  agg-5l |  99.2 | -
ajg |  30K |  Aja (Benin) |  600K |  Africa | Latn |  ajg-8l |  99.8 | 29.7
bmu |  30K |  Burum-Mindik |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bmu-6l |  97.4 | -
fuq |  30K |  Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde |  500K |  Africa | Latn |  aa-13l |  100 | 16.3
gvf |  30K |  Golin |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aon-13l |  98.2 | 12.6
cbv |  30K |  Kakua |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cbv-6l |  100 | -
ake |  30K |  Akawaio |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  ake |  100 | -
usp |  30K |  Uspanteco |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  acr-4l |  100 | -
kpj |  30K |  Karajá |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  kpj-5l |  98.6 | -
mtp |  30K |  Wichí Lhamtés Nocten |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  kqp-4l |  100 | -
tku |  30K |  Upper Necaxa Totonac |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  tku-2l |  99.6 | -
wnc |  30K |  Wantoat |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  wnc-3l |  99.8 | -
sgw |  30K |  Sebat Bet Gurage |  1M |  Africa | Ethi |  gez-8l |  99.2 | 35.6
pwg |  20K |  Gapapaiwa |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  asg-10l |  97.7 | -
huv |  20K |  San Mateo del Mar Huave |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  huv |  100 | -
tly-Cyrl-RU |  20K |  North-Central Talysh |  900K |  Europe | Cyrl |  az-RU-13l |  99.8 | 28.7
kmu |  20K |  Kanite |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  gah-11l |  99.9 | -
bhb |  20K |  Bhili |  3M |  Asia | Deva |  awa-14l |  100 | 44.2
ljp |  20K |  Lampung Api |  800K |  Asia | Latn |  hui-3l |  100 | 25.3
wrs |  20K |  Waris |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  acn-11l |  98.7 | -
ttc |  20K |  Tektiteko |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  azz-7l |  100 | -
myb |  20K |  Mbay |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  kpj-5l |  99.1 | 14.2
mhx |  20K |  Maru |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  lsi-2l |  100 | 15.9
knv |  20K |  Tabo |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bco-8l |  99.9 | -
mbl |  20K |  Maxakalí |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  arn-6l |  99.3 | -
nhi |  20K |  Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  bjr-4l |  98.7 | -
tby |  20K |  Tabaru |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  gbi-8l |  100 | -
soq |  20K |  Kanasi |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  acn-11l |  98.8 | -
agg |  20K |  Angor |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  agg-5l |  99.0 | -
kwd |  20K |  Kwaio |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  knj-8l |  99.9 | -
ssg |  20K |  Seimat |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  gaw-8l |  96.3 | -
zaj |  20K |  Zaramo |  5K |  Africa | Latn |  cwe-10l |  99.2 | -
ahr |  20K |  Ahirani |  2M |  Asia | Deva |  ahr-13l |  99.1 | 32.3
pmf |  20K |  Pamona |  100K |  Asia | Latn |  pmf-2l |  100 | 14.2
mco |  20K |  Coatlán Mixe |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  dyo-3l |  100 | -
txq |  20K |  Tii |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bhw-9l |  94.5 | -
lif |  20K |  Limbu |  800K |  Asia | Deva |  lif |  99.9 | -
ycn |  20K |  Yucuna |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  acu-8l |  100 | -
kln |  20K |  Kalenjin |  9M |  Africa | Latn |  cro-3l |  99.9 | 12.5
xsu |  20K |  Sanumá |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  xsu |  100 | -
nus |  20K |  Nuer |  900K |  Africa | Latn |  din-3l |  100 | 22.8
nak |  20K |  Nakanai |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  bch-10l |  98.9 | -
lid |  20K |  Nyindrou |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  gaw-8l |  99.2 | -
spl |  20K |  Selepet |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  gah-11l |  99.5 | -
aom |  20K |  Ömie |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aom-10l |  99.9 | -
nhg |  20K |  Tetelcingo Nahuatl |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  nhg-3l |  100 | -
cpu |  20K |  Pichis Ashéninka |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  apu-13l |  96.9 | 13.3
muh |  20K |  Mündü |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  muh |  100 | -
nmz |  20K |  Nawdm |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  amf-6l |  99.9 | 14.7
taj |  20K |  Eastern Tamang |  300K |  Asia | Deva |  taj-2l |  100 | 18.3
nca |  20K |  Iyo |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  kgf-4l |  99.3 | -
ik |  20K |  Alaskan Inupiaq |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  bla-7l |  99.6 | -
gam |  20K |  Kandawo |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  gam-3l |  99.1 | -
kue |  20K |  Kuman |  100K |  Oceania | Latn |  agt-6l |  99.1 | 13.1
bbr |  20K |  Girawa |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  acn-11l |  96.0 | -
roo |  20K |  Rotokas |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  amp-12l |  91.7 | -
big |  20K |  Biangai |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  big-5l |  100 | -
dip |  20K |  Northeastern Dinka |  5M |  Africa | Latn |  din-3l |  100 | 14.9
aeb-Latn |  20K |  Tunisian Arabic |  11M |  Africa | Latn |  aeb-Latn-11l |  76.9 | 15.4
lee |  20K |  Lyélé |  100K |  Africa | Latn |  lee |  99.6 | 12.4
bgs |  20K |  Tagabawa |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bgs-9l |  92.3 | -
apb |  20K |  Sa’a |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  apb-13l |  99.5 | -
kmh |  20K |  Kalam |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  dtb-4l |  99.5 | -
soy |  20K |  Miyobe |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  soy |  100 | -
gfk |  20K |  Patpatar |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  acn-11l |  98.4 | -
nvm |  20K |  Namiae |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  dgz-5l |  99.1 | -
bgr |  20K |  Bawm Chin |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bgr-6l |  100 | -
gnn |  20K |  Gumatj |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bch-10l |  100 | -
qxo |  20K |  Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua |  900K |  Americas | Latn |  qub-7l |  98.9 | 17.1
cbr |  20K |  Cashibo-Cacataibo |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cbr-6l |  100 | -
bhl |  20K |  Bimin |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aey-6l |  99.6 | -
amr |  20K |  Amarakaeri |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  amr |  100 | -
kde |  20K |  Makonde |  1M |  Africa | Latn |  cwe-10l |  98.3 | 24.4
zad |  20K |  Cajonos Zapotec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  ctp-4l |  100 | -
bps |  20K |  Sarangani Blaan |  200K |  Asia | Latn |  bpr-7l |  97.4 | 15.3
mks |  20K |  Silacayoapan Mixtec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  mks |  99.6 | -
muy |  20K |  Muyang |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  dgc-6l |  100 | 12.8
ncu |  20K |  Chumburung |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  ncu |  100 | 15.0
stn |  20K |  Owa |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  apr-8l |  100 | -
sd-Deva |  20K |  Sindhi |  68M |  Asia | Deva |  bfz-15l |  98.3 | 34.4
hub |  20K |  Huambisa |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  acu-8l |  98.8 | -
cpb |  20K |  Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  apu-13l |  97.0 | 14.2
mio |  20K |  Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  cta-4l |  100 | -
chz |  20K |  Ozumacín Chinantec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  chz-9l |  100 | -
aia |  20K |  Arosi |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aia |  100 | -
ian |  20K |  Iatmul |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  agg-5l |  99.9 | -
way |  20K |  Wayana |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  way |  100 | -
ndz |  20K |  Ndogo |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  bcq-Latn-12l |  100 | -
agd |  20K |  Agarabi |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  acn-11l |  98.5 | -
mcp |  20K |  Makaa |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  mcp |  100 | 15.0
wbp |  20K |  Warlpiri |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  gvn-6l |  99.9 | -
mox |  20K |  Molima |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aui-14l |  96.2 | -
tbc |  20K |  Takia |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aau-14l |  97.7 | 12.4
sxb |  20K |  Suba |  100K |  Africa | Latn |  cgg-15l |  99.9 | 25.0
kbm |  20K |  Iwal |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  gam-3l |  99.8 | -
bon |  20K |  Bine |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bon |  99.7 | -
pls |  20K |  San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  knj-8l |  100 | -
vmy |  20K |  Ayautla Mazatec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  nhr-2l |  98.6 | -
nop |  20K |  Numanggang |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aau-14l |  98.7 | -
qvn |  20K |  North Junín Quechua |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  qvn |  100 | 17.1
cgc |  20K |  Kagayanen |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  cgc-2l |  100 | 22.4
kwj |  20K |  Kwanga |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  avt-12l |  97.3 | -
kcg |  20K |  Tyap |  100K |  Africa | Latn |  kcg-9l |  100 | 13.9
enx |  20K |  Southern Lengua |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  enx-4l |  99.0 | -
mfy |  20K |  Mayo |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  ese-2l |  99.9 | -
aby |  20K |  Aneme Wake |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aby-4l |  100 | -
cco |  20K |  Comaltepec Chinantec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  cco |  100 | -
boa |  20K |  Bora |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  boa |  100 | -
ikw |  20K |  Ikwere |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  anw-8l |  99.9 | 20.1
lmn-Knda |  20K |  Lambadi |  6M |  Asia | Knda |  lmn-Knda-2l |  100 | 33.3
rai |  20K |  Ramoaaina |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  apb-13l |  95.9 | -
leu |  20K |  Kara (Papua New Guinea) |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  apb-13l |  99.1 | -
sue |  20K |  Suena |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  avt-12l |  99.6 | -
auc |  20K |  Waorani |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  auc-6l |  100 | -
kdc |  20K |  Kutu |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  cwe-10l |  97.7 | 19.1
awb |  20K |  Awa (Papua New Guinea) |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  awb-4l |  99.9 | -
kpw |  20K |  Kobon |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aon-13l |  99.6 | -
mux |  20K |  Bo-Ung |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  gbi-8l |  99.5 | 11.2
mqb |  20K |  Mbuko |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  blw-2l |  100 | -
kne |  20K |  Kankanaey |  200K |  Asia | Latn |  bnc-8l |  100 | 25.7
blz |  20K |  Balantak |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bjp-4l |  100 | 14.2
vmw |  20K |  Makhuwa |  3M |  Africa | Latn |  apu-13l |  99.9 | 16.2
tcs |  20K |  Torres Strait Creole |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bg-Latn-5l |  99.4 | -
mie |  20K |  Ocotepec Mixtec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  mie |  99.9 | -
mhy |  20K |  Ma’anyan |  200K |  Asia | Latn |  amo-7l |  99.5 | 34.7
btd |  20K |  Batak Dairi |  1M |  Asia | Latn |  aom-10l |  100 | 21.5
lem |  20K |  Nomaande |  5K |  Africa | Latn |  box-3l |  100 | -
hop |  20K |  Hopi |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  hop |  99.9 | -
ken |  20K |  Kenyang |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  ken-3l |  97.3 | -
ssd |  20K |  Siroi |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bch-10l |  99.1 | -
kms |  20K |  Kamasau |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  cwt-4l |  97.4 | -
yuw |  20K |  Yau (Morobe Province) |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  amp-12l |  97.6 | -
agt |  20K |  Central Cagayan Agta |  5K |  Asia | Latn |  agt-6l |  97.6 | -
maj |  20K |  Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  kcg-9l |  100 | -
tpm |  20K |  Tampulma |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  sil-3l |  100 | -
khs |  20K |  Kasua |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aui-14l |  99.9 | -
kzf |  20K |  Da’a Kaili |  400K |  Asia | Latn |  kzf-3l |  100 | 16.6
ign |  20K |  Ignaciano |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  acu-8l |  100 | 11.3
mwv |  20K |  Mentawai |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bjp-4l |  100 | 14.7
cul |  20K |  Culina |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cul |  100 | -
apu |  20K |  Apurinã |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  apu-13l |  99.9 | -
ncj |  20K |  Northern Puebla Nahuatl |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  bjr-4l |  100 | 18.6
xnn |  20K |  Northern Kankanay |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bnc-8l |  99.2 | 24.4
bvd |  20K |  Baeggu |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bvc-4l |  99.1 | -
nko |  20K |  Nkonya |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  ktj-6l |  100 | -
cwe |  20K |  Kwere |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  cwe-10l |  97.6 | 21.7
tap |  20K |  Taabwa |  300K |  Africa | Latn |  tap |  100 | 23.5
wrk |  20K |  Garrwa |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  wrk |  100 | -
gah |  20K |  Alekano |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  gah-11l |  97.6 | -
yam |  20K |  Yamba |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  pny-2l |  100 | 7.0
geb |  20K |  Kire |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bmu-6l |  100 | -
ctp |  20K |  Western Highland Chatino |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  ctp-4l |  83.9 | -
mbs |  20K |  Sarangani Manobo |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  mbb-3l |  99.6 | 16.0
nlg |  20K |  Gela |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  bgt-4l |  99.0 | -
nsn |  20K |  Nehan |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bgt-4l |  99.4 | -
bao |  20K |  Waimaha |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  bao |  99.7 | -
cle |  20K |  Lealao Chinantec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  chz-9l |  100 | -
mvn |  20K |  Minaveha |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  gah-11l |  98.2 | -
tpt |  20K |  Tlachichilco Tepehua |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  gam-3l |  100 | -
zyp |  20K |  Zyphe |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  arn-6l |  99.9 | -
pio |  20K |  Piapoco |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  pio |  100 | -
bgx-Latn |  20K |  Rumelian Turkish |  300K |  Europe | Latn |  aeb-Latn-11l |  95.6 | 59.5
myx |  20K |  Masaaba |  3M |  Africa | Latn |  cgg-15l |  99.8 | 25.0
tsz |  20K |  Purepecha |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  apu-13l |  100 | 15.2
dww |  20K |  Dawawa |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  abt-3l |  98.3 | -
gnw |  20K |  Western Bolivian Guaraní |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  gnw |  100 | -
ksr |  20K |  Borong |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  kpj-5l |  98.5 | -
otn |  20K |  Tenango Otomi |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  kcg-9l |  100 | 15.1
gdn |  20K |  Umanakaina |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  asg-10l |  99.5 | -
kmo |  20K |  Kwoma |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  abt-3l |  100 | -
nii |  20K |  Nii |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  nii |  100 | -
tsw |  20K |  Salka-Tsishingini |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  asg-10l |  98.1 | 15.9
not |  20K |  Nomatsiguenga |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cot-2l |  100 | -
ury |  20K |  Orya |  5K |  Asia | Latn |  bzj-9l |  100 | -
anv |  20K |  Denya |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  anv |  100 | -
pbc |  20K |  Patamona |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  pbc |  100 | -
blt-Latn |  20K |  Tai Dam |  800K |  Asia | Latn |  blt-Latn-4l |  99.7 | 24.4
aii |  20K |  Assyrian Neo-Aramaic |  800K |  Europe | Syrc |  ach-10l |  100 | 35.7
mhl |  20K |  Mauwake |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aon-13l |  65.5 | -
myk |  20K |  Mamara Senoufo |  700K |  Africa | Latn |  myk |  100 | 13.2
mee |  20K |  Mengen |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  ata-5l |  99.8 | -
kpx |  20K |  Mountain Koiali |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  apr-8l |  99.1 | -
udu |  20K |  Uduk |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  knj-8l |  100 | -
mnp |  20K |  Min Bei Chinese |  10M |  Asia | Latn |  cdo-5l |  99.8 | 16.2
alp |  20K |  Alune |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  alp-2l |  100 | -
wiu |  20K |  Wiru |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  gbi-8l |  99.0 | -
gyr |  20K |  Guarayu |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  gn-6l |  100 | -
meq |  20K |  Merey |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  meq-3l |  100 | -
kjs |  20K |  East Kewa |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aau-14l |  95.3 | 11.4
mcq |  20K |  Ese |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  acn-11l |  96.7 | -
ong |  20K |  Olo |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  kpz-2l |  99.9 | -
tnn |  20K |  North Tanna |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  nwi-5l |  99.9 | -
coe |  20K |  Koreguaje |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  coe |  99.9 | -
hrx |  20K |  Hunsrik |  3M |  Americas | Latn |  hrx-2l |  99.6 | 48.8
tte |  20K |  Bwanabwana |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aui-14l |  98.3 | -
yut |  20K |  Yopno |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  dtb-4l |  99.2 | -
sgz |  20K |  Sursurunga |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  apb-13l |  97.7 | -
ceg |  20K |  Chamacoco |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  ceg-5l |  100 | -
qul |  20K |  North Bolivian Quechua |  100K |  Americas | Latn |  ae-Latn-10l |  99.6 | 20.9
mvp |  20K |  Duri |  100K |  Asia | Latn |  kje-6l |  99.7 | 14.4
xed |  20K |  Hdi |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  cko-5l |  100 | -
bqj |  20K |  Bandial |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  bkv-4l |  99.6 | -
duo |  20K |  Dupaninan Agta |  5K |  Asia | Latn |  dgc-6l |  99.5 | -
mza |  20K |  Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  mpm-4l |  99.6 | -
mva |  20K |  Manam |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  gah-11l |  97.7 | -
akh |  20K |  Angal Heneng |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aau-14l |  97.8 | 12.0
blw |  20K |  Balangao |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  blw-2l |  92.5 | -
luy |  20K |  Luhya |  1M |  Africa | Latn |  cgg-15l |  99.7 | 20.6
mnb |  20K |  Muna |  300K |  Asia | Latn |  ata-5l |  100 | 13.5
nou |  20K |  Ewage-Notu |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aom-10l |  99.9 | -
ebk |  20K |  Eastern Bontok |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bnc-8l |  97.7 | -
tpp |  20K |  Pisaflores Tepehua |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  tee-2l |  100 | -
wim |  20K |  Wik-Mungkan |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  beu-2l |  99.9 | -
avt |  20K |  Au |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  avt-12l |  98.3 | -
blh |  20K |  Kuwaa |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  bcq-Latn-12l |  100 | -
mfi |  20K |  Wandala |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  acu-8l |  100 | 13.5
eri |  20K |  Ogea |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  agt-6l |  98.3 | -
mpt |  20K |  Mian |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  amp-12l |  98.1 | -
swp |  20K |  Suau |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  apb-13l |  99.4 | -
nho |  20K |  Takuu |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bgt-4l |  96.0 | -
aso |  20K |  Dano |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aso |  100 | 11.6
wnu |  20K |  Usan |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  amp-12l |  96.7 | -
zav |  20K |  Yatzachi Zapotec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cut-5l |  100 | -
bcw |  20K |  Bana |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  bcw-3l |  100 | -
dgz |  20K |  Daga |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  dgz-5l |  99.8 | -
ipi |  20K |  Ipili |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  gbi-8l |  99.5 | -
nsu |  20K |  Sierra Negra Nahuatl |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  nhy-3l |  99.5 | -
urt |  20K |  Urat |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aey-6l |  99.1 | -
obo |  20K |  Obo Manobo |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  atd-4l |  100 | 16.1
zpi |  20K |  Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  zaa-5l |  100 | -
sat-Deva |  20K |  Santali |  6M |  Asia | Deva |  bho-13l |  98.1 | -
cjv |  20K |  Chuave |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  bom-5l |  97.5 | -
ifu |  20K |  Mayoyao Ifugao |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bnc-8l |  100 | -
atg |  20K |  Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  ajg-8l |  100 | -
icr |  20K |  San Andres Creole English |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  bzj-9l |  100 | -
neb |  20K |  Toura (Côte d’Ivoire) |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  avn-3l |  100 | 8.9
apr |  20K |  Arop-Lokep |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  apr-8l |  99.2 | -
aoz |  20K |  Uab Meto |  800K |  Asia | Latn |  aaz-6l |  100 | 15.5
mca |  20K |  Maca |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  hrx-2l |  100 | -
tiy |  20K |  Tiruray |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  cjp-4l |  100 | 13.2
gdr |  20K |  Wipi |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aon-13l |  98.4 | -
kqw |  20K |  Kandas |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  apb-13l |  93.8 | -
zaw |  20K |  Mitla Zapotec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  toj-4l |  100 | -
atq |  20K |  Aralle-Tabulahan |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  atq-2l |  99.9 | -
ruf |  20K |  Luguru |  700K |  Africa | Latn |  cwe-10l |  100 | 17.3
kje |  20K |  Kisar |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  kje-6l |  100 | -
fai |  20K |  Faiwol |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bnj-6l |  99.8 | -
zpq |  20K |  Zoogocho Zapotec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  cut-5l |  100 | -
mcn |  20K |  Masana |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  dzg-5l |  50.7 | 47.6
nlc |  20K |  Nalca |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  mps-3l |  100 | -
yby |  20K |  Yaweyuha |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aau-14l |  97.6 | -
pao |  20K |  Northern Paiute |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  chq-3l |  99.9 | -
mcu |  20K |  Donga Mambila |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  mcu-2l |  100 | 7.6
kbc |  20K |  Kadiwéu |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  etr-2l |  100 | -
djr |  20K |  Djambarrpuyngu |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bch-10l |  100 | -
zae |  20K |  Yareni Zapotec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  rmc-3l |  100 | -
wer |  20K |  Weri |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  acn-11l |  99.2 | -
maw |  20K |  Mampruli |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  cko-5l |  100 | 14.1
kud |  20K |  Auhelawa |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aui-14l |  98.0 | -
dad |  20K |  Marik |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  amp-12l |  94.4 | -
cax |  20K |  Lomeriano-Ignaciano Chiquitano |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  acu-8l |  100 | -
ons |  20K |  Ono |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  kgf-4l |  100 | -
wuv |  20K |  Wuvulu-Aua |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aom-10l |  98.6 | -
gay |  20K |  Gayo |  300K |  Asia | Latn |  abs-13l |  97.2 | 31.9
gng |  20K |  Ngangam |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  ada-13l |  100 | 15.4
nim |  20K |  Nilamba |  700K |  Africa | Latn |  ess-4l |  100 | 16.5
snc |  20K |  Sinaugoro |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  gah-11l |  97.6 | -
nhu |  20K |  Noone |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  cme-5l |  100 | 10.9
daa |  20K |  Dangaleat |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  daa-3l |  100 | 12.3
yli |  20K |  Angguruk Yali |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  yli |  100 | -
bgq-Arab |  20K |  Bagri |  2M |  Asia | Arab |  bgq-Arab-4l |  99.7 | -
tnk |  20K |  Kwamera |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  nwi-5l |  99.4 | -
knf |  20K |  Mankanya |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  knf-2l |  100 | 13.5
mbh |  20K |  Mangseng |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  acn-11l |  98.3 | -
cme |  20K |  Cerma |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  cme-5l |  100 | 10.3
dgr |  20K |  Dogrib |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  bcq-Latn-12l |  99.8 | -
kup |  20K |  Kunimaipa |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  bjr-4l |  99.5 | -
lww |  20K |  Lewo |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  big-5l |  99.5 | -
ktb |  20K |  Kambaata |  900K |  Africa | Ethi |  gez-8l |  99.9 | 13.5
dop |  20K |  Lukpa |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  dop |  100 | -
kki |  20K |  Kagulu |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  dov-9l |  100 | 17.3
mpp |  20K |  Migabac |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bru-6l |  99.3 | -
sua |  20K |  Sulka |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bwu-4l |  98.7 | -
yon |  20K |  Yonggom |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  wnc-3l |  100 | -
eka |  15K |  Ekajuk |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  apn-3l |  100 | 12.6
mih |  15K |  Chayuco Mixtec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  gaw-8l |  99.5 | -
cux |  15K |  Tepeuxila Cuicatec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  cux |  100 | -
tlb |  15K |  Tobelo |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  gbi-8l |  100 | -
klv |  15K |  Maskelynes |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  bkv-4l |  99.9 | -
due |  15K |  Umiray Dumaget Agta |  5K |  Asia | Latn |  dgc-6l |  100 | -
lmn-Deva |  15K |  Lambadi |  6M |  Asia | Deva |  awa-14l |  98.4 | 24.8
xuo |  15K |  Kuo |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  xuo |  100 | -
shk |  15K |  Shilluk |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  shk |  100 | -
xsb |  15K |  Tinà Sambal |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  dgc-6l |  100 | 21.8
amk |  15K |  Ambai |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  aby-4l |  100 | -
zab |  14K |  San Juan Guelavía Zapotec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  toj-4l |  99.7 | -
mig |  14K |  San Miguel El Grande Mixtec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  mig |  60.8 | -
hla |  14K |  Halia |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aon-13l |  97.6 | -
dgc |  14K |  Casiguran-Nagtipunan Agta |  5K |  Asia | Latn |  dgc-6l |  99.1 | -
iry |  14K |  Iraya |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  agn-14l |  96.8 | -
vun |  14K |  Vunjo |  900K |  Africa | Latn |  nnq-4l |  99.9 | 15.9
hot |  14K |  Hote |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aey-6l |  93.1 | -
otd |  14K |  Ot Danum |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  bhw-9l |  100 | -
ade |  14K |  Adele |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  ade-4l |  100 | -
nin |  14K |  Ninzo |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  ajg-8l |  100 | 13.4
gaw |  14K |  Nobonob |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  gaw-8l |  100 | -
nwi |  14K |  Southwest Tanna |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  nwi-5l |  100 | -
naf |  14K |  Nabak |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  miq-2l |  98.1 | -
ztq |  14K |  Quioquitani-Quieri Zapotec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  gv-3l |  99.7 | -
bkd |  14K |  Talaandig-Binukid |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  abx-11l |  93.9 | -
mit |  14K |  Southern Puebla Mixtec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  mit |  100 | -
kbr |  14K |  Kafa |  800K |  Africa | Latn |  drs-Latn-8l |  100 | 12.8
cnt |  14K |  Tepetotutla Chinantec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  chz-9l |  100 | -
bdd |  14K |  Bunama |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aui-14l |  97.3 | -
bm-Nkoo |  14K |  Bambara |  14M |  Africa | Nkoo |  bm-Nkoo-2l |  78.3 | 12.1
myw |  14K |  Muyuw |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aon-13l |  97.9 | -
box |  14K |  Buamu |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  box-3l |  100 | 13.1
prf |  13K |  Paranan |  50K |  Asia | Latn |  dgc-6l |  99.6 | -
ziw |  13K |  Zigula-Mushungulu |  400K |  Africa | Latn |  cwe-10l |  98.3 | 17.6
maq |  13K |  Chiquihuitlán Mazatec |  5K |  Americas | Latn |  chz-9l |  99.9 | -
yrb |  13K |  Yareba |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aby-4l |  100 | -
lwo |  13K |  Luwo |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  chq-3l |  100 | 13.2
ozm |  13K |  Koonzime |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  mcu-2l |  100 | 9.5
csk |  13K |  Jola-Esulalu |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  csk-3l |  100 | 13.0
kdl |  13K |  Tsikimba |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  asg-10l |  99.0 | 16.3
hno |  13K |  Northern Hindko |  4M |  Asia | Arab |  bal-13l |  40.5 | 32.3
waj |  13K |  Waffa |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  waj |  99.8 | -
kkc |  12K |  Odoodee |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  adh-5l |  99.8 | -
mil |  12K |  Peñoles Mixtec |  50K |  Americas | Latn |  mib-2l |  100 | -
ndj |  12K |  Ndamba |  50K |  Africa | Latn |  dov-9l |  100 | 15.9
ngp |  12K |  Ngulu |  100K |  Africa | Latn |  cwe-10l |  98.3 | 16.3
okv |  11K |  Orokaiva |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aom-10l |  99.1 | 14.6
nnq |  11K |  Ngindo |  200K |  Africa | Latn |  nnq-4l |  99.9 | 13.9
grt |  11K |  Garo |  1M |  Asia | Beng |  bpy-7l |  100 | -
psh |  11K |  Southwest Pashayi |  50K |  Asia | Arab |  fay-14l |  15.5 | 38.0
hnd |  11K |  Southern Hindko |  600K |  Asia | Arab |  bal-13l |  17.3 | -
tgp |  11K |  Movono |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  akb-4l |  100 | -
tbo |  10K |  Tawala |  50K |  Oceania | Latn |  aui-14l |  98.5 | -
bxh |  9K |  Buhutu |  5K |  Oceania | Latn |  aui-14l |  93.2 | -
mfa |  7K |  Kelantan-Pattani Malay |  1M |  Asia | Arab |  mfa-3l |  95.9 | 23.2


# Telecom-band Multi-Type Spontaneous Parametric Downconversion in
Periodically Polarized Nonlinear Materials

Xi-Yu Liu1 Ya-Fei Yu1 Zheng-Jun Wei2 Tian-Ming Zhao1<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Jin-
Dong Wang2<EMAIL_ADDRESS>1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of
Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University,
Guangzhou, 510631, China
2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum
Materials, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China

###### Abstract

Spontaneous parametric downconversion is an essential technique in quantum
optics experiments. In this paper, various quasi-phase-matching processes in
several typical periodically polarized nonlinear materials are analyzed and
calculated. Furthermore, a general method for realizing multiple types of
quasi-phase-matching in a monolithic material is presented. Finally, a novel
design to prepare multiple entangled photon pairs based on the Sagnac
interferometer is discussed. This technology can be applied to tiny optical
paths in the telecom C band, saving both cost and space.

An inevitably pursued research direction in quantum information aims to
develop large-scale quantum computing and long-distance quantum
communicationGenovese (2005). One of the ongoing efforts is to prepare high-
quality quantum light sources in the telecom band, which is required by both
long-distance quantum key distribution and multi-node quantum networksO’Brien
_et al._ (2009); Cirac  _et al._ (1999). Until now, diverse systems have been
implemented to prepare quantum light sources ranging from nonlinear materials
and atomic ensembles to semiconductor quantum dots(QDs) and nitrogen-
vacancy(NV) color centersBernien  _et al._ (2013). Under communication
wavelengths, however, quasi-phase-matching (QPM) spontaneous parametric
downconversion (SPDC) in the nonlinear optical system is the most mature and
widely used technique because of its sources’ high brightness and
visibilityArmstrong  _et al._ (1962). Commonly used nonlinear materials for
QPM are PPKTP, PPLN, and PPSLT.

Figure 1: (color online) Three types of QPM processes in periodically poled
nonlinear materials.

SPDC is a second-order nonlinear effect in optical materials. When a high-
frequency pump photon enters the material, it splits into a low-frequency
signal photon and idle photon pairs at quasi-phase-matching(QPM)Schaeff  _et
al._ (2012); Lee  _et al._ (2015); Steinlechner  _et al._ (2014). According to
the different polarizations of the pump photon and the two down-converted
photons, there are three types of SPDC called type-0, type-I, and type-II. As
shown in Fig. 1, in type-0 SPDC, the signal photon, idler photon, and pump
photon have the same polarization. In type-I SPDC, the signal photon has the
same polarization as the idler photon, but both are perpendicular to the pump.
Finally, in type-II SPDC, the polarization of the signal photon and idle
photon is perpendicular.

Various methods have been developed to improve the quality of entangled photon
sources. One is an in-depth discussion of phase-matching. It is hoped that
through the comparative study of different phase-matching types, conditions
more suitable for the preparation of quantum light sources will be discovered,
such as the realization of multiple types of SPDC in a monolithic material. In
2009, NIST designed a PPKTP waveguide that simultaneously realizes type-0 and
type-II SPDC and compared their characteristicsChen  _et al._ (2009). In 2012,
PNU designed a PPKTP crystal to realize both type-0 and type-II SPDC processes
at 800 nmLee  _et al._ (2012).These works provide a theoretical and
experimental basis for the simultaneous realization of multiple types of SPDC
in the same nonlinear material. However, the current working wavelength is
limited to around 800 nm. Entanglement distribution can be conveniently
established at telecom wavelengths, where optical fibers are less lossy and
conventional polarization entanglement sources are principally closer to ideal
Bell states, in the context of city-scale optical fiber-based networksJin  _et
al._ (2015). In 2021, UA demonstrated that phase matching for both type-I and
type-II can be realized simultaneously in the same waveguide at 1550 nm, but
correlated photons generated from type-II SPDC was overlapped with type-I SPDC
in frequencyBriggs  _et al._ (2021).

In this work, we calculate and analyze the characteristics of different types
of SPDC in the telecom C band. Furthermore, we investigate the parameters and
their potential applications for the simultaneous realization of multi-type of
SPDC in several typical nonlinear materials. Finally, we designed the new
experiment to generate multi-pair and multi-photon entangled light sources.

We first analyze various types of SPDC (type-0, type-I, and type-II) in three
typical periodically poled nonlinear materials (PPKTP, PPLN, and PPLT). The
process satisfies the following QPM conditions:

$\displaystyle\omega_{p}=\omega_{s}+\omega_{i}(\text{or}\frac{1}{\lambda_{p}}=\frac{1}{\lambda_{s}}+\frac{1}{\lambda_{i}})$
(1)
$\displaystyle\vec{k}_{p}=\vec{k}_{s}+\vec{k}_{i}+m\vec{K}_{g}(K_{g}=\frac{2\pi}{\Lambda})$
(2)
$\displaystyle|\vec{k}_{j}|=|\frac{2\pi\vec{n}_{j}}{\lambda_{j}}|(j=p,s,i)$
(3)

where the superscripts p, s and i represent the pump, the signal and the
idler, respectively. In Eq.(1), $\omega$ is the angular frequency, and
$\lambda$ is the wavelength. Here we select the pump wavelength as 775 nm, and
that of the signal and idler are both 1550 nm. Eq.(2) means the conservation
of momentum, where $\vec{k}$ is the wave vector, $K_{g}$ is the periodic
polarization vector, $\Lambda$ is the poling period of the material, and m, an
integer, is referred to as QPM order. In Eq.(3), n is the refractive index of
the light, which varies with wavelength, temperature, and angle. And
considering the angle, the above QPM equations can be expressed as,

$\displaystyle k_{s}\cos{\theta_{s}}+k_{i}\cos{\theta_{i}}=k_{p}-mK_{g}$ (4)
$\displaystyle k_{s}\sin{\theta_{s}}=k_{i}\sin{\theta_{i}}$ (5)

We can see the refractive index’s effect on phase matching from the above
formulas. According to the Sellmeier equation, the refractive index
corresponds to different polarization of photons in nonlinear materials, which
varies by type of SPDCGayer  _et al._ (2008). On the other hand, as we know,
the two photons generated by type-II SPDC can be separated by polarization. In
contrast, the polarization of photons generated under type-0 and type-I are
indistinguishable. However, they can be separated from the space for non-
collinear QPM. So in this paper, our calculations are all for non-collinear
type-0, type-I, and collinear type-II SPDC. In this case, the phase matching
and refractive index are calculated by the following equations.

(1)Non-collinear Type-0 SPDC

$\displaystyle n_{s(i)}(T,\lambda_{s(i)})=n_{y}(T,\lambda_{p})$ (6)
$\displaystyle n_{p}=n_{y}(T,\lambda_{p})$ (7)

(2)Non-collinear Type-I SPDC

$\displaystyle\begin{split}&n_{s(i)}(\theta_{s(i)},T,\lambda_{s(i)})\\\
=&\frac{n_{x}(T,\lambda_{s(i)})n_{z}(T,\lambda_{s(i)})}{\sqrt{n_{x}^{2}(T,\lambda_{s(i)})\cos^{2}{\theta_{s(i)}}+n_{z}^{2}(T,\lambda_{s(i)})\sin^{2}{\theta_{s(i)}}}}\\\
\end{split}$ (8) $\displaystyle n_{p}=n_{y}(T,\lambda_{p})$ (9)

(3)Collinear Type-II SPDC

$\displaystyle\begin{split}&n_{s}(\theta_{s},T,\lambda_{s})\\\
=&\frac{n_{x}(T,\lambda_{s})n_{z}(T,\lambda_{s})}{\sqrt{n_{x}^{2}(T,\lambda_{s})\cos^{2}{\theta_{s}}+n_{z}^{2}(T,\lambda_{s})\sin^{2}{\theta_{s}}}}\\\
\end{split}$ (10) $\displaystyle n_{p}=n_{y}(T,\lambda_{p})$ (11)
$\displaystyle n_{i}=n_{y}(T,\lambda_{i})$ (12)

The beams propagate in the x-z plane and $\theta_{s(i)}$ is the angle between
$\vec{k}_{s(i)}$ and $\vec{k}_{p}$ in the x-y plane(see Fig.1). T is the
crystal temperature.

Figure 2: (color online) Dependence of poling period on crystal temperature.
$\text{m}_{\text{I}}$ and $\text{m}_{\text{II}}$ represent orders of type-I
and type-II SPDC respectively. Solid blue curve: for second-order type-II, and
dashed red curve: for third-order type-I.

Next, we find conditions for the simultaneous realization of multiple types of
QPM in the same nonlinear material. Without loss of generality, take PPLN as
an example. We first study the effect of the QPM order. In the QPM process,
after the horizontally polarized pump with a wavelength of 775 nm is injected
into the PPLN crystal, a degenerate photon pair with a wavelength of 1550 nm
is obtained from SPDC. We show the curve between the crystal temperature and
the poling period of 1-3 order type-I(o$\rightarrow$e+e) and type-
II(o$\rightarrow$o+e) SPDC under collinear conditions in Fig.2.

Figure 3: (color online) Dependence of Output angle on crystal temperature.
Solid blue curve: for type-II, dashed red curve: for type-I.

Fig.2 shows that collinear third-order type-I (dashed red line) and second-
order type-II (solid blue line) curves are closely adjacent without
intersecting points. So we can not find out both types of SPDC at the same
time directly. Instead, we can change type-I from collinear to non-collinear
and select an appropriate angle. Moreover, the type-II curve in Fig.2 shows
that the crystal temperature is 17-19 $\mu$m. So we may as well take the
period as 18.000 $\mu$m. Then we get the relationships between the crystal
temperature and the output angle of the signal satisfying QPM, as shown in
Fig.3. Again, the solid blue line is for type-II, and the dashed red line is
for type-I. At a temperature of 25.1∘C, the exit angle of the blue line
calculated by the Snell’s law is zero, meaning collinear. Meanwhile, under
25.1∘C, non-collinear type-I QPM can be achieved with an exit angle of 7∘.

In conclusion, it can perform second-order type-II SPDC collinearly and third-
order type-I SPDC with an exit angle of 7∘ at the same time when the PPLN
crystal has a poling period of 18.000 $\mu$m and a temperature of 25.1∘C.

Figure 4: (color online) (a) and (b) Dependence of poling period on crystal
temperature. (c) and (d) Dependence of Output angle on crystal temperature.
Solid blue curve: for type-II QPM, and dashed yellow curve: for type-I QPM.
Both of solid green curve and dashed red curve are for type-0 QPM.

The simulation results for the other two situations are shown in Fig.4, where
Fig.4 (a) and (c) are for type-0(o$\rightarrow$o+o) and type-
II(o$\rightarrow$o+e) QPM. When the PPLN crystal has a poling period of 28.0
$\mu$m and a temperature of 64.4∘C, the non-collinear second-order type-0 and
collinear third-order type-II SPDC processes can be simultaneously performed.
Similarly, Fig.4 (b) and (d) are for type-0(o$\rightarrow$o+o) and
type-I(o$\rightarrow$e +e) QPM. The double-QPM condition can be satisfied with
a poling period of 16.4 $\mu$m and a temperature of 25∘C. We summarize all the
results in Table 1.

Table 1: Parameters

Material |  Temp. |  Poling period |  Process |  Order |  Output angle
---|---|---|---|---|---
|  |  |  |  |
PPLN |  64.4∘C |  28.002$\mu$m |  type-II:o$\rightarrow$e+o type-0:o$\rightarrow$o+o |  3 2 |  0∘ 11∘
|  25.1∘C |  18.000$\mu$m |  type-II:o$\rightarrow$e+o type-I:o$\rightarrow$e+e |  2 3 |  0∘ 7∘
|  25.0∘C |  16.400$\mu$m |  type-0:o$\rightarrow$o+o type-I:o$\rightarrow$e+e |  1 3 |  2∘ 15∘
PPSLT |  72.1∘C |  20.826$\mu$m |  type-0:o$\rightarrow$o+o type-I:o$\rightarrow$e+e type-II:o$\rightarrow$o+e |  1 1 1 |  0∘ 0∘ 0∘
|  |  20.978$\mu$m |  type-0:e$\rightarrow$e+e type-I:e$\rightarrow$o+o type-II:e$\rightarrow$e+o |  1 1 1 |  0∘ 0∘ 0∘
|  |  |  |  |

The above method is also applicable to other nonlinear materials. Furthermore,
for the material of PPSLT, we find two conditions to realize triple-type QPM
as wellDolev  _et al._ (2009). As shown in Fig.5, we plot the relationship
between temperature and poling period under the three types of phase matching
when the pump light is o light and e light, respectively. Two intersection
points represent two triple-type QPM conditions. Both intersection
temperatures are 72.1∘C, and the poling periods are 20.83 $\mu$m and 20.98
$\mu$m, respectively.

Figure 5: (color online) Dependence of poling period on the crystal
temperature. The letters o and e represent the ordinary and extraordinary
components of light, and subscripts 0, I and II indicate type-0, type-I and
type-II, respectively.

In the previous section, we discuss how to achieve multiple types of QPM in
the same nonlinear material. Next, we talk about a possible experimental
application of this technique. Fig.6 shows the experimental setup for
generating polarization-entangled photon sources based on the Sagnac
interferometer. When the pump light passes through a PPLN crystal with a
poling period of 64.4$\mu$m at a temperature of 28.0∘C, it is known that two
types of SPDC processes, the non-collinear type-0 and the collinear type-II,
can be simultaneously implemented. Firstly, let’s talk about the non-collinear
type-0 process. A 45∘ polarized pump beam is split into two beams by PBS. The
clockwise vertically polarized light is converted into horizontally polarized
light by a fixed 45∘ HWP, and then generates horizontally polarized photon
pairs:$|\text{V}\rangle_{p}\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\text{DHWP}}}{{\longrightarrow}}|\text{H}\rangle_{p}\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\text{PPLN}}}{{\longrightarrow}}|\text{H}\rangle_{1}|\text{H}\rangle_{2}$.
The photon pairs exit from port A of the PBS. Meanwhile, the counterclockwise
horizontally polarized light passes through the PPLN crystal to generate
horizontally polarized photon pairs, which are then converted into vertically
polarized ones through the HWP:
$|\text{H}\rangle_{p}\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\text{PPLN}}}{{\longrightarrow}}|\text{H}\rangle_{1}|\text{H}\rangle_{2}\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\text{DHWP}}}{{\longrightarrow}}|\text{V}\rangle_{1}|\text{V}\rangle_{2}$.
The photons also exit from the port A. Therefore, we get the entangled
satate:$|\Phi\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|\text{H}\rangle_{1}|\text{H}\rangle_{2}+e^{i\phi_{0}}|\text{V}\rangle_{1}|\text{V}\rangle_{2})$,
where the subscripts represent different spatial paths, and $\phi_{0}$
represents the phase between the two-photon pairs. On this basis, the Bell
state
$|\Phi^{+}\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|\text{H}\rangle_{1}|\text{H}\rangle_{2}+|\text{V}\rangle_{1}|\text{V}\rangle_{2})$
can be obtained by adjusting the phase compensation in the optical path after
the interferometer so that $\phi_{0}=0$. In addition, a new Bell state can
also be obtained by rotating the HWP by 45∘:
$|\Psi\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|\text{H}\rangle_{1}|\text{V}\rangle_{2}+e^{i\phi_{0}}|\text{V}\rangle_{1}|\text{H}\rangle_{2})$.
The 1-QWP can be used to adjust $\phi_{0}=\pi$ by rotating the angle by 90∘,
so as to obtain $\Phi^{-}$ and $\Psi^{-}$ states. Secondly, we discuss the
collinear type-II process. Two-photon pairs generated by the type-II SPDC in
the PPLN crystal. The polarization-entangled state is
$|\Phi\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|\text{H}\rangle_{3}|\text{V}\rangle_{4}+e^{i\phi_{II}}|\text{V}\rangle_{3}|\text{H}\rangle_{4})$,
which can be changed to different Bell states by adjusting the HWP and QWP.
Finally, in the non-collinear type-I process, the two-photon pairs both exit
from the B port of the PBS and are successfully prepared as polarization-
entangled state
$|\Phi\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|\text{V}\rangle_{5}|\text{V}\rangle_{6}+e^{i\phi_{I}}|\text{H}\rangle_{5}|\text{H}\rangle_{6})$.
Different Bell states can also be obtained by adjusting the HWP or QWP.

Figure 6: (color online) Schematic setup of the Sagnac interferometer. A
775-nm pump beam, with a 45∘ polarization, is focused to the center of the
PPLN crystal placed at the center of the Sagnac loop. The down-converted
photons propagating in path 1-6 output from port A or B of PBS are coupled
into single-mode fibers (SMFs). The DM is a dichroic mirror. And the DHWP is a
dual-wavelength half-wave plate.

There are still a few technical difficulties to overcome. For example, it is
complicacy to maintain a uniform poling period. As type-II phase matching in
Table 1 does depend on period poling, a tiny change in the poling period
($\Lambda$ = 18.000$\mu$m, $\nabla\Lambda$ = 4nm,
$\frac{\nabla\Lambda}{\Lambda}\approx$ 0.0002) can alter the wave vector
mismatch. For the purpose of compensating the mismatch, we can set the crystal
temperature to 25.4∘C. However, based on this experiment setup, two or three
entanglement states can be generated simultaneously using only one nonlinear
material. Compared with the experiments that require a set of optical systems
to prepare multiple entangled photon pairs, it saves space and costLi  _et
al._ (2022); Ho  _et al._ (2022).

This paper gives the theoretical models and simulation results of multi-type
SPDC in periodically polarized nonlinear materials. Furthermore, the optimal
conditions for the quantum entanglement source in the telecom C band are
studied. As a result, the brightness and quality of quantum entangled light
sources will be improved through experimental comparison. Besides, we
discovered a new method for simultaneously preparing multiple pairs of quantum
entangled photons by multi-type QPM. This work will promote quantum
information to be practical and widely used in various fields of quantum
information, such as quantum key distribution, quantum teleportation, quantum
computing, and quantum simulation. Our results pave the way for entanglement
distribution over organized fibers at metropolitan scale.

## Acknowledgements

Zhao is supported by NSFC grant (No.11904422).

## References

  * Genovese (2005) M. Genovese, Physics Reports 413, 319 (2005).
  * O’Brien  _et al._ (2009) J. L. O’Brien, A. Furusawa, and J. Vučković, Nature Photonics 3, 687 (2009).
  * Cirac  _et al._ (1999) J. I. Cirac, A. K. Ekert, S. F. Huelga, and C. Macchiavello, Phys. Rev. A 59, 4249 (1999).
  * Bernien  _et al._ (2013) H. Bernien, B. Hensen, W. Pfaff, G. Koolstra, M. S. Blok, L. Robledo, T. H. Taminiau, M. Markham, D. J. Twitchen, L. Childress, and R. Hanson, Nature 497, 86 (2013).
  * Armstrong  _et al._ (1962) J. A. Armstrong, N. Bloembergen, J. Ducuing, and P. S. Pershan, Phys. Rev. 127, 1918 (1962).
  * Schaeff  _et al._ (2012) C. Schaeff, R. Polster, R. Lapkiewicz, R. Fickler, S. Ramelow, and A. Zeilinger, Opt. Express 20, 16145 (2012).
  * Lee  _et al._ (2015) H. J. Lee, H. Kim, M. Cha, and H. S. Moon, Opt. Express 23, 14203 (2015).
  * Steinlechner  _et al._ (2014) F. Steinlechner, M. Gilaberte, M. Jofre, T. Scheidl, J. P. Torres, V. Pruneri, and R. Ursin, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31, 2068 (2014).
  * Chen  _et al._ (2009) J. Chen, A. J. Pearlman, A. Ling, J. Fan, and A. Migdall, Opt. Express 17, 6727 (2009).
  * Lee  _et al._ (2012) H. J. Lee, H. Kim, M. Cha, and H. S. Moon, Applied Physics B 108, 585 (2012).
  * Jin  _et al._ (2015) R. B. Jin, M. Takeoka, U. Takagi, R. Shimizu, and M. Sasaki, Sci Rep 5, 9333 (2015).
  * Briggs  _et al._ (2021) I. Briggs, S. Hou, C. Cui, and L. Fan, Opt. Express 29, 26183 (2021).
  * Gayer  _et al._ (2008) O. Gayer, Z. Sacks, E. Galun, and A. Arie, Applied Physics B 91, 343 (2008).
  * Dolev  _et al._ (2009) I. Dolev, A. Ganany-Padowicz, O. Gayer, A. Arie, J. Mangin, and G. Gadret, Applied Physics B 96, 423 (2009).
  * Li  _et al._ (2022) Z.-D. Li, Y.-L. Mao, M. Weilenmann, A. Tavakoli, H. Chen, L. Feng, S.-J. Yang, M.-O. Renou, D. Trillo, T. P. Le, N. Gisin, A. Acín, M. Navascués, Z. Wang, and J. Fan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 040402 (2022).
  * Ho  _et al._ (2022) J. Ho, G. Moreno, S. Brito, F. Graffitti, C. L. Morrison, R. Nery, A. Pickston, M. Proietti, R. Rabelo, A. Fedrizzi, and R. Chaves, npj Quantum Information 8, 13 (2022).