# Ideal categories of rings and
the ring of cones

Sreejamol P.R.1 and P.G. Romeo2 1 Assistant Professor, Department of
Mathematics, SNM College, Maliankara, Ernakulam, Kerala, India.,2 Professor,
Dept. of Mathematics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi,
Kerala, India.  $sreejasooraj<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
(Date: 08.07.19)

###### Abstract.

In this paper we describe the ideal category of a ring $R$ as preadditive
proper category. Further it is also shown that the cones in this category is a
ring with appropriate addition and multiplication.

###### Key words and phrases:

Proper category, $RR-$category, Proper cones, Ideals, Semigroups, Rings.

###### 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification:

20M10,20M12,18E05

##  1\. Introduction

This paper is related to the study of ideals of a ring. Recall that a regular
semigroup $S$ is a semigroup in which for every $a\in S$, there exists $b\in
S$ such that $aba=a$. In 1994, K.S.S.Nambooripad introduced a special type of
categories called normal categories to describe the ideal structure of a
regular semigroup. The categories of principal left (right) ideals of a
regular semigroup are normal. Later on, this approach was extended to
arbitrary semigroups by defining the ideal categories of a semigroup as proper
categories and it is shown that the set of all proper cones in such a category
is a semigroup. Also the dual of the proper category is obtained(cf.[11]).
In the 1930’s von Neumann introduced regular rings in his work on continuous
geometry. Regular ring (von Neumann regular) is a ring in which the
multiplicative part is a regular semigroup. In [6] the principal left[right]
ideals of a regular ring are described as preadditive normal categories. In
this paper we extend the categorical approach to the study of the structure
theory of rings. We show that the principal left[right] ideals of a ring are
preadditive proper categories, further we introduce $RR-$proper categories and
it is shown that the set of all proper cones in such a category becomes a
ring. Note that all rings in this paper are associative with unit.

##  2\. Prelimanires

In the following we briefly recall some definitions and basic results
regarding categories needed in the sequel and for more details reader is
referred to S. Maclane (cf.[4]) and K.S.S.Nambooripad (cf.[9]). The categories
we are considering are all small categories - a small category is a category
in which the class of objects and class of morphisms are both sets. Let
$\mathcal{C}$ be any category, then $\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$ denotes the set of
objects of $\mathcal{C}$. For $a,b\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$, the set consists
of all morphisms of the category with domain $a$ and codomain $b$ is called
the hom-set and is denoted as $\mathcal{C}(a;b)$ or $hom(a;b)$. If
$f:a\rightarrow b$ and $g:b\rightarrow c$ then the composition is $f\cdot
g:a\rightarrow c$. A morphism $f$ in a category $\mathcal{C}$ is a
monomorphism if for $g,h\in\mathcal{C}$, $gf=hf$ implies $g=h$; that is $f$ is
a monomorphism if it is right cancelable. Dually a morphism $f\in\mathcal{C}$
is an epimorphism if $f$ is left cancelable.
An object $a$ is terminal in $\mathcal{C}$ if for each object $b$ there is
exactly one arrow $b\rightarrow a$. An object $c$ is initial object if to each
object $b$ there is exactly one arrow $c\rightarrow b.$ A zero object or null
object $z$ in $\mathcal{C}$ is an object which is both initial and terminal.
For any two objects $a$ and $b$ the unique arrows $a\rightarrow z$ and
$z\rightarrow b$ have a composite $O_{a}^{b}:a\rightarrow b$ called the zero
arrow from $a\rightarrow b$.

######  Definition 1.

(cf.[4]) A preadditive category(or Ab-category) is a category satisfying:

  1. (1)

each hom-set is an additive abelian group,

  2. (2)

composition of arrows is bilinear relative to this addition,

  3. (3)

category has zero object.

A preorder $\mathcal{P}$ is a category such that, for any
$p,p^{\prime}\in\textit{v}\mathcal{P}$; the hom-set
$\mathcal{P}(p,p^{\prime})$ contains at most one morphism. In this case, the
relation $\subseteq$ on the class $\textit{v}\mathcal{P}$ defined by
$p\subseteq p^{\prime}\Leftrightarrow\mathcal{P}(p,p^{\prime})\neq\phi$ is a
quasi-order on $\textit{v}\mathcal{P}$ . In a preorder, p and p’ are
isomorphic if and only if
$\mathcal{P}(p,p^{\prime})\neq\phi\neq\mathcal{P}(p^{\prime},p)$. Therefore
$p\subseteq p^{\prime}$ is a partial order if and only if $\mathcal{P}$ does
not contain any nontrivial isomorphisms. Equivalently, the only isomorphisms
of $\mathcal{P}$ are identity morphisms, and in this case $\mathcal{P}$ is
said to be a $\textit{strict preorder}.$
Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a category and $\mathcal{P}$ be a subcategory of
$\mathcal{C}$. Then $(\mathcal{C},\mathcal{P})$ is called a category with
subobjects if the following hold:

  * (1)

$\mathcal{P}$ is a strict preorder with
$\textit{v}\mathcal{P}=\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$.

  * (2)

Every $f\in\mathcal{P}$ is a monomorphism in $\mathcal{C}$.

  * (3)

If $f,g\in\mathcal{P}$ and if $f=hg$ for some $h\in\mathcal{C}$, then
$h\in\mathcal{P}$.

In a category with subobjects, if $f:a\rightarrow b$ is a morphism in
$\mathcal{P}$, then $f$ is an inclusion and we denote this inclusion by
$j(a,b)$. If there is a morphism $e:b\rightarrow a$ such that $j(a,b)e=I_{a}$,
then $e$ is called a retraction from $b\rightarrow a$ and is denoted by
$e(b,a).$ In case a retraction from b to a exists, then we say that the
inclusion $j(a,b):a\rightarrow b$ splits.
A morphism $f\in\mathcal{C}$, where $\mathcal{C}$ be a category with
subobjects has factorization if $f=p\cdot m$ where $p$ is an epimorphism and
$m$ is an embedding. A category $\mathcal{C}$ is said to have the
factorization property if every morphism of $\mathcal{C}$ has a factorization.
Thus, if $\mathcal{C}$ has the factorization property, then any morphism $f$
in $\mathcal{C}$ has atleast one factorization of the form $f=qj$, where $q$
is an epimorphism and $j$ is an inclusion and such factorizations are called
canonical factorizations. A normal factorization of a morphism $f$ in
$\mathcal{C}$ is a factorization of the form $f=euj$ where $e$ is a
retraction, $u$ is an isomorphism and $j$ is an inclusion.
A morphism $f$ in a category with subobjects is said to have an image if it
has a canonical(epi-mono)factorization $f=xj$, where $x$ is an epimorphism and
j is an inclusion with the property that whenever $f=yj^{\prime}$ is any other
canonical factorization, then there exists an inclusion $j^{\prime\prime}$
such that $y=xj^{\prime\prime}$([9]). A category is said to have images if
every morphism in $\mathcal{C}$ has an image. In this case, the codomain of
$x$ is said to be the image of $f$. When the morphism $f$ has an image we
denote the unique canonical factorization of $f$ by $f=f^{o}j_{f}$, where
$f^{o}$ is the unique epimorphic component and $j_{f}$ is the inclusion of
$f$.
Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a category with subobjects, images, every morphism in
$\mathcal{C}$ has normal factorizations in which the inclusion splits and
$d\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$. A cone from $\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$ to the vertex
$d$ is a map $\gamma:\textit{v}\mathcal{C}\rightarrow d$ such that

  1. (1)

$\gamma(c)\in\mathcal{C}(c,d)$ for all $c\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}.$

  2. (2)

If $c^{\prime}\subseteq c$ then $j(c^{\prime},c)\gamma(c)=\gamma(c^{\prime})$.

The cone $\gamma$ is called a normal cone if there exists an
$a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$ such that $\gamma(a)$ is an isomorphism. The
vertex $d$ of the cone $\gamma$ is usually denoted as $c_{\gamma}$. The set of
all normal cones in $\mathcal{C}$ is denoted by $\mathcal{TC}$ which is a
regular semigroup. Corresponding to the normal cone $\gamma$, an $M-$set is
defined as

$M_{\gamma}=\\{c\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}:\gamma(c)\text{ is isomorphism}\\}.$

######  Definition 2.

A normal category is a pair $(\mathcal{C},\mathcal{P})$ satisfying the
following:

  1. (1)

$(\mathcal{C},\mathcal{P})$ is a category with subobjects

  2. (2)

every inclusion in $\mathcal{C}$ splits

  3. (3)

Any morphism in $\mathcal{C}$ has a normal factorization

  4. (4)

for each $a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$ there is a normal cone $\gamma$ with
vertex $a$ and $\gamma(a)=I_{a}.$

######  Lemma 1 ([9]).

If $\gamma$ is a normal cone with vertex $c_{\gamma}$ and
$f:c_{\gamma}\rightarrow a$ is an epimorphism for $a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$,
then the map $\gamma\star f$ defined by

$(\gamma\star f)(a)=\gamma(a)\cdot f$

from $\textit{v}\mathcal{C}\rightarrow\mathcal{C}$is a normal cone with vertex
$d$.

######  Theorem 1.

Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a normal category. Then set of all normal cones
$\mathcal{T}\mathcal{C}$ with respect to the binary operation defined by

$\gamma\cdot\eta=\gamma\star\eta(c_{\gamma})^{o}$

for all $\gamma,\eta\in\mathcal{T}\mathcal{C}$ is a regular semigroup.

##  3\. Proper categories

In the following we proceed to describe certain generalization of normal
categories in which the cones at each vertex need not always be normal but
only satisfies some weaker conditions and we call proper categories.

######  Definition 3.

Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a category with subobjects, every inclusion splits and
every morphism has canonical factorization. A proper cone $\gamma$ in
$\mathcal{C}$ is a cone with vertex $d$ such that there exists at least one
$c\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$ with $\gamma(c):c\rightarrow d$ is an epimorphism
(i.e., $\gamma(c)=\gamma(c)^{o}$).

$a$$d$$b$$c^{\prime}$$c$$\gamma(a)$$\gamma(b)$$\gamma(c)$$j(c^{\prime},c)$$\gamma(c^{\prime})$

The set of all proper cones in category $\mathcal{C}$ is denoted by
$\mathcal{PC}$ and for $\gamma\in\mathcal{PC}$, we denote by $c_{\gamma}$ the
vertex of $\gamma$ and by $M_{\gamma}$, the $M-$set defined by

$M_{\gamma}=\\{c\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}:\gamma(c)\text{ is epimorphism}\\}$

A cone $\gamma$ in $\mathcal{C}$ is proper or normal cone according as
$M_{\gamma}\neq\phi$. Clearly every normal cone is proper as well.

######  Definition 4.

A small category $\mathcal{C}$ with subobjects is called proper category if it
satisfies the following:

  1. (1)

every inclusion in $\mathcal{C}$ splits,

  2. (2)

any morphism $f\in\mathcal{C}$ has canonical factorization and

  3. (3)

each object of $\mathcal{C}$ is a vertex of a proper cone
$\gamma\in\mathcal{PC}$.

######  Definition 5.

A preadditive category which is also a proper category is termed as a
preadditive proper category.
A preadditive proper category $\mathcal{C}$ satisfying the following
conditions:

  1. (1)

the object set $\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$ with partial order induced by subobject
relation is a relatively complemented lattice and

  2. (2)

every subset of the object set which has an upper bound contains a unique
maximal element

is called an $RR-$proper category and these conditions are termed as
$RR-$conditions.

Now we proceed to show that the set of proper cones $\mathcal{PC}$ in an $RR-$
proper category $\mathcal{C}$, is a ring.

######  Proposition 1.

Let $\mathcal{C}$ be an $RR-$proper category and $\gamma$ be a proper cone in
$\mathcal{C}$. For $f\in\mathcal{C}(c_{\gamma},c)$, $\gamma\star f^{o}$ is a
proper cone with vertex $imf$ and the components are given by $(\gamma\star
f^{o})(a)=\gamma(a)f^{o}$ for all $a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$ such that for
all composable pair of morphisms $f,g\in\mathcal{C}$ with $domf=c_{\gamma}$

$\gamma\star(fg)^{o}=(\gamma\star f^{o})\star(j_{c_{1}}^{c}g)^{o}$

where $c_{1}=imf=imf^{o}$.

###### Proof.

For $c\in M_{\gamma}$, $\gamma(c)$ is an epimorphism and so is $\gamma(c)\cdot
f^{o}$. Hence $c\in M_{\gamma\star f^{o}}$ and hence $\gamma\star f^{o}$ is a
proper cone.
Now $f$ and $g$ are as in the statement. Let $\eta=\gamma\star f^{o}$ so that
$c_{\eta}=imf=c_{1}$. Then we have

$\displaystyle(\gamma\star(fg)^{o})(a)$
$\displaystyle=\gamma(a)f^{o}(j_{c_{1}}^{c}g)^{o}$
$\displaystyle=\eta\star(j_{c_{1}}^{c}g)^{o}(a)$ $\displaystyle=(\gamma\star
f^{o})\star(j_{c_{1}}^{c}g)^{o}(a)$

for all $a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}.$ ∎

######  Theorem 2.

Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a proper category. Then $\mathcal{PC}$ the set of all
proper cones in $\mathcal{C}$, is a semigroup with respect to the binary
operation defined by

$\gamma\cdot\eta=\gamma\star\eta(c_{\gamma})^{o}$

for all $\gamma,\eta\in\mathcal{PC}$.

###### Proof.

For $\gamma,\eta\in\mathcal{PC}$, $\gamma\cdot\eta$ is a proper cone with
vertex $c_{\gamma\cdot\eta}=im\text{}\eta(c_{\gamma})$. To show that the
binary operation defined is associative, let
$\alpha,\beta,\gamma\in\mathcal{PC}$ and for $c\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C},$

$\displaystyle(\alpha(\beta\gamma))(c)$
$\displaystyle=\alpha(c)((\beta\gamma)(c_{\alpha}))^{o}$
$\displaystyle=\alpha(c)\huge(\beta(c_{\alpha})((\gamma(c_{\beta}))^{o}\huge)^{o}$
$\displaystyle=\alpha(c)[(\beta(c_{\alpha}))^{o}j_{Im\beta(c_{\alpha})}^{c_{\beta}}(\gamma(c_{\beta}))^{o}]^{o}$
$\displaystyle=\alpha(c)((\beta(c_{\alpha}))^{o}(\gamma(c_{\alpha\beta}))^{o}$
$\displaystyle((\alpha\beta)\gamma)(c)$
$\displaystyle=(\alpha\beta)(c)(\gamma(c_{\alpha\beta}))^{o}$
$\displaystyle=\alpha(c)((\beta(c_{\alpha}))^{o}(\gamma(c_{\alpha\beta}))^{o}$

Thus $\alpha(\beta\gamma)=(\alpha\beta)\gamma$ and hence $\mathcal{PC}$ is a
semigroup. ∎

######  Proposition 2.

$\gamma\in\mathcal{PC}$ is an idempotent proper cone if and only if
$\gamma(c_{\gamma})=I_{c_{\gamma}}$.

###### Proof.

Suppose $\gamma$ is an idempotent proper cone and let $c\in M_{\gamma}$. Then
$(\gamma\cdot\gamma)(c)=\gamma(c)$ implies
$\gamma(c)(\gamma(c_{\gamma}))^{o}=\gamma(c)$. Since $\gamma(c)$ is an
epimorphism $(\gamma(c_{\gamma}))^{o}=I_{c_{\gamma}}$. Clearly
$\gamma(c_{\gamma})\in\mathcal{C}(c_{\gamma},c_{\gamma})$ and so
$\gamma(c_{\gamma})=I_{c_{\gamma}}$. Conversely, if
$\gamma(c_{\gamma})=I_{c_{\gamma}}$, then for every
$a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$,
$(\gamma\cdot\gamma)(a)=\gamma(a)(\gamma(c_{\gamma}))^{o}=\gamma(a)I_{c_{\gamma}}=\gamma(a)$.
Hence $\gamma$ is an idempotent proper cone.
$E(\mathcal{PC})$ denotes the set of all idempotent proper cones in
$\mathcal{C}$. ∎

######  Proposition 3 ([6]).

Let $\gamma$ be a cone with vertex $d$ in an $RR-$proper category
$\mathcal{C}$. Let $X=\\{im\gamma(a):a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$} then there
exists a unique maximum element $d_{0}\leq d$ in $X$.

###### Proof.

Since $RR-$proper category $\mathcal{C}$ satisfies $RR-$conditions, $X$ has a
maximal element say $d_{0}$. To prove that it is unique let $d_{0}$ and
$d_{1}$ be two maximal elements of $X$. Then there exists
$b,c\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$ such that $d_{0}=im\gamma(b)$ and
$d_{1}=im\gamma(c)$. By $RR-$conditions $b\vee c\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$. Let
$d=b\vee c.$ Then $b\subseteq d$ and $c\subseteq d.$ Then

$j(b,d)\gamma(d)=\gamma(b)\text{ and }j(c,d)\gamma(d)=\gamma(c).$

Obviously

$imj(b,d)\gamma(d)\subseteq im\gamma(d)\text{ and }imj(c,d)\gamma(d)\subseteq
im\gamma(d).$

Then $im\gamma(b)\subseteq im\gamma(d)$ and $im\gamma(c)\subseteq im\gamma(d)$
so that $d_{0}\subseteq im\gamma(d)$ and $d_{1}\subseteq im\gamma(d)$. Since
$d_{0}$ and $d_{1}$ are maximal elements in $X$, $d_{0}=im\gamma(d)$ and
$d_{1}=im\gamma(d)$. So $d_{0}=d_{1}$. Also $im\gamma(a)\leq d_{0}$ for all
$a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$. ∎

######  Lemma 2.

If $\gamma$ is a cone in an $RR-$proper category $\mathcal{C}$ with vertex $d$
and $d_{0}=max\\{im\gamma(a)|a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}\\}$ then for every
retraction $e:d\rightarrow d_{0}$, the cone $\gamma^{*}$ with vertex $d_{0}$,
defined by;

$\gamma^{*}(a)=\gamma(a)e(d,d_{0}),\text{ for all }a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$

is a proper cone.

###### Proof.

For all $a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C},\gamma^{*}(a):a\rightarrow d_{0}$. Since
$e:d\rightarrow d_{0}$ is a retraction, $d_{0}\subseteq d$. Let
$d_{0}=im\gamma(d_{1})$ where $d_{1}\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$.

$\displaystyle\text{ For }a\subseteq b,j_{a}^{b}\gamma^{*}(b)$
$\displaystyle=j_{a}^{b}\gamma(b)e(d,d_{0})$
$\displaystyle=\gamma(a)e(d,d_{0})\text{ }[\text{since }\gamma\text{ is a cone
}]$ $\displaystyle=\gamma^{*}(a)$

hence $\gamma^{*}$ is a cone. Now to prove that $\gamma^{*}$ is a proper cone,
it is sufficient to prove that at least one component of $\gamma^{*}$ is an
epimorphism.
We have $im\gamma(d_{1})=d_{0}$ and $\gamma(d_{1})=qj$ is the canonical
factorization, where $q$ is the epimorphism and $j:d_{0}\subseteq d$,
inclusion, then

$\displaystyle\gamma^{*}(d_{1})$ $\displaystyle=\gamma(d_{1})e(d,d_{0})$
$\displaystyle=qj(d_{0},d)e(d,d_{0})$ $\displaystyle=q$

which is an epimorphism and hence $\gamma^{*}$ is a proper cone. ∎

######  Remark 1.

If $\gamma$ is a proper cone, then $\gamma^{*}=\gamma.$

######  Lemma 3.

Let $\gamma^{*}$ be a proper cone in the $RR-$proper category $\mathcal{C}$ as
defined in Lemma 2, then the epimorphic component of $\gamma^{\ast}$ is
$\gamma^{\ast}$ i.e., $((\gamma^{\ast})(a))^{o}=\gamma^{\ast}(a),\forall
a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}.$

######  Lemma 4.

If $\gamma$, $\beta$ are two proper cones in an $RR-$proper category
$\mathcal{C}$ and $\gamma^{*}$ is defined as in Lemma 2, then

$(\gamma\cdot\beta)^{*}=\gamma\cdot\beta^{*}$

###### Proof.

For all $a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$, and let
$d_{0}=max\\{im(\gamma\cdot\beta)(a)|a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}\\}$

$\displaystyle(\gamma\cdot\beta)^{*}(a)$
$\displaystyle=(\gamma\cdot\beta)(a)\cdot e(c_{\beta},d_{0})$
$\displaystyle=\gamma(a)\cdot[(\beta(c_{\gamma}))^{o}\cdot
e(c_{\beta},d_{0})]$ $\displaystyle=\gamma(a)\cdot[\beta^{*}(c_{\gamma})]^{o}$
$\displaystyle=\gamma(a)\cdot[\beta^{*}(c_{\gamma})]\text{ }[\text{ by Lemma
3}]$ $\displaystyle=(\gamma\cdot\beta^{*})(a)$

Hence the proof. ∎

######  Lemma 5 ([6]).

Let $\mathcal{C}$ be an $RR-$proper category and $\mathcal{PC}$ the semigroup
of proper cones in $\mathcal{C}$. For $\gamma,\delta\in\mathcal{PC}$, with
vertices $c_{\gamma}=c$ and $c_{\delta}=d$ and for all
$a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$,

$(\gamma\oplus\delta)(a)=\gamma(a)j(c,c\vee d)+\delta(a)j(d,c\vee d)$

Then $\gamma\oplus\delta$ is a cone with vertex $c\vee d$.

###### Proof.

$\gamma(a)j(c,c\vee d)$ and $\delta(a)j(d,c\vee d)$ are in $hom(a,c\vee d)$.
Let $a\subset b$. Then

$\displaystyle j(a,b)(\gamma\oplus\delta)(b)$
$\displaystyle=j(a,b)[\gamma(b)j(c,c\vee d)+\delta(b)j(d,c\vee d)]$
$\displaystyle=j(a,b)\gamma(b)j(c,c\vee d)+j(a,b)\delta(b)j(d,c\vee d)]$
$\displaystyle=\gamma(a)j(c,c\vee d)+\delta(a)j(d,c\vee d)$
$\displaystyle=(\gamma\oplus\delta)(a)$

Thus $\gamma\oplus\delta$ is a cone with vertex $c\vee d$. ∎

######  Corollary 1.

If $c_{\gamma}=c_{\delta}$, then the inclusions $j(c_{\gamma},c_{\gamma}\vee
c_{\delta})$ and $j(c_{\delta},c_{\gamma}\vee c_{\delta})$ become identity
maps and $(\gamma\oplus\delta)(a)=\gamma(a)+\delta(a)$.

######  Definition 6.

Let $\mathcal{C}$ be an $RR-$proper category and $\mathcal{PC}$ the semigroup
of proper cones in $\mathcal{C}$. For $\gamma,\delta\in\mathcal{PC}$, with
vertices $c_{\gamma}=c$ and $c_{\delta}=d$, define
$\gamma+\delta=(\gamma\oplus\delta)^{\ast}$ where
$(\gamma\oplus\delta)^{\ast}(a)=(\gamma\oplus\delta)(a)e(c\vee d,d_{0})$ for
all $a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$. Then $\gamma+\delta$ is a proper cone with
vertex $d_{0}$, where
$d_{0}=max\\{im(\gamma\oplus\delta)(a),/a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}\\}$.

######  Lemma 6.

For an $RR-$proper category $\mathcal{C}$, the set of all proper cones
$\mathcal{PC}$ with the addition defined by
$\gamma+\delta=(\gamma\oplus\delta)^{\ast}$, for
$\gamma,\delta\in\mathcal{PC}$ is an additive abelian group.

###### Proof.

For $\gamma,\delta,\rho\in\mathcal{PC}$, $\gamma+\delta$ is a proper cone in
$\mathcal{PC}$. Since $\mathcal{C}$ is a $RR-$proper category, it is
preadditive and hence each homset in $\mathcal{C}$ is an additive abelian
group.
Now let $\gamma+\delta=\eta$, $\delta+\rho=\tau,(c_{\gamma}\vee
c_{\delta})\vee c_{\rho}=c_{\gamma}\vee(c_{\delta}\vee c_{\rho})=d$, then

$\displaystyle((\gamma+\delta)+\rho)(a)$ $\displaystyle=(\eta+\rho)(a)$
$\displaystyle=(\eta\oplus\rho)^{*}(a)$
$\displaystyle=[\eta(a)j(c_{\eta},d)+\rho(a)j(c_{\beta},d)]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[(\gamma(a)j(c_{\gamma},c_{\gamma}\vee c_{\delta})$
$\displaystyle+\delta(a)j(c_{\delta},c_{\gamma}\vee
c_{\delta}))e(c_{\gamma}\vee
c_{\delta},c_{\eta})j(c_{\eta},d)+\rho(a)j(c_{\rho},d)]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[(\gamma(a)j(c_{\gamma},d)+\delta(a)j(c_{\delta},d))+\rho(a)j(c_{\rho},d)]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[\gamma(a)j(c_{\gamma},d)+(\delta(a)j(c_{\delta},d)+\rho(a)j(c_{\rho},d))]^{*}$

and

$\displaystyle(\gamma+(\delta+\rho))(a)$ $\displaystyle=(\gamma+\tau)(a)$
$\displaystyle=(\gamma\oplus\tau)^{*}(a)$
$\displaystyle=[\gamma(a)j(c_{\gamma},d)+\tau(a)j(c_{\tau},d)]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[\gamma(a)j(c_{\gamma},d)+(\delta(a)j(c_{\delta},c_{\delta}\vee
c_{\rho})$ $\displaystyle+\rho(a)j(c_{\rho},c_{\delta}\vee
c_{\rho}))e(c_{\delta}\vee c_{\rho},c_{\tau})j(c_{\tau},d)]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[\gamma(a)j(c_{\gamma},d)+(\delta(a)j(c_{\delta},d)+\rho(a)j(c_{\rho},d))]^{*}$

hence the addition is associative.
Let $0$ be the zero object in $\mathcal{C}$ and $\gamma_{0}$ be the cone with
vertex $0$, where $\gamma_{0}(a)=0$ for all $a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$, then
$\gamma_{0}(a)$ is the unique morphism from $a$ to $0$ and $\gamma_{0}$ is a
proper cone in $\mathcal{PC}$. For every $\gamma\in\mathcal{PC}$ and for all
$a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$, let
$d=max\\{im(\gamma\oplus\gamma_{0})(a)|a\in\mathcal{C}\\}=c_{\gamma}$, since
$\gamma$ is a proper cone.

$\displaystyle(\gamma+\gamma_{0})(a)$
$\displaystyle=(\gamma\oplus\gamma_{0})^{*}(a)$
$\displaystyle=[\gamma(a)j(c_{\gamma},c_{\gamma})+\gamma_{0}(a)j(c_{\gamma_{0}},c_{\gamma})]e(c_{\gamma},d)$
$\displaystyle=[\gamma(a)+\gamma_{0}(a)j(0,c_{\gamma})]e(c_{\gamma},d)$
$\displaystyle=\gamma(a)$

thus $\gamma+\gamma_{0}=\gamma$. Similarly $\gamma_{0}+\gamma=\gamma$. Hence
$\gamma_{0}$ is the identity element in $\mathcal{PC}$.
For $\gamma\in\mathcal{PC}$, define $-\gamma$ by $-\gamma(a)=-(\gamma(a))$.
Clearly $-\gamma$ is a proper cone in $\mathcal{PC}$ and
$c_{-\gamma}=c_{\gamma}$.

$\displaystyle(\gamma+-(\gamma))(a)$
$\displaystyle=[\gamma(a)j(c_{\gamma},c_{\gamma}\vee
c_{-\gamma})+(-\gamma)(a)j(c_{-\gamma},c_{\gamma}\vee c_{-\gamma})]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[\gamma(a)j(c_{\gamma},c_{\gamma})+(-\gamma)(a)j(c_{\gamma},c_{\gamma})]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[\gamma(a)I_{c_{\gamma}}+(-\gamma)(a)I_{c_{\gamma}}]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[\gamma(a)+(-\gamma)(a)]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[\gamma_{0}(a)]^{*}=\gamma_{0}(a)$

i.e., $\gamma+(-\gamma)=\gamma_{0}$.

$\displaystyle(\gamma+\delta)(a)$
$\displaystyle=[(\gamma\oplus\delta)(a)]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[\gamma(a)j(c_{\gamma},c_{\gamma}\vee
c_{\delta})+\delta(a)j(c_{\delta},c_{\gamma}\vee c_{\delta})]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[\delta(a)j(c_{\delta},c_{\gamma}\vee
c_{\delta})+\gamma(a)j(c_{\gamma},c_{\gamma}\vee c_{\delta})]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[(\delta\oplus\gamma)(a)]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=(\delta+\gamma)(a)$

Thus $\mathcal{PC}$ is an additive abelian group. ∎

######  Theorem 3.

For an $RR-$proper category $\mathcal{C}$, the set of all proper cones
$\mathcal{PC}$ is a ring.

###### Proof.

For $RR-$proper category $\mathcal{C}$, the set of all proper cones
$\mathcal{PC}$ is a semigroup with respect to the multiplication,

$\gamma\cdot\beta=\gamma\star\beta(c_{\gamma})^{o}$

where $\gamma,\beta\in\mathcal{PC}$. Since $\mathcal{PC}$ is an additive
abelian group it is enough to prove that the multiplication distributes over
addition. As $RR-$proper category is preadditive, composition of morphisms is
distributive over addition.
For $\gamma,\delta,\rho\in\mathcal{PC}$, and for all
$a\in\textit{v}\mathcal{C}$, let $c_{\rho}=c$ and $c_{\gamma}\vee
c_{\delta}=d$

$\displaystyle[\rho\cdot(\gamma+\delta)](a)$
$\displaystyle=\rho(a)\cdot[(\gamma+\delta)(c)]^{o}$
$\displaystyle=\rho(a)\cdot[(\gamma\oplus\delta)^{*}(c)]^{o}$
$\displaystyle=\rho(a)\cdot([(\gamma(c)j(c_{\gamma},d)+\delta(c)j(c_{\delta},d))]^{*})^{o}$
$\displaystyle=\rho(a)\cdot[(\gamma(c)j(c_{\gamma},d)+\delta(c)j(c_{\delta},d))]^{*}\text{
}[\text{by Lemma 3 }]$ $\displaystyle[(\rho\cdot\gamma)+(\rho\cdot\delta)](a)$
$\displaystyle=[(\rho\cdot\gamma)\oplus(\rho\cdot\delta)]^{*}(a)$
$\displaystyle=[\rho(a)\cdot(\gamma(c))^{o}j(im\gamma(c),d)+\rho(a)\cdot(\delta(c))^{o}j(im\delta(c),d)]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[\rho(a)\cdot(\gamma(c))^{o}j(im\gamma(c),c_{\gamma})j(c_{\gamma},d)$
$\displaystyle+\rho(a)\cdot(\delta(c))^{o}j(im\delta(c),c_{\delta})j(c_{\delta},d)]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=[\rho(a)\cdot(\gamma(c)j(c_{\gamma},d)+\delta(c)j(c_{\delta},d))]^{*}$
$\displaystyle=\rho(a)\cdot[(\gamma(c)j(c_{\gamma},d)+\delta(c)j(c_{\delta},d))]^{*}\text{
}[\text{by Lemma 4 }]$

Hence $\rho\cdot(\gamma+\delta)=(\rho\cdot\gamma)+(\rho\cdot\delta)$.
Similarly $(\gamma+\delta)\cdot\rho=\gamma\cdot\rho+\delta\cdot\rho$, thus
$\mathcal{PC}$ is a ring. ∎

##  4\. Ideal categories of rings

In this section we describe the principal left[right] ideal categories of a
ring and we show that they form $RR-$proper categories. Let $R$ be a ring.
Then principal left [right] ideal of a ring $R$ generated by an element $a$ of
$R$ is $(a)_{l}=Ra$ [$(a)_{r}=aR$].
Since the multiplicative part of a ring is semigroup, we can show that the
principal left[right] ideals of a ring $R$ as objects and morphisms
right[left] translations form proper category $\mathbb{L}(R)[\mathbb{R}(R)]$.

######  Lemma 7.

Let $R$ be a ring. Then $\mathbb{L}(R)$, the set of principal left ideals of
$R$, is a category whose objects and morphisms are as defined below.

$\textit{v}\mathbb{L}(R)=\\{Ra:a\in R\\}\text{ and for }a,b\in R$
$\mathbb{L}(R)(Ra,Rb)=\\{\rho(a,s,b):x\rightarrow xs\text{ with }as\in
Rb;\text{ for all }x\in Ra\\}.$

Then $\mathbb{L}(R)$ is a category.

###### Proof.

For all $a,b\in R$ and $x\in Ra$, $\rho(a,s,b):x\rightarrow xs\text{ with
}as\in Rb$ is the map $\rho_{s}|_{Ra}\text{ such that }s\in R\text{ and }as\in
Rb$. The composition in $\mathbb{L}(R)$ is given by the rule
$\rho(a,s,b)\cdot\rho(c,t,d)=\begin{cases}\rho(a,st,d),\text{ if }Rb=Rc\\\
undefined,\text{ otherwise}.\end{cases}$
is associative whenever the composition is defined and
$\rho(a,1,a)=I_{Ra}:Ra\rightarrow Ra$ for all $a\in R$ is the identity
morphism and hence $\mathbb{L}(R)$ is a category. ∎

Dually $\mathbb{R}(R)$ is also a category with objects principal right ideals
and morphisms left translations,

$\textit{v}\mathbb{R}(R)=\\{aR:a\in R\\}\text{ and}$
$\mathbb{R}(R)(aR,bR)=\\{\lambda(a,s,b):x\rightarrow sx\text{ with }x\in
aR\text{ and }sa\in bR\\}.$

######  Proposition 4.

Let $R$ be a ring and $\mathbb{L}(R)$ be the category of principal left
ideals. Let $\rho(a,s,b):Ra\rightarrow Rb$ be a morphism in $\mathbb{L}(R)$.
Then

  1. (1)

$\rho(a,s,b)$ is epimorphism if and only if $as\mathcal{L}b$

  2. (2)

$\rho(a,s,b)$ is a split monomorphism if and only if $a\mathcal{R}as$

  3. (3)

$\rho(a,s,b)$ is an isomorphism if and only if $a\mathcal{R}as\mathcal{L}b$

###### Proof.

$\rho(a,s,b):Ra\rightarrow Rb$ such that for all $x\in Ra$,
$\rho(a,s,b):x\rightarrow xs$ where $as\in Rb$. So it is easy to observe that
$\rho(a,s,b)$ is epimorphism if and only if $Ras=Rb$ and so $as\mathcal{L}b$.
Now $\rho(a,s,b)$ is a split monomorphism if and only if there is a
$\sigma=\rho(b,s^{\prime},a):Rb\rightarrow Ra$ such that $\rho\sigma=I_{Ra}$
which implies $ass^{\prime}=a$ and so $a\mathcal{R}as$. $(3)$ follows from
$(1)$ and $(2)$. ∎

######  Lemma 8.

Let $R$ be a ring. Then category $\mathbb{L}(R)$ is a proper category.

###### Proof.

If $\rho(a,s,b)=\rho(a,1,b)$ where $a\cdot 1\in Rb$, then
$\rho(a,s,b)=j(Ra,Rb)$ is an inclusion. Identity mapping and set inclusions of
principal left ideals are morphisms in the category. So $\mathbb{L}(R)$ is a
category with subobjects. $\\{\rho(a,1,b):a\in Rb\\}$ is a choice of
subobjects in the category $\mathbb{L}(R).$ If $\rho(a,s,b)$ is a morphism in
$\mathbb{L}(R)$, then im $\rho(a,s,b)$ = $R{as}$ and
$\rho(a,s,b)=\rho(a,s,as)\cdot\rho(as,1,b)$ gives the canonical factorization
of $\rho(a,s,b)$ in $\mathbb{L}(R)$. Let $\rho(a,1,b):Ra\subseteq Rb$ be the
inclusion which splits. If inclusion splits, canonical factorization is
unique([9]). Hence $\mathbb{L}(R)$ is a category with subobjects, every
inclusion splits and every morphism has unique canonical factorization.
Now we define $\rho^{d}:\textit{v}\mathbb{L}(R)\rightarrow Rd$ as
$\rho^{d}(Ra)=\rho(a,s,d):Ra\rightarrow Rd$, where
$Ra\in\textit{v}\mathbb{L}(R)$ and $as\in Rd$. Obviously
$\rho^{d}(Ra)\in\mathbb{L}(R)(Ra,Rd)$ is well defined.
If $Ra\subseteq Rb$,

$\displaystyle j(Ra,Rb)\rho^{d}(Rb)$
$\displaystyle=\rho(a,1,b)\cdot\rho(b,v,d)\text{ where }bv=qd\in Rd.$
$\displaystyle=\rho(a,v,d)$ $\displaystyle=\rho^{d}(Ra)$

Since $Ra\subseteq Rb$, $a=rb$ for some $r\in R$ and so $av=rbv=rqd\in Rd$.
Hence $\rho(a,v,d)=\rho^{d}(Ra)$ and $j(Ra,Rb)\cdot\rho^{d}(Rb)=\rho^{d}(Ra)$.
Hence $\rho^{d}$ is a cone in $\mathbb{L}(R)$. Since $\rho^{d}(Ra)$ has
canonical factorization as
$\rho^{d}(Ra)=\rho(a,s,d)=\rho(a,s,as)\cdot\rho(as,1,d)$, where $as\in Rd$.
There exists some $s$ such that $Ras=Rd$. Thus $\rho^{d}$ is a proper cone in
$\mathbb{L}(R)$ with vertex $Rd$ and hence $\mathbb{L}(R)$ is a proper
category. ∎

Dually $\mathbb{R}(R)$ is also a proper category.

######  Theorem 4.

The category $\mathbb{L}(R)[\mathbb{R}(R)]$ of principal left [right] ideals
of a ring $R$ with right [left] translations as morphisms is a preadditive
proper category.

###### Proof.

For $\rho(a,s,b),\rho(a,t,b)\in\mathbb{L}(R)(Ra,Rb)$, the addition is defined
by

$\rho(a,s,b)+\rho(a,t,b)=\rho(a,s+t,b).$

Under this addition homset $\mathbb{L}(R)(Ra,Rb)$ is an abelian group, further
if restricted to $\mathbb{L}(R)(Ra,Ra)$, it is a ring.
For $\rho(a,s,b),\rho(a,t,b),\rho(b,u,c),\rho(b,v,c)\in\mathbb{L}(R)$,

$\displaystyle\rho(a,s,b)[\rho(b,u,c)+\rho(b,v,c)]$
$\displaystyle=\rho(a,s,b)[\rho(b,u+v,c)]$
$\displaystyle=\rho(a,s(u+v),c)=\rho(a,su+sv,c)$
$\displaystyle=\rho(a,su,c)+\rho(a,sv,c)$
$\displaystyle=\rho(a,s,b)\rho(b,u,c)+\rho(a,s,b)\rho(b,v,c).$

Thus the composition of morphisms is bilinear. Zero ideal is the zero object
in $\mathbb{L}(R)$. Hence for a ring $R$, the categories $\mathbb{L}(R)$ and
$\mathbb{R}(R)$ are preadditive proper categories. ∎

Let $R$ be a ring with the property that any set of principal ideals which is
bounded above has a maximal element and principal ideals of ring form a
relatively complemented lattice with respect to the partial order induced from
strict preorder. The join and meet are defined by; $Ra\vee Rb=Ra+Rb$ and
$Ra\wedge Rb=Ra\cap Rb$ where $Ra+Rb$ is the smallest principal ideal
containing both $Ra$ and $Rb$. The trivial ideals $R$ and $(0)$ are the
bounds. Then $\mathbb{L}(R)$ and dually $\mathbb{R}(R)$ are $RR-$proper
categories. It is easy to see that the ideal categories of Euclidean domains
are $RR-$proper categories.
In the $RR-$proper category $\mathbb{L}(R)$, by Theorem 3, the set of all
proper cones $\\{\rho^{a}:\textit{v}\mathbb{L}(R)\rightarrow Ra,\text{ for all
}Ra\in\textit{v}\mathbb{L}(R)\\}$ is a ring with the binary operations given
below; for $Ra,Rb,Rc\in\textit{v}\mathbb{L}(R)$,

$(\rho^{a}\cdot\rho^{b})(Rd)=\rho^{a}(Rd)\cdot(\rho^{b}(Ra))^{o}$
$\rho^{a}+\rho^{b}=(\rho^{a}\oplus\rho^{b})^{\ast}$

where
$(\rho^{a}\oplus\rho^{b})^{\ast}(Rd)=(\rho^{a}\oplus\rho^{b})(Rd)e(Ra\vee
Rb,d_{0})$,

$(\rho^{a}\oplus\rho^{b})(Rd)=\rho^{a}(Rd)j(Ra,Ra\vee
Rb)+\rho^{b}(Rd)j(Rb,Ra\vee Rb)$

and
$d_{0}=max\\{im(\rho^{a}\oplus\rho^{b})(Rd),|Rd\in\textit{v}\mathbb{L}(R)\\}$.
We denote this ring of proper cones by $\mathcal{P}\mathbb{L}(R)$.

By Theorem 4, the left(right) ideal category of the ring
$\mathcal{P}\mathbb{L}(R)$ are preadditive proper categories
$\mathbb{L}(\mathcal{P}\mathbb{L}(R))$($\mathbb{R}(\mathcal{P}\mathbb{L}(R))$).
Also the left(right) ideals form a relatively complemented lattice with meet
intersection and join as the smallest principal ideal cotaining both. So
$\mathbb{L}(\mathcal{P}\mathbb{L}(R))$ and
$\mathbb{R}(\mathcal{P}\mathbb{L}(R))$ are $RR-$proper categories and hence
the set of all proper cones
$\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{L}(\mathcal{P}\mathbb{L}(R)))$ and
$\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}(\mathcal{P}\mathbb{L}(R)))$ are rings.

## References

  * [1] Michael Artin, Algebra, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, ISBN $0-13-004763-5$(1991).
  * [2] A.H.Clifford and G.B.Preston, The algebraic theory of semigroups vol 1 , Math Surveys No.7, American Mathematical Society, Providence,R.I.(1961)
  * [3] J.M.Howie, Fundamentals of semigroup theory, Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN $0-19-851194-9$(1995).
  * [4] S.Mac Lane, Categories for the working mathematician, Springer Verlag, Newyork, ISBN $0-387-98403-8$(1971).
  * [5] Mark V Lawson, Inverse semigroups: The theory of partial symmetries, World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-02-3316-7(1998).
  * [6] Sunny Lukose and A.R.Rajan, Ring of normal cones, Indian J. Pure. Appi. Math,41(5):663-681,(2010).
  * [7] Barry Mitchell, Rings with several objects, Advances in Mathematics $8,1-161$(1972).
  * [8] C.Musili, Introduction to rings and modules, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, ISBN $81-85198-64-0$ (1992).
  * [9] K.S.S.Nambooripad, Theory of cross connections, Publication No.$28$ \- Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Trivandrum(1994).
  * [10] P.G.Romeo, Concordant semigroups and balanced categories, Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics,31:949-961$(2007)$.
  * [11] P.G.Romeo and Sreejamol P.R., Proper Category and its dual - Proceedings of International Conference on Algebra and Applications, Alligarh Muslim University,UP July, 2018.
  * [12] Louis Rowen, Ring theory Vol 1, Academic Press, Inc. New York, ISBN $0-12-599841-4$(1988) .