# Supplementary Information:
A national longitudinal dataset of skills taught in U.S. higher education
curricula

Alireza Javadian Sabet1, Sarah H. Bana2,3, Renzhe Yu4,5, Morgan R. Frank1,3,6

1Department of Informatics and Networked Systems, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
2Argyros School of Business and Economics, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
3Digital Economy Lab, Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence,
Stanford University,
Stanford, CA 94305, USA
4Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
5Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
6Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA

###### Contents

  1. 1 Descriptive Statistics
  2. 2 Skills Inference Framework (Syllabus2O*NET)
  3. 3 Mapping O*NET DWAs to Abilities (DWA2Ability)
  4. 4 Top 10 Detailed Work Activities (DWA) per Field of Study (FOS)
  5. 5 Community Detection and Clustering
  6. 6 Gender, Education, and Skills
  7. 7 Taught Skill Distinctiveness and Labor Market Outcomes

##  1 Descriptive Statistics

The Open Syllabus Project (OSP) Dataset111https://opensyllabus.org/ (accessed
on 28th November 2023) is composed of nearly $8,000,000$ course syllabi
worldwide among which $3,162,747$ syllabi across $62$ fields of study (FOS)
belong to $2,761$ U.S. colleges and universities. Tables 1 and 2 list the
frequency of syllabi per FOS and year respectively. Table 3 details the
geographical coverage of the OSP dataset. Number of educational institutions
within each state is obtained from the Carnegie Classification of Institutions
of Higher Education (CCIHE).222https://carnegieclassifications.acenet.edu/
(accessed on 18thFebruaryy 2023) For example, Texas with $865,973$ syllabi has
the largest number of syllabi ($27.85\%$) in the dataset. According to CCIHE,
there are $226$ universities and educational institutions located in Texas,
among which $54.42\%$ have at least $8$ syllabi (25th percentile) in the OSP
dataset. Figure 1 details the number of syllabi per FOS and year between 2000
and 2017 (see Figure 2 for FOS based on 2-digit Classification of
Instructional Programs (CIP)). Figure 3 shows the joint distribution of the
syllabus count and university count across all years and all FOS. Table 4
lists the syllabus count per top 100 universities across all years and all
FOS.

Field of Study | # Syllabi | Field of Study | # Syllabi | Field of Study | # Syllabi
---|---|---|---|---|---
Mathematics | 258,160 | Accounting | 51,984 | Religion | 14,440
English Literature | 232,065 | Sociology | 46,836 | French | 14,305
Business | 201,100 | Physics | 44,802 | Journalism | 12,712
Computer Science | 184,649 | Film and Photography | 42,690 | Nutrition | 11,883
Biology | 140,187 | Criminal Justice | 39,805 | Dentistry | 10,367
Education | 140,182 | Spanish | 39,650 | Culinary Arts | 9,430
Fitness and Leisure | 131,262 | Health Technician | 38,268 | Sign Language | 8,665
Psychology | 122,387 | Social Work | 36,745 | German | 8,385
History | 107,676 | Philosophy | 35,583 | Classics | 7,813
Media / Communications | 85,561 | Agriculture | 35,305 | Cosmetology | 7,291
Music | 82,329 | Marketing | 31,430 | Astronomy | 7,286
Fine Arts | 75,722 | Law | 31,421 | Transportation | 7,121
Basic Skills | 73,362 | Theatre Arts | 29,087 | Japanese | 5,456
Engineering | 70,084 | Theology | 24,584 | Women’s Studies | 5,237
Political Science | 69,111 | Public Safety | 23,931 | Chinese | 5,054
Basic Computer Skills | 68,028 | Earth Sciences | 21,870 | Linguistics | 4,859
Nursing | 63,603 | Anthropology | 21,509 | Military Science | 3,202
Mechanic / Repair Tech | 62,423 | Library Science | 20,234 | Atmospheric Sciences | 2,231
Chemistry | 61,280 | Dance | 19,694 | Veterinary Medicine | 2,105
Economics | 56,157 | Architecture | 19,379 | Hebrew | 1,674
Medicine | 55,161 | Geography | 17,935 |  |
Table 1: Frequency of syllabi per field of study (FOS). Year | # Syllabi | Year | # Syllabi | Year | # Syllabi | Year | # Syllabi | Year | # Syllabi
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---
2017 | 406,981 | 2006 | 80,568 | 1995 | 4,075 | 1984 | 632 | 1973 | 3,692
2016 | 413,215 | 2005 | 71,937 | 1994 | 2,122 | 1983 | 473 | 1972 | 1,371
2015 | 360,353 | 2004 | 71,248 | 1993 | 1,931 | 1982 | 382 | 1971 | 83
2014 | 380,261 | 2003 | 77,695 | 1992 | 3,488 | 1981 | 2,099 | 1970 | 237
2013 | 290,702 | 2002 | 65,177 | 1991 | 1,488 | 1980 | 341 | 1969 | 121
2012 | 207,899 | 2001 | 43,519 | 1990 | 2,768 | 1979 | 214 | 1968 | 124
2011 | 174,492 | 2000 | 38,359 | 1989 | 1,183 | 1978 | 231 | 1967 | 97
2010 | 127,618 | 1999 | 18,509 | 1988 | 2,454 | 1977 | 148 | 1966 | 103
2009 | 96,799 | 1998 | 15,206 | 1987 | 830 | 1976 | 217 |  |
2008 | 80,451 | 1997 | 11,642 | 1986 | 794 | 1975 | 217 |  |
2007 | 92,128 | 1996 | 5,116 | 1985 | 574 | 1974 | 383 |  |
Table 2: Frequency of syllabi per year. Name | Abbreviation | # Syllabi | % Syllabi | # Inst. | % Covered Inst.
---|---|---|---|---|---
Alabama | AL | 66,548 | 2.14% | 60 | 48.33%
Alaska | AK | 3,271 | 0.11% | 8 | 50.00%
Arizona | AZ | 16,476 | 0.53% | 66 | 31.82%
Arkansas | AR | 9,018 | 0.29% | 53 | 56.60%
California | CA | 553,589 | 17.80% | 425 | 46.82%
Colorado | CO | 18,718 | 0.60% | 62 | 45.16%
Connecticut | CT | 8,695 | 0.28% | 38 | 65.79%
Delaware | DE | 1,737 | 0.06% | 7 | 57.14%
District of Columbia | DC | 13,356 | 0.43% | 22 | 36.36%
Florida | FL | 78,441 | 2.52% | 161 | 32.92%
Georgia | GA | 72,955 | 2.35% | 107 | 42.06%
Hawaii | HI | 19,016 | 0.61% | 17 | 52.94%
Idaho | ID | 40,312 | 1.30% | 14 | 57.14%
Illinois | IL | 65,455 | 2.10% | 152 | 55.26%
Indiana | IN | 22,389 | 0.72% | 66 | 57.58%
Iowa | IA | 20,861 | 0.67% | 56 | 57.14%
Kansas | KS | 14,598 | 0.47% | 63 | 50.79%
Kentucky | KY | 49,872 | 1.60% | 59 | 40.68%
Louisiana | LA | 24,547 | 0.79% | 52 | 42.31%
Maine | ME | 8,252 | 0.27% | 30 | 46.67%
Maryland | MD | 157,830 | 5.08% | 54 | 70.37%
Massachusetts | MA | 36,102 | 1.16% | 106 | 65.09%
Michigan | MI | 120,455 | 3.87% | 87 | 63.22%
Minnesota | MN | 68,253 | 2.19% | 85 | 55.29%
Mississippi | MS | 7,174 | 0.23% | 33 | 75.76%
Missouri | MO | 47,594 | 1.53% | 93 | 47.31%
Montana | MT | 6,929 | 0.22% | 24 | 37.50%
Nebraska | NE | 4,609 | 0.15% | 34 | 52.94%
Nevada | NV | 16,541 | 0.53% | 22 | 31.82%
New Hampshire | NH | 3,066 | 0.10% | 24 | 41.67%
New Jersey | NJ | 38,225 | 1.23% | 82 | 47.56%
New Mexico | NM | 28,830 | 0.93% | 36 | 38.89%
New York | NY | 77,699 | 2.50% | 295 | 43.05%
North Carolina | NC | 76,644 | 2.46% | 134 | 41.04%
North Dakota | ND | 4,120 | 0.13% | 20 | 45.00%
Ohio | OH | 80,494 | 2.59% | 160 | 42.50%
Oklahoma | OK | 35,158 | 1.13% | 46 | 69.57%
Oregon | OR | 24,273 | 0.78% | 50 | 56.00%
Pennsylvania | PA | 72,515 | 2.33% | 193 | 48.19%
Puerto Rico | PR | 40 | 0.00% | 86 | 2.33%
Rhode Island | RI | 5,322 | 0.17% | 15 | 60.00%
South Carolina | SC | 37,259 | 1.20% | 66 | 57.58%
South Dakota | SD | 2,880 | 0.09% | 21 | 57.14%
Tennessee | TN | 23,144 | 0.74% | 83 | 50.60%
Texas | TX | 865,973 | 27.85% | 226 | 54.42%
Utah | UT | 18,612 | 0.60% | 23 | 43.48%
Vermont | VT | 5,722 | 0.18% | 16 | 62.50%
Virginia | VA | 41,186 | 1.32% | 108 | 47.22%
Washington | WA | 45,493 | 1.46% | 72 | 58.33%
West Virginia | WV | 5,836 | 0.19% | 41 | 34.15%
Wisconsin | WI | 23,880 | 0.77% | 67 | 61.19%
Wyoming | WY | 19,570 | 0.63% | 9 | 66.67%
Table 3: Geographical coverage of the OSP dataset. For each U.S. state “# Syllabi” and “% Syllabi” detail the number and percentage of course syllabi from the universities and institutions located in that state (the sum of “% Syllabi” equals to 100%)). “# Inst.” specifies the number of institutions located in the given state based on the CCIHE. “% Covered Inst.” specifies the percentage of the number of universities with at least 8 course syllabi (25th percentile) in the OSP dataset. Figure 1: Frequency of syllabi per field of study and year between 2000 and 2017. Figure 2: Frequency of syllabi per field of study based on 2-digit CIP and year between 2000 and 2017. Figure 3: The syllabus count per university across all years and all FOS. Institution Name | Count | Institution Name | Count
---|---|---|---
Alamo Colleges | 160,041 | South Texas College | 12,009
University of Maryland University College | 137,257 | Dallas County Community College District | 11,641
Amarillo College | 75,198 | Monterey Peninsula College | 11,258
Lansing Community College | 63,945 | University of Minnesota System | 11,220
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa | 54,278 | South Plains College | 11,184
Texas State Technical College | 48,291 | Wilkes University | 11,036
Clark State Community College | 46,094 | Bellevue College | 10,935
Houston Community College System | 45,401 | Reedley College | 10,785
Santa Rosa Junior College | 35,621 | Modesto Junior College | 10,780
Texas A&M University | 33,579 | University of Texas Rio Grande Valley | 10,653
Rowan-Cabarrus Community College | 33,403 | University of Southern California | 10,480
North Idaho College | 31,292 | Kentucky Community and Technical College System | 10,264
University of Texas at Dallas | 30,922 | Santa Barbara City College | 10,232
University of Georgia | 30,349 | Fullerton College | 9,993
Texas State University–San Marcos | 30,051 | Pennsylvania State University | 9,303
University of Texas at Arlington | 28,651 | Lewis and Clark Community College | 9,103
San Diego Community College District | 27,768 | Southwestern Community College | 9,004
Western Kentucky University | 27,684 | Chaminade University of Honolulu | 8,866
Park University | 27,096 | Great Basin College | 8,837
Sam Houston State University | 26,523 | University of Akron | 8,787
Stephen F. Austin State University | 26,170 | University of California, San Diego | 8,746
University of Michigan–Ann Arbor | 25,883 | University of Washington | 8,707
Midwestern State University | 25,460 | Nova Southeastern University | 8,555
Fresno City College | 24,786 | University of Colorado Boulder | 8,553
George Mason University | 24,046 | Rutgers University | 8,494
Oral Roberts University | 23,950 | University of South Florida | 8,193
San Jose State University | 23,505 | San Mateo County Community College District | 8,124
Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System | 23,112 | Palomar College | 8,112
Texas Tech University | 22,812 | Westmont College | 8,068
McLennan Community College | 22,561 | Mt. San Jacinto College | 8,015
University of California, Irvine | 22,505 | Stony Brook University | 7,982
Galveston College | 22,077 | New York University | 7,959
Tyler Junior College | 20,986 | Victoria College | 7,919
Clemson University | 20,453 | Iowa State University | 7,885
University of Texas at Austin | 20,387 | University of Maryland, College Park | 7,842
Collin College | 17,608 | Butte College | 7,728
New Mexico Junior College | 16,635 | Merced College | 7,388
Hartnell College | 16,522 | Ventura County Community College District | 7,368
University of Texas at El Paso | 15,842 | Alvin Community College | 7,347
Loyola University New Orleans | 15,830 | Ohlone College | 7,240
University of North Texas | 15,680 | Imperial Valley College | 7,174
University of Florida | 14,919 | Chaffey College | 7,076
Casper College | 14,665 | Santa Monica College | 6,870
University of Texas at San Antonio | 14,595 | California State University, San Marcos | 6,865
University of Houston–Clear Lake | 14,386 | Palm Beach State College | 6,742
Angelo State University | 13,663 | Carnegie Mellon University | 6,702
Excelsior College | 13,517 | El Paso Community College | 6,624
Texas A&M University–Commerce | 13,264 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 6,329
Princeton University | 13,182 | Florida International University | 6,287
Santa Ana College | 12,969 | Napa Valley College | 6,224
Table 4: Most frequent universities. The syllabus count per top 100
universities across all years and all FOS.

##  2 Skills Inference Framework (Syllabus2O*NET)

Given the text from a course syllabus, we segment sentences using Stanza [4],
a tool designed to partition text into individual sentences. We extracted
$322,473,524$ sentences from the course syllabi in our dataset. On average,
each syllabus contains $101.96$ sentences (median $83$). Each course syllabus
starts as unstructured text lacking metadata to distinguish between course
logistics (e.g., scheduling and grading rubrics) and learning outcomes (e.g.,
course content and learning objectives). Thus, we implement a human-in-the-
loop approach to remove sentences pertaining to Course Logistics while keeping
sentences about Learning Outcomes. To do so, we compiled two distinct lists
for labeling sentences. The list of Course Logistic related terms includes
$356$ phrases that are common but unrelated to the course content (e.g.,
“Plagiarism,” “Attendance,” and “Office hours”). The list of Learning
Objective related terms includes $51$ phrases such as “Analyze,” “Versus,” and
“Outcome.” The complete lists can be found on the code’s GitHub
page.333https://github.com/AlirezaJavadian/Syllabus-to-ONET We removed
sentences from each syllabus that contained Course Logistic phrases or lacked
Learning Objective phrases resulting in the removal of $85.82\%$ of the
sentences. Each syllabus contains nearly $17.61$ Learning Objective related
sentences on average (median = $12$) (see Table 5 for details on the
statistics of Learning Objective sentence counts by FOS.).

Field of Study |  |  # Sent.
---
(median)
|  # L. Sent.
---
(median)
|  % L. Sent.
---
(median)
Field of Study |  |  # Sent.
---
(median)
|  # L. Sent.
---
(median)
|  % L. Sent.
---
(median)
Accounting | 101.0 | 15.0 | 14.61% | Hebrew | 65.0 | 7.0 | 11.32%
Agriculture | 60.0 | 8.0 | 15.11% | History | 88.0 | 9.0 | 10.62%
Anthropology | 86.0 | 13.0 | 14.29% | Japanese | 84.0 | 10.0 | 13.12%
Architecture | 73.0 | 14.0 | 20.45% | Journalism | 105.0 | 13.0 | 12.22%
Astronomy | 76.0 | 10.0 | 12.5% | Law | 60.0 | 7.0 | 12.12%
Atmospheric Sciences | 66.0 | 11.0 | 14.29% | Library Science | 107.0 | 13.0 | 12.04%
Basic Computer Skills | 88.0 | 11.0 | 13.21% | Linguistics | 72.0 | 9.0 | 11.43%
Basic Skills | 76.0 | 11.0 | 14.29% | Marketing | 106.0 | 16.0 | 15.79%
Biology | 85.0 | 12.0 | 13.25% | Mathematics | 75.0 | 10.0 | 12.73%
Business | 97.0 | 15.0 | 15.22% | Mechanic / Repair Tech | 62.0 | 10.0 | 17.95%
Chemistry | 83.0 | 11.0 | 13.16% | Media / Communications | 107.0 | 14.0 | 13.73%
Chinese | 60.0 | 8.0 | 12.1% | Medicine | 95.0 | 14.0 | 15.79%
Classics | 47.0 | 4.0 | 9.3% | Military Science | 71.0 | 11.0 | 14.35%
Computer Science | 67.0 | 10.0 | 14.29% | Music | 62.0 | 8.0 | 13.04%
Cosmetology | 85.0 | 12.0 | 15.79% | Nursing | 95.0 | 16.0 | 16.95%
Criminal Justice | 79.0 | 12.0 | 15.38% | Nutrition | 85.0 | 12.0 | 14.46%
Culinary Arts | 61.0 | 14.0 | 22.22% | Philosophy | 76.0 | 9.0 | 12.5%
Dance | 59.0 | 11.0 | 17.54% | Physics | 61.0 | 8.0 | 14.19%
Dentistry | 69.0 | 16.0 | 25.93% | Political Science | 96.0 | 12.0 | 12.23%
Earth Sciences | 59.0 | 9.0 | 14.29% | Psychology | 105.0 | 16.0 | 15.09%
Economics | 74.0 | 11.0 | 13.92% | Public Safety | 60.0 | 10.0 | 16.03%
Education | 121.0 | 23.0 | 19.74% | Religion | 84.0 | 11.0 | 12.61%
Engineering | 51.0 | 9.0 | 16.28% | Sign Language | 78.0 | 12.0 | 15.69%
English Literature | 97.0 | 11.0 | 10.99% | Social Work | 139.0 | 26.0 | 19.28%
Film and Photography | 68.0 | 11.0 | 14.88% | Sociology | 100.0 | 14.0 | 13.92%
Fine Arts | 79.0 | 13.0 | 15.75% | Spanish | 95.0 | 10.0 | 10.6%
Fitness and Leisure | 54.0 | 10.0 | 17.19% | Theatre Arts | 63.0 | 11.0 | 17.68%
French | 69.0 | 7.0 | 10.45% | Theology | 113.0 | 16.0 | 14.29%
Geography | 70.0 | 10.0 | 14.29% | Transportation | 94.0 | 12.0 | 13.46%
German | 71.0 | 8.0 | 11.39% | Veterinary Medicine | 70.0 | 10.0 | 11.39%
Health Technician | 75.0 | 11.0 | 16.22% | Women’s Studies | 81.0 | 13.0 | 15.19%
Table 5: Sentence statistics per FOS. The table presents the median of the
number of sentences (# Sent.), number of identified Learning Objective related
sentences (# L. Sent.), and the percentage of the identified Learning
Objective related sentences (% L. Sent.) per FOS.

##  3 Mapping O*NET DWAs to Abilities (DWA2Ability)

In the “Gender, Education, and Skills” and “Temporal Trends in Teaching
Activities” sections, we use our data to explore results from the literature.
But existing studies are often forced to use less specific descriptions of
skills, capabilities, or knowledge compared to the specificity of O*NET DWAs
and Tasks (see O*NET’s website for examples of
DWAs444https://www.onetcenter.org/dictionary/20.1/excel/dwa_reference.html
(accessed on 5th February 2024) and
Tasks)555https://www.onetcenter.org/dictionary/20.1/excel/task_statements.html
(accessed on 5th February 2024). We facilitate a fairer comparison between our
data and existing research using the O*NET Abilities taxonomy (see O*NET’s
website Ability666https://www.onetonline.org/find/descriptor/browse/1.A
(accessed on 5th February 2024) for examples). However, O*NET does not provide
a standardized cross-walk linking DWAs, tasks, and abilities. To bridge this
gap, we introduce DWA2Ability.

We start with the O*NET database777https://www.onetonline.org/find/all
(accessed on 5th February 2024) profiles of DWAs for each occupation. Next, we
extract importance scores of each O*NET ability within each
occupation.888https://www.onetonline.org/find/descriptor/browse/1.A (accessed
on 5th February 2024) We formulate a map between the two sets of occupation
profiles as a regression using DWAs as independent variables and ability
scores as dependent variables. We train a Random Forest Regressor [3] for each
ability and fine-tune hyperparameters via Grid Search and 5-fold cross-
validation. This approach yielded 52 models (i.e., one per O*NET ability),
each achieving mean squared error of at most 0.025 (see Table 6 for details on
model performance). Using the trained models, we map syllabis’ DWA scores to
abilities.

Ability | MSE | Ability | MSE
---|---|---|---
Arm-Hand Steadiness | 0.025 | Number Facility | 0.012
Auditory Attention | 0.014 | Oral Comprehension | 0.010
Category Flexibility | 0.016 | Oral Expression | 0.011
Control Precision | 0.019 | Originality | 0.014
Deductive Reasoning | 0.011 | Perceptual Speed | 0.012
Depth Perception | 0.014 | Peripheral Vision | 0.013
Dynamic Flexibility | 0.007 | Problem Sensitivity | 0.010
Dynamic Strength | 0.016 | Rate Control | 0.019
Explosive Strength | 0.016 | Reaction Time | 0.020
Extent Flexibility | 0.019 | Response Orientation | 0.012
Far Vision | 0.011 | Selective Attention | 0.008
Finger Dexterity | 0.015 | Sound Localization | 0.025
Flexibility of Closure | 0.014 | Spatial Orientation | 0.017
Fluency of Ideas | 0.014 | Speech Clarity | 0.008
Glare Sensitivity | 0.017 | Speech Recognition | 0.014
Gross Body Coordination | 0.013 | Speed of Closure | 0.010
Gross Body Equilibrium | 0.018 | Speed of Limb Movement | 0.020
Hearing Sensitivity | 0.012 | Stamina | 0.019
Inductive Reasoning | 0.010 | Static Strength | 0.024
Information Ordering | 0.017 | Time Sharing | 0.013
Manual Dexterity | 0.023 | Trunk Strength | 0.017
Mathematical Reasoning | 0.011 | Visual Color Discrimination | 0.019
Memorization | 0.013 | Visualization | 0.017
Multilimb Coordination | 0.022 | Wrist-Finger Speed | 0.024
Near Vision | 0.018 | Written Comprehension | 0.012
Night Vision | 0.015 | Written Expression | 0.014
Table 6: Abilities model training performance. The mean squared error (MSE)
obtained from the 5-fold cross-validation (CV) for finding the best model of
ability.

##  4 Top 10 Detailed Work Activities (DWA) per Field of Study (FOS)

Table LABEL:tab:top10DWAperFOS lists the top 10 inferred workplace activities
with the highest DWA scores per FOS. We mask the frequently occurring skills
based on their prevalence. This was implemented by evaluating the top 100 DWAs
for each FOS and masking those that were commonly observed. Note that masked
DWAs remain accessible in the published dataset (see Section “Skill
Normalization”).

Table 7: Top 10 inferred workplace activities with the highest DWA scores per FOS. We mask the frequently occurring skills based on their prevalence. This was implemented by evaluating the top 100 DWAs for each FOS and masking those that were commonly observed. Note that masked DWAs remain accessible in the published dataset. Detailed Work Activity (DWA) | Rank
---|---
Accounting
Analyze budgetary or accounting data. | 1
Analyze financial records to improve budgeting or planning. | 2
Analyze financial information. | 3
Develop financial analysis methods. | 4
Prepare financial documents, reports, or budgets. | 5
Implement financial decisions. | 6
Analyze financial records to improve efficiency. | 7
Manage financial activities of the organization. | 8
Analyze financial records or reports to determine state of operations. | 9
Reconcile records of sales or other financial transactions. | 10
Agriculture
Document technical specifications or requirements. | 1
Send information, materials or documentation. | 2
Establish standards for products, processes, or procedures. | 3
Estimate supplies, ingredients, or staff requirements for food preparation activities. | 4
Determine types of equipment, tools, or materials needed for jobs. | 5
Prepare materials or solutions for animal or plant use. | 6
Analyze data to assess operational or project effectiveness. | 7
Develop plans to manage natural or renewable resources. | 8
Evaluate environmental or sustainability projects. | 9
Evaluate potential of products, technologies, or resources. | 10
Anthropology
Conduct anthropological or archaeological research. | 1
Research issues related to the environment or sustainable business practices. | 2
Send information, materials or documentation. | 3
Analyze environmental data. | 4
Interview people to obtain information about actions or status of individuals. | 5
Conduct surveys in organizations. | 6
Assist other educational professionals with projects or research. | 7
Document events or evidence, using photographic or audiovisual equipment. | 8
Teach social science courses at the college level. | 9
Analyze geological or geographical data. | 10
Architecture
Design structures or facilities. | 1
Plan facility layouts or designs. | 2
Plan layout of construction, installation, or repairs. | 3
Develop artistic or design concepts for decoration, exhibition, or commercial purposes. | 4
Determine construction project layouts. | 5
Design civil structures or systems. | 6
Collaborate with others to develop or refine designs. | 7
Review art or design materials. | 8
Create construction or installation diagrams. | 9
Discuss designs or plans with clients. | 10
Astronomy
Measure physical or chemical properties of materials or objects. | 1
Inspect sets or exhibits. | 2
Research new technologies. | 3
Analyze geological or geographical data. | 4
Measure radiation levels. | 5
Analyze geological samples. | 6
Calibrate scientific or technical equipment. | 7
Collaborate on research activities with scientists or technical specialists. | 8
Stay informed about current developments in field of specialization. | 9
Send information, materials or documentation. | 10
Atmospheric Sciences
Conduct climatological research. | 1
Analyze environmental data. | 2
Research hydrologic features or processes. | 3
Record information about environmental conditions. | 4
Compile environmental or climatological data. | 5
Measure environmental characteristics. | 6
Analyze geological or geographical data. | 7
Monitor environmental conditions to detect hazards. | 8
Inspect condition of natural environments. | 9
Collect environmental data or samples. | 10
Basic Computer Skills
Develop procedures for data entry or processing. | 1
Train others in computer interface or software use. | 2
Teach others to use computer equipment or hardware. | 3
Design software applications. | 4
Develop specifications for computer network operation. | 5
Design integrated computer systems. | 6
Develop models of information or communications systems. | 7
Create databases to store electronic data. | 8
Implement security measures for computer or information systems. | 9
Develop procedures for data management. | 10
Basic Skills
Assist other educational professionals with projects or research. | 1
Manage documentation to ensure organization or accuracy. | 2
Attend events to develop professional knowledge. | 3
Maintain current knowledge related to work activities. | 4
Maintain professional knowledge or certifications. | 5
Evaluate performance of educational staff. | 6
Evaluate program effectiveness. | 7
Conduct employee training programs. | 8
Encourage patients or clients to develop life skills. | 9
Counsel clients regarding educational or vocational issues. | 10
Biology
Prepare biological specimens for laboratory analysis. | 1
Prepare biological samples for testing or analysis. | 2
Analyze biological samples. | 3
Research genetic characteristics or expression. | 4
Plan biological research. | 5
Analyze laboratory findings. | 6
Research microbiological or chemical processes or structures. | 7
Analyze laboratory specimens to detect abnormalities or other problems. | 8
Supervise laboratory work. | 9
Collect biological specimens. | 10
Business
Establish business management methods. | 1
Develop organizational policies or programs. | 2
Establish organizational guidelines or policies. | 3
Analyze data to inform personnel decisions. | 4
Communicate organizational information to customers or other stakeholders. | 5
Represent the organization in external relations. | 6
Communicate with clients about products, procedures, and policies. | 7
Confer with managers to make operational decisions. | 8
Establish operational policies. | 9
Establish interpersonal business relationships to facilitate work activities. | 10
Chemistry
Prepare compounds or solutions for products or testing. | 1
Measure physical or chemical properties of materials or objects. | 2
Prepare biological samples for testing or analysis. | 3
Prepare biological specimens for laboratory analysis. | 4
Research engineering aspects of biological or chemical processes. | 5
Test materials, solutions, or samples. | 6
Collect samples of materials or products for testing. | 7
Prepare chemicals for work application. | 8
Research microbiological or chemical processes or structures. | 9
Supervise laboratory work. | 10
Chinese
Attend events to develop professional knowledge. | 1
Present business-related information to audiences. | 2
Teach humanities courses at the college level. | 3
Maintain current knowledge related to work activities. | 4
Teach online courses. | 5
Assist other educational professionals with projects or research. | 6
Accompany individuals or groups to activities. | 7
Record information from meetings or other formal proceedings. | 8
Supervise trainees. | 9
Communicate with others to coordinate material handling or movement. | 10
Classics
Teach humanities courses at the college level. | 1
Inspect sets or exhibits. | 2
Manage documentation to ensure organization or accuracy. | 3
Maintain current knowledge related to work activities. | 4
Record information from meetings or other formal proceedings. | 5
Coordinate student extracurricular activities. | 6
Maintain student records. | 7
Compile specialized bibliographies or lists of materials. | 8
Teach online courses. | 9
Document operational procedures. | 10
Computer Science
Develop specifications for computer network operation. | 1
Design software applications. | 2
Develop models of information or communications systems. | 3
Design integrated computer systems. | 4
Analyze security of systems, network, or data. | 5
Develop procedures for data entry or processing. | 6
Design computer modeling or simulation programs. | 7
Analyze design requirements for computer or electronics systems. | 8
Implement security measures for computer or information systems. | 9
Compile technical information or documentation. | 10
Cosmetology
Apply solutions to hair for therapeutic or cosmetic purposes. | 1
Apply cleansing or conditioning agents to client hair, scalp, or skin. | 2
Assess skin or hair conditions. | 3
Maintain professional knowledge or certifications. | 4
Groom wigs or hairpieces. | 5
Communicate with clients about products, procedures, and policies. | 6
Establish standards for products, processes, or procedures. | 7
Trim client hair. | 8
Evaluate personnel practices to ensure adherence to regulations. | 9
Establish work standards. | 10
Criminal Justice
Interview people to gather information about criminal activities. | 1
Research relevant legal materials to aid decision making. | 2
Investigate crimes committed within organizations. | 3
Analyze forensic evidence to solve crimes. | 4
Process forensic or legal evidence in accordance with procedures. | 5
Examine records or other types of data to investigate criminal activities. | 6
Apprehend criminal suspects. | 7
Identify implications for cases from legal precedents or other legal information. | 8
Interview witnesses, suspects, or claimants. | 9
Examine crime scenes to obtain evidence. | 10
Culinary Arts
Estimate supplies, ingredients, or staff requirements for food preparation activities. | 1
Evaluate quality of food ingredients or prepared foods. | 2
Prepare foods for cooking or serving. | 3
Present food or beverage information or menus to customers. | 4
Determine food production methods. | 5
Clean food preparation areas, facilities, or equipment. | 6
Communicate dining or order details to kitchen personnel. | 7
Inspect food products. | 8
Coordinate activities of food service staff. | 9
Create new recipes or food presentations. | 10
Dance
Choreograph dances. | 1
Perform dances. | 2
Train others on performance techniques. | 3
Communicate with others to coordinate material handling or movement. | 4
Coordinate training activities. | 5
Evaluate performance of educational staff. | 6
Evaluate program effectiveness. | 7
Coordinate musical rehearsals or performances. | 8
Create musical compositions, arrangements or scores. | 9
Schedule activities or facility use. | 10
Dentistry
Diagnose dental conditions. | 1
Treat dental problems or diseases. | 2
Examine mouth, teeth, gums, or related facial structures. | 3
Adjust dental devices or appliances to ensure fit. | 4
Inspect medical or dental assistive devices. | 5
Examine medical instruments or equipment to ensure proper operation. | 6
Confer with other professionals to plan patient care. | 7
Assist patients with hygiene or daily living activities. | 8
Supervise patient care personnel. | 9
Teach medical procedures or medical equipment use to patients. | 10
Earth Sciences
Analyze geological samples. | 1
Analyze geological or geographical data. | 2
Collect geographical or geological field data. | 3
Collect geological samples. | 4
Survey land or bodies of water to measure or determine features. | 5
Research hydrologic features or processes. | 6
Analyze environmental data. | 7
Inspect condition of natural environments. | 8
Locate natural resources using geospatial or other environmental data. | 9
Collect environmental data or samples. | 10
Economics
Apply mathematical models of financial or business conditions. | 1
Analyze market conditions or trends. | 2
Determine pricing or monetary policies. | 3
Develop financial analysis methods. | 4
Analyze financial information. | 5
Analyze market research data. | 6
Analyze business or financial data. | 7
Analyze industry trends. | 8
Implement financial decisions. | 9
Evaluate potential of products, technologies, or resources. | 10
Education
Evaluate performance of educational staff. | 1
Assist other educational professionals with projects or research. | 2
Discuss child development and behavior with parents or guardians. | 3
Evaluate program effectiveness. | 4
Coordinate student extracurricular activities. | 5
Establish organizational guidelines or policies. | 6
Conduct employee training programs. | 7
Supervise school or student activities. | 8
Establish work standards. | 9
Develop daily schedules for children or families. | 10
Engineering
Research advanced engineering designs or applications. | 1
Analyze design requirements for computer or electronics systems. | 2
Document technical design details. | 3
Design electrical equipment or systems. | 4
Design industrial equipment. | 5
Design civil structures or systems. | 6
Evaluate technical data to determine effect on designs or plans. | 7
Design energy production or management equipment or systems. | 8
Design structures or facilities. | 9
Design electromechanical equipment or systems. | 10
English Literature
Manage documentation to ensure organization or accuracy. | 1
Document design or operational test results. | 2
Issue warnings or citations. | 3
Record information from meetings or other formal proceedings. | 4
Document technical specifications or requirements. | 5
Assist other educational professionals with projects or research. | 6
Teach humanities courses at the college level. | 7
Prepare documentation for contracts, transactions, or regulatory compliance. | 8
Document operational procedures. | 9
Send information, materials or documentation. | 10
Film and Photography
Develop artistic or design concepts for decoration, exhibition, or commercial purposes. | 1
Review art or design materials. | 2
Discuss production content and progress with others. | 3
Construct distinctive physical objects for artistic, functional, or commercial purposes. | 4
Draw detailed or technical illustrations. | 5
Prepare film for distribution or use. | 6
Collaborate with others to develop or refine designs. | 7
Prepare production storyboards. | 8
Review production information to determine costume or makeup requirements. | 9
Design video game features or details. | 10
Fine Arts
Develop artistic or design concepts for decoration, exhibition, or commercial purposes. | 1
Review art or design materials. | 2
Coordinate artistic activities. | 3
Construct distinctive physical objects for artistic, functional, or commercial purposes. | 4
Draw detailed or technical illustrations. | 5
Create diagrams or blueprints for workpieces or products. | 6
Collaborate with others to develop or refine designs. | 7
Design layout of art or product exhibits, displays, or promotional materials. | 8
Create graphical representations of structures or landscapes. | 9
Draw guide lines or markings on materials or workpieces using patterns or other references. | 10
Fitness and Leisure
Advise athletes, coaches, or trainers on exercise regimens, nutrition, or equipment use. | 1
Coordinate training activities. | 2
Schedule activities or facility use. | 3
Evaluate program effectiveness. | 4
Supervise trainees. | 5
Conduct health or safety training programs. | 6
Train others on performance techniques. | 7
Teach health management classes. | 8
Conduct employee training programs. | 9
Evaluate performance of educational staff. | 10
French
Attend events to develop professional knowledge. | 1
Assist other educational professionals with projects or research. | 2
Record information from meetings or other formal proceedings. | 3
Teach online courses. | 4
Accompany individuals or groups to activities. | 5
Maintain current knowledge related to work activities. | 6
Supervise trainees. | 7
Communicate with others to coordinate material handling or movement. | 8
Liaise between departments or other groups to improve function or communication. | 9
Teach humanities courses at the college level. | 10
Geography
Survey land or bodies of water to measure or determine features. | 1
Analyze geological or geographical data. | 2
Create maps. | 3
Locate natural resources using geospatial or other environmental data. | 4
Collect geographical or geological field data. | 5
Analyze environmental data. | 6
Create graphical representations of structures or landscapes. | 7
Prepare maps. | 8
Gather physical survey data. | 9
Research hydrologic features or processes. | 10
German
Attend events to develop professional knowledge. | 1
Record information from meetings or other formal proceedings. | 2
Liaise between departments or other groups to improve function or communication. | 3
Accompany individuals or groups to activities. | 4
Present business-related information to audiences. | 5
Maintain current knowledge related to work activities. | 6
Assist other educational professionals with projects or research. | 7
Manage documentation to ensure organization or accuracy. | 8
Teach humanities courses at the college level. | 9
Supervise trainees. | 10
Health Technician
Examine medical instruments or equipment to ensure proper operation. | 1
Confer with other professionals to plan patient care. | 2
Interact with patients to build rapport or provide emotional support. | 3
Monitor patients following surgeries or other treatments. | 4
Instruct patients in the use of assistive equipment. | 5
Supervise patient care personnel. | 6
Supervise technical medical personnel. | 7
Collect biological specimens from patients. | 8
Diagnose medical conditions. | 9
Teach medical procedures or medical equipment use to patients. | 10
Hebrew
Supervise trainees. | 1
Teach online courses. | 2
Manage documentation to ensure organization or accuracy. | 3
Prepare documentation for contracts, transactions, or regulatory compliance. | 4
Document technical specifications or requirements. | 5
Record information from meetings or other formal proceedings. | 6
Maintain current knowledge related to work activities. | 7
Prepare information or documentation related to legal or regulatory matters. | 8
Conduct employee training programs. | 9
Maintain student records. | 10
History
Teach humanities courses at the college level. | 1
Interview people to obtain information about actions or status of individuals. | 2
Evaluate characteristics of archival or historical objects. | 3
Manage documentation to ensure organization or accuracy. | 4
Record information from meetings or other formal proceedings. | 5
Monitor current trends. | 6
Conduct anthropological or archaeological research. | 7
Teach social science courses at the college level. | 8
Stay informed about current developments in field of specialization. | 9
Send information, materials or documentation. | 10
Japanese
Attend events to develop professional knowledge. | 1
Teach online courses. | 2
Supervise trainees. | 3
Present business-related information to audiences. | 4
Communicate with others to coordinate material handling or movement. | 5
Accompany individuals or groups to activities. | 6
Maintain current knowledge related to work activities. | 7
Conduct amusement or gaming activities. | 8
Maintain professional knowledge or certifications. | 9
Assist other educational professionals with projects or research. | 10
Journalism
Interview others for news or entertainment purposes. | 1
Present information to the public. | 2
Manage content of broadcasts or presentations. | 3
Interview people to obtain information about actions or status of individuals. | 4
Write articles, books or other original materials in area of expertise. | 5
Discuss production content and progress with others. | 6
Document events or evidence, using photographic or audiovisual equipment. | 7
Provide information to coworkers. | 8
Provide information to the general public. | 9
Coordinate reporting or editing activities. | 10
Law
Research relevant legal materials to aid decision making. | 1
Identify implications for cases from legal precedents or other legal information. | 2
Prepare written decisions for legal proceedings. | 3
Make decisions in legal cases. | 4
Prepare information or documentation related to legal or regulatory matters. | 5
Represent the interests of clients in legal proceedings. | 6
Rule on admissibility of legal proceedings. | 7
Prepare documentation of legal proceedings. | 8
Update knowledge of legal or regulatory environments. | 9
Document information related to legal proceedings. | 10
Library Science
Help patrons use library or archival resources. | 1
Organize informational materials. | 2
Compile specialized bibliographies or lists of materials. | 3
Develop policies or procedures for archives, museums or libraries. | 4
Develop library or archival databases. | 5
Manage documentation to ensure organization or accuracy. | 6
Distribute instructional or library materials. | 7
Identify information technology project resource requirements. | 8
Provide information to coworkers. | 9
Present information to the public. | 10
Linguistics
Send information, materials or documentation. | 1
Manage documentation to ensure organization or accuracy. | 2
Document technical specifications or requirements. | 3
Document design or operational test results. | 4
Interview people to obtain information about actions or status of individuals. | 5
Develop procedures for data entry or processing. | 6
Develop models of information or communications systems. | 7
Record information from meetings or other formal proceedings. | 8
Stay informed about current developments in field of specialization. | 9
Analyze market research data. | 10
Marketing
Collaborate with others to develop or implement marketing strategies. | 1
Perform marketing activities. | 2
Analyze market research data. | 3
Develop business or market strategies. | 4
Collaborate with others in marketing activities. | 5
Train customers in the use of products. | 6
Deliver promotional presentations to current or prospective customers. | 7
Develop promotional materials. | 8
Analyze market or customer related data. | 9
Create marketing materials. | 10
Mathematics
Apply mathematical models of financial or business conditions. | 1
Develop financial analysis methods. | 2
Determine operational methods. | 3
Review blueprints or other instructions to determine operational methods or sequences. | 4
Analyze data to determine project feasibility. | 5
Analyze data to assess operational or project effectiveness. | 6
Calculate data to inform organizational operations. | 7
Develop procedures for data entry or processing. | 8
Analyze data to inform personnel decisions. | 9
Analyze business or financial data. | 10
Mechanic / Repair Tech
Determine types of equipment, tools, or materials needed for jobs. | 1
Conduct validation tests of equipment or processes. | 2
Select tools, equipment, or technologies for use in operations or projects. | 3
Test mechanical equipment to ensure proper functioning. | 4
Inspect equipment to ensure safety or proper functioning. | 5
Inspect safety equipment to ensure proper functioning. | 6
Monitor work areas or procedures to ensure compliance with safety procedures. | 7
Evaluate characteristics of equipment or systems. | 8
Develop safety standards, policies, or procedures. | 9
Inspect facilities or equipment to ensure specifications are met. | 10
Media / Communications
Present business-related information to audiences. | 1
Present information to the public. | 2
Liaise between departments or other groups to improve function or communication. | 3
Manage content of broadcasts or presentations. | 4
Provide information to coworkers. | 5
Communicate organizational information to customers or other stakeholders. | 6
Deliver promotional presentations to current or prospective customers. | 7
Conduct surveys in organizations. | 8
Establish organizational guidelines or policies. | 9
Establish interpersonal business relationships to facilitate work activities. | 10
Medicine
Analyze health-related data. | 1
Advise patients on healthcare system processes. | 2
Collaborate with healthcare professionals to plan or provide treatment. | 3
Develop patient therapy programs. | 4
Confer with other professionals to plan patient care. | 5
Interact with patients to build rapport or provide emotional support. | 6
Establish standards for medical care. | 7
Establish nursing policies or standards. | 8
Assess patient work, living, or social environments. | 9
Implement therapeutic programs to improve patient functioning. | 10
Military Science
Recruit personnel. | 1
Supervise trainees. | 2
Confer with others to conduct or arrange operational activities. | 3
Establish operational policies. | 4
Direct activities of subordinates. | 5
Coordinate personnel recruitment activities. | 6
Coordinate training activities. | 7
Resolve personnel problems. | 8
Liaise between departments or other groups to improve function or communication. | 9
Evaluate effectiveness of personnel policies or practices. | 10
Music
Create musical compositions, arrangements or scores. | 1
Coordinate musical rehearsals or performances. | 2
Train others on performance techniques. | 3
Perform for recordings. | 4
Perform music for the public. | 5
Adjust tuning or functioning of musical instruments. | 6
Audition or interview potential performers or staff members. | 7
Choreograph dances. | 8
Evaluate performance of educational staff. | 9
Develop artistic or design concepts for decoration, exhibition, or commercial purposes. | 10
Nursing
Establish nursing policies or standards. | 1
Confer with other professionals to plan patient care. | 2
Collaborate with healthcare professionals to plan or provide treatment. | 3
Interact with patients to build rapport or provide emotional support. | 4
Implement therapeutic programs to improve patient functioning. | 5
Develop patient therapy programs. | 6
Collaborate with other professionals to assess client needs or plan treatments. | 7
Advise patients on healthcare system processes. | 8
Assess patient work, living, or social environments. | 9
Supervise patient care personnel. | 10
Nutrition
Monitor nutrition related activities of individuals or groups. | 1
Manage preparation of special meals or diets. | 2
Evaluate quality of food ingredients or prepared foods. | 3
Determine food production methods. | 4
Estimate supplies, ingredients, or staff requirements for food preparation activities. | 5
Analyze health-related data. | 6
Prepare foods or meals. | 7
Research methods to improve food products. | 8
Prepare foods for cooking or serving. | 9
Inspect food products. | 10
Philosophy
Identify implications for cases from legal precedents or other legal information. | 1
Resolve interpersonal conflicts. | 2
Research relevant legal materials to aid decision making. | 3
Mediate disputes. | 4
Review laws or regulations to maintain professional knowledge. | 5
Maintain knowledge of laws or regulations. | 6
Maintain current knowledge related to work activities. | 7
Teach humanities courses at the college level. | 8
Manage documentation to ensure organization or accuracy. | 9
Issue warnings or citations. | 10
Physics
Measure physical or chemical properties of materials or objects. | 1
Create physical models or prototypes. | 2
Design electromechanical equipment or systems. | 3
Create electrical schematics. | 4
Design electrical equipment or systems. | 5
Research new technologies. | 6
Research advanced engineering designs or applications. | 7
Calibrate scientific or technical equipment. | 8
Send information, materials or documentation. | 9
Review blueprints or other instructions to determine operational methods or sequences. | 10
Political Science
Advise others on matters of public policy. | 1
Teach social science courses at the college level. | 2
Analyze impact of legal or regulatory changes. | 3
Research relevant legal materials to aid decision making. | 4
Research issues related to the environment or sustainable business practices. | 5
Forecast economic, political, or social trends. | 6
Identify implications for cases from legal precedents or other legal information. | 7
Appraise environmental impact of regulations or policies. | 8
Interview people to obtain information about actions or status of individuals. | 9
Mediate disputes. | 10
Psychology
Treat patients using psychological therapies. | 1
Develop patient therapy programs. | 2
Discuss child development and behavior with parents or guardians. | 3
Conduct surveys in organizations. | 4
Encourage patients or clients to develop life skills. | 5
Analyze data to inform personnel decisions. | 6
Counsel clients regarding interpersonal issues. | 7
Intervene in crisis situations to assist clients. | 8
Analyze health-related data. | 9
Evaluate potential problems in home or work environments of clients. | 10
Public Safety
Develop emergency response plans or procedures. | 1
Develop fire safety or prevention programs or plans. | 2
Advise others on management of emergencies or hazardous situations or materials. | 3
Communicate safety or hazard information to others. | 4
Inspect facilities to ensure compliance with fire regulations. | 5
Develop safety standards, policies, or procedures. | 6
Develop emergency procedures. | 7
Monitor work areas or procedures to ensure compliance with safety procedures. | 8
Maintain contingency plans for disaster recovery. | 9
Direct fire fighting or prevention activities. | 10
Religion
Develop promotional strategies for religious organizations. | 1
Teach humanities courses at the college level. | 2
Conduct anthropological or archaeological research. | 3
Manage documentation to ensure organization or accuracy. | 4
Send information, materials or documentation. | 5
Teach online courses. | 6
Record information from meetings or other formal proceedings. | 7
Assist other educational professionals with projects or research. | 8
Establish work standards. | 9
Interview people to obtain information about actions or status of individuals. | 10
Sign Language
Assist individuals with special needs. | 1
Test patient hearing. | 2
Communicate with others to coordinate material handling or movement. | 3
Instruct patients in the use of assistive equipment. | 4
Operate audio-visual equipment. | 5
Evaluate performance of educational staff. | 6
Accompany individuals or groups to activities. | 7
Evaluate program effectiveness. | 8
Assist other educational professionals with projects or research. | 9
Liaise between departments or other groups to improve function or communication. | 10
Social Work
Train staff members in social services skills. | 1
Develop patient therapy programs. | 2
Maintain professional social services knowledge. | 3
Intervene in crisis situations to assist clients. | 4
Collaborate with other professionals to assess client needs or plan treatments. | 5
Help clients get needed services or resources. | 6
Implement therapeutic programs to improve patient functioning. | 7
Refer individuals to educational or work programs. | 8
Encourage patients or clients to develop life skills. | 9
Evaluate program effectiveness. | 10
Sociology
Conduct surveys in organizations. | 1
Teach social science courses at the college level. | 2
Analyze market research data. | 3
Advise others on social or educational issues. | 4
Interview people to obtain information about actions or status of individuals. | 5
Research issues related to the environment or sustainable business practices. | 6
Conduct opinion surveys or needs assessments. | 7
Analyze jobs using observation, survey, or interview techniques. | 8
Evaluate potential problems in home or work environments of clients. | 9
Analyze health-related data. | 10
Spanish
Assist other educational professionals with projects or research. | 1
Evaluate program effectiveness. | 2
Evaluate performance of educational staff. | 3
Attend events to develop professional knowledge. | 4
Accompany individuals or groups to activities. | 5
Conduct eligibility or selection interviews. | 6
Maintain current knowledge related to work activities. | 7
Record information from meetings or other formal proceedings. | 8
Supervise trainees. | 9
Advise others on social or educational issues. | 10
Theatre Arts
Direct productions or performances. | 1
Audition or interview potential performers or staff members. | 2
Review production information to determine costume or makeup requirements. | 3
Entertain public with comedic or dramatic performances. | 4
Train others on performance techniques. | 5
Coordinate musical rehearsals or performances. | 6
Prepare production storyboards. | 7
Develop artistic or design concepts for decoration, exhibition, or commercial purposes. | 8
Choreograph dances. | 9
Discuss production content and progress with others. | 10
Theology
Develop promotional strategies for religious organizations. | 1
Manage outreach activities. | 2
Provide counsel, comfort, or encouragement to individuals or families. | 3
Encourage patients or clients to develop life skills. | 4
Establish work standards. | 5
Manage documentation to ensure organization or accuracy. | 6
Establish organizational guidelines or policies. | 7
Supervise trainees. | 8
Intervene in crisis situations to assist clients. | 9
Teach humanities courses at the college level. | 10
Transportation
Plan flight operations. | 1
Coordinate flight control or management activities. | 2
Communicate safety or hazard information to others. | 3
Develop safety standards, policies, or procedures. | 4
Operate transportation equipment to demonstrate function or malfunction. | 5
Pilot aircraft. | 6
Confer with other personnel to resolve design or operational problems. | 7
Monitor work areas or procedures to ensure compliance with safety procedures. | 8
Conduct validation tests of equipment or processes. | 9
Inspect safety equipment to ensure proper functioning. | 10
Veterinary Medicine
Examine animals to detect illness, injury or other problems. | 1
Treat animal injuries or illnesses. | 2
Prepare biological specimens for laboratory analysis. | 3
Perform animal breeding procedures. | 4
Monitor animal behavior or condition. | 5
Research livestock management methods. | 6
Prepare biological samples for testing or analysis. | 7
Collect biological specimens from patients. | 8
Provide care for animals. | 9
Analyze laboratory specimens to detect abnormalities or other problems. | 10
Women’s Studies
Teach social science courses at the college level. | 1
Advise others on social or educational issues. | 2
Teach humanities courses at the college level. | 3
Assist other educational professionals with projects or research. | 4
Conduct surveys in organizations. | 5
Research issues related to the environment or sustainable business practices. | 6
Establish work standards. | 7
Interview people to obtain information about actions or status of individuals. | 8
Advocate for individual or community needs. | 9
Send information, materials or documentation. | 10

##  5 Community Detection and Clustering

We employ the Louvain community detection method [1] to cluster the most
closely related academic majors. This process entailed averaging the scores
for each DWA within identical majors, culminating in a unified vector
representation for each field of study. This analysis discerned four distinct
communities (see Figure 4). The two most extensive communities generally
correspond to Non-STEM (highlighted in green) and STEM (in blue) disciplines.
Notably, the smallest cluster, comprising Accounting, Economics, and
Marketing, tends more towards Non-STEM fields, likely attributed to their
social sciences orientation. The fourth community encapsulates fields such as
Fitness, Education, and Nutrition.

Adopting an analogous approach with “Tasks” rather than DWAs, the results
exhibit a significant variation (see Figure 5). The key divergence when
employing “Tasks” is the formation of three communities instead of four. The
group previously including Accounting, Economics, and Marketing amalgamated
with the broader STEM category, indicating a shift in community dynamics based
on the classification criterion used.

Figure 4: The similarity of FOS according to their DWA profiles. The graph
represents the results of the Louvain community detection method [1] to
identify the similar FOS. (Note: Node size represents the Degree Centrality).
Figure 5: The similarity of FOS according to their Task profiles. The graph
represents the results of the Louvain community detection method [1] to
identify the similar FOS. (Note: Node size represents the Degree Centrality)

Moreover, we employ agglomerative hierarchical clustering technique [2] on the
DWA vector representations of academic majors, aiming to elucidate their
hierarchical relationships. Hierarchical clustering generates a nested
sequence of clusters, allowing for an in-depth exploration of clusters at
varying levels of granularity without predefining a specific number of
categories (in this context, groups of majors). In this framework, FOS are
deemed similar if they share akin work activities (see Figure 6 for DWAs and
Figure 7 for Tasks).

The resulting dendrogram illustrates that majors cluster in a manner
consistent with expectations. For instance, in case of DWAs (see Figure 6),
Marketing and Accounting emerge as closely related, akin to the pairing of
Linguistics and History. Progressing through the hierarchy, these clusters
show increasing similarity to other fields, such as Anthropology. Notably,
just prior to the final clustering step, which amalgamates all majors
(indicated in blue), two predominant clusters are discernible: one
representing STEM majors (in green) and the other Non-STEM majors (in orange).

Figure 6: The similarity of FOS according to their DWA profiles. The heatmap
shows the Spearman’s rank correlation between the fields of study and the
dendrogram represents the results of hierarchically clustering similar FOS.
Figure 7: The similarity of FOS according to their Task profiles. The heatmap
shows the Spearman’s rank correlation between the fields of study and the
dendrogram represents the results of hierarchically clustering similar FOS.

##  6 Gender, Education, and Skills

To make a more direct comparison with the OECD report, we quantify these
differences at the O*NET Ability level using our DWA2Ability trained models
(see Section “Mapping O*NET DWAs to Abilities (DWA2Ability)”). In Table 8, we
compare the percentage of the difference between female students’ abilities
and male students’ abilities

Ability |  | Relative Difference %
---
(Women - Men)/Men
Ability |  | Relative Difference %
---
(Women - Men)/Men
Visualization | -1.39% | Written Expression | 0.80%
Depth Perception | -1.36% | Information Ordering | 0.84%
Rate Control | -1.17% | Category Flexibility | 0.86%
Manual Dexterity | -1.16% | Speed of Closure | 0.87%
Arm-Hand Steadiness | -1.06% | Originality | 0.90%
Visual Color Discrimination | -1.04% | Selective Attention | 0.94%
Control Precision | -0.87% | Trunk Strength | 0.97%
Wrist-Finger Speed | -0.80% | Speech Clarity | 1.01%
Reaction Time | -0.73% | Speech Recognition | 1.03%
Multilimb Coordination | -0.68% | Deductive Reasoning | 1.04%
Finger Dexterity | -0.62% | Gross Body Coordination | 1.10%
Perceptual Speed | -0.45% | Time Sharing | 1.17%
Spatial Orientation | -0.37% | Problem Sensitivity | 1.30%
Number Facility | -0.34% | Stamina | 1.39%
Mathematical Reasoning | -0.22% | Static Strength | 1.42%
Near Vision | -0.18% | Inductive Reasoning | 1.51%
Far Vision | -0.10% | Memorization | 1.64%
Glare Sensitivity | 0.11% | Auditory Attention | 1.67%
Written Comprehension | 0.29% | Extent Flexibility | 1.72%
Oral Comprehension | 0.38% | Hearing Sensitivity | 2.22%
Oral Expression | 0.54% | Night Vision | 2.68%
Response Orientation | 0.54% | Sound Localization | 3.46%
Fluency of Ideas | 0.58% | Peripheral Vision | 3.75%
Flexibility of Closure | 0.63% | Explosive Strength | 8.06%
Dynamic Strength | 0.64% | Speed of Limb Movement | 8.73%
Gross Body Equilibrium | 0.78% | Dynamic Flexibility | 24.97%
Table 8: The inferred workplace abilities inferred from syllabi reveal key
differences among women and men. Inferred workplace abilities relative
difference between Men and Women weighted by the number of degrees awarded
according to IPEDS. Negative values suggest more male abilities, and positive
values suggest more female abilities.

##  7 Taught Skill Distinctiveness and Labor Market Outcomes

We compare the distinctiveness of FOS’s taught skills with earnings of 25- to
29-year-old bachelor’s degree holders reported by the National Center for
Education Statistics
(NCES)999https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d19/tables/dt19_505.10.asp
(accessed on 12th February 2024) (see Table 9). We measure skill
distinctiveness by noting various percentile skill RCA score within each FOS
(see figures 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12); under this measure, FOS with higher
diversity scores teach more distinctive skills compared to other FOS.

FOS | Salary | FOS | Salary
---|---|---|---
Accounting | 60,000 | Hebrew | N/A
Agriculture | 45,380 | History | 45,090
Anthropology | 45,230 | Japanese | N/A
Architecture | 52,170 | Journalism | N/A
Astronomy | N/A | Law | N/A
Atmospheric Sciences | N/A | Library Science | N/A
Basic Computer Skills | N/A | Linguistics | 45,370
Basic Skills | N/A | Marketing | 52,160
Biology | 50,450 | Mathematics | 54,560
Business | 50,260 | Mechanic / Repair Tech | N/A
Chemistry | 77,705 | Media / Communications | 45,570
Chinese | N/A | Medicine | N/A
Classics | N/A | Military Science | N/A
Computer Science | 70,140 | Music | N/A
Cosmetology | N/A | Nursing | 58,690
Criminal Justice | 41,810 | Nutrition | N/A
Culinary Arts | N/A | Philosophy | 48,840
Dance | N/A | Physics | 47,570
Dentistry | N/A | Political Science | 50,640
Earth Sciences | N/A | Psychology | 41,420
Economics | 64,860 | Public Safety | 49,850
Education | 41,510 | Religion | N/A
Engineering | 68,860 | Sign Language | N/A
English Literature | 44,640 | Social Work | 40,480
Film and Photography | N/A | Sociology | 43,140
Fine Arts | 40,500 | Spanish | N/A
Fitness and Leisure | 45,500 | Theatre Arts | N/A
French | N/A | Theology | 35,230
Geography | 45,920 | Transportation | 59,920
German | N/A | Veterinary Medicine | N/A
Health Technician | 50,270 | Women’s Studies | N/A
Table 9: Median annual earnings (salary) obtained from NCES. Figure 8: Skill
distinctiveness versus salary. The x-axis shows the skill distinctiveness as
RCA value at the 60th percentile within each field of study and the y-axis
shows the corresponding median annual earnings (salary) obtained from NCES.
The line represents a regression line with $R^{2}$ = 0.006 (p-value = 0.667).
Figure 9: Skill distinctiveness versus salary. The x-axis shows the skill
distinctiveness as RCA value at the 70th percentile within each field of study
and the y-axis shows the corresponding median annual earnings (salary)
obtained from NCES. The line represents a regression line with $R^{2}$ = 0.154
(p-value = 0.026). Figure 10: Skill distinctiveness versus salary. The x-axis
shows the skill distinctiveness as RCA value at the 75th percentile within
each field of study and the y-axis shows the corresponding median annual
earnings (salary) obtained from NCES. The line represents a regression line
with $R^{2}$ = 0.250 (p-value = 0.004). Figure 11: Skill distinctiveness
versus salary. The x-axis shows the skill distinctiveness as RCA value at the
80th percentile within each field of study and the y-axis shows the
corresponding median annual earnings (salary) obtained from NCES. The line
represents a regression line with $R^{2}$ = 0.290 (p-value = 0.001). Figure
12: Skill distinctiveness versus salary. The x-axis shows the skill
distinctiveness as RCA value at the 90th percentile within each field of study
and the y-axis shows the corresponding median annual earnings (salary)
obtained from NCES. The line represents a regression line with $R^{2}$ = 0.294
(p-value = 0.001).

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