# Preparation of Papers for IEEE Signal Processing Letters (5-page limit)

First A. Author, , Second B. Author, and Third C. Author, Jr This paragraph of
the first footnote will contain the date on which you submitted your paper for
review. It will also contain support information, including sponsor and
financial support acknowledgment. For example, “This work was supported in
part by the U.S. Department of Commerce under Grant BS123456.” The next few
paragraphs should contain the authors’ current affiliations, including current
address and e-mail. For example, F. A. Author is with the National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA (e-mail:
author@boulder.nist.gov).S. B. Author, Jr., was with Rice University, Houston,
TX 77005 USA. He is now with the Department of Physics, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA (e-mail: author@lamar.colostate.edu).

###### Abstract

These instructions give you guidelines for preparing papers for IEEE Signal
Processing Letters. Use this document as a template if you are using Microsoft
Word 6.0 or later. Otherwise, use this document as an instruction set. The
electronic file of your paper will be formatted further at IEEE. Paper titles
should be written in uppercase and lowercase letters, not all uppercase. Do
not write “(Invited)” in the title. Full names of authors are preferred in the
author field, but are not required. Put a space between authors’ initials. The
abstract must be a concise yet comprehensive reflection of what is in your
article. In particular, the abstract must be self-contained, without
abbreviations, footnotes, or references. It should be a microcosm of the full
article. The abstract is typically between 100–175 words. The abstract must be
written as one paragraph, and should not contain displayed mathematical
equations or tabular material. The abstract should include three or four
different keywords or phrases, as this will help readers to find it. It is
important to avoid over-repetition of such phrases as this can result in a
page being rejected by search engines. Ensure that your abstract reads well
and is grammatically correct.

###### Index Terms:

Enter key words or phrases in alphabetical order, separated by commas. For a
list of suggested keywords, send a blank e-mail to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or visit
http://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/ani_prod/keywrd98.txt

##  I Introduction

This document is a template for Microsoft Word versions 6.0 or later. If you
are reading a paper or PDF version of this document, please download the
electronic file, trans_jour.docx, from the IEEE Web site at
www.ieee.org/authortools so you can use it to prepare your manuscript. If you
would prefer to use LaTeX, download IEEE’s LaTeX style and sample files from
the same Web page. You can also explore using the Overleaf editor at
https://www.overleaf.com/blog/278-how-to-use-overleaf-with-ieee-collabratec-
your-quick-guide-to-getting-started#.Vp6tpPkrKM9

If your paper is intended for a conference, please contact your conference
editor concerning acceptable word processor formats for your particular
conference.

##  II Guidelines For Manuscript Preparation

When you open trans_jour.docx, select “Page Layout” from the “View” menu in
the menu bar (View Page Layout), (these instructions assume MS 6.0. Some
versions may have alternate ways to access the same functionalities noted
here). Then, type over sections of trans_jour.docx or cut and paste from
another document and use markup styles. The pull-down style menu is at the
left of the Formatting Toolbar at the top of your Word window (for example,
the style at this point in the document is “Text”). Highlight a section that
you want to designate with a certain style, and then select the appropriate
name on the style menu. The style will adjust your fonts and line spacing. Do
not change the font sizes or line spacing to squeeze more text into a limited
number of pages. Use italics for emphasis; do not underline.

To insert images in Word, position the cursor at the insertion point and
either use Insert $\mid$ Picture $\mid$ From File or copy the image to the
Windows clipboard and then Edit $\mid$ Paste Special $\mid$ Picture (with
“float over text” unchecked).

IEEE will do the final formatting of your paper. If your paper is intended for
a conference, please observe the conference page limits.

###  II-A Information for Authors

IEEE Signal Processing Letters allows only four-page articles. A fifth page is
allowed for “References” only, though “References” may begin before the fifth
page. Author biographies or photographs are not allowed in Signal Processing
Letters. Please review the Information for Authors at for IEEE Signal
Processing Letters: https://signalprocessingsociety.org/publications-
resources/ieee-signal-processing-letters/information-authors-spl

Figure 1: Magnetization as a function of applied field. Note that “Fig.” is abbreviated. There is a period after the figure number, followed by two spaces. It is good practice to explain the significance of the figure in the caption. TABLE I: Units for Magnetic Properties Symbol |  Quantity |  Conversion from Gaussian and CGS EMU to SIa
---|---|---
$\Phi$ |  Magnetic flux |  1 Mx $\to 10^{-8}$ Wb $=10^{-8}$ V $\cdot$ s
$B$ |  Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction |  1 G $\to 10^{-4}$ T $=10^{-4}$ Wb/m2
$H$ |  Magnetic field strength |  1 Oe $\to 10^{-3}/(4\pi)$ A/m
$m$ |  Magnetic moment |  1 erg/G $=$ 1 emu $\to 10^{-3}$ A $\cdot$ m${}^{2}=10^{-3}$ J/T
$M$ |  Magnetization |  1 erg/(G $\cdot$ cm${}^{3})=$ 1 emu/cm3 $\to 10^{-3}$ A/m
4$\pi M$ |  Magnetization |  1 G $\to 10^{-3}/(4\pi)$ A/m
$\sigma$ |  Specific magnetization |  1 erg/(G $\cdot$ g) $=$ 1 emu/g $\to$ 1 A $\cdot$ m2/kg
$j$ |  Magnetic dipole moment |  1 erg/G $=$ 1 emu $\to 4\pi\times 10^{-10}$ Wb $\cdot$ m
$J$ |  Magnetic polarization |  1 erg/(G $\cdot$ cm${}^{3})=$ 1 emu/cm3 $\to 4\pi\times 10^{-4}$ T
$\chi,\kappa$ |  Susceptibility |  1 $\to 4\pi$
$\chi_{\rho}$ |  Mass susceptibility |  1 cm3/g $\to 4\pi\times 10^{-3}$ m3/kg
$\mu$ |  Permeability |  1 $\to 4\pi\times 10^{-7}$ H/m $=4\pi\times 10^{-7}$ Wb/(A $\cdot$ m)
$\mu_{r}$ |  Relative permeability |  $\mu\to\mu_{r}$
$w,W$ |  Energy density |  1 erg/cm${}^{3}\to 10^{-1}$ J/m3
$N,D$ |  Demagnetizing factor |  1 $\to 1/(4\pi)$
Vertical lines are optional in tables. Statements that serve as captions for
the entire table do not need footnote letters.
aGaussian units are the same as cg emu for magnetostatics; Mx $=$ maxwell, G
$=$ gauss, Oe $=$ oersted; Wb $=$ weber, V $=$ volt, s $=$ second, T $=$
tesla, m $=$ meter, A $=$ ampere, J $=$ joule, kg $=$ kilogram, H $=$ henry.

##  III Guidelines for Graphics Preparation and Submission

###  III-A Types of Graphics

  1. 1)

Color/Grayscale figures: Figures that are meant to appear in color, or shades
of black/gray. Such figures may include photographs, illustrations, multicolor
graphs, and flowcharts.

  2. 2)

Line Art figures: Figures that are composed of only black lines and shapes.
These figures should have no shades or half-tones of gray, only black and
white.

  3. 3)

Tables: Data charts are typically black and white but sometimes include color.

###  III-B Multipart Figures

Figures compiled of more than one sub-figure presented side-by-side, or
stacked. If a multipart figure is made up of multiple figure types (one part
is lineart, and another is grayscale or color) the figure should meet the
stricter guidelines.

###  III-C File Formats for Graphics

Format and save your graphics using a suitable graphics processing program
that will allow you to create the images as PostScript (PS), Encapsulated
PostScript (.EPS), Tagged Image File Format (.TIFF), Portable Document Format
(.PDF), or Portable Network Graphics (.PNG); sizes them; and adjusts the
resolution settings. If you created your source files in one of the following
programs you will be able to submit the graphics without converting to a PS,
EPS, TIFF, PDF, or PNG file: Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, or
Microsoft Excel. Though it is not required, it is strongly recommended that
these files be saved in PDF format rather than DOC, XLS, or PPT. Doing so will
protect your figures from common font and arrow stroke issues that occur when
working on the files across multiple platforms. When submitting your final
paper, your graphics should all be submitted individually in one of these
formats along with the manuscript.

###  III-D Sizing of Graphics

Most charts, graphs, and tables are one column wide (3.5 inches / 88
millimeters / 21 picas) or page wide (7.16 inches / 181 millimeters / 43
picas). The maximum height a graphic can be is 8.5 inches (216 millimeters /
54 picas). When choosing the height of a graphic, please allow space for a
caption. Figures can be sized between column and page widths if the author
chooses, however it is recommended that figures are not sized less than column
width unless absolutely necessary.

###  III-E Resolution

The proper resolution of your figures will depend on the type of figure it is
as defined in the “Types of Figures” section. Author photographs, color, and
grayscale figures should be at least 300 dpi. Line art, including tables
should be a minimum of 600 dpi.

###  III-F Vector Art

In order to preserve the figures’ integrity across multiple computer
platforms, we accept files in the following formats: .EPS/.PDF/.PS. All fonts
must be embedded or text converted to outlines in order to achieve the best-
quality results.

###  III-G Accepted Fonts Within Figures

When preparing your graphics, IEEE suggests that you use of one of the
following Open Type fonts: Times New Roman, Helvetica, Arial, Cambria, and
Symbol. If you are supplying EPS, PS, or PDF files all fonts must be embedded.
Some fonts may only be native to your operating system; without the fonts
embedded, parts of the graphic may be distorted or missing.

A safe option when finalizing your figures is to strip out the fonts before
you save the files, creating “outline” type. This converts fonts to artwork
what will appear uniformly on any screen.

###  III-H Using Labels Within Figures

####  III-H1 Figure Axis labels

Figure axis labels are often a source of confusion. Use words rather than
symbols. As an example, write the quantity “Magnetization,” or “Magnetization
M,” not just “M.” Put units in parentheses. Do not label axes only with units.
As in Fig. 1, for example, write “Magnetization (A/m)” or “Magnetization
(A$\cdot$m-1),” not just “A/m.” Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities
and units. For example, write “Temperature (K),” not “Temperature/K.”

Multipliers can be especially confusing. Write “Magnetization (kA/m)” or
“Magnetization (103 A/m).” Do not write “Magnetization (A/m) $\times$ 1000”
because the reader would not know whether the top axis label in Fig. 1 meant
16000 A/m or 0.016 A/m. Figure labels should be legible, approximately 8 to 10
point type.

####  III-H2 Subfigure Labels in Multipart Figures and Tables

Multipart figures should be combined and labeled before final submission.
Labels should appear centered below each subfigure in 8 point Times New Roman
font in the format of (a), (b), (c).

###  III-I File Naming

Figures (line artwork or photographs) should be named starting with the first
5 letters of the author’s last name. The next characters in the filename
should be the number that represents the sequential location of this image in
your article. For example, in author “Anderson’s” paper, the first three
figures would be named ander1.tif, ander2.tif, and ander3.ps.

Tables should contain only the body of the table (not the caption) and should
be named similarly to figures, except that ‘.t’ is inserted in-between the
author’s name and the table number. For example, author Anderson’s first three
tables would be named ander.t1.tif, ander.t2.ps, ander.t3.eps.

###  III-J Referencing a Figure or Table Within Your Paper

When referencing your figures and tables within your paper, use the
abbreviation “Fig.” even at the beginning of a sentence. Do not abbreviate
“Table.” Tables should be numbered with Roman Numerals.

###  III-K Checking Your Figures: The IEEE Graphics Analyzer

The IEEE Graphics Analyzer enables authors to pre-screen their graphics for
compliance with IEEE Transactions and Journals standards before submission.
The online tool, located at http://graphicsqc.ieee.org/, allows authors to
upload their graphics in order to check that each file is the correct file
format, resolution, size and colorspace; that no fonts are missing or corrupt;
that figures are not compiled in layers or have transparency, and that they
are named according to the IEEE Transactions and Journals naming convention.
At the end of this automated process, authors are provided with a detailed
report on each graphic within the web applet, as well as by email.

For more information on using the Graphics Analyzer or any other graphics
related topic, contact the IEEE Graphics Help Desk by e-mail at
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
###  III-L Submitting Your Graphics

Because IEEE will do the final formatting of your paper, you do not need to
position figures and tables at the top and bottom of each column. In fact, all
figures, figure captions, and tables can be placed at the end of your paper.
In addition to, or even in lieu of submitting figures within your final
manuscript, figures should be submitted individually, separate from the
manuscript in one of the file formats listed above in Section VI-J. Place
figure captions below the figures; place table titles above the tables. Please
do not include captions as part of the figures, or put them in “text boxes”
linked to the figures. Also, do not place borders around the outside of your
figures.

##  IV Conclusion

A conclusion section is not required. Although a conclusion may review the
main points of the paper, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion. A
conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest
applications and extensions.

##  V Acknowledgment

The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in American English is
without an “e” after the “g.” Use the singular heading even if you have many
acknowledgments. Avoid expressions such as “One of us (S.B.A.) would like to
thank . . . .” Instead, write “F. A. Author thanks … .” In most cases, sponsor
and financial support acknowledgments are placed in the unnumbered footnote on
the first page, not here.

##  VI References and Footnotes

###  VI-A References

References need not be cited in text. When they are, they appear on the line,
in square brackets, inside the punctuation. Multiple references are each
numbered with separate brackets. When citing a section in a book, please give
the relevant page numbers. In text, refer simply to the reference number. Do
not use “Ref.” or “reference” except at the beginning of a sentence:
“Reference [3] shows . . . .” Please do not use automatic endnotes in Word,
rather, type the reference list at the end of the paper using the “References”
style.

Reference numbers are set flush left and form a column of their own, hanging
out beyond the body of the reference. The reference numbers are on the line,
enclosed in square brackets. In all references, the given name of the author
or editor is abbreviated to the initial only and precedes the last name. Use
them all; use et al. only if names are not given. Use commas around Jr., Sr.,
and III in names. Abbreviate conference titles. When citing IEEE transactions,
provide the issue number, page range, volume number, year, and/or month if
available. When referencing a patent, provide the day and the month of issue,
or application. References may not include all information; please obtain and
include relevant information. Do not combine references. There must be only
one reference with each number. If there is a URL included with the print
reference, it can be included at the end of the reference.

Other than books, capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for
proper nouns and element symbols. For papers published in translation
journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original
foreign-language citation. See the end of this document for formats and
examples of common references. For a complete discussion of references and
their formats, see the IEEE style manual at www.ieee.org/authortools.

###  VI-B Footnotes

Number footnotes separately in superscripts (Insert $\mid$ Footnote).111It is
recommended that footnotes be avoided (except for the unnumbered footnote with
the receipt date on the first page). Instead, try to integrate the footnote
information into the text. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the
column in which it is cited; do not put footnotes in the reference list
(endnotes). Use letters for table footnotes (see Table I).

## References

### Basic format for books:

J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of His Published Book,
xth ed. City of Publisher, (only U.S. State), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher,
year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.

### Examples:

## References

  * [1] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.
  * [2] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA, USA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.

### Basic format for periodicals:

J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp.
xxx–xxx, Abbrev. Month, year, DOI. 10.1109.XXX.123–456.

### Examples:

## References

  * [1] J. U. Duncombe, “Infrared navigation Part I: An assessment of feasibility,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-11, no. 1, pp. 34–39, Jan. 1959,10.1109/TED.2016.2628402.
  * [2] E. P. Wigner, “Theory of traveling-wave optical laser,” Phys. Rev., vol. 134, pp. A635–A646, Dec. 1965.
  * [3] E. H. Miller, “A note on reflector arrays,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., to be published.

### Basic format for reports:

J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev.
State, Country, Rep. xxx, year.

### Examples:

## References

  * [1] E. E. Reber, R. L. Michell, and C. J. Carter, “Oxygen absorption in the earth’s atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, USA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3, Nov. 1988.
  * [2] J. H. Davis and J. R. Cogdell, “Calibration program for the 16-foot antenna,” Elect. Eng. Res. Lab., Univ. Texas, Austin, TX, USA, Tech. Memo. NGL-006-69-3, Nov. 15, 1987.

### Basic format for handbooks:

Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed., Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev.
State, Country, year, pp. xxx–xxx.

### Examples:

## References

  * [1] Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed., Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 1985, pp. 44–60.
  * [2] Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA, 1989.

### Basic format for books (when available online):

J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, xth
ed. City of Publisher, State, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec.
x, pp. xxx xxx. [Online]. Available: http://www.web.com

### Examples:

## References

  * [1] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics, vol. 3, Polymers of Hexadromicon, J. Peters, Ed., 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64. [Online]. Available: http://www.bookref.com.
  * [2] The Founders Constitution, Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., Chicago, IL, USA: Univ. Chicago Press, 1987. [Online]. Available: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/
  * [3] The Terahertz Wave eBook. ZOmega Terahertz Corp., 2014. [Online]. Available: http://dl.z-thz.com/eBook/zomega_ebook_pdf_1206_sr.pdf. Accessed on: May 19, 2014.
  * [4] Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders Constitution. Chicago, IL, USA: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987, Accessed on: Feb. 28, 2010, [Online] Available: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/

### Basic format for journals (when available online):

J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp.
xxx–xxx, Abbrev. Month, year. Accessed on: Month, Day, year, doi:
10.1109.XXX.123456, [Online].

### Examples:

## References

  * [1] J. S. Turner, “New directions in communications,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 11–23, Jan. 1995.
  * [2] W. P. Risk, G. S. Kino, and H. J. Shaw, “Fiber-optic frequency shifter using a surface acoustic wave incident at an oblique angle,” Opt. Lett., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 115–117, Feb. 1986.
  * [3] P. Kopyt et al., “Electric properties of graphene-based conductive layers from DC up to terahertz range,” IEEE THz Sci. Technol., to be published. doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2016.2544142.

### Basic format for papers presented at conferences (when available online):

J.K. Author. (year, month). Title. presented at abbrev. conference title.
[Type of Medium]. Available: site/path/file

### Example:

## References

  * [1] PROCESS Corporation, Boston, MA, USA. Intranets: Internet technologies deployed behind the firewall for corporate productivity. Presented at INET96 Annual Meeting. [Online]. Available: http://home.process.com/Intranets/wp2.htp

### Basic format for reports and handbooks (when available online):

J. K. Author. “Title of report,” Company. City, State, Country. Rep. no.,
(optional: vol./issue), Date. [Online] Available: site/path/file

### Examples:

## References

  * [1] R. J. Hijmans and J. van Etten, “Raster: Geographic analysis and modeling with raster data,” R Package Version 2.0-12, Jan. 12, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=raster
  * [2] Teralyzer. Lytera UG, Kirchhain, Germany [Online]. Available: http://www.lytera.de/Terahertz_THz_Spectroscopy.php?id=home, Accessed on: Jun. 5, 2014.

### Basic format for computer programs and electronic documents (when
available online):

Legislative body. Number of Congress, Session. (year, month day). Number of
bill or resolution, Title. [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file NOTE:
ISO recommends that capitalization follow the accepted practice for the
language or script in which the information is given.

### Example:

## References

  * [1] U. S. House. 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, Sense of the Congress on Approval of Military Action. [Online]. Available: LEXIS Library: GENFED File: BILLS

### Basic format for patents (when available online):

Name of the invention, by inventor’s name. (year, month day). Patent Number
[Type of medium]. Available:site/path/file

### Example:

## References

  * [1] Musical tooth brush with mirror, by L. M. R. Brooks. (1992, May 19). Patent D 326 189 [Online]. Available: NEXIS Library: LEXPAT File: DES

### Basic format for conference proceedings (published):

J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf.,
Abbrev. State (if given), Country, year, pp. xxx–xxx.

### Example:

## References

  * [1] D. B. Payne and J. R. Stern, “Wavelength-switched passively coupled single-mode optical network,” in Proc. IOOC-ECOC, Boston, MA, USA, 1985, pp. 585–590.

### Example for papers presented at conferences (unpublished):

## References

  * [1] D. E behard and E. Voges, “Digital single sideband detection for inter ferometric sensors,” presented at the 2nd Int. Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors, Stuttgart, Germany, Jan. 2–5, 1984.

### Basic formatfor patents:

J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” U. S. Patent x xxx xxx, Abbrev. Month, day,
year.

### Example:

## References

  * [1] G. Brandli and M. Dick, “Alternating current fed power supply,” U. S. Patent 4 084 217, Nov. 4, 1978.

### Basic format for theses (M.S.) and dissertations (Ph.D.):

a) J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” M. S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev.
Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.

b) J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept.,
Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.

### Examples:

## References

  * [1] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, 1993.
  * [2] N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium nozzle flow,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, 1993.

### Basic format for the most common types of unpublished references:

a) J. K. Author, private communication, Abbrev. Month, year.

b) J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” unpublished.

c) J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” to be published.

### Examples:

## References

  * [1] A. Harrison, private communication, May 1995.
  * [2] B. Smith, “An approach to graphs of linear forms,” unpublished.
  * [3] A. Brahms, “Representation error for real numbers in binary computer arithmetic,” IEEE Computer Group Repository, Paper R-67-85.

### Basic formats for standards:

a) Title of Standard, Standard number, date.

b) Title of Standard, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date.

### Examples:

## References

  * [1] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.
  * [2] Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5-1968.

### Article number in reference examples:

## References

  * [1] R. Fardel, M. Nagel, F. Nuesch, T. Lippert, and A. Wokaun, “Fabrication of organic light emitting diode pixels by laser-assisted forward transfer,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 91, no. 6, Aug. 2007, Art. no. 061103.
  * [2] J. Zhang and N. Tansu, “Optical gain and laser characteristics of InGaN quantum wells on ternary InGaN substrates,” IEEE Photon. J., vol. 5, no. 2, Apr. 2013, Art. no. 2600111

### Example when using et al.:

## References

  * [1] S. Azodolmolky et al., Experimental demonstration of an impairment aware network planning and operation tool for transparent/translucent optical networks,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 439–448, Sep. 2011.