import{s as Xt,n as Ht,o as Rt}from"../chunks/scheduler.25b97de1.js";import{S as Wt,i as Qt,g as a,s,r,A as Yt,h as o,f as l,c as i,j as Zt,u as M,x as p,k as Lt,y as Ft,a as n,v as w,d as m,t as y,w as h}from"../chunks/index.d9030fc9.js";import{C as re}from"../chunks/CodeBlock.e6cd0d95.js";import{H as Me,E as zt}from"../chunks/EditOnGithub.91d95064.js";function Dt(it){let c,we,oe,me,d,ye,u,at='The hardware you use to run model training and inference can have a big effect on performance. For a deep dive into GPUs make sure to check out Tim Dettmer’s excellent <a href="https://timdettmers.com/2020/09/07/which-gpu-for-deep-learning/" rel="nofollow">blog post</a>.',he,U,ot="Let’s have a look at some practical advice for GPU setups.",ce,C,de,f,pt="When you train bigger models you have essentially three options:",ue,T,rt='<li>bigger GPUs</li> <li>more GPUs</li> <li>more CPU and NVMe (offloaded to by <a href="main_classes/deepspeed#nvme-support">DeepSpeed-Infinity</a>)</li>',Ue,J,Mt="Let’s start at the case where you have a single GPU.",Ce,I,fe,b,wt="If you bought an expensive high end GPU make sure you give it the correct power and sufficient cooling.",Te,v,mt="<strong>Power</strong>:",Je,j,yt="Some high end consumer GPU cards have 2 and sometimes 3 PCI-E 8-Pin power sockets. Make sure you have as many independent 12V PCI-E 8-Pin cables plugged into the card as there are sockets. Do not use the 2 splits at one end of the same cable (also known as pigtail cable). That is if you have 2 sockets on the GPU, you want 2 PCI-E 8-Pin cables going from your PSU to the card and not one that has 2 PCI-E 8-Pin connectors at the end! You won’t get the full performance out of your card otherwise.",Ie,x,ht="Each PCI-E 8-Pin power cable needs to be plugged into a 12V rail on the PSU side and can supply up to 150W of power.",be,P,ct="Some other cards may use a PCI-E 12-Pin connectors, and these can deliver up to 500-600W of power.",ve,k,dt="Low end cards may use 6-Pin connectors, which supply up to 75W of power.",je,g,ut="Additionally you want the high-end PSU that has stable voltage. Some lower quality ones may not give the card the stable voltage it needs to function at its peak.",xe,B,Ut="And of course the PSU needs to have enough unused Watts to power the card.",Pe,_,Ct="<strong>Cooling</strong>:",ke,N,ft="When a GPU gets overheated it will start throttling down and will not deliver full performance and it can even shutdown if it gets too hot.",ge,G,Tt="It’s hard to tell the exact best temperature to strive for when a GPU is heavily loaded, but probably anything under +80C is good, but lower is better - perhaps 70-75C is an excellent range to be in. The throttling down is likely to start at around 84-90C. But other than throttling performance a prolonged very high temperature is likely to reduce the lifespan of a GPU.",Be,V,Jt="Next let’s have a look at one of the most important aspects when having multiple GPUs: connectivity.",_e,$,Ne,A,It="If you use multiple GPUs the way cards are inter-connected can have a huge impact on the total training time. If the GPUs are on the same physical node, you can run:",Ge,E,Ve,S,bt="and it will tell you how the GPUs are inter-connected. On a machine with dual-GPU and which are connected with NVLink, you will most likely see something like:",$e,Z,Ae,L,vt="on a different machine w/o NVLink we may see:",Ee,X,Se,H,jt="The report includes this legend:",Ze,R,Le,W,xt="So the first report <code>NV2</code> tells us the GPUs are interconnected with 2 NVLinks, and the second report <code>PHB</code> we have a typical consumer-level PCIe+Bridge setup.",Xe,Q,Pt="Check what type of connectivity you have on your setup. Some of these will make the communication between cards faster (e.g. NVLink), others slower (e.g. PHB).",He,Y,kt="Depending on the type of scalability solution used, the connectivity speed could have a major or a minor impact. If the GPUs need to sync rarely, as in DDP, the impact of a slower connection will be less significant. If the GPUs need to send messages to each other often, as in ZeRO-DP, then faster connectivity becomes super important to achieve faster training.",Re,F,We,z,gt='<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVLink" rel="nofollow">NVLink</a> is a wire-based serial multi-lane near-range communications link developed by Nvidia.',Qe,D,Bt='Each new generation provides a faster bandwidth, e.g. here is a quote from <a href="https://www.nvidia.com/content/dam/en-zz/Solutions/geforce/ampere/pdf/NVIDIA-ampere-GA102-GPU-Architecture-Whitepaper-V1.pdf" rel="nofollow">Nvidia Ampere GA102 GPU Architecture</a>:',Ye,O,_t=`<p>Third-Generation NVLink®
GA102 GPUs utilize NVIDIA’s third-generation NVLink interface, which includes four x4 links,
with each link providing 14.0625 GB/sec bandwidth in each direction between two GPUs. Four
links provide 56.25 GB/sec bandwidth in each direction, and 112.5 GB/sec total bandwidth
between two GPUs. Two RTX 3090 GPUs can be connected together for SLI using NVLink.
(Note that 3-Way and 4-Way SLI configurations are not supported.)</p>`,Fe,q,Nt="So the higher <code>X</code> you get in the report of <code>NVX</code> in the output of <code>nvidia-smi topo -m</code> the better. The generation will depend on your GPU architecture.",ze,K,Gt="Let’s compare the execution of an openai-community/gpt2 language model training over a small sample of wikitext.",De,ee,Vt="The results are:",Oe,te,$t='<thead><tr><th>NVlink</th> <th align="right">Time</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>Y</td> <td align="right">101s</td></tr> <tr><td>N</td> <td align="right">131s</td></tr></tbody>',qe,le,At="You can see that NVLink completes the training ~23% faster. In the second benchmark we use <code>NCCL_P2P_DISABLE=1</code> to tell the GPUs not to use NVLink.",Ke,ne,Et="Here is the full benchmark code and outputs:",et,se,tt,ie,St=`Hardware: 2x TITAN RTX 24GB each + NVlink with 2 NVLinks (<code>NV2</code> in <code>nvidia-smi topo -m</code>)
Software: <code>pytorch-1.8-to-be</code> + <code>cuda-11.0</code> / <code>transformers==4.3.0.dev0</code>`,lt,ae,nt,pe,st;return d=new Me({props:{title:"Custom hardware for training",local:"custom-hardware-for-training",headingTag:"h1"}}),C=new Me({props:{title:"GPU",local:"gpu",headingTag:"h2"}}),I=new Me({props:{title:"Power and Cooling",local:"power-and-cooling",headingTag:"h3"}}),$=new Me({props:{title:"Multi-GPU Connectivity",local:"multi-gpu-connectivity",headingTag:"h3"}}),E=new re({props:{code:"bnZpZGlhLXNtaSUyMHRvcG8lMjAtbQ==",highlighted:"nvidia-smi topo -m",wrap:!1}}),Z=new re({props:{code:"JTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwR1BVMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMEdQVTElMjAlMjAlMjAlMjBDUFUlMjBBZmZpbml0eSUyMCUyMCUyMCUyME5VTUElMjBBZmZpbml0eSUwQUdQVTAlMjAlMjAlMjAlMjAlMjBYJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwTlYyJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwMC0yMyUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyME4lMkZBJTBBR1BVMSUyMCUyMCUyMCUyME5WMiUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMCUyMFglMjAlMjAlMjAlMjAlMjAlMjAwLTIzJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwJTIwTiUyRkE=",highlighted:`        <span class="hljs-attribute">GPU0</span>    GPU1    CPU Affinity    NUMA Affinity
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  NODE = Connection traversing PCIe <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> well <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">the</span> interconnect between PCIe Host Bridges <span class="hljs-keyword">within</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">a</span> NUMA node
  PHB  = Connection traversing PCIe <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> well <span class="hljs-keyword">as</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">a</span> PCIe Host Bridge (typically <span class="hljs-keyword">the</span> CPU)
  PXB  = Connection traversing multiple PCIe bridges (<span class="hljs-keyword">without</span> traversing <span class="hljs-keyword">the</span> PCIe Host Bridge)
  PIX  = Connection traversing <span class="hljs-keyword">at</span> most <span class="hljs-keyword">a</span> single PCIe bridge
  NV<span class="hljs-comment">#  = Connection traversing a bonded set of # NVLinks</span>`,wrap:!1}}),F=new Me({props:{title:"NVlink",local:"nvlink",headingTag:"h4"}}),se=new re({props:{code:"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",highlighted:`<span class="hljs-comment"># DDP w/ NVLink</span>

<span class="hljs-built_in">rm</span> -r /tmp/test-clm; CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 torchrun \\
--nproc_per_node 2 examples/pytorch/language-modeling/run_clm.py --model_name_or_path openai-community/gpt2 \\
--dataset_name wikitext --dataset_config_name wikitext-2-raw-v1 --do_train \\
--output_dir /tmp/test-clm --per_device_train_batch_size 4 --max_steps 200

{<span class="hljs-string">&#x27;train_runtime&#x27;</span>: 101.9003, <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;train_samples_per_second&#x27;</span>: 1.963, <span class="hljs-string">&#x27;epoch&#x27;</span>: 0.69}

<span class="hljs-comment"># DDP w/o NVLink</span>

<span class="hljs-built_in">rm</span> -r /tmp/test-clm; CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 NCCL_P2P_DISABLE=1 torchrun \\
--nproc_per_node 2 examples/pytorch/language-modeling/run_clm.py --model_name_or_path openai-community/gpt2 \\
--dataset_name wikitext --dataset_config_name wikitext-2-raw-v1 --do_train
--output_dir /tmp/test-clm --per_device_train_batch_size 4 --max_steps 200

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