#
SuperGlue

##
Overview

The SuperGlue model was proposed in SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networks by Paul-Edouard Sarlin, Daniel DeTone, Tomasz Malisiewicz and Andrew Rabinovich.

This model consists of matching two sets of interest points detected in an image. Paired with the SuperPoint model, it can be used to match two images and estimate the pose between them. This model is useful for tasks such as image matching, homography estimation, etc.

The abstract from the paper is the following:

This paper introduces SuperGlue, a neural network that matches two sets of local features by jointly finding correspondences and rejecting non-matchable points. Assignments are estimated by solving a differentiable optimal transport problem, whose costs are predicted by a graph neural network. We introduce a flexible context aggregation mechanism based on attention, enabling SuperGlue to reason about the underlying 3D scene and feature assignments jointly. Compared to traditional, hand-designed heuristics, our technique learns priors over geometric transformations and regularities of the 3D world through end-to-end training from image pairs. SuperGlue outperforms other learned approaches and achieves state-of-the-art results on the task of pose estimation in challenging real-world indoor and outdoor environments. The proposed method performs matching in real-time on a modern GPU and can be readily integrated into modern SfM or SLAM systems. The code and trained weights are publicly available at this URL.

##
How to use

Here is a quick example of using the model. Since this model is an image matching model, it requires pairs of images to be matched. The raw outputs contain the list of keypoints detected by the keypoint detector as well as the list of matches with their corresponding matching scores.

    from transformers import AutoImageProcessor, AutoModel
    import torch
    from PIL import Image
    import requests

    url_image1 = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/magicleap/SuperGluePretrainedNetwork/refs/heads/master/assets/phototourism_sample_images/united_states_capitol_98169888_3347710852.jpg"
    image1 = Image.open(requests.get(url_image1, stream=True).raw)
    url_image2 = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/magicleap/SuperGluePretrainedNetwork/refs/heads/master/assets/phototourism_sample_images/united_states_capitol_26757027_6717084061.jpg"
    image_2 = Image.open(requests.get(url_image2, stream=True).raw)

    images = [image1, image2]

    processor = AutoImageProcessor.from_pretrained("magic-leap-community/superglue_outdoor")
    model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("magic-leap-community/superglue_outdoor")

    inputs = processor(images, return_tensors="pt")
    with torch.no_grad():
        outputs = model(**inputs)

You can use the `post_process_keypoint_matching` method from the `SuperGlueImageProcessor` to get the keypoints and matches in a more readable format:

    image_sizes = [[(image.height, image.width) for image in images]]
    outputs = processor.post_process_keypoint_matching(outputs, image_sizes, threshold=0.2)
    for i, output in enumerate(outputs):
        print("For the image pair", i)
        for keypoint0, keypoint1, matching_score in zip(
                output["keypoints0"], output["keypoints1"], output["matching_scores"]
        ):
            print(
                f"Keypoint at coordinate {keypoint0.numpy()} in the first image matches with keypoint at coordinate {keypoint1.numpy()} in the second image with a score of {matching_score}."
            )

From the outputs, you can visualize the matches between the two images using the following code:

    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    import numpy as np

    # Create side by side image
    merged_image = np.zeros((max(image1.height, image2.height), image1.width + image2.width, 3))
    merged_image[: image1.height, : image1.width] = np.array(image1) / 255.0
    merged_image[: image2.height, image1.width :] = np.array(image2) / 255.0
    plt.imshow(merged_image)
    plt.axis("off")

    # Retrieve the keypoints and matches
    output = outputs[0]
    keypoints0 = output["keypoints0"]
    keypoints1 = output["keypoints1"]
    matching_scores = output["matching_scores"]
    keypoints0_x, keypoints0_y = keypoints0[:, 0].numpy(), keypoints0[:, 1].numpy()
    keypoints1_x, keypoints1_y = keypoints1[:, 0].numpy(), keypoints1[:, 1].numpy()

    # Plot the matches
    for keypoint0_x, keypoint0_y, keypoint1_x, keypoint1_y, matching_score in zip(
            keypoints0_x, keypoints0_y, keypoints1_x, keypoints1_y, matching_scores
    ):
        plt.plot(
            [keypoint0_x, keypoint1_x + image1.width],
            [keypoint0_y, keypoint1_y],
            color=plt.get_cmap("RdYlGn")(matching_score.item()),
            alpha=0.9,
            linewidth=0.5,
        )
        plt.scatter(keypoint0_x, keypoint0_y, c="black", s=2)
        plt.scatter(keypoint1_x + image1.width, keypoint1_y, c="black", s=2)

    # Save the plot
    plt.savefig("matched_image.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches='tight')
    plt.close()

This model was contributed by stevenbucaille. The original code can be found here.

##
SuperGlueConfig

###
class transformers.SuperGlueConfig

< source >

( keypoint_detector_config: SuperPointConfig = None hidden_size: int = 256 keypoint_encoder_sizes: typing.List[int] = None gnn_layers_types: typing.List[str] = None num_attention_heads: int = 4 sinkhorn_iterations: int = 100 matching_threshold: float = 0.0 initializer_range: float = 0.02 **kwargs )

Parameters

- keypoint_detector_config (`Union[AutoConfig, dict]`, optional, defaults to `SuperPointConfig`) — The config object or dictionary of the keypoint detector.
- hidden_size (`int`, optional, defaults to 256) — The dimension of the descriptors.
- keypoint_encoder_sizes (`List[int]`, optional, defaults to `[32, 64, 128, 256]`) — The sizes of the keypoint encoder layers.
- gnn_layers_types (`List[str]`, optional, defaults to `['self', 'cross', 'self', 'cross', 'self', 'cross', 'self', 'cross', 'self', 'cross', 'self', 'cross', 'self', 'cross', 'self', 'cross', 'self', 'cross']`) — The types of the GNN layers. Must be either ‘self’ or ‘cross’.
- num_attention_heads (`int`, optional, defaults to 4) — The number of heads in the GNN layers.
- sinkhorn_iterations (`int`, optional, defaults to 100) — The number of Sinkhorn iterations.
- matching_threshold (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.0) — The matching threshold.
- initializer_range (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.02) — The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices.

This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a `SuperGlueModel`. It is used to instantiate a SuperGlue model according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. Instantiating a configuration with the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the SuperGlue magic-leap-community/superglue_indoor architecture.

Configuration objects inherit from PretrainedConfig and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the documentation from PretrainedConfig for more information.

Examples:

    >>> from transformers import SuperGlueConfig, SuperGlueModel

    >>> # Initializing a SuperGlue superglue style configuration
    >>> configuration = SuperGlueConfig()

    >>> # Initializing a model from the superglue style configuration
    >>> model = SuperGlueModel(configuration)

    >>> # Accessing the model configuration
    >>> configuration = model.config

##
SuperGlueImageProcessor

###
class transformers.SuperGlueImageProcessor

< source >

( do_resize: bool = True size: typing.Dict[str, int] = None resample: Resampling = <Resampling.BILINEAR: 2> do_rescale: bool = True rescale_factor: float = 0.00392156862745098 do_grayscale: bool = True **kwargs )

Parameters

- do_resize (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Controls whether to resize the image’s (height, width) dimensions to the specified `size`. Can be overriden by `do_resize` in the `preprocess` method.
- size (`Dict[str, int]` optional, defaults to `{"height" -- 480, "width": 640}`): Resolution of the output image after `resize` is applied. Only has an effect if `do_resize` is set to `True`. Can be overriden by `size` in the `preprocess` method.
- resample (`PILImageResampling`, optional, defaults to `Resampling.BILINEAR`) — Resampling filter to use if resizing the image. Can be overriden by `resample` in the `preprocess` method.
- do_rescale (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether to rescale the image by the specified scale `rescale_factor`. Can be overriden by `do_rescale` in the `preprocess` method.
- rescale_factor (`int` or `float`, optional, defaults to `1/255`) — Scale factor to use if rescaling the image. Can be overriden by `rescale_factor` in the `preprocess` method.
- do_grayscale (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether to convert the image to grayscale. Can be overriden by `do_grayscale` in the `preprocess` method.

Constructs a SuperGlue image processor.

####
post_process_keypoint_matching

< source >

( outputs: KeypointMatchingOutput target_sizes: typing.Union[transformers.utils.generic.TensorType, typing.List[typing.Tuple]] threshold: float = 0.0 ) →
`List[Dict]`

Parameters

- outputs (`KeypointMatchingOutput`) — Raw outputs of the model.
- target_sizes (`torch.Tensor` or `List[Tuple[Tuple[int, int]]]`, optional) — Tensor of shape `(batch_size, 2, 2)` or list of tuples of tuples (`Tuple[int, int]`) containing the target size `(height, width)` of each image in the batch. This must be the original image size (before any processing).
- threshold (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.0) — Threshold to filter out the matches with low scores.

Returns

`List[Dict]`

A list of dictionaries, each dictionary containing the keypoints in the first and second image of the pair, the matching scores and the matching indices.

Converts the raw output of `KeypointMatchingOutput` into lists of keypoints, scores and descriptors with coordinates absolute to the original image sizes.

####
preprocess

< source >

( images do_resize: typing.Optional[bool] = None size: typing.Dict[str, int] = None resample: Resampling = None do_rescale: typing.Optional[bool] = None rescale_factor: typing.Optional[float] = None do_grayscale: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_tensors: typing.Union[str, transformers.utils.generic.TensorType, NoneType] = None data_format: ChannelDimension = <ChannelDimension.FIRST: 'channels_first'> input_data_format: typing.Union[str, transformers.image_utils.ChannelDimension, NoneType] = None **kwargs )

Parameters

- images (`ImageInput`) — Image pairs to preprocess. Expects either a list of 2 images or a list of list of 2 images list with pixel values ranging from 0 to 255. If passing in images with pixel values between 0 and 1, set `do_rescale=False`.
- do_resize (`bool`, optional, defaults to `self.do_resize`) — Whether to resize the image.
- size (`Dict[str, int]`, optional, defaults to `self.size`) — Size of the output image after `resize` has been applied. If `size["shortest_edge"]` >= 384, the image is resized to `(size["shortest_edge"], size["shortest_edge"])`. Otherwise, the smaller edge of the image will be matched to `int(size["shortest_edge"]/ crop_pct)`, after which the image is cropped to `(size["shortest_edge"], size["shortest_edge"])`. Only has an effect if `do_resize` is set to `True`.
- resample (`PILImageResampling`, optional, defaults to `self.resample`) — Resampling filter to use if resizing the image. This can be one of `PILImageResampling`, filters. Only has an effect if `do_resize` is set to `True`.
- do_rescale (`bool`, optional, defaults to `self.do_rescale`) — Whether to rescale the image values between [0 - 1].
- rescale_factor (`float`, optional, defaults to `self.rescale_factor`) — Rescale factor to rescale the image by if `do_rescale` is set to `True`.
- do_grayscale (`bool`, optional, defaults to `self.do_grayscale`) — Whether to convert the image to grayscale.
- return_tensors (`str` or `TensorType`, optional) — The type of tensors to return. Can be one of:
  - Unset: Return a list of `np.ndarray`.
  - `TensorType.TENSORFLOW` or `'tf'`: Return a batch of type `tf.Tensor`.
  - `TensorType.PYTORCH` or `'pt'`: Return a batch of type `torch.Tensor`.
  - `TensorType.NUMPY` or `'np'`: Return a batch of type `np.ndarray`.
  - `TensorType.JAX` or `'jax'`: Return a batch of type `jax.numpy.ndarray`.
- data_format (`ChannelDimension` or `str`, optional, defaults to `ChannelDimension.FIRST`) — The channel dimension format for the output image. Can be one of:
  - `"channels_first"` or `ChannelDimension.FIRST`: image in (num_channels, height, width) format.
  - `"channels_last"` or `ChannelDimension.LAST`: image in (height, width, num_channels) format.
  - Unset: Use the channel dimension format of the input image.
- input_data_format (`ChannelDimension` or `str`, optional) — The channel dimension format for the input image. If unset, the channel dimension format is inferred from the input image. Can be one of:
  - `"channels_first"` or `ChannelDimension.FIRST`: image in (num_channels, height, width) format.
  - `"channels_last"` or `ChannelDimension.LAST`: image in (height, width, num_channels) format.
  - `"none"` or `ChannelDimension.NONE`: image in (height, width) format.

Preprocess an image or batch of images.

####
resize

< source >

( image: ndarray size: typing.Dict[str, int] data_format: typing.Union[str, transformers.image_utils.ChannelDimension, NoneType] = None input_data_format: typing.Union[str, transformers.image_utils.ChannelDimension, NoneType] = None **kwargs )

Parameters

- image (`np.ndarray`) — Image to resize.
- size (`Dict[str, int]`) — Dictionary of the form `{"height": int, "width": int}`, specifying the size of the output image.
- data_format (`ChannelDimension` or `str`, optional) — The channel dimension format of the output image. If not provided, it will be inferred from the input image. Can be one of:
  - `"channels_first"` or `ChannelDimension.FIRST`: image in (num_channels, height, width) format.
  - `"channels_last"` or `ChannelDimension.LAST`: image in (height, width, num_channels) format.
  - `"none"` or `ChannelDimension.NONE`: image in (height, width) format.
- input_data_format (`ChannelDimension` or `str`, optional) — The channel dimension format for the input image. If unset, the channel dimension format is inferred from the input image. Can be one of:
  - `"channels_first"` or `ChannelDimension.FIRST`: image in (num_channels, height, width) format.
  - `"channels_last"` or `ChannelDimension.LAST`: image in (height, width, num_channels) format.
  - `"none"` or `ChannelDimension.NONE`: image in (height, width) format.

Resize an image.

- preprocess

##
SuperGlueForKeypointMatching

###
class transformers.SuperGlueForKeypointMatching

< source >

( config: SuperGlueConfig )

Parameters

- config (SuperGlueConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

SuperGlue model taking images as inputs and outputting the matching of them. This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module subclass. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

SuperGlue feature matching middle-end

Given two sets of keypoints and locations, we determine the correspondences by:

1. Keypoint Encoding (normalization + visual feature and location fusion)
2. Graph Neural Network with multiple self and cross-attention layers
3. Final projection layer
4. Optimal Transport Layer (a differentiable Hungarian matching algorithm)
5. Thresholding matrix based on mutual exclusivity and a match_threshold

The correspondence ids use -1 to indicate non-matching points.

Paul-Edouard Sarlin, Daniel DeTone, Tomasz Malisiewicz, and Andrew Rabinovich. SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networks. In CVPR, 2020. https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.11763

####
forward

< source >

( pixel_values: FloatTensor labels: typing.Optional[torch.LongTensor] = None output_attentions: typing.Optional[bool] = None output_hidden_states: typing.Optional[bool] = None return_dict: typing.Optional[bool] = None )

Parameters

- pixel_values (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, num_channels, height, width)`) — Pixel values. Pixel values can be obtained using SuperGlueImageProcessor. See SuperGlueImageProcessor.call() for details.
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
- Examples —
- ```python —

  > > > from transformers import AutoImageProcessor, AutoModel import torch from PIL import Image import requests

The SuperGlueForKeypointMatching forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

- forward
- post_process_keypoint_matching

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