Ray Dalio: Is Credit Good for Society? | AI Podcast Clips

When you're doing that kind of back and forth on a topic like the economy, which you have, to me, perhaps I'm naive, but it seems both incredible and incredibly complex, the economy, the trading, the transactions, that these transactions between two individuals somehow add up to this giant mechanism. You've put out a 30 minute video, you have a lot of incredible videos online that people should definitely watch on YouTube, but you've put out this 30 minute video titled How the Economic Machine Works. That is probably one of the best, if not the best, video I've seen on the internet in terms of educational videos. So people should definitely watch it, especially because it's not that the individual components of the video are somehow revolutionary, but the simplicity and the clarity of the different components just makes you... There's a few light bulb moments there about how the economy works as a machine. So as you described, there's three main forces that drive the economy, productivity growth, short term debt cycle, long term debt cycle. The former, productivity growth, is how much value people create, valuable things people create. The latter is people borrowing from their future selves to hopefully create those valuable things faster. So this is an incredible system to me. Maybe we can linger on it a little bit, but you've also said what most people think about as money is actually credit. Total amount of credit in the US is $50 trillion. Total amount of money is $3 trillion. That's just crazy to me. Maybe I'm silly, maybe you can educate me, but that seems crazy. It gives me just pause that human civilization has been able to create a system that has so much credit. So that's a long way to ask, do you think credit is good or bad for society? That system that's so fundamentally based on credit. I think credit is great, even though people often overdo it. Credit is that somebody has earned money, and what happens is they lend it to somebody else who's got better ideas, and they cut a deal, and then that person with the better ideas is going to pay it back. And if it works well, it helps resource allocations go well, providing people like the entrepreneurs and all of those, they need capital. They don't have capital themselves, and so somebody's going to give them capital, and they'll give them credit, and along those lines. Then what happens is it's not managed well in a variety of ways. So I did another book on principles, principles of big debt crises that go into that. And it's free, by the way. I put it free online as a PDF. So if you go online and you look principles for big debt crisis under my name, you can download it in a PDF, or you can buy a print book of it. And it goes through that particular process. And so you always have it overdone in always the same way. Everything by the way, almost everything happens over and over again for the same reasons. So these debt crises all happen over and over again for the same reasons. They get it overdone. In the book it explains how you identify whether it's overdone or not. They get it overdone, and then you go through the process of making the adjustments according to that, and it explains how they can use the levers and so on. If you didn't have credit, then you would be sort of, everybody would sort of be stuck. So credit is a good thing, but it can easily be overdone. So now we get into the question, what is money? What is credit? Okay, you get into money and credit. So if you're holding credit and you think that's worthwhile, keep in mind that the central bank, let's say, it can print the money. What is that prompt? You have an IOU, and the IOU says you're going to get a certain number of dollars, let's say, or yen or euros. And that is what the IOU is. And so the question is, will you get that money and what will it be worth? And then also you have a government, which is a participant in that process, because they are on the hook, they owe money. And then will they print the money to make it easy for everybody to pay? So you have to pay attention to those two. I would suggest, like you recommend to other people, just take that 30 minutes and it comes across pretty clearly. But my conclusion is that, of course, you want it. And even if you understand it and the cycles well, you can benefit from those cycles rather than to be hurt by those cycles, because I don't know the way the cycle works. If somebody gets overindebted, they have to sell an asset, okay, then I don't know. That's when assets become cheaper. How do you acquire the asset? It's a whole process.


Geometric Unity - A Theory of Everything (Eric Weinstein) | AI Podcast Clips

You recently published the video of a lecture you gave at Oxford presenting some aspects of a theory, a theory of everything called geometric unity. So this was a work of 30, 30 plus years. This is life's work. Let me ask sort of the silly old question, how do you feel as a human? Excited, scared, the experience of posting it. You know it's funny, one of the things that you learn to feel as an academic is the great sins you can commit in academics is to show yourself to be a non-serious person, to show yourself to have delusions, to avoid the standard practices which everyone is signed up for. And you know it's weird because like you know that those people are going to be angry. He did what? You know, why would he do that? And what we're referring to for example, there's traditions of sort of publishing incrementally, certainly not trying to have a theory of everything, perhaps working within the academic departments, all those things. That's true. And so you're going outside of all of that. Well I mean I was going inside of all of that and we did not come to terms when I was inside. And what they did was so outside to me, was so weird, so freakish. Like the most senior respectable people at the most senior respectable places were functionally insane as far as I could tell. And again it's like being functionally stupid if you're the head of the CDC or something where you know you're giving recommendations out that aren't based on what you actually believe, they're based on what you think you have to be doing. Well in some sense I think that that's a lot of how I saw the math and physics world as the physics world was really crazy and the math world was considerably less crazy, just very strict and kind of dogmatic. We'll psychoanalyze those folks, but I really want to maybe linger on it a little bit longer of how you feel because this is such a special moment in your life. Well I really appreciate it. It's a great question. So if we can pair off some of those other issues. It's new being able to say what the Observer's is, which is my attempt to replace space time with something that is both closely related to space time and not space time. So I used to carry the number 14 as a closely guarded secret in my life. And where 14 is really four dimensions of space and time plus 10 extra dimensions of rulers and protractors or for the cool kids out there, symmetric two tensors. So you had a geometric, complicated, beautiful geometric view of the world that you carried with you for a long time. Did you have friends that you, colleagues that you- Essentially no. Talked? No. In fact, part of some of these stories are me coming out to my friends, and I use the phrase coming out because I think that gays have monopolized the concept of a closet. Many of us are in closets having nothing to do with our sexual orientation. Yeah I didn't really feel comfortable talking to almost anyone. So this was a closely guarded secret. And I think that I let on in some ways that I was up to something and probably, but it was a very weird life. So I had to have a series of things that I pretended to care about so that I could use that as the stalking horse for what I really cared about. And to your point, I never understood this whole thing about theories of everything. If you were going to go into something like theoretical physics, isn't that what you would normally pursue? Wouldn't it be crazy to do something that difficult and that poorly paid if you were going to try to do something other than figure out what this is all about? Now I have to reveal my cards, my weaknesses and lack and understanding of the music of physics and math departments. But there's an analogy here to artificial intelligence. And often folks come in and say, okay, so there's a giant department working on quote unquote artificial intelligence. But why is nobody actually working on intelligence? You're all just building little toys. You're not actually trying to understand. And that breaks a lot of people. It confuses them. Because like, okay, so I'm at MIT, I'm at Stanford, I'm at Harvard, I'm here, I dreamed of being working on artificial intelligence. Why is everybody not actually working on intelligence? I have the same kind of sense that that's what working on the theory of everything is. That strangely you somehow become an outcast for even- But we know why this is, right? Why? Well, it's because, let's play with AGI for example. I think that the idea starts off with nobody really knows how to work on that. And so if we don't know how to work on it, we choose instead to work on a program that is tangentially related to it. So we do a component of a program that is related to that big question because it's felt like at least I can make progress there. And that wasn't where I was. It's funny, there was this book called Frieden-Uhlenbeck and it had this weird mysterious line in the beginning of it. And I tried to get clarification of this weird mysterious line and everyone said wrong things. And then I said, okay, well, so I can tell that nobody's thinking properly because I just asked the entire department and nobody has a correct interpretation of this. And so it's a little bit like you see a crime scene photo and you have a different idea. There's a smoking gun and you figure, that's actually a cigarette lighter. I don't really believe that. And then there's a pack of cards and you think, oh, that looks like the blunt instrument that the person was beaten with. So you have a very different idea about how things go. And very quickly you realize that there's no one thinking about that. There's a few human sides to this and technical sides, both of which I'd love to try to get down to. So the human side, I can tell from my perspective, I think it was before April 1st, April fools, maybe the day before, I forget. But I was laying in bed in the middle of the night and somehow it popped up on my feed somewhere that your beautiful face is speaking live and I clicked. And it's kind of weird how the universe just brings things together in this kind of way. And all of a sudden I realized that there's something big happening at this particular moment. It's strange. On a day like any day. And all of a sudden you were thinking of, you had this somber tone, like you were serious, like you were going through some difficult decision. And it seems strange. I almost thought you were maybe joking, but there was a serious decision being made. And it was a wonderful experience to go through with you. I really appreciate it. I mean, it was April 1st. Yeah, it's kind of fascinating. I mean, it's just the whole experience. And so I want to ask, I mean, thank you for letting me be part of that kind of journey of decision-making that took 30 years, but why now? Why did you think, why did you struggle so long not to release it and decide to release it now? While the whole world is on lockdown, on April fools, is it just because you like the comedy of absurd ways that the universe comes together? I don't think so. I think that the COVID epidemic is the end of the big nap. And I think that I actually tried this seven years earlier in Oxford. So I, and it was too early. Which part was too, is it the platform? Because your platform is quite different now, actually. The internet, I remember you, I read several of your brilliant answers that people should read for the Edge questions. One of them was related to the internet. It was the first one. Was it the first one? An essay called Go Virtual, Young Man. Yeah. Yeah, that's like forever ago now. Well, that was 10 years ago. And that's exactly what I did is I decamped to the internet, which is where the portal lives. The portal, the portal, the portal. Yeah. We'll insert the whole, the theme, the ominous theme music, which you just listen to forever. I actually started recording tiny guitar licks for the audio portion, not for the video portion. Beautiful. You kind of inspire me with bringing your guitar into the story, but keep going. So you thought, so the Oxford was like step one. You kind of, you put your foot into the, in the water to sample it, but it was too cold at the time. So you didn't want to step in all the- I was just really disappointed. What, what was disappointing about that experience? It's very, it's a hard thing to talk about. It has to do with the fact that, and I can see this, you know, this mirrors a disappointment within myself. There are two separate issues. One is the issue of making sure that the idea is actually heard and explored. And the other is the, is the question about, will I become disconnected from my work because it will be ridiculed, it will, it will be immediately improved. It will be found to be derivative of something that occurred in some paper in 1957. When the community does not want you to gain a voice, it's a little bit like a policeman deciding to weirdly enforce all of these little known regulations against you and, you know, sometimes nobody else. And I think that's kind of, you know, this weird thing where I just don't believe that we can reach the final theory necessarily within the political economy of academics. So if you think about how academics are tortured by each other and how they're paid and where they have freedom and where they don't, I actually weirdly think that that system of selective pressures is going to eliminate anybody who's going to make real progress. So that's interesting. So if you look at the story of Andrew Wiles, for example, with the Fermat's last theorem, he, as far as I understand, he pretty much isolated himself from the world of academics in terms of the bulk of the work he did. And from my perspective, it's dramatic and fun to read about, but it seemed exceptionally stressful the first steps he took when actually making the work public. That seemed to me it would be hell. Yeah, but it's like so artificially dramatic. You know, he leads up to it at a series of lectures. He doesn't want to say it. And then he finally says it at the end, because obviously this comes out of a body of work. Where, I mean, the funny part about Fermat's last theorem is that wasn't originally thought to be a deep and meaningful problem. It was just an easy to state one that had gone unsolved. But if you think about it, it became attached to the body of regular theory. So he built up this body of regular theory, gets all the way up to the end, announces. And then like, there's this whole drama about, okay, somebody is checking the proof. I don't understand what's going on in line 37. You know, and like, oh, is this serious? Seems a little bit more serious than we knew. I mean, do you see parallels? Do you share the concern that your experience might be something similar? Well, in his case, I think that if I recall correctly, his original proof was unsalvageable. He actually came up with a second proof with a colleague, Richard Taylor. And it was that second proof which carried the day. So it was a little bit that he got put under incredible pressure and then had to succeed in a new way, having failed the first time, which is like even a weirder and stranger story. That's an incredible story in some sense. But I mean, I'm trying to get a sense of the kind of stress you're under. I think that this is, okay, but I'm rejecting. What I don't think people understand with me is the scale of the critique. People say, well, you must implicitly agree with this and implicitly agree. It's like, no, try me. Ask before you decide that I am mostly in agreement with the community about how these things should be handled or what these things mean. Can you elaborate? And also just why does criticism matter so much here? So you seem to dislike the burden of criticism that it will choke away all. There's different kinds of criticism. There's constructive criticism and there's destructive criticism. And what I don't like is I don't like a community that can't, first of all, like if you take the physics community, just the way we screwed up on masks and PPE, just the way we screwed up in the financial crisis and mortgage backed securities, we screwed up on string theory. Can we just forget the string theory happened or? Sure. But then somebody should say that, right? Somebody should say, you know, it didn't work out. Yeah. Okay, but you're asking this, like, why do you guys get to keep the prestige after failing for 35 years? That's an interesting question. Who is these you guys? Because to me- Whoever the profession, look, these things, if there is a theory of everything to be had, right? It's going to be a relatively small group of people where this will be sorted out. Absolutely. It's not tens of thousands. It's probably hundreds at the top. But within that community, there's the assholes. There's the, I mean, you always in this world have people who are kind, open-minded. It's not a question about kind. It's a question about, okay, let's imagine, for example, that you have a story where you believe that ulcers are definitely caused by stress and you've never questioned it. Or maybe you felt like the Japanese came out of the blue and attacked us at Pearl Harbor. And now somebody introduces a new idea to you, which is like, what if it isn't stress at all? Or what if we actually tried to make resource-starved Japan attack us somewhere in the Pacific so we could have Cassius Belli to enter the Asian theater? Person's original idea is like, what? What are you even saying? It's like too crazy. Well when Dirac in 1963 talked about the importance of beauty as a guiding principle in physics, and he wasn't talking about the scientific method, that was crazy talk. But he was actually making a great point. He was using Schrodinger, and I think Schrodinger was standing in for him. And he said that if your equations don't agree with experiment, that's kind of a minor detail. If they have true beauty in them, you should explore them because very often the agreement with experiment is an issue of fine-tuning of your model, of the instantiation. And so it doesn't really tell you that your model is wrong. Of course, Heisenberg told Dirac that his model was wrong because the proton and the electron should be the same mass if they are each other's antiparticles. And that was an irrelevant kind of silliness rather than a real threat to the Dirac theory. But okay, so amidst all this silliness, I'm hoping that we could talk about the journey that Geometric Unity has taken and will take as an idea and an idea that will see the light. So first of all, I'm thinking of writing a book called Geometric Unity for Idiots. And I need you as a consultant. So can we... First of all, I hope I have the trademark on Geometric Unity. You do. Good. Can you give a basic introduction of the goals of Geometric Unity, the basic tools of mathematics, use the viewpoints in general for idiots like me? Sure. Okay, great, fun. So what's the goal of Geometric Unity? The goal of Geometric Unity is to start with something so completely bland that you can simply say, well, that's the something that begins the game is as close to a mathematical nothing as possible. In other words, I can't answer the question, why is there something rather than nothing? But if there has to be a something that we begin from, let it begin from something that's like a blank canvas. Let's even more basic. So what is something? What are we trying to describe here? Right now, we have a model of our world, and it's got two sectors. One of the sectors is called general relativity. The other is called the standard model. So we'll call it GR for general relativity and SM for standard model. What's the difference between the two? What are the two described? So general relativity gives pride of place to gravity, and everything else is acting as a sort of a backup singer. Gravity is the star of the show. Gravity is the star of general relativity. And in the standard model, the other three non-gravitational forces, so if there are four forces that we know about, three of the four are non-gravitational, that's where they get to shine. Great. So tiny little particles and how they interact with each other. So photons, gluons, and so-called intermediate vector bosons. Those are the things that the standard model showcases, and general relativity showcases gravity. And then you have matter, which is accommodated in both theories, but much more beautifully inside of the standard model. So what does a theory of everything do? So first of all, I think that that's the first place where we haven't talked enough. We assume that we know what it means, but we don't actually have any idea what it means. And what I claim it is, is that it's a theory where the questions beyond that theory are no longer of a mathematical nature. In other words, if I say, let us take X to be a four-dimensional manifold, to a mathematician or a physicist, I've said very little. I've simply said there's some place for calculus and linear algebra to dance together and to play. And that's what manifolds are. They're the most natural place where our two greatest math theories can really intertwine. Which are the two? Oh, you mean calculus and linear algebra. Calculus and linear algebra, right. Okay, now the question is beyond that. So it's sort of like saying, I'm an artist and I want to order a canvas. Now the question is, does the canvas paint itself? Does the canvas come up with an artist and paint an ink, which then paint the canvas? That's the hard part about theories of everything, which I don't think people talk enough about. Can we just, you bring up Escher and the hand that draws itself. The fire that lights itself or drawing hands. The drawing hands. Yeah. And every time I start to think about that, my mind shuts down. Don't do that. There's a spark. No, but this is the most beautiful part. We should do this together. No, it's beautiful, but this robot's brain sparks fly. So can we try to say the same thing over and over in different ways about what you mean by that having to be a thing we have to contend with? Sure. Like why do you think that creating a theory of everything, as you call the source code, understanding our source code, require a view like the hand that draws itself? Okay, well, here's what goes on in the regular physics picture. We've got these two main theories, general relativity and the standard model, right? Think of general relativity as more or less the theory of the canvas. Okay. And maybe you have the canvas in a particularly rigid shape. Maybe you've measured it, so it's got length and it's got an angle, but more or less it's just canvas and length and angle. And that's all that really general relativity is, but it allows the canvas to warp a bit. Then we have the second thing, which is this import of foreign libraries, which aren't tied to space and time. So we've got this crazy set of symmetries called SU3 cross SU2 cross U1. We've got this collection of 16 particles in a generation, which are these sort of twisted spinners and we've got three copies of them. Then we've got this weird Higgs field that comes in and like Deus Ex Machina solves all the problems that have been created in the play that can't be resolved otherwise. So that's the standard model of quantum field theory just plopped on top of this canvas. Yes, it's a problem of the double origin story. One origin story is about space and time. The other origin story is about what we would call internal quantum numbers and internal symmetries. And then there was an attempt to get one to follow from the other called Calusa-Klein theory, which didn't work out. And this is sort of in that vein. So you said origin story. So in the hand that draws itself, what is it? So it's as if you had the canvas and then you ordered up also give me paint brushes, paints, pigments, pencils, and artists. But you're saying that's like if you want to create a universe from scratch, the canvas should be generating the paintbrushes and the paintbrushes should be generating the canvas. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Right. Like you should. Who's the artist in this analogy? Well, this is, sorry, then we're going to get into a religious thing and I don't want to do that. Okay. Well, you know my shtick, which is that we are the AI. We have two great stories about the simulation and artificial general intelligence. In one story, man fears that some program we've given birth to will become self-aware, smarter than us and will take over. In another story, there are genius simulators and we live in their simulation and we haven't realized that those two stories are the same story. In one case, we are the simulator. In another case, we are the simulated. And if you buy those and you put them together, we are the AGI and whether or not we have simulators, we may be trying to wake up by learning our own source code. So this could be our Skynet moment, which is one of the reasons I have some issues around it. I think we'll talk about that because I. Well, that's the issue of the emergent artist within the story. Just to get back to the point. Okay. So now the key point is the standard way we tell the story is that Einstein sets the canvas and then we order all the stuff that we want and then that paints the picture that is our universe. So you order the paint, you order the artist, you order the brushes and that then when you collide the two, gives you two separate origin stories. The canvas came from one place and everything else came from somewhere else. So what are the mathematical tools required to construct consistent geometric theory? You know, make this concrete. Well somehow you need to get three copies, for example, of generations with 16 particles each. Right. And so the question would be like, well, there's a lot, there's a lot of special personality in those symmetries. Where would they come from? So for example, you've got what would be called grand unified theories that sound like SU5, the George I. Glashow theory. There's something that should be called spin 10, but physicists insist on calling it SO10. There's something called the Petit-Salam theory that tends to be called SU4 cross SU2 cross SU2, which should be called spin six cross spin four. I can get into all of these. What are they all accomplishing? They're all taking the known forces that we see and packaging them up to say, we can't get rid of the second origin story, but we can at least make that origin story more unified. So they're trying grand unification as the attempt to- And that's a mistake in your- It's not a mistake. The problem is, is it was born lifeless. When George I. Glashow first came out with the SU5 theory, it was very exciting because it could be tested in a South Dakota mine filled up with like, I don't know, cleaning fluid or something like that. And they looked for proton decay and didn't see it. And then they gave up because in that day when your experiment didn't work, you gave up on the theory. It didn't come to us born of a fusion between Einstein and Bohr. And that was kind of the problem is that it had this weird parenting where it was just on the Bohr side. There was no Einsteinian contribution. Lex, how can I help you most? I'm trying to figure out what questions you want to ask so that you get the most satisfying answers. There's a bunch. There's a bunch of questions I want to ask. I mean, and I'm trying to sneak up on you somehow to reveal in an accessible way the nature of our universe. So I can just give you a guess, right? We have to be very careful that we're not claiming that this has been accepted. This is a speculation. But I will make the speculation that I think what you would want to ask me is how can the canvas generate all the stuff that usually has to be ordered separately? Should we do that? Let's go there. Okay. So the first thing is, is that you have a concept in computers called technical debt. You're coding and you cut corners and you know you're going to have to do it right before the thing is safe for the world. But you're piling up some series of IOUs to yourself and your project as you're going along. So the first thing is we can't figure out if you have only four degrees of freedom and that's what your canvas is. How do you get at least Einstein's world? Einstein says, look, it's not just four degrees of freedom, but there need to be rulers and protractors to measure length and angle in the world. You can't just have a flabby four degrees of freedom. So the first thing you do is you create 10 extra variables, which is like if we can't choose any particular set of rulers and protractors to measure length and angle, let's take the set of all possible rulers and protractors. And that would be called symmetric non-degenerate two tensors on the tangent space of the four manifold X four. Now because there are four degrees of freedom, you start off with four dimensions. Then you need four rulers for each of those different directions. So that's four, that gets us up to eight variables and then between four original variables, there are six possible angles. So four plus four plus six is equal to 14. So now you've replaced X four with another space, which in the lecture I think I called U 14, but I'm now calling Y 14. This is one of the big problems of working on something in private is every time you pull it out, you sort of can't remember it and you name something new. Okay, so you've got a 14 dimensional world, which is the original four dimensional world plus a lot of extra gadgetry for measurement. And because you're not in the four dimensional world, you don't have the technical debt. No, now you've got a lot of technical debt because now you have to explain away a 14 dimensional world, which is a big, you're taking a huge advance on your payday check. But aren't more dimensions allow you more freedom? Maybe but you have to get rid of them somehow because we don't perceive them. So eventually you have to collapse it down to the thing that we perceive. Or you have to sample a four dimensional filament within that 14 dimensional world known as a section of a bundle. Okay, so how do we get from the 14 dimensional world where I imagine a lot of... Oh, wait, wait, wait. You're cheating. The first question was, how do we get something from almost nothing? Like how do we get the... If I've said that the who and the what in the newspaper story that is a theory of everything are bosons and fermions. So let's make the who the fermions and the what the bosons. Think of it as the players and the equipment for a game. Are we supposed to be thinking of actual physical things with mass or energy? Sure. Okay. So think about everything you see in this room. So from chemistry, you know, it's all protons, neutrons and electrons, but from a little bit of late 1960s physics, we know that the protons and neutrons are all made of up quarks and down quarks. So everything in this room is basically up quarks, down quarks and electrons stuck together with the what, the equipment. Okay. Now the way we see it currently is we see that there are space time indices, which we would call spinners that correspond to the who that is the fermions, the matter, the stuff, the up quarks, the down quarks, the electrons. And there are also 16 degrees of freedom that come from this in this space of internal quantum numbers. So in my theory in 14 dimensions, there's no internal quantum number space that figures in it's all just spinorial. So spinners in 14 dimensions without any festooning with extra linear algebraic information, there's a concept of a, of, of, of spinners, which is natural if you have a manifold with length and angle. And why 14 is almost a manifold with length and angle it's, it's so close. It's in other words, because you're looking at the space of all rulers and protractors, maybe it's not that surprising that a space of rulers and protractors might come very close to having rulers and protractors on it itself. Like can you measure the space of measurements and you almost can't in a space that has length and angle if it doesn't have a topological obstruction comes with these objects called spinners. Now, spinners are the stuff of, uh, of our world. We are made of spinners. They're the most important, really deep object that I can tell you about. They were very surprising. What is a spinner? So famously there are these weird things that require 720 degrees of rotation in order to come back to normal. And that doesn't make sense. And the reason for this is that there's a knottedness in our three-dimensional world that people don't observe. And you know, you can famously see it by this Dirac string trick. So if you take a glass of water, imagine that this was a tumbler and I didn't want to spill any of it. And the question is, if I rotate, um, the cup without losing my grip on the base 360 degrees and I can't go backwards, is there any way I can take a sip? And the answer is this weird motion, which is go over first and under second. And that that's 720 degrees of rotation to come back to normal so that I can take a sip. Well that weird principle, which sometimes is known as the Philippine wine glass dance, because waitresses in the Philippines apparently learned how to do this. That move defines, if you will, this hidden space that nobody knew was there of spinners, which Dirac figured out when he took the square root of something called the Klein-Gordon equation, which I think had earlier work incorporated from Cartan and Killing and Company in mathematics. So spinners are one of the most profound aspects of human existence. I mean, forgive me for the perhaps dumb questions, but would a spinner be the mathematical objects that's the basic unit of our universe? When you, when you start with a manifold, um, which is just like something like a donut or a sphere, a circle or a Mobius band, a spinner is usually the first wildly surprising thing that you found was hidden in your original purchase. So you order a manifold and you didn't even realize, it's like buying a house and finding a panic room inside that you hadn't counted on. It's very surprising when you understand that spinners are running around in your spaces. Again perhaps a dumb question, but we're talking about 14 dimensions and four dimensions. What is the manifold we're operating under? So in my case, it's proto-spacetime. It's before, it's before Einstein can slap rulers and protractors on spacetime. And what you mean by that, sorry to interrupt, is spacetime is the 4D manifold. Spacetime is a four dimensional manifold with extra structure. What's the extra structure? It's called a semi-Romanian or pseudo-Romanian metric. In essence, there is something akin to a four by four symmetric matrix, which is equivalent to length and angle. So when I talk about rulers and protractors or I talk about length and angle, or I talk about Romanian or pseudo-Romanian or semi-Romanian manifolds, I'm usually talking about the same thing. Can you measure how long something is and what the angle is between two different rays or vectors? So that's what Einstein gave us as his arena, his place to play, his canvas. There's a bunch of questions I can ask here, but like I said, I'm working on this book, Geometric Unity for Idiots. And I think what would be really nice as your editor, to have beautiful, maybe even visualizations that people could try to play with, try to reveal small little beauties about the way you're thinking about the score. Well, I usually use the Joe Rogan program for that. Sometimes I have him doing this Philippine wine glass dance, I had the hop vibration. The part of the problem is that most people don't know this language about spinners, bundles, metrics, gauge fields. And they're very curious about the theory of everything, but they have no understanding of even what we know about our own world. Is it a hopeless pursuit? No. So like even gauge theory. Right. Just this, I mean, it seems to be very inaccessible. Is there some aspect of it that could be made accessible? I mean, I could go to the board right there and give you a five minute lecture on gauge theory that would be better than the official lecture on gauge theory. You would know what gauge theory was. So it's possible to make it accessible. Yeah. But nobody does, like in other words, you're gonna watch over the next year, lots of different discussions about quantum entanglement or the multiverse, where are we now? Or many worlds, are they all equally real? Right? I mean, yeah, that's like- Okay, but you're not gonna hear anything about the hop vibration except if it's from me, and I hate that. Why can't you be the one? Well, because I'm going a different path. I think that we've made a huge mistake, which is we have things we can show people about the actual models. We can push out visualizations where they're not listening by analogy, they're watching the same thing that we're seeing. And as I've said to you before, this is like choosing to perform sheet music that hasn't been performed in a long time, or the experts can't afford orchestras, so they just trade Beethoven symphonies as sheet music. And they're like, oh, wow, that was beautiful. But it's like nobody heard anything. They just looked at the score. Well, that's how mathematicians and physicists trade papers and ideas, is that they write down the things that represent stuff. I want to at least close out this thought line that you started, which is how does the canvas order all of this other stuff into being? So I at least want to say some incomprehensible things about that, and then we'll have that much done. All right? On that just point, does it have to be incomprehensible? Do you know what the Schrodinger equation is? Yes. Do you know what the Dirac equation is? No. What does no mean? Well, my point is, you're going to have some feeling that you know what the Schrodinger equation is. Yes. As soon as we get to the Dirac equation, your eyes are going to get a little bit glazed. Right? So now why is that? Well, the answer to me is that you want to ask me about the theory of everything, but you haven't even digested the theory of everything as we've had it since 1928 when Dirac came out with his equation. So for whatever reason, and this isn't a hit on you, you haven't been motivated enough in all the time that you've been on earth to at least get as far as the Dirac equation. And this was very interesting to me after I gave the talk in Oxford, new scientist who had done kind of a hatchet job on me to begin with, sent a reporter to come to the third version of the talk that I gave. And that person had never heard of the Dirac equation. So you have a person who's completely professionally not qualified to ask these questions wanting to know, well, how does your theory solve new problems? And like, well, in the case of the Dirac equation, well, tell me about that. I don't know what that is. So then the point is, okay, I got it. You're not even caught up minimally to where we are now. And that's not a knock on you. Almost nobody is. But then how does it become my job to digest what has been available for like over 90 years? Well, to me, the open question is whether what's been available for over 90 years, there could be a blueprint of a journey that one takes to understand it. Oh, I want to do that with you. And one of the things I think I've been relatively successful at, for example, when you ask other people what gauge theory is, you get these very confusing responses. And my response is much simpler. It's, oh, it's a theory of differentiation, where when you calculate the instantaneous rise over run, you measure the rise not from a flat horizontal, but from a custom endogenous reference level. What do you mean by that? It's like, okay. And then I do this thing with Mount Everest, which is Mount Everest is how high? Then they give the height. I say above what? Then they say sea level. And I say, which sea is that in Nepal? They're like, oh, I guess there isn't a sea because it's landlocked. It's like, okay, well, what do you mean by sea level? Oh, there's this thing called the geoid I'd never heard of. Oh, that's the reference level. It's a custom reference level that we imported. So all sorts of people have remembered the exact height of Mount Everest without ever knowing what it's a height from. Well, in this case, in gauge theory, there's a hidden reference level where you measure the rise in rise over run to give the slope of a line. What if you have different concepts of what, of where that rise should be measured from that vary within the theory that are endogenous to the theory? That's what gauge theory is. Okay. We have a video here, right? Yeah. Okay. I'm going to use my phone. If I want to measure my hand and its slope, this is my attempt to measure it using standard calculus. In other words, the reference level is apparently flat and I measure the rise above that phone using my hand. Okay. If I want to use gauge theory, it means I can do this or I can do that or I can do this or I can do this or I could do what I did from the beginning. Okay. At some level, that's what gauge theory is. Now that is an act. Now I've never heard anyone describe it that way. So while the community may say, well, who is this guy and why does he have the right to talk in public, I'm waiting for somebody to jump out of the woodwork and say, you know, Eric's whole shtick about rulers and protractors, uh, leading to a derivative derivatives are measured as rise of a run above reference level of reference levels. Don't fit to get like, I go through this whole shtick in order to make it accessible. I've never heard anyone say it. I'm trying to make it. Prometheus would like to discuss fire with everybody else. All right. I'm going to just say one thing to close out the earlier line, which is what I think we should have continued with. When you take the naturally occurring spinners, the unadorned spinners, the naked spinners, not on, on this 14 dimensional manifold, but on something very closely tied to it, which I've called the chimeric tangent bundle. That is the, the object which stands in for the thing that should have had length and angle on it, but just missed. Okay. When you take that object and you form spinners on that and you don't adorn them, so you're still in the single origin story, you get very large spin oriole objects upstairs on this 14 dimensional world. Why 14, which is part of the observers. When you pull that information back from Y 14 down to X four, it miraculously looks like the adorned spinners, the festoon spinners, the spinners that we play with in ordinary reality. In other words, the 14 dimensional world looks like a four dimensional world plus a 10 dimensional compliment. So 10 plus four equals 14 that 10 dimensional compliment, which is called a normal bundle generates spin properties, internal quantum numbers that look like the things that give our PR our particles personality that make, um, let's say up quarks and down quarks charged by negative one third or plus two thirds, you know, that kind of stuff or whether or not, um, you know, some quarks feel the weak force and other quarks do not. So the X four generates Y 14, Y 14 generates something called the chimeric tangent bundle. Chimeric tangent bundle generates unadorned spinners. The unadorned spinners get pulled back from 14 down to four where they look like adorned spinners and we have the right number of them. You thought you needed three, you only got two, but then something else that you'd never seen before broke apart on this journey and it broke into another copy of the thing that you already have two copies of. One piece of that thing broke off. So now you have two generations plus an imposter third generation, which is, I don't know why we never talk about this possibility in regular physics. And then you've got a bunch of stuff that we haven't seen, which has descriptions. So people always say, does it make any falsifiable predictions? Yes, it does. It says that the matter that you should be seeing, um, next has particular properties that can be read off like, like a weak ISIS spin, weak hypercharge, like the responsiveness to the strong force. The one I can't tell you is what energy scale it would happen at. So you, if you can't say if those characteristics can be detected with the current, it may be that somebody else can. I'm not a physicist. I'm not a quantum field theorist. I can't, I don't know how you would do that. The hope for me is that there's some simple explanations for all of it. Like, should we have a drink? You're having fun. No, I'm trying to have fun with you. You know, there's a bunch of fun things to talk about here. Anyway, that was how I got what I thought you wanted, which is if you think about the fermions as the artists and the bosons as the brushes and the paint, what I told you is that's how we get the artists. What are the open questions for you in this? What are the challenges? So you're not done. Well, there's things that I would like to have in better order. So a lot of people will say, see, the reason I hesitate on this is I just have a totally different view than the community. So for example, I believe that general relativity began in 1913 with Einstein and Grossman. Now that was the first of like four major papers in this line of thinking to most physicists. General relativity happened when Einstein produced a divergence free gradient, which turned out to be the gradient of the, of the so-called Hilbert or Einstein Hilbert action. And from my perspective, that wasn't true. This is that it began when Einstein said, look, this is about differential geometry. And it's the final answer is going to look like a curvature tensor on one side and matter and energy on the other side. And that was enough. And then he published a wrong version of it where it was the Ricci tensor, not the Einstein tensor. Then he corrected the Ricci tensor to make it into the Einstein tensor. Then he corrected that to add a cosmological constant. I can't stand that the community thinks in those terms. There's some things about which, like there's a question about which contraction do I use? There's an Einstein contraction. There's a Ricci contraction. They both go between the same spaces. I'm not sure what I should do. I'm not sure which contraction I should choose. This is called a Shiab operator for ship in a bottle in my stuff. You have this big platform in many ways that inspires people's curiosity about physics and mathematics. And I'm one of those people. Well, great. But then you start using a lot of words that I don't understand. I might know them, but I don't understand. And what's unclear to me, if I'm supposed to be listening to those words, or if it's just if this is one of those technical things that's intended for a very small community, or if I'm supposed to actually take those words and start a multi-year study, not a serious study, but the kind of study when you're interested in learning about machine learning, for example, or any kind of discipline. That's where I'm a little bit confused. So you speak beautifully about ideas. You often reveal the beauty in mathematics, in geometry. And I'm unclear in what are the steps I should be taking. I'm curious. How can I explore? How can I play with something? How can I play with these ideas and enjoy the beauty of not necessarily understanding the depth of a theory that you're presenting, but start to share in the beauty. As opposed to sharing and enjoying the beauty of just the way, the passion with which you speak, which is in itself fun to listen to, but also starting to be able to understand some aspects of this theory that I can enjoy it. And start to build an intuition, what the heck we're even talking about. Because you're basically saying we need to throw a lot of our ideas of views of the universe out. And I'm trying to find accessible ways in. Not in this conversation. No, I appreciate that. So one of the things that I've done is I've picked on one paragraph from Edward Witten. And I said, this is the paragraph. If I could only take one paragraph with me, this is the one I'd take. And it's almost all in prose, not in equations. And he says, look, this is our knowledge of the universe at its deepest level. And he was writing this during the 1980s. And he has three separate points that constitute our deepest knowledge. And those three points refer to equations. One to the Einstein field equation, one to the Dirac equation, and one to the Yang-Mills-Maxwell equation. Now one thing I would do is take a look at that paragraph and say, okay, what do these three lines mean? Like it's a finite amount of verbiage. You can write down every word that you don't know. You can say, what do I think? Done. Now, young man, there's a beautiful wall in Stony Brook, New York, built by someone who I know you will interview named Jim Simons. And Jim Simons, he's not the artist, but he's the guy who funded it. World's greatest hedge fund manager. And on that wall contain the three equations that Whitten refers to in that paragraph. And so that is the transmission from the paragraph or graph to the wall. Now that wall needs an owner's manual, which Roger Penrose has written called the road to reality. Let's call that the tome. So this is the subject of the so-called graph wall tome project that is going on in our discord server and our general group around the portal community, which is how do you take something that purports in one paragraph to say what the deepest understanding man has of the universe in which he lives. It's memorialized on a wall, which nobody knows about, which is an incredibly gorgeous piece of art. And that was written up in a book which has been written for no man. Maybe it's for a woman, I don't know. But no one should be able to read this book because either you're a professional and you know a lot of this book, in which case it's kind of a refresher to see how Roger thinks about these things. Or you don't even know that this book is a self-contained invitation to understanding our deepest nature. So I would say find yourself in the graph wall tome transmission sequence and join the graph wall tome project if that's of interest. Okay, beautiful. Now, just to linger on a little longer, what kind of journey do you see Geometric Unity taking? I don't know. I mean, that's the thing is that first of all, the professional community has to get very angry and outraged and they have to work through their feelings. This is nonsense, this is bullshit, or like, no, wait a minute, this is really cool. Actually, I need some clarification over here. So there's going to be some sort of weird coming back together process. Are you already hearing murmurings of that? It's very funny. Officially, I've seen very little. So it's perhaps happening quietly. And we're getting closer to getting exists like that.