context: # Indeed, our precedent makes it crystal clear that conviction of aiding and abetting is tantamount to conviction of the underlying offense.
citation_a.signal: see also
citation_a.identifier: 542 F.3d 653, 659
citation_a.parenthetical: "[Because] there is no material distinction between an aider and abettor and principals in any jurisdiction of the United States ... aiding and abetting an [offense] is the functional equivalent of personally committing that offense [and] that offense ,... constitutes an aggravated felony."
citation_a.sentence: See Salazar-Luviano v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 857, 860 n.2 (9th Cir. 2008) (“Salazar’s aiding and abetting conviction is technically a violation of 18 U.S.C. § -2. That Salazar was convicted of aiding and abetting, however, makes him liable as a principal of the underlying offense.”); see also Ortiz-Magana v. Mukasey, 542 F.3d 653, 659 (9th Cir. 2008) (“[Because] there is no material distinction between an aider and abettor and principals in any jurisdiction of the United States ... aiding and abetting an [offense] is the functional equivalent of personally committing that offense [and] that offense ,... constitutes an aggravated felony.”) (emphasis added).
citation_b.signal: see
citation_b.parenthetical: "Salazar's aiding and abetting conviction is technically a violation of 18 U.S.C. SS -2. That Salazar was convicted of aiding and abetting, however, makes him liable as a principal of the underlying offense."
citation_b.sentence: See Salazar-Luviano v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 857, 860 n.2 (9th Cir. 2008) (“Salazar’s aiding and abetting conviction is technically a violation of 18 U.S.C. § -2. That Salazar was convicted of aiding and abetting, however, makes him liable as a principal of the underlying offense.”); see also Ortiz-Magana v. Mukasey, 542 F.3d 653, 659 (9th Cir. 2008) (“[Because] there is no material distinction between an aider and abettor and principals in any jurisdiction of the United States ... aiding and abetting an [offense] is the functional equivalent of personally committing that offense [and] that offense ,... constitutes an aggravated felony.”) (emphasis added).