context: Although this Court has not specifically declared the modus operandi of drug trafficking as an appropriate or reliable field for expert opinion, several courts of appeal have consistently admitted such testimony.
citation_a.signal: see
citation_a.identifier: 23 F.3d 738, 741
citation_a.parenthetical: affirming the admission of expert testimony of how drug traffickers employed telephone pagers "in order to avoid detection"
citation_a.sentence: See United States v. Gil, 58 F.3d 1414, 1421-22 (9th Cir.1995) (ruling expert testimony regarding how drug-traffickers employ telephone pagers and public telephones to avoid detection by police was properly admitted); United States v. Ta- pia-Ortiz, 23 F.3d 738, 741 (2d Cir.1994) (affirming the admission of expert testimony of how drug traffickers employed telephone pagers “in order to avoid detection”); see also United States v. Gastiaburo, 16 F.3d 582, 589 (4th Cir.1994) (ruling that expert testimony about “tools of the trade” of drug traffickers, including “beepers,” was properly admitted); United States v. Solis, 923 F.2d 548, 549-51 (7th Cir.1991) (concluding that expert testimony that the use of “beepers” by drug traffickers permit them to be anonymous and mobile was properly admitted).
citation_b.signal: see also
citation_b.identifier: 923 F.2d 548, 549-51
citation_b.parenthetical: concluding that expert testimony that the use of "beepers" by drug traffickers permit them to be anonymous and mobile was properly admitted
citation_b.sentence: See United States v. Gil, 58 F.3d 1414, 1421-22 (9th Cir.1995) (ruling expert testimony regarding how drug-traffickers employ telephone pagers and public telephones to avoid detection by police was properly admitted); United States v. Ta- pia-Ortiz, 23 F.3d 738, 741 (2d Cir.1994) (affirming the admission of expert testimony of how drug traffickers employed telephone pagers “in order to avoid detection”); see also United States v. Gastiaburo, 16 F.3d 582, 589 (4th Cir.1994) (ruling that expert testimony about “tools of the trade” of drug traffickers, including “beepers,” was properly admitted); United States v. Solis, 923 F.2d 548, 549-51 (7th Cir.1991) (concluding that expert testimony that the use of “beepers” by drug traffickers permit them to be anonymous and mobile was properly admitted).