context: The Supreme Court has also indicated that where the impact of a serious constitutional defect is subject to pure speculation, the defect constitutes structural error.
citation_a.signal: see
citation_a.parenthetical: rejecting the use of a "single, inflexible criterion" for determining structural error and instead finding that structural error occurred in light of the pure speculation involved in determining what would have happened but for the error
citation_a.sentence: See Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. at 149 n.4, 126 S.Ct. at 2564 n.4 (rejecting the use of a “single, inflexible criterion” for determining structural error and instead finding that structural error occurred in light of the pure speculation involved in determining what would have happened but for the error); see also Satterwhite, 486 U.S. at 256, 108 S.Ct. at 1797 (stating that when “the scope of a violation ... cannot be discerned from the record, any inquiry into its effect on the outcome of the case would be purely speculative”); Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475, 490-91, 98 S.Ct. 1173, 1181-82, 55 L.Ed.2d 426 (1978).
citation_b.signal: see also
citation_b.identifier: 486 U.S. 256, 256
citation_b.parenthetical: stating that when "the scope of a violation ... cannot be discerned from the record, any inquiry into its effect on the outcome of the case would be purely speculative"
citation_b.sentence: See Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. at 149 n.4, 126 S.Ct. at 2564 n.4 (rejecting the use of a “single, inflexible criterion” for determining structural error and instead finding that structural error occurred in light of the pure speculation involved in determining what would have happened but for the error); see also Satterwhite, 486 U.S. at 256, 108 S.Ct. at 1797 (stating that when “the scope of a violation ... cannot be discerned from the record, any inquiry into its effect on the outcome of the case would be purely speculative”); Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475, 490-91, 98 S.Ct. 1173, 1181-82, 55 L.Ed.2d 426 (1978).