context: More importantly, the officers in Ward asked the defendant "focused, potentially incriminating questions" which would "heighten" the feeling that the person "was the specific object of the officers' inquiry," and lead a reasonable person to believe that he or she was less able to terminate the encounter.
citation_a.signal: but see
citation_a.identifier: 895 F.2d 170, 170-71
citation_a.parenthetical: defendant was not seized when approached in airport terminal by officer who requested identification and asked whether he was carrying drugs
citation_a.sentence: But see McKines, 933 F.2d at 1418 (informing defendant that he is focus of narcotics investigation does not predict a seizure); Wilson, 895 F.2d at 170-71 (defendant was not seized when approached in airport terminal by officer who requested identification and asked whether he was carrying drugs).
citation_b.signal: no signal
citation_b.identifier: 873 F.2d 182, 184-85
citation_b.parenthetical: consensual encounter became seizure when officer explained that his purpose was to stop the flow of drugs through the airport
citation_b.sentence: Id. at 1532. See also United States v. White, 890 F.2d 1413, 1416 (8th Cir.1989) (officer’s statement that defendant exhibited characteristics of drug trafficker could lead defendant to reasonably believe that he was particular focus of narcotics investigation and not free to leave), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 111 S.Ct. 77, 112 L.Ed.2d 50 (1990); United States v. Savage, 889 F.2d 1113, 1115, 1117 (D.C.Cir.1989) (encounter in train roomette became seizure when officers’ questions became “direct and probably forceful”); United States v. Nunley, 873 F.2d 182, 184-85 (8th Cir.1989) (consensual encounter became seizure when officer explained that his purpose was to stop the flow of drugs through the airport); United States v. Gonzales, 842 F.2d 748, 752 (5th Cir.1988) (defendant was seized when officer stated that he was “working narcotics” and requested to look in her bag), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Hurtado, 905 F.2d 74 (5th Cir.1990) (en banc); United States v. Borys, 766 F.2d 304, 311 (7th Cir.1985) (consensual questioning ripened into investigative stop when agents explained that they suspected defendant of transporting drugs), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1082, 106 S.Ct. 852, 88 L.Ed.2d 893 (1986); United States v. Berry, 670 F.2d 583, 597 (5th Cir.1982) (en banc) (officer’s intimation that investigation had focused on individual could induce reasonable person to believe that failure to cooperate would lead to formal detention).