context: Since both experts disfavor use of the rule of thumb, we must determine whether the statistics they have presented are reliable and determinative of whether or not the Commission Plan provides sufficient districts with effective electoral opportunities for African-Americans.
citation_a.signal: see also
citation_a.identifier: 478 U.S. 45, 45-46
citation_a.parenthetical: applying "flexible, fact-intensive test," including a "practical evaluation of the past and present reality" and a "functional view of the political process"
citation_a.sentence: See Ketchum, 740 F.2d at 1414-15 (stating that district courts have discretion “to determine what an appropriate corrective should be based upon analysis of election data, if such data can yield a meaningful and persuasive result”); see also Gingles, 478 U.S. at 45-46, 106 S.Ct. 2752 (applying “flexible, fact-intensive test,” including a “practical evaluation of the past and present reality” and a “functional view of the political process”).
citation_b.signal: see
citation_b.identifier: 740 F.2d 1414, 1414-15
citation_b.parenthetical: stating that district courts have discretion "to determine what an appropriate corrective should be based upon analysis of election data, if such data can yield a meaningful and persuasive result"
citation_b.sentence: See Ketchum, 740 F.2d at 1414-15 (stating that district courts have discretion “to determine what an appropriate corrective should be based upon analysis of election data, if such data can yield a meaningful and persuasive result”); see also Gingles, 478 U.S. at 45-46, 106 S.Ct. 2752 (applying “flexible, fact-intensive test,” including a “practical evaluation of the past and present reality” and a “functional view of the political process”).