context: There can be no serious dispute with the court's finding of a "massive fraud of the court." The district court was authorized to compel discovery which would reveal existence of the fraud as well as efforts to conceal it.
citation_a.signal: no signal
citation_a.parenthetical: holding crime-fraud exception applied to testimony of attorney and accountant, who prepared his client's tax returns during grand jury investigation for tax evasion
citation_a.sentence: In re Grand Jury Investigation, 842 F.2d 1223 (11th Cir. 1987) (holding crime-fraud exception applied to testimony of attorney and accountant, who prepared his client’s tax returns during grand jury investigation for tax evasion); see also In re E.I. DuPont De Nemours & Co.-Benlate Litig., 99 F.3d 363, 367 (11th Cir. 1996) (“Every district court has the power to conduct an independent investigation in order to determine whether it has been the victim of fraud.”) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
citation_b.signal: see also
citation_b.identifier: 99 F.3d 363, 367
citation_b.parenthetical: "Every district court has the power to conduct an independent investigation in order to determine whether it has been the victim of fraud."
citation_b.sentence: In re Grand Jury Investigation, 842 F.2d 1223 (11th Cir. 1987) (holding crime-fraud exception applied to testimony of attorney and accountant, who prepared his client’s tax returns during grand jury investigation for tax evasion); see also In re E.I. DuPont De Nemours & Co.-Benlate Litig., 99 F.3d 363, 367 (11th Cir. 1996) (“Every district court has the power to conduct an independent investigation in order to determine whether it has been the victim of fraud.”) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).