context: Moreover, Berry's use of the scale was a blatant attempt to quantify reasonable doubt, a practice which has met with strong disapproval in federal courts.
citation_a.signal: no signal
citation_a.identifier: 476 F.2d 1211, 1213-15
citation_a.parenthetical: disapproving of any reference to balancing test in reasonable doubt instruction
citation_a.sentence: United States v. Anglada, 524 F.2d 296, 300 (2d Cir.1975) (while not reversible error, “characterization of the standard as quantitative rather than qualitative ... might better have been omitted”); United States v. Clay, 476 F.2d 1211, 1213-15 (9th Cir.1973) (disapproving of any reference to balancing test in reasonable doubt instruction).
citation_b.signal: cf.
citation_b.identifier: 202 F.2d 592, 594
citation_b.parenthetical: jury instruction encouraging jury to "balance" the evidence and acquit if the evidence was "as equally consistent with innocence" as with guilt, improperly suggested a preponderance of the evidence standard
citation_b.sentence: Cf. United States v. Link, 202 F.2d 592, 594 (3d Cir.1953) (jury instruction encouraging jury to “balance” the evidence and acquit if the evidence was “as equally consistent with innocence” as with guilt, improperly suggested a preponderance of the evidence standard).