context: We note in conclusion that our decision today aligns us with all but one of the several circuit courts to address this question.
citation_a.signal: see
citation_a.identifier: 132 F.3d 978, 982
citation_a.parenthetical: holding that under SS 1981a, "[pjunitive damages are an extraordinary remedy, to be reserved for egregious eases," and "are not an element of recovery in every case involving an intentional tort"
citation_a.sentence: See McKinnon v. Kwong Wah Restaurant, 83 F.3d 498, 508 (1st Cir.1996) (endorsing concept of a higher standard for punitive damages under § 1981a, and noting that such damages “are awarded as a matter of public policy to punish outrageous conduct by the defendant or to deter similar conduct in the future”); Harris v. L & L Wings, Inc., 132 F.3d 978, 982 (4th Cir.1997) (holding that under § 1981a, “[pjunitive damages are an extraordinary remedy, to be reserved for egregious eases,” and “are not an element of recovery in every case involving an intentional tort”) (citation omitted); Turic v. Holland Hospitality, Inc., 85 F.3d 1211, 1216 (6th Cir.1996) (despite sufficiency of evidence for liability and “duplicitous” actions of defendant’s employees, evidence held insufficient for punitive damages); Emmel v. Coca-Cola Bottling, 95 F.3d 627, 636 (7th Cir.1996) (characterizing standard for punitive damages as a “higher hurdle” than that for proving the underlying discrimination); Karcker v. Emerson Electric Co., 94 F.3d 502, 509 (8th Cir.1996) (although jury could properly infer intentional sex discrimination from inconsistent nature of hiring process and failure to select and train women, it could not find malice or deliberate indifference); Ngo v. Reno Hilton.
citation_b.signal: but see
citation_b.identifier: 110 F.3d 210, 219-20
citation_b.parenthetical: finding that no additional evidence is required for punitive liability
citation_b.sentence: Resort Corp., 140 F.3d 1299 (9th Cir.1998) (requiring “evidence of conduct more egregious than intentional discrimination to support an award of punitive damages in Title VII cases”); but see Luciano v. Olsten Corp., 110 F.3d 210, 219-20 (2d Cir.1997) (finding that no additional evidence is required for punitive liability).