context: Plaintiffs seek to invoke the Marsh analysis, however, by relying on a long history, over one hundred years, of including an invocation and benediction at the Onawa graduation ceremonies. Nevertheless, a practice, however long maintained, does not automatically bring a case into the Marsh exception.
citation_a.signal: see
citation_a.identifier: 463 U.S. 790, 790
citation_a.parenthetical: "standing alone, historical patterns cannot justify contemporary violations of constitutional guaran-tees_"
citation_a.sentence: See Marsh, 463 U.S. at 790, 103 S.Ct. at 3335 (“standing alone, historical patterns cannot justify contemporary violations of constitutional guaran-tees_”); see also Jager v. Douglas County School Dist., 862 F.2d 824, 828 (11th Cir.1989) (“because Marsh was based on more than two hundred years of the ‘unique history’ of legislative invocations, it has no application to the case at bar.”); Carter v. Broadlawns Medical Center, 857 F.2d 448, 453 (8th Cir.1988) (“nor is Broad-lawns’ evidence of relatively long-standing practices in Iowa sufficient to win the day under Marsh, since Marsh made it clear that the mere fact that a practice has been carrying on for a long time is not determi-native_”).
citation_b.signal: see also
citation_b.identifier: 857 F.2d 448, 453
citation_b.parenthetical: "nor is Broad-lawns' evidence of relatively long-standing practices in Iowa sufficient to win the day under Marsh, since Marsh made it clear that the mere fact that a practice has been carrying on for a long time is not determi-native_"
citation_b.sentence: See Marsh, 463 U.S. at 790, 103 S.Ct. at 3335 (“standing alone, historical patterns cannot justify contemporary violations of constitutional guaran-tees_”); see also Jager v. Douglas County School Dist., 862 F.2d 824, 828 (11th Cir.1989) (“because Marsh was based on more than two hundred years of the ‘unique history’ of legislative invocations, it has no application to the case at bar.”); Carter v. Broadlawns Medical Center, 857 F.2d 448, 453 (8th Cir.1988) (“nor is Broad-lawns’ evidence of relatively long-standing practices in Iowa sufficient to win the day under Marsh, since Marsh made it clear that the mere fact that a practice has been carrying on for a long time is not determi-native_”).