context: No. 92-318, tit. We believe that this evidence is sufficient to support the limited action taken by Congress in its passage of the Equal Pay Act, particularly given the well-documented history of gender discrimination in this Nation, a history that is embodied in the Supreme Court's own jurisprudence.
citation_a.signal: see
citation_a.parenthetical: stating that "skeptical scrutiny of official action denying rights or opportunities based on sex responds to volumes of history"
citation_a.sentence: See Virginia, 518 U.S. at 531, 116 S.Ct. 2264 (stating that “skeptical scrutiny of official action denying rights or opportunities based on sex responds to volumes of history”); J.E.B., 511 U.S. at 136, 114 S.Ct. 1419 (stating that “ ‘our Nation has had a long and unfortunate history of sex discrimination.’ ”) (quoting Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677, 684, 93 S.Ct. 1764, 36 L.Ed.2d 583 (1973)); see also Crawford v. Davis, 109 F.3d 1281, 1283 (8th Cir.1997) (arguing that it would be difficult “to understand how a statute enacted specifically to combat [gender] discrimination could fall outside the authority granted to Congress by § 5”).
citation_b.signal: see also
citation_b.identifier: 109 F.3d 1281, 1283
citation_b.parenthetical: arguing that it would be difficult "to understand how a statute enacted specifically to combat [gender] discrimination could fall outside the authority granted to Congress by SS 5"
citation_b.sentence: See Virginia, 518 U.S. at 531, 116 S.Ct. 2264 (stating that “skeptical scrutiny of official action denying rights or opportunities based on sex responds to volumes of history”); J.E.B., 511 U.S. at 136, 114 S.Ct. 1419 (stating that “ ‘our Nation has had a long and unfortunate history of sex discrimination.’ ”) (quoting Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677, 684, 93 S.Ct. 1764, 36 L.Ed.2d 583 (1973)); see also Crawford v. Davis, 109 F.3d 1281, 1283 (8th Cir.1997) (arguing that it would be difficult “to understand how a statute enacted specifically to combat [gender] discrimination could fall outside the authority granted to Congress by § 5”).