context: . In other words, the probability values derived from the Fisher's exact test at these various promotion levels in all instances but one exceeded 0.05 and the number of standard deviations at the same levels were always less than two.
citation_a.signal: see
citation_a.parenthetical: noting general rule that standard deviations greater than two or three necessarily exclude chance as a cause of underrepresentation
citation_a.sentence: See Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. 482, 497 n. 12, 97 S.Ct. 1272, 1281 n. 12, 51 L.Ed.2d 498 (1977) (noting general rule that standard deviations greater than two or three necessarily exclude chance as a cause of underrepresentation); see also Kirkland v. New York State Dept, of Correctional Services, 711 F.2d 1117, 1131 n. 17 (2d Cir.1983) (noting that the "likelihood that the actual results will fall more than one standard deviation beyond the expected results is about 32% ... [while] [f]or more than two standard deviations, it is about 4.6% and for more than three standard deviations, it is about [0].03%.”) (citation omitted), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1005, 104 S.Ct. 997, 79 L.Ed.2d 230 (1984).
citation_b.signal: see also
citation_b.parenthetical: noting that the "likelihood that the actual results will fall more than one standard deviation beyond the expected results is about 32% ... [while] [f]or more than two standard deviations, it is about 4.6% and for more than three standard deviations, it is about [0].03%."
citation_b.sentence: See Castaneda v. Partida, 430 U.S. 482, 497 n. 12, 97 S.Ct. 1272, 1281 n. 12, 51 L.Ed.2d 498 (1977) (noting general rule that standard deviations greater than two or three necessarily exclude chance as a cause of underrepresentation); see also Kirkland v. New York State Dept, of Correctional Services, 711 F.2d 1117, 1131 n. 17 (2d Cir.1983) (noting that the "likelihood that the actual results will fall more than one standard deviation beyond the expected results is about 32% ... [while] [f]or more than two standard deviations, it is about 4.6% and for more than three standard deviations, it is about [0].03%.”) (citation omitted), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1005, 104 S.Ct. 997, 79 L.Ed.2d 230 (1984).