context: Courts generally defer to the Executive Branch in matters of national security, particularly where the matter in question is "a sensitive and inherently discretionary judgment call [and] is committed by law to the appropriate agency of the Executive Branch."
citation_a.signal: see also
citation_a.parenthetical: stating that the Army's decision not to award commission to, or alternatively to discharge, a medical specialist is not renewable
citation_a.sentence: See also Orloff v. Willoughby, 345 U.S. 83, 73 S.Ct. 534, 97 L.Ed. 842 (1953) (stating that the Army’s decision not to award commission to, or alternatively to discharge, a medical specialist is not renewable).
citation_b.signal: no signal
citation_b.parenthetical: deferring to mili-tar/s decision not to grant security clearance to openly gay woman
citation_b.sentence: Dep’t of the Navy v. Egan, 484 U.S. 518, 527, 108 S.Ct. 818, 98 L.Ed.2d 918 (1988) (deferring to mili-tar/s decision not to grant security clearance to openly gay woman).