context: Because we have determined from the outset that the carjacking statute is directed at regulating economic activity, we do not need to address the separate question of whether the statute's jurisdictional element also renders it constitutional as another species of Category Three regulation.
citation_a.signal: see
citation_a.identifier: 90 F.3d 1135, 1141
citation_a.parenthetical: "Lopez did not proclaim a general rule that all federal criminal statutes must include a jurisdictional element."
citation_a.sentence: See United States v. Wall, 92 F.3d 1444, 1450 (6th Cir.1996) (absence of jurisdictional element not fatal to federal gambling statute); United States v. Tucker, 90 F.3d 1135, 1141 (6th Cir.1996) (“Lopez did not proclaim a general rule that all federal criminal statutes must include a jurisdictional element.”); cf. United States v. Chesney, 86 F.3d 564, 568-69 (6th Cir.1996) (focusing on sufficiency of firearm statute’s jurisdictional element as basis for valid exercise of commerce power).
citation_b.signal: cf.
citation_b.identifier: 86 F.3d 564, 568-69
citation_b.parenthetical: focusing on sufficiency of firearm statute's jurisdictional element as basis for valid exercise of commerce power
citation_b.sentence: See United States v. Wall, 92 F.3d 1444, 1450 (6th Cir.1996) (absence of jurisdictional element not fatal to federal gambling statute); United States v. Tucker, 90 F.3d 1135, 1141 (6th Cir.1996) (“Lopez did not proclaim a general rule that all federal criminal statutes must include a jurisdictional element.”); cf. United States v. Chesney, 86 F.3d 564, 568-69 (6th Cir.1996) (focusing on sufficiency of firearm statute’s jurisdictional element as basis for valid exercise of commerce power).