context: The district court properly granted summary judgment for defendant Gray because Vallejo failed to raise a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Gray was deliberately indifferent to Vallejo's serious medical needs.
citation_a.signal: see also
citation_a.identifier: 726 F.3d 1062, 1074
citation_a.parenthetical: explaining that plaintiffs alleging deliberate indifference in SS 1983 actions "must ... demonstrate that the defendants' actions were both an actual and proximate cause of their injuries"
citation_a.sentence: See Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1057 (a prison official is deliberately indifferent only if he or she knows of and disregards an excessive risk to an inmate’s health); see also Lemire v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1074 (9th Cir. 2013) (explaining that plaintiffs alleging deliberate indifference in § 1983 actions “must ... demonstrate that the defendants’ actions were both an actual and proximate cause of their injuries”).
citation_b.signal: see
citation_b.identifier: 391 F.3d 1057, 1057
citation_b.parenthetical: a prison official is deliberately indifferent only if he or she knows of and disregards an excessive risk to an inmate's health
citation_b.sentence: See Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1057 (a prison official is deliberately indifferent only if he or she knows of and disregards an excessive risk to an inmate’s health); see also Lemire v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1074 (9th Cir. 2013) (explaining that plaintiffs alleging deliberate indifference in § 1983 actions “must ... demonstrate that the defendants’ actions were both an actual and proximate cause of their injuries”).