context: In Insurance Company of North America, we held that California law, not federal common law, applied to a determination of whether theft by an employee constituted "wilful misconduct" under Article 25(1) of the Warsaw Convention.
citation_a.signal: no signal
citation_a.identifier: 189 F.3d 919, 919-21
citation_a.parenthetical: disagreeing with the conclusion that California law applied and discussing why federal common law should apply
citation_a.sentence: Ins. Co. of N. Am., 189 F.3d at 919-21. But see id. at 923-29 (W.Fletcher, J., concurring) (disagreeing with the conclusion that California law applied and discussing why federal common law should apply); see also Piamba Cortes v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 177 F.3d 1272, 1284-87 (11th Cir.1999) (discussing interpretations of “wilful misconduct” for Article 25 purposes in federal circuit courts, none of which applied state law), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1136, 120 S.Ct. 980, 145 L.Ed.2d 930 (2000); Koirala v. Thai Airways Int’l, Ltd., 126 F.3d 1205, 1208-10 (9th Cir.1997) (relying on Ninth Circuit definition of “wilful misconduct” in affirming district court, which “applied] U.S. federal law” and found that the airline crew’s “wilful misconduct” caused the plane to crash); Saba v. Compagnie Nationale Air France, 78 F.3d 664, 667-69 (D.C.Cir.1996) (relying on federal standard of “willful misconduct” in determining whether Article 25 applied). Under either California law or federal common law, Dazo’s allegations do not establish wilful misconduct for Article 25 purposes.
citation_b.signal: see also
citation_b.identifier: 177 F.3d 1272, 1284-87
citation_b.parenthetical: discussing interpretations of "wilful misconduct" for Article 25 purposes in federal circuit courts, none of which applied state law
citation_b.sentence: Ins. Co. of N. Am., 189 F.3d at 919-21. But see id. at 923-29 (W.Fletcher, J., concurring) (disagreeing with the conclusion that California law applied and discussing why federal common law should apply); see also Piamba Cortes v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 177 F.3d 1272, 1284-87 (11th Cir.1999) (discussing interpretations of “wilful misconduct” for Article 25 purposes in federal circuit courts, none of which applied state law), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 1136, 120 S.Ct. 980, 145 L.Ed.2d 930 (2000); Koirala v. Thai Airways Int’l, Ltd., 126 F.3d 1205, 1208-10 (9th Cir.1997) (relying on Ninth Circuit definition of “wilful misconduct” in affirming district court, which “applied] U.S. federal law” and found that the airline crew’s “wilful misconduct” caused the plane to crash); Saba v. Compagnie Nationale Air France, 78 F.3d 664, 667-69 (D.C.Cir.1996) (relying on federal standard of “willful misconduct” in determining whether Article 25 applied). Under either California law or federal common law, Dazo’s allegations do not establish wilful misconduct for Article 25 purposes.