context: Although this Court has not specifically declared the modus operandi of drug trafficking as an appropriate or reliable field for expert opinion, several courts of appeal have consistently admitted such testimony.
citation_a.signal: see also
citation_a.identifier: 16 F.3d 582, 589
citation_a.parenthetical: ruling that expert testimony about "tools of the trade" of drug traffickers, including "beepers," was properly admitted
citation_a.sentence: See United States v. Gil, 58 F.3d 1414, 1421-22 (9th Cir.1995) (ruling expert testimony regarding how drug-traffickers employ telephone pagers and public telephones to avoid detection by police was properly admitted); United States v. Ta- pia-Ortiz, 23 F.3d 738, 741 (2d Cir.1994) (affirming the admission of expert testimony of how drug traffickers employed telephone pagers “in order to avoid detection”); see also United States v. Gastiaburo, 16 F.3d 582, 589 (4th Cir.1994) (ruling that expert testimony about “tools of the trade” of drug traffickers, including “beepers,” was properly admitted); United States v. Solis, 923 F.2d 548, 549-51 (7th Cir.1991) (concluding that expert testimony that the use of “beepers” by drug traffickers permit them to be anonymous and mobile was properly admitted).
citation_b.signal: see
citation_b.identifier: 23 F.3d 738, 741
citation_b.parenthetical: affirming the admission of expert testimony of how drug traffickers employed telephone pagers "in order to avoid detection"
citation_b.sentence: See United States v. Gil, 58 F.3d 1414, 1421-22 (9th Cir.1995) (ruling expert testimony regarding how drug-traffickers employ telephone pagers and public telephones to avoid detection by police was properly admitted); United States v. Ta- pia-Ortiz, 23 F.3d 738, 741 (2d Cir.1994) (affirming the admission of expert testimony of how drug traffickers employed telephone pagers “in order to avoid detection”); see also United States v. Gastiaburo, 16 F.3d 582, 589 (4th Cir.1994) (ruling that expert testimony about “tools of the trade” of drug traffickers, including “beepers,” was properly admitted); United States v. Solis, 923 F.2d 548, 549-51 (7th Cir.1991) (concluding that expert testimony that the use of “beepers” by drug traffickers permit them to be anonymous and mobile was properly admitted).