context: The evidence was clearly sufficient to show that Boyd was a drug dealer and that he distributed crack as charged in the indictment, but it 'did not show that he was engaged in a conspiratorial agreement to violate the drug laws. None of the three women who testified against Boyd indicated that she worked for Boyd or solicited drug sales on his behalf, or otherwise acted in concert with Boyd to achieve a common purpose beyond their desire to purchase drugs from him.
citation_a.signal: see
citation_a.identifier: 9 F.3d 1139, 1157
citation_a.parenthetical: "An agreement to violate narcotics laws may be inferred from 'concert of action.' "
citation_a.sentence: See United States v. Cardenas, 9 F.3d 1139, 1157 (5th Cir.1993) (“An agreement to violate narcotics laws may be inferred from ‘concert of action.’ ”); see also United States v. Mitchell, 484 F.3d 762, 769 (5th Cir.2007) (holding that co-conspirators’ concert of action allowed jury to infer an agreement where defendants agreed to purchase crack cocaine together for distribution, agreed to travel together, and agreed to have another co-conspirator conduct the transaction on behalf of all of them). The only motive apparent from the testimony for the women helping Franklin was their hope that Franklin would either share the drugs with them or pay them for their assistance.
citation_b.signal: see also
citation_b.identifier: 484 F.3d 762, 769
citation_b.parenthetical: holding that co-conspirators' concert of action allowed jury to infer an agreement where defendants agreed to purchase crack cocaine together for distribution, agreed to travel together, and agreed to have another co-conspirator conduct the transaction on behalf of all of them
citation_b.sentence: See United States v. Cardenas, 9 F.3d 1139, 1157 (5th Cir.1993) (“An agreement to violate narcotics laws may be inferred from ‘concert of action.’ ”); see also United States v. Mitchell, 484 F.3d 762, 769 (5th Cir.2007) (holding that co-conspirators’ concert of action allowed jury to infer an agreement where defendants agreed to purchase crack cocaine together for distribution, agreed to travel together, and agreed to have another co-conspirator conduct the transaction on behalf of all of them). The only motive apparent from the testimony for the women helping Franklin was their hope that Franklin would either share the drugs with them or pay them for their assistance.