context: Between 1999 and 2001, four Courts of Appeals sustained the validity of the CPPA.
citation_a.signal: see also
citation_a.parenthetical: "While the Ninth Circuit found the CPPA invalid on its face, four other Courts of Appeals have sustained it."
citation_a.sentence: See United States v. Fox, 248 F.3d 394, 406 (5th Cir.2001) (“We hold that [the CPPA] is not unconstitutionally over-broad.”); United States v. Mento, 231 F.3d 912, 923 (4th Cir.2000) (“We hold that the CPPA does not impermissibly regulate protected speech and does not, therefore, offend the First Amendment.”); United States v. Acheson, 195 F.3d 645, 652 (11th Cir.1999) (“Given the lack of any substantial overbreadth in light of the statute’s legitimate sweep, the CPPA withstands this constitutional challenge.”); United States v. Hilton, 167 F.3d 61, 74 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 844, 120 S.Ct. 115, 145 L.Ed.2d 98 (1999) (“We conclude, therefore, that the CPPA.is not unconstitutionally overbroad.”); see also Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S. 234, 244,122 S.Ct. 1389, 152 L.Ed.2d 403 (2002) (“While the Ninth Circuit found the CPPA invalid on its face, four other Courts of Appeals have sustained it.”).
citation_b.signal: see
citation_b.identifier: 195 F.3d 645, 652
citation_b.parenthetical: "Given the lack of any substantial overbreadth in light of the statute's legitimate sweep, the CPPA withstands this constitutional challenge."
citation_b.sentence: See United States v. Fox, 248 F.3d 394, 406 (5th Cir.2001) (“We hold that [the CPPA] is not unconstitutionally over-broad.”); United States v. Mento, 231 F.3d 912, 923 (4th Cir.2000) (“We hold that the CPPA does not impermissibly regulate protected speech and does not, therefore, offend the First Amendment.”); United States v. Acheson, 195 F.3d 645, 652 (11th Cir.1999) (“Given the lack of any substantial overbreadth in light of the statute’s legitimate sweep, the CPPA withstands this constitutional challenge.”); United States v. Hilton, 167 F.3d 61, 74 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 844, 120 S.Ct. 115, 145 L.Ed.2d 98 (1999) (“We conclude, therefore, that the CPPA.is not unconstitutionally overbroad.”); see also Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S. 234, 244,122 S.Ct. 1389, 152 L.Ed.2d 403 (2002) (“While the Ninth Circuit found the CPPA invalid on its face, four other Courts of Appeals have sustained it.”).