context: Thus, in determining whether a claim sufficiently touches and concerns the territory of the United States to confer jurisdiction to U.S. courts, the citizenship or corporate status of the defendant is relevant. If the defendants are U.S. citizens, some of the foreign policy concerns that the presumption against extraterritorial application is intended to reduce may be assuaged or inapplicable, since we would not be haling foreign nationals into U.S. courts to defend themselves. Additionally, the acts of U.S. citizens may impact the United States, whether their actions occur extrat'erritorially or within the United States, particularly if those actions include international law violations.
citation_a.signal: cf.
citation_a.parenthetical: noting that Congress may impose liability for extraterritorial conduct that has adverse effects within the United States and may do so with even "greater leeway when it seeks to control ... the actions of American companies"
citation_a.sentence: See, e.g., Al Shimari, 758 F.3d at 530-31 (considering “the expressed intent of Congress ... to provide aliens access to United States courts and to hold citizens of the United States accountable for acts of torture committed abroad”); cf. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. v. Empagran S.A. 542 U.S. 155, 159, 165, 124 S.Ct. 2359, 2363, 2367, 159 L.Ed.2d 226 (2004) (noting that Congress may impose liability for extraterritorial conduct that has adverse effects within the United States and may do so with even “greater leeway when it seeks to control ... the actions of American companies”).
citation_b.signal: see
citation_b.identifier: 758 F.3d 530, 530-31
citation_b.parenthetical: considering "the expressed intent of Congress ... to provide aliens access to United States courts and to hold citizens of the United States accountable for acts of torture committed abroad"
citation_b.sentence: See, e.g., Al Shimari, 758 F.3d at 530-31 (considering “the expressed intent of Congress ... to provide aliens access to United States courts and to hold citizens of the United States accountable for acts of torture committed abroad”); cf. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. v. Empagran S.A. 542 U.S. 155, 159, 165, 124 S.Ct. 2359, 2363, 2367, 159 L.Ed.2d 226 (2004) (noting that Congress may impose liability for extraterritorial conduct that has adverse effects within the United States and may do so with even “greater leeway when it seeks to control ... the actions of American companies”).