context: In accordance with these precedents, the First Circuit Court of Appeals has. recognized the proposition that an official's single act can serve as a policy and thus establish a basis for municipal liability.
citation_a.signal: but see
citation_a.identifier: 871 F.2d 1156, 1156-57
citation_a.parenthetical: holding that evidence of a single event alone cannot establish a municipal policy
citation_a.sentence: Kelley v. LaForce, 288 F.3d 1, 9 (1st Cir.2002) (holding that a “policy” for purposes of municipal liability may be established by an official’s single decision) (citation omitted); Dickinson v. Chitwood, No. 98-1446, 181 F.3d 79, 1998 WL 1085684, *1 (1st Cir.1998) (citing Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 481, 106 S.Ct. 1292 for the proposition that a single decision by a final decision-maker may give rise to municipal liability) (unpublished opinion); Roma Constr. Co. v. aRusso, 96 F.3d 566, 576 (1st Cir.1996) (holding that an unconstitutional policy may be inferred from an official’s single decision or act) (citation omitted); Harrington v. Almy, 977 F.2d 37, 45 (1st Cir.1992) (citing Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 481-84, 106 S.Ct. 1292 to hold that a single decision can be a policy for purposes of municipal liability); Bowen v. City of Manchester, 966 F.2d 13, 18 (1st Cir.1992) (same); Small v. City of Belfast, 796 F.2d 544, 553 (1st Cir.1986) (holding that city manager’s single unconstitutional action was sufficient for the imposition of municipal liability); but see Bordanaro, 871 F.2d at 1156-57 (holding that evidence of a single event alone cannot establish a municipal policy) (citations omitted).
citation_b.signal: no signal
citation_b.identifier: 796 F.2d 544, 553
citation_b.parenthetical: holding that city manager's single unconstitutional action was sufficient for the imposition of municipal liability
citation_b.sentence: Kelley v. LaForce, 288 F.3d 1, 9 (1st Cir.2002) (holding that a “policy” for purposes of municipal liability may be established by an official’s single decision) (citation omitted); Dickinson v. Chitwood, No. 98-1446, 181 F.3d 79, 1998 WL 1085684, *1 (1st Cir.1998) (citing Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 481, 106 S.Ct. 1292 for the proposition that a single decision by a final decision-maker may give rise to municipal liability) (unpublished opinion); Roma Constr. Co. v. aRusso, 96 F.3d 566, 576 (1st Cir.1996) (holding that an unconstitutional policy may be inferred from an official’s single decision or act) (citation omitted); Harrington v. Almy, 977 F.2d 37, 45 (1st Cir.1992) (citing Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 481-84, 106 S.Ct. 1292 to hold that a single decision can be a policy for purposes of municipal liability); Bowen v. City of Manchester, 966 F.2d 13, 18 (1st Cir.1992) (same); Small v. City of Belfast, 796 F.2d 544, 553 (1st Cir.1986) (holding that city manager’s single unconstitutional action was sufficient for the imposition of municipal liability); but see Bordanaro, 871 F.2d at 1156-57 (holding that evidence of a single event alone cannot establish a municipal policy) (citations omitted).