context: This case, however, is more akin to the physical trait cases. Tattoos which are openly visible on the body are physical traits, as are voice, appearance, and handwriting.
citation_a.signal: see
citation_a.identifier: 762 F.2d 1314, 1815-16
citation_a.parenthetical: holding that a defendant need not take the stand to be able to show the jury the tattoos on his hands which were an openly visible physical characteristic
citation_a.sentence: See United States v. Bay, 762 F.2d 1314, 1815-16 (9th Cir.1984) (holding that a defendant need not take the stand to be able to show the jury the tattoos on his hands which were an openly visible physical characteristic).
citation_b.signal: cf.
citation_b.identifier: 461 F.3d 441, 446-47
citation_b.parenthetical: holding that a demonstration by the defendant that he could not physically wear the fanny pack as alleged by the police is not testimonial evidence
citation_b.sentence: Cf. United States v. Williams, 461 F.3d 441, 446-47 (4th Cir.2006) (holding that a demonstration by the defendant that he could not physically wear the fanny pack as alleged by the police is not testimonial evidence).