context: There is no dispute that a medical examination -- including urinalysis -- constitutes a "search" implicating the Fourth Amendment.
citation_a.signal: no signal
citation_a.identifier: 95 F.3d 864, 870
citation_a.parenthetical: "In today's world, a medical examination that does not include either a blood test or urinalysis would be unusual. Nonetheless, any such medical examination would still implicate the Fourth Amendment."
citation_a.sentence: Yin v. State of Cal., 95 F.3d 864, 870 (9th Cir.1996) (“In today’s world, a medical examination that does not include either a blood test or urinalysis would be unusual. Nonetheless, any such medical examination would still implicate the Fourth Amendment.”); see also Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives’ Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602, 616-17, 109 S.Ct. 1402, 103 L.Ed.2d 639 (1989) (explaining that the collection and testing of urine is a search, which “intrudes upon expectations of privacy that society has long recognized as reasonable”). Accordingly, the Court must determine whether the County’s urinalysis mandate “fit[s] within the closely guarded category of constitutionally permissible suspicionless searches.”
citation_b.signal: see also
citation_b.identifier: 489 U.S. 602, 616-17
citation_b.parenthetical: explaining that the collection and testing of urine is a search, which "intrudes upon expectations of privacy that society has long recognized as reasonable"
citation_b.sentence: Yin v. State of Cal., 95 F.3d 864, 870 (9th Cir.1996) (“In today’s world, a medical examination that does not include either a blood test or urinalysis would be unusual. Nonetheless, any such medical examination would still implicate the Fourth Amendment.”); see also Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives’ Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602, 616-17, 109 S.Ct. 1402, 103 L.Ed.2d 639 (1989) (explaining that the collection and testing of urine is a search, which “intrudes upon expectations of privacy that society has long recognized as reasonable”). Accordingly, the Court must determine whether the County’s urinalysis mandate “fit[s] within the closely guarded category of constitutionally permissible suspicionless searches.”