context: Based on this sentiment, a number of courts have found constitutional violations in the use of peace bonds.
citation_a.signal: see
citation_a.identifier: 53 Haw. 40, 44
citation_a.parenthetical: denial of due process of law unless bond imposition is based on proof beyond a reasonable doubt
citation_a.sentence: See id. at 644, 303 So. 2d at 144 (impermissible discrimination based on wealth, violation of equal protection of laws); Kolvek v. Napple, 158 W. Va. 568, 575, 212 S.E.2d 614, 619 (1975) (same; unconstitutional as applied to indigent defendants); Santos v. Nahiwa, 53 Haw. 40, 44, 487 P.2d 283, 285 (1971) (denial of due process of law unless bond imposition is based on proof beyond a reasonable doubt).
citation_b.signal: but see
citation_b.identifier: 452 Pa. 35, 38-41
citation_b.parenthetical: over two strong dissents, held that neither a jury trial nor proof beyond a reasonable doubt is constitutionally required
citation_b.sentence: But see Commonwealth v. Miller, 452 Pa. 35, 38-41, 305 A.2d 346, 348-49 (1973) (over two strong dissents, held that neither a jury trial nor proof beyond a reasonable doubt is constitutionally required).