context: The record contains substantial evidence tying both defendants to the house and to the marijuana found inside the house. Although we have stated the test in various ways, an error admitting evidence is harmless if there is sufficient independent evidence that establishes the defendants' guilt.
citation_a.signal: see also
citation_a.identifier: 68 F.3d 323, 328
citation_a.parenthetical: although prejudicial effect of officer's opinion substantially outweighed probative value and therefore was error to admit opinion under Rule 403, "error was harmless ... because there was other reliable identification testimony identifying Henderson as the robber"
citation_a.sentence: See United States v. Shannon, 137 F.3d 1112, 1119 (9th Cir.1998) (error was harmless where “government produced overwhelming evidence against Shannon independent of Eck’s letter”) overruled on other grounds by United States v. Heredia, 483 F.3d 913 (9th Cir.2007) (en banc); see also United States v. Henderson, 68 F.3d 323, 328 (9th Cir.1995) (although prejudicial effect of officer’s opinion substantially outweighed probative value and therefore was error to admit opinion under Rule 403, “error was harmless ... because there was other reliable identification testimony identifying Henderson as the robber”).
citation_b.signal: see
citation_b.identifier: 137 F.3d 1112, 1119
citation_b.parenthetical: error was harmless where "government produced overwhelming evidence against Shannon independent of Eck's letter"
citation_b.sentence: See United States v. Shannon, 137 F.3d 1112, 1119 (9th Cir.1998) (error was harmless where “government produced overwhelming evidence against Shannon independent of Eck’s letter”) overruled on other grounds by United States v. Heredia, 483 F.3d 913 (9th Cir.2007) (en banc); see also United States v. Henderson, 68 F.3d 323, 328 (9th Cir.1995) (although prejudicial effect of officer’s opinion substantially outweighed probative value and therefore was error to admit opinion under Rule 403, “error was harmless ... because there was other reliable identification testimony identifying Henderson as the robber”).