context: The district court properly granted summary judgment for defendant Yates because Humphrey failed to establish a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Yates personally participated in any alleged constitutional violations.
citation_a.signal: see also
citation_a.identifier: 391 F.3d 1058, 1058
citation_a.parenthetical: prison officials act with deliberate indifference only if they know of and disregard an excessive risk to inmate health
citation_a.sentence: See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (a plaintiff must plead that each defendant violated the Constitution through his own individual actions); Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir.1989) (supervisor is liable for constitutional violations of subordinates only if he “participated in or directed the violations, or knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent them”); see also Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1058 (prison officials act with deliberate indifference only if they know of and disregard an excessive risk to inmate health).
citation_b.signal: see
citation_b.identifier: 556 U.S. 662, 676
citation_b.parenthetical: a plaintiff must plead that each defendant violated the Constitution through his own individual actions
citation_b.sentence: See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (a plaintiff must plead that each defendant violated the Constitution through his own individual actions); Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir.1989) (supervisor is liable for constitutional violations of subordinates only if he “participated in or directed the violations, or knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent them”); see also Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1058 (prison officials act with deliberate indifference only if they know of and disregard an excessive risk to inmate health).